151
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Tasev D, Koolwijk P, van Hinsbergh VWM. Therapeutic Potential of Human-Derived Endothelial Colony-Forming Cells in Animal Models. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2016; 22:371-382. [PMID: 27032435 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2016.0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Tissue regeneration requires proper vascularization. In vivo studies identified that the endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs), a subtype of endothelial progenitor cells that can be isolated from umbilical cord or peripheral blood, represent a promising cell source for therapeutic neovascularization. ECFCs not only are able to initiate and facilitate neovascularization in diseased tissue but also can, by acting in a paracrine manner, contribute to the creation of favorable conditions for efficient and appropriate differentiation of tissue-resident stem or progenitor cells. This review outlines the progress in the field of in vivo regenerative and tissue engineering studies and surveys why, when, and how ECFCs can be used for tissue regeneration. RECENT FINDINGS Reviewed literature that regard human-derived ECFCs in xenogeneic animal models implicates that ECFCs should be considered as an endothelial cell source of preference for induction of neovascularization. Their neovascularization and regenerative potential is augmented in combination with other types of stem or progenitor cells. Biocompatible scaffolds prevascularized with ECFCs interconnect faster and better with the host vasculature. The physical incorporation of ECFCs in newly formed blood vessels grants prolonged release of trophic factors of interest, which also makes ECFCs an interesting cell source candidate for gene therapy and delivery of bioactive compounds in targeted area. SUMMARY ECFCs possess all biological features to be considered as a cell source of preference for tissue engineering and repair of blood supply. Investigation of regenerative potential of ECFCs in autologous settings in large animal models before clinical application is the next step to clearly outline the most efficient strategy for using ECFCs as treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitar Tasev
- 1 Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands .,2 A-Skin Nederland BV , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Koolwijk
- 1 Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Victor W M van Hinsbergh
- 1 Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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152
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Toya SP, Wary KK, Mittal M, Li F, Toth PT, Park C, Rehman J, Malik AB. Integrin α6β1 Expressed in ESCs Instructs the Differentiation to Endothelial Cells. Stem Cells 2016; 33:1719-29. [PMID: 25693840 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) to the extracellular matrix may influence differentiation potential and cell fate decisions. Here, we investigated the inductive role of binding of integrin α6β1 expressed in mouse (m)ESCs to laminin-1 (LN1) in mediating the differentiation of ESCs to endothelial cells (ECs). We observed that α6β1 binding to LN1 was required for differentiation to ECs. α6β1 functioned by recruiting the adaptor tetraspanin protein CD151, which activated FAK and Akt signaling and mediated the EC lineage-specifying transcription factor Er71. In contrast, association of the ESC-expressed α3β1, another highly expressed LN1 binding integrin, with CD151, prevented α6β1-mediated differentiation. CD151 thus functioned as a bifurcation router to direct ESCs toward ECs when α6β1 associated with CD151, or prevented transition to ECs when α3β1 associated with CD151. These observations were recapitulated in mice in which α6 integrin or CD151 knockdown reduced the expression of Er71-regulated angiogenesis genes and development of blood vessels. Thus, interaction of α6β1 in ESCs with LN1 activates α6β1/CD151 signaling which programs ESCs toward the EC lineage fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie P Toya
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kishore K Wary
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Manish Mittal
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Peter T Toth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Changwon Park
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jalees Rehman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Asrar B Malik
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,The Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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153
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Methods to isolate endothelial cells from murine and human pluripotent stem cells continue to evolve and increasingly diverse endothelial cell populations have been generated. This review provides an update of key articles published within the past year that report on some of those advances. RECENT FINDINGS Cooperative interactions among microRNA (miRNA), transcription factors and some downstream interacting proteins have been reported to enhance endothelial specification from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Endothelial cell differentiation can also be modulated by various growth factor additions, Notch pathway activation or inhibition, and modulation of the microenvironment of the differentiating ESC and iPSC. Functionality of the derived endothelium has been demonstrated by a variety of in-vitro and in-vivo assays. Finally, two recent reports have identified endothelial progenitor populations with robust proliferative potential. SUMMARY Progress in differentiating endothelial cells from ESC and iPSC has been made. The recent report of formation of endothelial colony forming cells from human ESC and iPSC provides a protocol that can generate clinically relevant numbers of cells for human cell therapy.
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154
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Heise RL, Link PA, Farkas L. From Here to There, Progenitor Cells and Stem Cells Are Everywhere in Lung Vascular Remodeling. Front Pediatr 2016; 4:80. [PMID: 27583245 PMCID: PMC4988064 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2016.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of stem cell biology, cell therapy, and regenerative medicine has expanded almost exponentially, in the last decade. Clinical trials are evaluating the potential therapeutic use of stem cells in many adult and pediatric lung diseases with vascular component, such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), or pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Extensive research activity is exploring the lung resident and circulating progenitor cells and their contribution to vascular complications of chronic lung diseases, and researchers hope to use resident or circulating stem/progenitor cells to treat chronic lung diseases and their vascular complications. It is becoming more and more clear that progress in mechanobiology will help to understand the various influences of physical forces and extracellular matrix composition on the phenotype and features of the progenitor cells and stem cells. The current review provides an overview of current concepts in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Heise
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA , USA
| | - Patrick A Link
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA , USA
| | - Laszlo Farkas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA , USA
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155
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Ginsberg M, Schachterle W, Shido K, Rafii S. Direct conversion of human amniotic cells into endothelial cells without transitioning through a pluripotent state. Nat Protoc 2015; 10:1975-85. [PMID: 26540589 PMCID: PMC4881298 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2015.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) have essential roles in organ development and regeneration, and therefore they could be used for regenerative therapies. However, generation of abundant functional endothelium from pluripotent stem cells has been difficult because ECs generated by many existing strategies have limited proliferative potential and display vascular instability. The latter difficulty is of particular importance because cells that lose their identity over time could be unsuitable for therapeutic use. Here, we describe a 3-week platform for directly converting human mid-gestation lineage-committed amniotic fluid-derived cells (ACs) into a stable and expandable population of vascular ECs (rAC-VECs) without using pluripotency factors. By transient expression of the ETS transcription factor ETV2 for 2 weeks and constitutive expression the ETS transcription factors FLI1 and ERG1, concomitant with TGF-β inhibition for 3 weeks, epithelial and mesenchymal ACs are converted, with high efficiency, into functional rAC-VECs. These rAC-VECs maintain their vascular repertoire and morphology over numerous passages in vitro, and they form functional vessels when implanted in vivo. rAC-VECs can be detected in recipient mice months after implantation. Thus, rAC-VECs can be used to establish a cellular platform to uncover the molecular determinants of vascular development and heterogeneity and potentially represent ideal ECs for the treatment of regenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ginsberg
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College (WCMC), New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Angiocrine Bioscience, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - William Schachterle
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College (WCMC), New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Koji Shido
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College (WCMC), New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Shahin Rafii
- Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College (WCMC), New York, NY, 10065, USA
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156
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Schiavo AA, Franzin C, Albiero M, Piccoli M, Spiro G, Bertin E, Urbani L, Visentin S, Cosmi E, Fadini GP, De Coppi P, Pozzobon M. Endothelial properties of third-trimester amniotic fluid stem cells cultured in hypoxia. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:209. [PMID: 26519360 PMCID: PMC4628318 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0204-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Endothelial dysfunction is found in different pathologies such as diabetes and renal and heart diseases, representing one of the major health problems. The reduced vasodilation of impaired endothelium starts a prothrombotic state associated with irregular blood flow. We aimed to explore the potential of amniotic fluid stem (AFS) cells as a source for regenerative medicine in this field; for the first time, we focused on third-trimester amniotic fluid AFS cells and compared them with the already-described AFS cells from the second trimester. Methods Cells from the two trimesters were cultured, selected and expanded in normoxia (20 % oxygen) and hypoxia (5 % oxygen). Cells were analysed to compare markers, proliferation rate and differentiation abilities. Endothelial potential was assessed not only in vitro—Matrigel tube formation assay, acetylated human low-density lipoprotein (AcLDL) uptake—but also in vivo (Matrigel plug with cell injection and two animal models). Specifically, for the latter, we used established protocols to assess the involvement of AFS cells in two different mouse models of endothelial dysfunction: (1) a chronic ischemia model with local injection of cells and (2) an electric carotid damage where cells were systemically injected. Results We isolated and expanded AFS cells from third-trimester amniotic fluid samples by using CD117 as a selection marker. Hypoxia enhanced the proliferation rate, the surface protein pattern was conserved between the trimesters and comparable differentiation was achieved after culture in both normoxia and hypoxia. Notably, the expression of early endothelial transcription factors and AngiomiRs was detected before and after induction. When in vivo, AFS cells from both trimesters expanded in hypoxia were able to rescue the surface blood flow when locally injected in mice after chronic ischemia damage, and importantly AFS cells at term of gestation possessed enhanced ability to fix carotid artery electric damage compared with AFS cells from the second trimester. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the first research work that fully characterizes AFS cells from the third trimester for regenerative medicine purposes. The results highlight how AFS cells, in particular at term of gestation and cultured in hypoxia, can be considered a promising source of stem cells possessing significant endothelial regenerative potential. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-015-0204-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Alex Schiavo
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Foundation Institute of Pediatric Research Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127, Padova, Italy. .,Department of Woman and Children Health, University of Padova, via Giustinani 2, 35100, Padova, Italy.
| | - Chiara Franzin
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Foundation Institute of Pediatric Research Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127, Padova, Italy.
| | - Mattia Albiero
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, via Orus 2, 35129, Padova, Italy. .,Medicine Department (DIMED), University of Padova, via Giustiniani 2, 35100, Padova, Italy.
| | - Martina Piccoli
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Foundation Institute of Pediatric Research Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127, Padova, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Spiro
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Foundation Institute of Pediatric Research Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127, Padova, Italy. .,Medicine Department (DIMED), University of Padova, via Giustiniani 2, 35100, Padova, Italy.
| | - Enrica Bertin
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Foundation Institute of Pediatric Research Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127, Padova, Italy.
| | - Luca Urbani
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Foundation Institute of Pediatric Research Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127, Padova, Italy. .,Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Section, Developmental biology and Cancer Program, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, WC1N 1EH, London, UK.
| | - Silvia Visentin
- Department of Woman and Children Health, University of Padova, via Giustinani 2, 35100, Padova, Italy.
| | - Erich Cosmi
- Department of Woman and Children Health, University of Padova, via Giustinani 2, 35100, Padova, Italy.
| | - Gian Paolo Fadini
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, via Orus 2, 35129, Padova, Italy. .,Medicine Department (DIMED), University of Padova, via Giustiniani 2, 35100, Padova, Italy.
| | - Paolo De Coppi
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Section, Developmental biology and Cancer Program, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, WC1N 1EH, London, UK.
| | - Michela Pozzobon
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Foundation Institute of Pediatric Research Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127, Padova, Italy.
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157
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Yan MS, Marsden PA. Epigenetics in the Vascular Endothelium: Looking From a Different Perspective in the Epigenomics Era. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:2297-306. [PMID: 26404488 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.305043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are commonly thought to be complex, non-Mendelian diseases that are influenced by genetic and environmental factors. A growing body of evidence suggests that epigenetic pathways play a key role in vascular biology and might be involved in defining and transducing cardiovascular disease inheritability. In this review, we argue the importance of epigenetics in vascular biology, especially from the perspective of endothelial cell phenotype. We highlight and discuss the role of epigenetic modifications across the transcriptional unit of protein-coding genes, especially the role of intragenic chromatin modifications, which are underappreciated and not well characterized in the current era of genome-wide studies. Importantly, we describe the practical application of epigenetics in cardiovascular disease therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Yan
- From the Department of Medical Biophysics (M.S.Y., P.A.M.) and Department of Medicine, Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital (M.S.Y., P.A.M.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philip A Marsden
- From the Department of Medical Biophysics (M.S.Y., P.A.M.) and Department of Medicine, Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital (M.S.Y., P.A.M.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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158
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Ren X, Moser PT, Gilpin SE, Okamoto T, Wu T, Tapias LF, Mercier FE, Xiong L, Ghawi R, Scadden DT, Mathisen DJ, Ott HC. Engineering pulmonary vasculature in decellularized rat and human lungs. Nat Biotechnol 2015; 33:1097-102. [PMID: 26368048 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bioengineered lungs produced from patient-derived cells may one day provide an alternative to donor lungs for transplantation therapy. Here we report the regeneration of functional pulmonary vasculature by repopulating the vascular compartment of decellularized rat and human lung scaffolds with human cells, including endothelial and perivascular cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells. We describe improved methods for delivering cells into the lung scaffold and for maturing newly formed endothelium through co-seeding of endothelial and perivascular cells and a two-phase culture protocol. Using these methods we achieved ∼75% endothelial coverage in the rat lung scaffold relative to that of native lung. The regenerated endothelium showed reduced vascular resistance and improved barrier function over the course of in vitro culture and remained patent for 3 days after orthotopic transplantation in rats. Finally, we scaled our approach to the human lung lobe and achieved efficient cell delivery, maintenance of cell viability and establishment of perfusable vascular lumens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Ren
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Philipp T Moser
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah E Gilpin
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tatsuya Okamoto
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tong Wu
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Luis F Tapias
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Francois E Mercier
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Linjie Xiong
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Raja Ghawi
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David T Scadden
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Douglas J Mathisen
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Harald C Ott
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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159
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Abstract
Stem cell transplantation (SCT) is an established first-line or adjunctive therapy for a variety of neonatal and adult diseases. New evidence in preclinical models as well as a few human studies show the potential utility of SCT in neuroprotection and in the modulation of inflammatory injury in at risk-neonates. This review briefly summarizes current understanding of human stem cell biology during ontogeny and present recent evidence supporting SCT as a viable approach for postinsult neonatal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Yoshimoto
- Assistant Research Professor, Pediatrics, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044W Walnut Street R4-W116, Indianapolis, IN 46202, Tel: 317-278-0598
| | - Joyce M Koenig
- Pediatrics, E Doisy Research Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1100 South Grand Boulevard, St Louis, MO 63104, USA; Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, E Doisy Research Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1100 South Grand Boulevard, St Louis, MO 63106, USA.
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160
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Clayton ZE, Sadeghipour S, Patel S. Generating induced pluripotent stem cell derived endothelial cells and induced endothelial cells for cardiovascular disease modelling and therapeutic angiogenesis. Int J Cardiol 2015; 197:116-22. [PMID: 26123569 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Standard therapy for atherosclerotic coronary and peripheral arterial disease is insufficient in a significant number of patients because extensive disease often precludes effective revascularization. Stem cell therapy holds promise as a supplementary treatment for these patients, as pre-clinical and clinical research has shown transplanted cells can promote angiogenesis via direct and paracrine mechanisms. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a novel cell type obtained by reprogramming somatic cells using exogenous transcription factor cocktails, which have been introduced to somatic cells via viral or plasmid constructs, modified mRNA or small molecules. IPSCs are now being used in disease modelling and drug testing and are undergoing their first clinical trial, but despite recent advances, the inefficiency of the reprogramming process remains a major limitation, as does the lack of consensus regarding the optimum transcription factor combination and delivery method and the uncertainty surrounding the genetic and epigenetic stability of iPSCs. IPSCs have been successfully differentiated into vascular endothelial cells (iPSC-ECs) and, more recently, induced endothelial cells (iECs) have also been generated by direct differentiation, which bypasses the pluripotent intermediate. IPSC-ECs and iECs demonstrate endothelial functionality in vitro and have been shown to promote neovessel growth and enhance blood flow recovery in animal models of myocardial infarction and peripheral arterial disease. Challenges remain in optimising the efficiency, safety and fidelity of the reprogramming and endothelial differentiation processes and establishing protocols for large-scale production of clinical-grade, patient-derived cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z E Clayton
- Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza Street, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Australia.
| | - S Sadeghipour
- Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza Street, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia
| | - S Patel
- Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza Street, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
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161
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Abrahimi P, Chang WG, Kluger MS, Qyang Y, Tellides G, Saltzman WM, Pober JS. Efficient gene disruption in cultured primary human endothelial cells by CRISPR/Cas9. Circ Res 2015; 117:121-8. [PMID: 25940550 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.306290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The participation of endothelial cells (EC) in many physiological and pathological processes is widely modeled using human EC cultures, but genetic manipulation of these untransformed cells has been technically challenging. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 nuclease (Cas9) technology offers a promising new approach. However, mutagenized cultured cells require cloning to yield homogeneous populations, and the limited replicative lifespan of well-differentiated human EC presents a barrier for doing so. OBJECTIVE To create a simple but highly efficient method using CRISPR/Cas9 to generate biallelic gene disruption in untransformed human EC. METHODS AND RESULTS To demonstrate proof-of-principle, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to disrupt the gene for the class II transactivator. We used endothelial colony forming cell-derived EC and lentiviral vectors to deliver CRISPR/Cas9 elements to ablate EC expression of class II major histocompatibility complex molecules and with it, the capacity to activate allogeneic CD4(+) T cells. We show the observed loss-of-function arises from biallelic gene disruption in class II transactivator that leaves other essential properties of the cells intact, including self-assembly into blood vessels in vivo, and that the altered phenotype can be rescued by reintroduction of class II transactivator expression. CONCLUSIONS CRISPR/Cas9-modified human EC provides a powerful platform for vascular research and for regenerative medicine/tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parwiz Abrahimi
- From the Department of Immunobiology (P.A., M.S.K., J.S.P.), Department of Internal Medicine (W.G.C., Y.Q.), Department of Surgery (G.T.), and Department of Biomedical Engineering (W.M.S.), Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - William G Chang
- From the Department of Immunobiology (P.A., M.S.K., J.S.P.), Department of Internal Medicine (W.G.C., Y.Q.), Department of Surgery (G.T.), and Department of Biomedical Engineering (W.M.S.), Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Martin S Kluger
- From the Department of Immunobiology (P.A., M.S.K., J.S.P.), Department of Internal Medicine (W.G.C., Y.Q.), Department of Surgery (G.T.), and Department of Biomedical Engineering (W.M.S.), Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Yibing Qyang
- From the Department of Immunobiology (P.A., M.S.K., J.S.P.), Department of Internal Medicine (W.G.C., Y.Q.), Department of Surgery (G.T.), and Department of Biomedical Engineering (W.M.S.), Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - George Tellides
- From the Department of Immunobiology (P.A., M.S.K., J.S.P.), Department of Internal Medicine (W.G.C., Y.Q.), Department of Surgery (G.T.), and Department of Biomedical Engineering (W.M.S.), Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - W Mark Saltzman
- From the Department of Immunobiology (P.A., M.S.K., J.S.P.), Department of Internal Medicine (W.G.C., Y.Q.), Department of Surgery (G.T.), and Department of Biomedical Engineering (W.M.S.), Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Jordan S Pober
- From the Department of Immunobiology (P.A., M.S.K., J.S.P.), Department of Internal Medicine (W.G.C., Y.Q.), Department of Surgery (G.T.), and Department of Biomedical Engineering (W.M.S.), Yale University, New Haven, CT.
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162
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Martin U. New Muscle for Old Hearts: Engineering Tissue from Pluripotent Stem Cells. Hum Gene Ther 2015; 26:305-11. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2015.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Martin
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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163
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Williams PA, Stilhano RS, To VP, Tran L, Wong K, Silva EA. Hypoxia augments outgrowth endothelial cell (OEC) sprouting and directed migration in response to sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123437. [PMID: 25875493 PMCID: PMC4398361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic angiogenesis provides a promising approach to treat ischemic cardiovascular diseases through the delivery of proangiogenic cells and/or molecules. Outgrowth endothelial cells (OECs) are vascular progenitor cells that are especially suited for therapeutic strategies given their ease of noninvasive isolation from umbilical cord or adult peripheral blood and their potent ability to enhance tissue neovascularization. These cells are recruited to sites of vascular injury or tissue ischemia and directly incorporate within native vascular endothelium to participate in neovessel formation. A better understanding of how OEC activity may be boosted under hypoxia with external stimulation by proangiogenic molecules remains a challenge to improving their therapeutic potential. While vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is widely established as a critical factor for initiating angiogenesis, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a bioactive lysophospholipid, has recently gained great enthusiasm as a potential mediator in neovascularization strategies. This study tests the hypothesis that hypoxia and the presence of VEGF impact the angiogenic response of OECs to S1P stimulation in vitro. We found that hypoxia altered the dynamically regulated S1P receptor 1 (S1PR1) expression on OECs in the presence of S1P (1.0 μM) and/or VEGF (1.3 nM). The combined stimuli of S1P and VEGF together promoted OEC angiogenic activity as assessed by proliferation, wound healing, 3D sprouting, and directed migration under both normoxia and hypoxia. Hypoxia substantially augmented the response to S1P alone, resulting in ~6.5-fold and ~25-fold increases in sprouting and directed migration, respectively. Overall, this report highlights the importance of establishing hypoxic conditions in vitro when studying ischemia-related angiogenic strategies employing vascular progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla A. Williams
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Roberta S. Stilhano
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vivian P. To
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Lyndon Tran
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Eduardo A. Silva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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164
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Wu YT, I-Shing Yu, Tsai KJ, Shih CY, Hwang SM, Su IJ, Chiang PM. Defining minimum essential factors to derive highly pure human endothelial cells from iPS/ES cells in an animal substance-free system. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9718. [PMID: 25864432 PMCID: PMC4394195 DOI: 10.1038/srep09718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
It is desirable to obtain unlimited supplies of endothelial cells for research and therapeutics. However, current methods of deriving endothelial cells from humans suffer from issues, such as limited supplies, contamination from animal substances, and lengthy/complicated procedures. In this article we developed a way to differentiate human iPS and ES cells to highly pure endothelial cells in 5 days. The chemically defined system is robust, easy to perform, and free of animal substances. Using the system, we verified that combined TGFβ and canonical Wnt agonists are essential and sufficient for iPS/ES cell-to-mesoderm transition. Besides, VEGF-KDR signaling alone is required for endothelial formation at high density while supplementation with FGF allows for colonial endothelial differentiation. Finally, anti-adsorptive agents could enrich the endothelial output by allowing selective attachment of the endothelial precursors. The system was validated to work on multiple iPS/ES cells lines to produce endothelial cells capable of forming capillary-like structures in vitro and integrating into host vasculature in vivo. In sum, the simple yet robust differentiation system permits the unlimited supply of human endothelial cells. The defined and animal substance-free nature of the system is compatible with clinical applications and characterization of endothelial differentiation in an unbiased manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Wu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - I-Shing Yu
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuen-Jer Tsai
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chien-Yu Shih
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shiaw-Min Hwang
- Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ih-Jen Su
- Division of Infectious Diseases, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Po-Min Chiang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
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165
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Higuchi A, Ling QD, Kumar SS, Chang Y, Alarfaj AA, Munusamy MA, Murugan K, Hsu ST, Umezawa A. Physical cues of cell culture materials lead the direction of differentiation lineages of pluripotent stem cells. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:8032-8058. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb01276g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation methods of hPSCs into specific cell lineages. Differentiation of hPSCsviaEB formation (types AB, A–D) or without EB formation (types E–H).
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Affiliation(s)
- Akon Higuchi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University
- Taoyuan 32001
- Taiwan
- National Research Institute for Child Health and Development
- Center for Regenerative Medicine
| | - Qing-Dong Ling
- Cathay Medical Research Institute
- Cathay General Hospital
- Taipei
- Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics
| | - S. Suresh Kumar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology
- Universiti Putra Malaysia
- Selangor
- Malaysia
| | - Yung Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- R&D Center for Membrane Technology
- Chung Yuan Christian University
- Taoyuan
- Taiwan
| | - Abdullah A. Alarfaj
- Department of Botany and Microbiology
- College of Science
- King Saud University
- Riyadh
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Murugan A. Munusamy
- Department of Botany and Microbiology
- College of Science
- King Saud University
- Riyadh
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Kadarkarai Murugan
- Division of Entomology
- Department of Zoology
- School of Life Sciences
- Bharathiar University
- Coimbatore 641046
| | - Shih-Tien Hsu
- Department of Internal Medicine
- Taiwan Landseed Hospital
- Taoyuan
- Taiwan
| | - Akihiro Umezawa
- National Research Institute for Child Health and Development
- Center for Regenerative Medicine
- Tokyo 157-8535
- Japan
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166
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Rajasekar P, O'Neill CL, Eeles L, Stitt AW, Medina RJ. Epigenetic Changes in Endothelial Progenitors as a Possible Cellular Basis for Glycemic Memory in Diabetic Vascular Complications. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:436879. [PMID: 26106624 PMCID: PMC4464584 DOI: 10.1155/2015/436879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular complications of diabetes significantly impact the quality of life and mortality in diabetic patients. Extensive evidence from various human clinical trials has clearly established that a period of poor glycemic control early in the disease process carries negative consequences, such as an increase in the development and progression of vascular complications that becomes evident many years later. Importantly, intensive glycemic control established later in the disease process cannot reverse or slow down the onset or progression of diabetic vasculopathy. This has been named the glycemic memory phenomenon. Scientists have successfully modelled glycemic memory using various in vitro and in vivo systems. This review emphasizes that oxidative stress and accumulation of advanced glycation end products are key factors driving glycemic memory in endothelial cells. Furthermore, various epigenetic marks have been proposed to closely associate with vascular glycemic memory. In addition, we comment on the importance of endothelial progenitors and their role as endogenous vasoreparative cells that are negatively impacted by the diabetic milieu and may constitute a "carrier" of glycemic memory. Considering the potential of endothelial progenitor-based cytotherapies, future studies on their glycemic memory are warranted to develop epigenetics-based therapeutics targeting diabetic vascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poojitha Rajasekar
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT12 6BA, UK
| | - Christina L. O'Neill
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT12 6BA, UK
| | - Lydia Eeles
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT12 6BA, UK
| | - Alan W. Stitt
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT12 6BA, UK
| | - Reinhold J. Medina
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT12 6BA, UK
- *Reinhold J. Medina:
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167
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Induced Pluripotent Stem (iPS) Cell Culture Methods and Induction of Differentiation into Endothelial Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1357:311-27. [PMID: 25687301 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2015_203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The study of stem cell behavior and differentiation in a developmental context is complex, time-consuming, and expensive, and for this reason, cell culture remains a method of choice for developmental and regenerative biology and mechanistic studies. Similar to ES cells, iPS cells have the ability to differentiate into endothelial cells (ECs), and the route for differentiation appears to mimic the developmental process that occurs during the formation of an embryo. Traditional EC induction methods from embryonic stem (ES) cells rely mostly on the formation of embryoid body (EB), which employs feeder or feeder-free conditions in the presence or absence of supporting cells. Similar to ES cells, iPS cells can be cultured in feeder layer or feeder-free conditions. Here, we describe the iPS cell culture methods and induction differentiation of these cells into ECs. We use anti-mouse Flk1 and anti-mouse VE-cadherin to isolate and characterize mouse ECs, because these antibodies are commercially available and their use has been described in the literature, including by our group. The ECs produced by this method have been used by our laboratory, and we have demonstrated their in vivo potential. We also discuss how iPS cells differ in their ability to differentiate into endothelial cells in culture.
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