151
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Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Neural Substructure Development during Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor Treatment of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144867. [PMID: 32660142 PMCID: PMC7402296 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are highly important in biology due to their unique innate ability to self-renew and differentiate into other specialised cells. In a neurological context, treating major injuries such as traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury and stroke is a strong basis for research in this area. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are a strong candidate because of their accessibility, compatibility if autologous, high yield and multipotency with a potential to generate neural cells. With the use of small-molecule chemicals, the neural induction of stem cells may occur within minutes or hours. Isobutylmethyl xanthine (IBMX) has been widely used in cocktails to induce neural differentiation. However, the key molecular mechanisms it instigates in the process are largely unknown. In this study we showed that IBMX-treated mesenchymal stem cells induced differentiation within 24 h with the unique expression of several key proteins such as Adapter protein crk, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase, DNA topoisomerase 2-beta and Cell division protein kinase 5 (CDK5), vital in linking signalling pathways. Furthermore, the increased expression of basic fibroblast growth factor in treated cells promotes phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades and GTPase–Hras interactions. Bioinformatic and pathway analyses revealed upregulation in expression and an increase in the number of proteins with biological ontologies related to neural development and substructure formation. These findings enhance the understanding of the utility of IBMX in MSC neural differentiation and its involvement in neurite substructure development.
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152
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Polcyn R, Capone M, Matzelle D, Hossain A, Chandran R, Banik NL, Haque A. Enolase inhibition alters metabolic hormones and inflammatory factors to promote neuroprotection in spinal cord injury. Neurochem Int 2020; 139:104788. [PMID: 32650031 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Enolase inhibition is a potential therapeutic strategy currently being investigated for treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI) as it reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, alters metabolic factors, and reduces gliosis in acute SCI. Herein, the role of enolase in SCI has been examined to better understand the effects of this enzyme on inflammation, metabolic hormones, glial cell activation, and neuroprotection under these shorter injury conditions. Immunohistochemical analyses of inflammatory markers vimentin, Cox-2, and caspase-1 indicated that enolase inhibition attenuated the elevated levels of inflammation seen following SCI. Iba1, GFAP, NFP, and CSPG staining indicated that enolase inhibition with prolonged administration of ENOblock reduced microglia/astrocyte activation and lead to enhanced neuroprotection in SCI. An analysis of metabolic hormones revealed that ENOblock treatment significantly upregulated plasma concentrations of peptide YY, glucagon-like peptide 1, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, glucagon, and insulin hormones as compared to vehicle-treated controls (Mann-Whitney, p ≤ 0.05). ENOblock did not have a significant effect on plasma concentrations of pancreatic polypeptide. Interestingly, ENOblock treatment inhibited chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG), which is produced by activated glia and serves to block regrowth of axons across the lesion site following injury. An increased level of NeuN and MBP with reduced caspase-1 was detected in SCI tissues after ENOblock treatment, suggesting preservation of myelin and induction of neuroprotection. ENOblock also induced improved motor function in SCI rats, indicating a role for enolase in modulating inflammatory and metabolic factors in SCI with important implications for clinical consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Polcyn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Mollie Capone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Denise Matzelle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, 109 Bee St, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
| | - Azim Hossain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Raghavendar Chandran
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Naren L Banik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, 109 Bee St, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
| | - Azizul Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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153
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Esquibel CR, Wendt KD, Lee HC, Gaire J, Shoffstall A, Urdaneta ME, Chacko JV, Brodnick SK, Otto KJ, Capadona JR, Williams JC, Eliceiri KW. Second Harmonic Generation Imaging of Collagen in Chronically Implantable Electrodes in Brain Tissue. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:95. [PMID: 32733179 PMCID: PMC7358524 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in neural engineering have brought about a number of implantable devices for improved brain stimulation and recording. Unfortunately, many of these micro-implants have not been adopted due to issues of signal loss, deterioration, and host response to the device. While glial scar characterization is critical to better understand the mechanisms that affect device functionality or tissue viability, analysis is frequently hindered by immunohistochemical tissue processing methods that result in device shattering and tissue tearing artifacts. Devices are commonly removed prior to sectioning, which can itself disturb the quality of the study. In this methods implementation study, we use the label free, optical sectioning method of second harmonic generation (SHG) to examine brain slices of various implanted intracortical electrodes and demonstrate collagen fiber distribution not found in normal brain tissue. SHG can easily be used in conjunction with multiphoton microscopy to allow direct intrinsic visualization of collagen-containing glial scars on the surface of cortically implanted electrode probes without imposing the physical strain of tissue sectioning methods required for other high resolution light microscopy modalities. Identification and future measurements of these collagen fibers may be useful in predicting host immune response and device signal fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne R. Esquibel
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kristy D. Wendt
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Heui C. Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Janak Gaire
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Andrew Shoffstall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Morgan E. Urdaneta
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jenu V. Chacko
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Sarah K. Brodnick
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kevin J. Otto
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jeffrey R. Capadona
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Justin C. Williams
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - K. W. Eliceiri
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
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154
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Prager J, Adams CF, Delaney AM, Chanoit G, Tarlton JF, Wong LF, Chari DM, Granger N. Stiffness-matched biomaterial implants for cell delivery: clinical, intraoperative ultrasound elastography provides a 'target' stiffness for hydrogel synthesis in spinal cord injury. J Tissue Eng 2020; 11:2041731420934806. [PMID: 32670538 PMCID: PMC7336822 DOI: 10.1177/2041731420934806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Safe hydrogel delivery requires stiffness-matching with host tissues to avoid
iatrogenic damage and reduce inflammatory reactions. Hydrogel-encapsulated cell
delivery is a promising combinatorial approach to spinal cord injury therapy,
but a lack of in vivo clinical spinal cord injury stiffness
measurements is a barrier to their use in clinics. We demonstrate that
ultrasound elastography – a non-invasive, clinically established tool – can be
used to measure spinal cord stiffness intraoperatively in canines with
spontaneous spinal cord injury. In line with recent experimental reports, our
data show that injured spinal cord has lower stiffness than uninjured cord. We
show that the stiffness of hydrogels encapsulating a clinically relevant
transplant population (olfactory ensheathing cells) can also be measured by
ultrasound elastography, enabling synthesis of hydrogels with comparable
stiffness to canine spinal cord injury. We therefore demonstrate
proof-of-principle of a novel approach to stiffness-matching hydrogel-olfactory
ensheathing cell implants to ‘real-life’ spinal cord injury values; an approach
applicable to multiple biomaterial implants for regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Prager
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
| | - Christopher F Adams
- Cellular and Neural Engineering Group, Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, UK
| | - Alexander M Delaney
- Cellular and Neural Engineering Group, Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, UK
| | | | - John F Tarlton
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Divya M Chari
- Cellular and Neural Engineering Group, Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, UK
| | - Nicolas Granger
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
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155
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Abstract
The brain is our most complex organ. During development, neurons extend axons, which may grow over long distances along well-defined pathways to connect to distant targets. Our current understanding of axon pathfinding is largely based on chemical signaling by attractive and repulsive guidance cues. These cues instruct motile growth cones, the leading tips of growing axons, where to turn and where to stop. However, it is not chemical signals that cause motion-motion is driven by forces. Yet our current understanding of the mechanical regulation of axon growth is very limited. In this review, I discuss the origin of the cellular forces controlling axon growth and pathfinding, and how mechanical signals encountered by growing axons may be integrated with chemical signals. This mechanochemical cross talk is an important but often overlooked aspect of cell motility that has major implications for many physiological and pathological processes involving neuronal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Franze
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, United Kingdom;
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156
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Baumann HJ, Mahajan G, Ham TR, Betonio P, Kothapalli CR, Shriver LP, Leipzig ND. Softening of the chronic hemi-section spinal cord injury scar parallels dysregulation of cellular and extracellular matrix content. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 110:103953. [PMID: 32957245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration following spinal cord injury (SCI) is challenging in part due to the modified tissue composition and organization of the resulting glial and fibrotic scar regions. Inhibitory cell types and biochemical cues present in the scar have received attention as therapeutic targets to promote regeneration. However, altered Young's modulus of the scar as a readout for potential impeding factors for regeneration are not as well-defined, especially in vivo. Although the decreased Young's modulus of surrounding tissue at acute stages post-injury is known, the causation and outcomes at chronic time points remain largely understudied and controversial, which motivates this work. This study assessed the glial and fibrotic scar tissue's Young's modulus and composition (scar morphometry, cell identity, extracellular matrix (ECM) makeup) that contribute to the tissue's stiffness. The spatial Young's modulus of a chronic (~18-wks, post-injury) hemi-section, including the glial and fibrotic regions, were significantly less than naïve tissue (~200 Pa; p < 0.0001). The chronic scar contained cystic cavities dispersed in areas of dense nuclei packing. Abundant CNS cell types such as astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and neurons were dysregulated in the scar, while epithelial markers such as vimentin were upregulated. The key ECM components in the CNS, namely sulfated proteoglycans (sPGs), were significantly downregulated following injury with concomitant upregulation of unsulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and hyaluronic acid (HA), likely altering the foundational ECM network that contributes to tissue stiffness. Our results reveal the Young's modulus of the chronic SCI scar as well as quantification of contributing elastic components that can provide a foundation for future study into their role in tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J Baumann
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Gautam Mahajan
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA
| | - Trevor R Ham
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Patricia Betonio
- School of Nursing, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Chandrasekhar R Kothapalli
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA
| | - Leah P Shriver
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA; Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Nic D Leipzig
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA; Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA.
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157
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El-Daher F, Becker CG. Neural circuit reorganisation after spinal cord injury in zebrafish. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2020; 64:44-51. [PMID: 32604009 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2020.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injuries disrupt signalling from the brain leading to loss of limb, locomotion, sexual and bladder function, usually irreversible in humans. In zebrafish, recovery of function occurs in a few days for larvae or a few weeks for adults due to regrowth of axons and de novo neurogenesis. Together with its genetic amenability and optical clarity, this makes zebrafish a powerful animal model to study circuit reorganisation after spinal cord injuries. With the fast evolution of techniques, we can forecast significative improvements of our knowledge of the mechanisms leading to successful or failed recovery of spinal cord function. We review here the present knowledge on the subject, the new technological approaches and we propose future directions of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- François El-Daher
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - Catherina G Becker
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom.
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158
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta J.I. Airaghi Leccardi
- Medtronic Chair in Neuroengineering Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne 1202 Geneva Switzerland
| | - Diego Ghezzi
- Medtronic Chair in Neuroengineering Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne 1202 Geneva Switzerland
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159
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Lavrentieva A, Fleischhammer T, Enders A, Pirmahboub H, Bahnemann J, Pepelanova I. Fabrication of Stiffness Gradients of GelMA Hydrogels Using a 3D Printed Micromixer. Macromol Biosci 2020; 20:e2000107. [PMID: 32537875 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Many properties in both healthy and pathological tissues are highly influenced by the mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix. Stiffness gradient hydrogels are frequently used for exploring these complex relationships in mechanobiology. In this study, the fabrication of a simple, cost-efficient, and versatile system is reported for creation of stiffness gradients from photoactive hydrogels like gelatin-methacryloyl (GelMA). The setup includes syringe pumps for gradient generation and a 3D printed microfluidic device for homogenous mixing of GelMA precursors with different crosslinker concentration. The stiffness gradient is investigated by using rheology. A co-culture consisting of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAD-MSCs) and human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) is encapsulated in the gradient construct. It is possible to locate the stiffness ranges at which the studied cells displayed specific spreading morphology and migration rates. With the help of the described system, variable mechanical gradient constructs can be created and optimal 3D cell culture conditions can be experientially identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonina Lavrentieva
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstrasse 5, Hannover, 30167, Germany
| | - Tabea Fleischhammer
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstrasse 5, Hannover, 30167, Germany
| | - Anton Enders
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstrasse 5, Hannover, 30167, Germany
| | - Hamidreza Pirmahboub
- Institute of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Leibniz University of Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, Hannover, 30419, Germany
| | - Janina Bahnemann
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstrasse 5, Hannover, 30167, Germany
| | - Iliyana Pepelanova
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Callinstrasse 5, Hannover, 30167, Germany
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160
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Cerrone F, Pozner T, Siddiqui A, Ceppi P, Winner B, Rajendiran M, Babu R, Ibrahim HS, Rodriguez BJ, Winkler J, Murphy KJ, O'Connor KE. Polyhydroxyphenylvalerate/polycaprolactone nanofibers improve the life-span and mechanoresponse of human IPSC-derived cortical neuronal cells. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 111:110832. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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161
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Hall CM, Moeendarbary E, Sheridan GK. Mechanobiology of the brain in ageing and Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:3851-3878. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chloe M. Hall
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University College London London UK
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences University of Brighton Brighton UK
| | - Emad Moeendarbary
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University College London London UK
- Department of Biological Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA USA
| | - Graham K. Sheridan
- School of Life Sciences Queens Medical Centre University of Nottingham Nottingham UK
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162
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Chen X, Liang H, Xi Z, Yang Y, Shan H, Wang B, Zhong Z, Xu C, Yang GY, Sun Q, Sun Y, Bian L. BM-MSC Transplantation Alleviates Intracerebral Hemorrhage-Induced Brain Injury, Promotes Astrocytes Vimentin Expression, and Enhances Astrocytes Antioxidation via the Cx43/Nrf2/HO-1 Axis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:302. [PMID: 32457903 PMCID: PMC7227447 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a particularly severe form of stroke, and reactive astrogliosis is a common response following injury to the central nervous system (CNS). Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are reported to promote neurogenesis and alleviate the late side effects in injured brain regions. Gap junctions (Gjs) are abundant in the brain, where the richest connexin (Cx) is Cx43, most prominently expressed in astrocytes. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is an essential transcription factor regulating antioxidant reactions. Here, we aimed to explore whether bone marrow MSCs (BM-MSCs) could alleviate brain injury and protect astrocytes from apoptosis, by regulating Cx43 and Nrf2. We validated the effect of BM-MSC transplantation in an ICH model in vivo and in vitro and detected changes using immunofluorescence, as well as protein and mRNA expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin (VIM), Cx43, Nrf2, and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Our results showed that BM-MSC transplantation attenuated brain injury after ICH and upregulated VIM expression in vivo and in vitro. Additionally, Cx43 upregulation and Nrf2 nuclear translocation were observed in astrocytes cocultured with BM-MSC. Knockdown of Cx43 by siRNA restrained Nrf2 nuclear translocation. Cx43 and Nrf2 had a connection as determined by immunofluorescence and coimmunoprecipitation. We demonstrated that astrocytes undergo astroglial-mesenchymal phenotype switching and have anti-apoptotic abilities after BM-MSC transplantation, where Cx43 upregulation triggers Nrf2 nuclear translocation and promotes its phase II enzyme expression. The Cx43/Nrf2 interaction of astrocytes after BM-MSC transplantation may provide an important therapeutic target in the management of ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huaibin Liang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyu Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huimin Shan
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Baofeng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihong Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Canxin Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingfang Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhao Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liuguan Bian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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163
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Antonovaite N, van Wageningen TA, Paardekam EJ, van Dam AM, Iannuzzi D. Dynamic indentation reveals differential viscoelastic properties of white matter versus gray matter-derived astrocytes upon treatment with lipopolysaccharide. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 109:103783. [PMID: 32543389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes in white matter (WM) and gray matter (GM) brain regions have been reported to have different morphology and function. Previous single cell biomechanical studies have not differentiated between WM- and GM-derived samples. In this study, we explored the local viscoelastic properties of isolated astrocytes and show that astrocytes from rat brain WM-enriched areas are ~1.8 times softer than astrocytes from GM-enriched areas. Upon treatment with pro-inflammatory lipopolysaccharide, GM-derived astrocytes become significantly softer in the nuclear and the cytoplasmic regions, where the F-actin network appears rearranged, whereas WM-derived astrocytes preserve their initial mechanical features and show no alteration in the F-actin cytoskeletal network. We hypothesize that the flexibility in biomechanical properties of GM-derived astrocytes may contribute to promote regeneration of the brain under neuroinflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelda Antonovaite
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB, VU Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Thecla A van Wageningen
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Erik J Paardekam
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB, VU Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie van Dam
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Davide Iannuzzi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB, VU Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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164
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Janzen D, Bakirci E, Wieland A, Martin C, Dalton PD, Villmann C. Cortical Neurons form a Functional Neuronal Network in a 3D Printed Reinforced Matrix. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1901630. [PMID: 32181992 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Impairments in neuronal circuits underly multiple neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. 3D cell culture models enhance the complexity of in vitro systems and provide a microenvironment closer to the native situation than with 2D cultures. Such novel model systems will allow the assessment of neuronal network formation and their dysfunction under disease conditions. Here, mouse cortical neurons are cultured from embryonic day E17 within in a fiber-reinforced matrix. A soft Matrigel with a shear modulus of 31 ± 5.6 Pa is reinforced with scaffolds created by melt electrowriting, improving its mechanical properties and facilitating the handling. Cortical neurons display enhance cell viability and the neuronal network maturation in 3D, estimated by staining of dendrites and synapses over 21 days in vitro, is faster in 3D compared to 2D cultures. Using functional readouts with electrophysiological recordings, different firing patterns of action potentials are observed, which are absent in the presence of the sodium channel blocker, tetrodotoxin. Voltage-gated sodium currents display a current-voltage relationship with a maximum peak current at -25 mV. With its high customizability in terms of scaffold reinforcement and soft matrix formulation, this approach represents a new tool to study neuronal networks in 3D under normal and, potentially, disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Janzen
- Institute for Clinical NeurobiologyUniversity Hospital Würzburg Versbacherstr. 5 Würzburg 97078 Germany
| | - Ezgi Bakirci
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry and Bavarian Polymer InstituteUniversity Hospital Würzburg Pleicherwall 2 Würzburg 97070 Germany
| | - Annalena Wieland
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity Hospital ErlangenLaboratory for Molecular MedicineFAU Erlangen‐Nürnberg Universitätsstrasse, 21–23 Erlangen 91054 Germany
| | - Corinna Martin
- Institute for Clinical NeurobiologyUniversity Hospital Würzburg Versbacherstr. 5 Würzburg 97078 Germany
| | - Paul D. Dalton
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry and Bavarian Polymer InstituteUniversity Hospital Würzburg Pleicherwall 2 Würzburg 97070 Germany
| | - Carmen Villmann
- Institute for Clinical NeurobiologyUniversity Hospital Würzburg Versbacherstr. 5 Würzburg 97078 Germany
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165
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Kayal C, Moeendarbary E, Shipley RJ, Phillips JB. Mechanical Response of Neural Cells to Physiologically Relevant Stiffness Gradients. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1901036. [PMID: 31793251 PMCID: PMC8407326 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the influence of the mechanical environment on neurite behavior is crucial in the development of peripheral nerve repair solutions, and could help tissue engineers to direct and guide regeneration. In this study, a new protocol to fabricate physiologically relevant hydrogel substrates with controlled mechanical cues is proposed. These hydrogels allow the analysis of the relative effects of both the absolute stiffness value and the local stiffness gradient on neural cell behavior, particularly for low stiffness values (1-2 kPa). NG108-15 neural cell behavior is studied using well-characterized collagen gradient substrates with stiffness values ranging from 1 to 10 kPa and gradient slopes of either 0.84 or 7.9 kPa mm-1 . It is found that cell orientation is influenced by specific combinations of stiffness value and stiffness gradient. The results highlight the importance of considering the type of hydrogel as well as both the absolute value of the stiffness and the steepness of its gradient, thus introducing a new framework for the development of tissue engineered scaffolds and the study of substrate stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Kayal
- UCL Mechanical EngineeringUniversity College LondonTorrington PlaceLondonWC1E 7JEUK
- UCL School of PharmacyUniversity College LondonBrunswick Square, BloomsburyLondonWC1N 1AXUK
- UCL Centre for Nerve EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 6BTUK
| | - Emad Moeendarbary
- UCL Mechanical EngineeringUniversity College LondonTorrington PlaceLondonWC1E 7JEUK
- Department of Biological EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA 02142USA
| | - Rebecca J. Shipley
- UCL Mechanical EngineeringUniversity College LondonTorrington PlaceLondonWC1E 7JEUK
- UCL Centre for Nerve EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 6BTUK
| | - James B. Phillips
- UCL School of PharmacyUniversity College LondonBrunswick Square, BloomsburyLondonWC1N 1AXUK
- UCL Centre for Nerve EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 6BTUK
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166
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Marquardt LM, Doulames VM, Wang AT, Dubbin K, Suhar RA, Kratochvil MJ, Medress ZA, Plant GW, Heilshorn SC. Designer, injectable gels to prevent transplanted Schwann cell loss during spinal cord injury therapy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz1039. [PMID: 32270042 PMCID: PMC7112763 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz1039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation of patient-derived Schwann cells is a promising regenerative medicine therapy for spinal cord injuries; however, therapeutic efficacy is compromised by inefficient cell delivery. We present a materials-based strategy that addresses three common causes of transplanted cell death: (i) membrane damage during injection, (ii) cell leakage from the injection site, and (iii) apoptosis due to loss of endogenous matrix. Using protein engineering and peptide-based assembly, we designed injectable hydrogels with modular cell-adhesive and mechanical properties. In a cervical contusion model, our hydrogel matrix resulted in a greater than 700% improvement in successful Schwann cell transplantation. The combination therapy of cells and gel significantly improved the spatial distribution of transplanted cells within the endogenous tissue. A reduction in cystic cavitation and neuronal loss were also observed with substantial increases in forelimb strength and coordination. Using an injectable hydrogel matrix, therefore, can markedly improve the outcomes of cellular transplantation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Marquardt
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Vanessa M. Doulames
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alice T. Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Karen Dubbin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Riley A. Suhar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael J. Kratochvil
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305, USA
| | - Zachary A. Medress
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Giles W. Plant
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Corresponding author. (G.W.P.); (S.C.H.)
| | - Sarah C. Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Corresponding author. (G.W.P.); (S.C.H.)
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167
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Sutherland TC, Geoffroy CG. The Influence of Neuron-Extrinsic Factors and Aging on Injury Progression and Axonal Repair in the Central Nervous System. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:190. [PMID: 32269994 PMCID: PMC7109259 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the aging western population, the average age of incidence for spinal cord injury (SCI) has increased, as has the length of survival of SCI patients. This places great importance on understanding SCI in middle-aged and aging patients. Axon regeneration after injury is an area of study that has received substantial attention and made important experimental progress, however, our understanding of how aging affects this process, and any therapeutic effort to modulate repair, is incomplete. The growth and regeneration of axons is mediated by both neuron intrinsic and extrinsic factors. In this review we explore some of the key extrinsic influences on axon regeneration in the literature, focusing on inflammation and astrogliosis, other cellular responses, components of the extracellular matrix, and myelin proteins. We will describe how each element supports the contention that axonal growth after injury in the central nervous system shows an age-dependent decline, and how this may affect outcomes after a SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa C Sutherland
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - Cédric G Geoffroy
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, United States
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168
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Tran KA, Partyka PP, Jin Y, Bouyer J, Fischer I, Galie PA. Vascularization of self-assembled peptide scaffolds for spinal cord injury repair. Acta Biomater 2020; 104:76-84. [PMID: 31904559 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The disruption of the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) following spinal cord injury contributes to inflammation and glial scarring that inhibits axon growth and diminishes the effectiveness of conduits transplanted to the injury site to promote this growth. The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether scaffolds containing microvessels that exhibit BSCB integrity reduce inflammation and scar formation at the injury site and lead to increased axon growth. For these studies, a self-assembling peptide scaffold, RADA-16I, is used due to its established permissiveness to axon growth and ability to support vascularization. Immunocytochemistry and permeability transport assays verify the formation of tight-junction containing microvessels within the scaffold. Peptide scaffolds seeded with different concentrations of microvascular cells are then injected into a spinal contusion injury in rats to evaluate how microvessels affect axon growth and neurovascular interaction. The effect of the vascularized scaffold on inflammation and scar formation is evaluated by quantifying histological sections stained with ED-1 and GFAP, respectively. Our results indicate that the peptide scaffolds containing microvessels reduce inflammation and glial scar formation and increase the density of axons growing into the injury/transplant site. These results demonstrate the potential benefit of scaffold vascularization to treat spinal cord injury. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This study evaluates the benefit of transplanting microvascular cells within a self-assembling peptide scaffold, RADA-16I, that has shown promise for facilitating regeneration in the central nervous system in previous studies. Our results indicate that vasculature featuring tight junctions that give rise to the blood-spinal cord barrier can be formed within the peptide scaffold both in vitro and in a rat model of a subacute contusion spinal cord injury. Histological analysis indicates that the presence of the microvessels encourages axon infiltration into the site of injury and reduces the area of astrocyte activation and inflammation. Overall, these results demonstrate the potential of vascularizing scaffolds for the repair of spinal cord injury.
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169
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Dudiki T, Meller J, Mahajan G, Liu H, Zhevlakova I, Stefl S, Witherow C, Podrez E, Kothapalli CR, Byzova TV. Microglia control vascular architecture via a TGFβ1 dependent paracrine mechanism linked to tissue mechanics. Nat Commun 2020; 11:986. [PMID: 32080187 PMCID: PMC7033106 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14787-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue microarchitecture and mechanics are important in development and pathologies of the Central Nervous System (CNS); however, their coordinating mechanisms are unclear. Here, we report that during colonization of the retina, microglia contacts the deep layer of high stiffness, which coincides with microglial bipolarization, reduction in TGFβ1 signaling and termination of vascular growth. Likewise, stiff substrates induce microglial bipolarization and diminish TGFβ1 expression in hydrogels. Both microglial bipolarization in vivo and the responses to stiff substrates in vitro require intracellular adaptor Kindlin3 but not microglial integrins. Lack of Kindlin3 causes high microglial contractility, dysregulation of ERK signaling, excessive TGFβ1 expression and abnormally-patterned vasculature with severe malformations in the area of photoreceptors. Both excessive TGFβ1 signaling and vascular defects caused by Kindlin3-deficient microglia are rescued by either microglial depletion or microglial knockout of TGFβ1 in vivo. This mechanism underlies an interplay between microglia, vascular patterning and tissue mechanics within the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejasvi Dudiki
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Julia Meller
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Gautam Mahajan
- Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Department, Washkewicz College of Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Irina Zhevlakova
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Samantha Stefl
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Conner Witherow
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Eugene Podrez
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Chandrasekhar R Kothapalli
- Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Department, Washkewicz College of Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Tatiana V Byzova
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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170
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Kjell J, Götz M. Filling the Gaps - A Call for Comprehensive Analysis of Extracellular Matrix of the Glial Scar in Region- and Injury-Specific Contexts. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:32. [PMID: 32153367 PMCID: PMC7050652 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) injury results in chronic scar formation that interferes with function and inhibits repair. Extracellular matrix (ECM) is prominent in the scar and potently regulates cell behavior. However, comprehensive information about the ECM proteome is largely lacking, and region- as well as injury-specific differences are often not taken into account. These aspects are the focus of our perspective on injury and scar formation. To highlight the importance of such comprehensive proteome analysis we include data obtained with novel analysis tools of the ECM composition in the scar and show the contribution of monocytes to the ECM composition after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Monocyte invasion was reduced using the CCR2-/- mouse line and step-wise de-cellularization and proteomics allowed determining monocyte-dependent ECM composition and architecture of the glial scar. We find significant reduction in the ECM proteins Tgm1, Itih (1,2, and 3), and Ftl in the absence of monocyte invasion. We also describe the scar ECM comprising zones with distinctive composition and show a subacute signature upon comparison to proteome obtained at earlier times after TBI. These results are discussed in light of injury-, region- and time-specific regulation of scar formation highlighting the urgent need to differentiate injury conditions and CNS-regions using comprehensive ECM analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Kjell
- Division of Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute for Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.,Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Division of Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute for Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.,SYNERGY, Excellence Cluster Systems Neurology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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171
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Adams MR, Moody CT, Sollinger JL, Brudno Y. Extracellular-Matrix-Anchored Click Motifs for Specific Tissue Targeting. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:392-403. [PMID: 31829613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Local presentation of cancer drugs by injectable drug-eluting depots reduces systemic side effects and improves efficacy. However, local depots deplete their drug stores and are difficult to introduce into stiff tissues, or organs, such as the brain, that cannot accommodate increased pressure. We present a method for introducing targetable depots through injection of activated ester molecules into target tissues that react with and anchor themselves to the local extracellular matrix (ECM) and subsequently capture systemically administered small molecules through bioorthogonal click chemistry. A computational model of tissue-anchoring depot formation and distribution was verified by histological analysis and confocal imaging of cleared tissues. ECM-anchored click groups do not elicit any noticeable local or systemic toxicity or immune response and specifically capture systemically circulating molecules at intradermal, intratumoral, and intracranial sites for multiple months. Taken together, ECM anchoring of click chemistry motifs is a promising approach to specific targeting of both small and large therapeutics, enabling repeated local presentation for cancer therapy and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary R Adams
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University , Raleigh. 911 Oval Drive , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| | - Christopher T Moody
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University , Raleigh. 911 Oval Drive , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| | - Jennifer L Sollinger
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University , Raleigh. 911 Oval Drive , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| | - Yevgeny Brudno
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University , Raleigh. 911 Oval Drive , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center , University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill , 450 West Dr. , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
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172
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Cooper JG, Sicard D, Sharma S, Van Gulden S, McGuire TL, Cajiao MP, Tschumperlin DJ, Kessler JA. Spinal Cord Injury Results in Chronic Mechanical Stiffening. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:494-506. [PMID: 31516087 PMCID: PMC6978780 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliosis and fibrosis after spinal cord injury (SCI) lead to formation of a scar that is thought to present both molecular and mechanical barriers to neuronal regeneration. The scar consists of a meshwork of reactive glia and deposited, cross-linked, extracellular matrix (ECM) that has long been assumed to present a mechanically "stiff" blockade. However, remarkably little quantitative information is available about the rheological properties of chronically injured spinal tissue. In this study we utilize atomic force microscopy microindentation to provide quantitative evidence of chronic mechanical stiffening after SCI. Using the results of this tissue characterization, we assessed the sensitivity of both mouse and human astrocytes in vitro and determined that they are exquisitely mechanosensitive within the relevant range of substrate stiffness observed in the injured/uninjured spinal cord. We then utilized a novel immune modifying nanoparticle (IMP) treatment as a tool to reveal fibrotic scarring as one of the key drivers of mechanical stiffening after SCI in vivo. We also demonstrate that glial scar-forming astrocytes form a highly aligned, anisotropic network of glial fibers after SCI, and that IMP treatment mitigates this pathological alignment. Taken together, our results identify chronic mechanical stiffening as a critically important aspect of the complex lesion milieu after SCI that must be considered when assessing and developing potential clinical interventions for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G. Cooper
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Delphine Sicard
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Sripadh Sharma
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Stephanie Van Gulden
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tammy L. McGuire
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Miguel Pareja Cajiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Daniel J. Tschumperlin
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - John A. Kessler
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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173
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Lee EJ, Han JC, Park DY, Kee C. A neuroglia-based interpretation of glaucomatous neuroretinal rim thinning in the optic nerve head. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 77:100840. [PMID: 31982595 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuroretinal rim thinning (NRR) is a characteristic glaucomatous optic disc change. However, the precise mechanism of the rim thinning has not been completely elucidated. This review focuses on the structural role of the glioarchitecture in the formation of the glaucomatous NRR thinning. The NRR is a glia-framed structure, with honeycomb geometry and mechanically reinforced astrocyte processes along the transverse plane. When neural damage selectively involves the neuron and spares the glia, the gross structure of the tissue is preserved. The disorganization and loss of the glioarchitecture are the two hallmarks of optic nerve head (ONH) remodeling in glaucoma that leads to the thinning of NRR tissue upon axonal loss. This is in contrast to most non-glaucomatous optic neuropathies with optic disc pallor where hypertrophy of the glioarchitecture is associated with the seemingly absent optic disc cupping. Arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy is an exception where pan-necrosis of ONH tissue leads to NRR thinning. Milder ischemia indicates selective neuronal loss that spares glia in non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. The biological reason is the heterogeneous glial response determined by the site, type, and severity of the injury. The neuroglial interpretation explains how the cellular changes underlie the clinical findings. Updated understandings on glial responses illustrate the mechanical, microenvironmental, and microglial modulation of activated astrocytes in glaucoma. Findings relevant to the possible mechanism of the astrocyte death in advanced glaucoma are also emerging. Ultimately, a better understanding of glaucomatous glial response may lead to glia-targeting neuroprotection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jung Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-Ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
| | - Jong Chul Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-Ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
| | - Do Young Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-Ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
| | - Changwon Kee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-Ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea.
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174
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Nervous Tissue Stiffens Postinjury. Biophys J 2020; 118:276-278. [PMID: 31968236 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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175
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Cobbaut M, Karagil S, Bruno L, Diaz de la Loza MDC, Mackenzie FE, Stolinski M, Elbediwy A. Dysfunctional Mechanotransduction through the YAP/TAZ/Hippo Pathway as a Feature of Chronic Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010151. [PMID: 31936297 PMCID: PMC7016982 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to ascertain their external environment, cells and tissues have the capability to sense and process a variety of stresses, including stretching and compression forces. These mechanical forces, as experienced by cells and tissues, are then converted into biochemical signals within the cell, leading to a number of cellular mechanisms being activated, including proliferation, differentiation and migration. If the conversion of mechanical cues into biochemical signals is perturbed in any way, then this can be potentially implicated in chronic disease development and processes such as neurological disorders, cancer and obesity. This review will focus on how the interplay between mechanotransduction, cellular structure, metabolism and signalling cascades led by the Hippo-YAP/TAZ axis can lead to a number of chronic diseases and suggest how we can target various pathways in order to design therapeutic targets for these debilitating diseases and conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Cobbaut
- Protein Phosphorylation Lab, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK;
| | - Simge Karagil
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames KT1 2EE, UK; (S.K.); (L.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Lucrezia Bruno
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames KT1 2EE, UK; (S.K.); (L.B.); (M.S.)
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames KT1 2EE, UK;
| | | | - Francesca E Mackenzie
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames KT1 2EE, UK;
| | - Michael Stolinski
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames KT1 2EE, UK; (S.K.); (L.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Ahmed Elbediwy
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames KT1 2EE, UK; (S.K.); (L.B.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence:
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176
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Krucoff MO, Miller JP, Saxena T, Bellamkonda R, Rahimpour S, Harward SC, Lad SP, Turner DA. Toward Functional Restoration of the Central Nervous System: A Review of Translational Neuroscience Principles. Neurosurgery 2020; 84:30-40. [PMID: 29800461 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyy128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Injury to the central nervous system (CNS) can leave patients with devastating neurological deficits that may permanently impair independence and diminish quality of life. Recent insights into how the CNS responds to injury and reacts to critically timed interventions are being translated into clinical applications that have the capacity to drastically improve outcomes for patients suffering from permanent neurological deficits due to spinal cord injury, stroke, or other CNS disorders. The translation of such knowledge into practical and impactful treatments involves the strategic collaboration between neurosurgeons, clinicians, therapists, scientists, and industry. Therefore, a common understanding of key neuroscientific principles is crucial. Conceptually, current approaches to CNS revitalization can be divided by scale into macroscopic (systems-circuitry) and microscopic (cellular-molecular). Here we review both emerging and well-established tenets that are being utilized to enhance CNS recovery on both levels, and we explore the role of neurosurgeons in developing therapies moving forward. Key principles include plasticity-driven functional recovery, cellular signaling mechanisms in axonal sprouting, critical timing for recovery after injury, and mechanisms of action underlying cellular replacement strategies. We then discuss integrative approaches aimed at synergizing interventions across scales, and we make recommendations for the basis of future clinical trial design. Ultimately, we argue that strategic modulation of microscopic cellular behavior within a macroscopic framework of functional circuitry re-establishment should provide the foundation for most neural restoration strategies, and the early involvement of neurosurgeons in the process will be crucial to successful clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max O Krucoff
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jonathan P Miller
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleve-land, Ohio
| | - Tarun Saxena
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ravi Bellamkonda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Shervin Rahimpour
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Stephen C Harward
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Shivanand P Lad
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Mechan-ical Engineering and Material Sciences, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke Uni-versity, Durham, North Carolina.,Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke Univer-sity, Durham, North Carolina.,Research and Surgery Services, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Dennis A Turner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Depart-ment of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Research and Surgery Services, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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177
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Cirillo C, Brihmat N, Castel-Lacanal E, Le Friec A, Barbieux-Guillot M, Raposo N, Pariente J, Viguier A, Simonetta-Moreau M, Albucher JF, Olivot JM, Desmoulin F, Marque P, Chollet F, Loubinoux I. Post-stroke remodeling processes in animal models and humans. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:3-22. [PMID: 31645178 PMCID: PMC6928555 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x19882788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
After cerebral ischemia, events like neural plasticity and tissue reorganization intervene in lesioned and non-lesioned areas of the brain. These processes are tightly related to functional improvement and successful rehabilitation in patients. Plastic remodeling in the brain is associated with limited spontaneous functional recovery in patients. Improvement depends on the initial deficit, size, nature and localization of the infarction, together with the sex and age of the patient, all of them affecting the favorable outcome of reorganization and repair of damaged areas. A better understanding of cerebral plasticity is pivotal to design effective therapeutic strategies. Experimental models and clinical studies have fueled the current understanding of the cellular and molecular processes responsible for plastic remodeling. In this review, we describe the known mechanisms, in patients and animal models, underlying cerebral reorganization and contributing to functional recovery after ischemic stroke. We also discuss the manipulations and therapies that can stimulate neural plasticity. We finally explore a new topic in the field of ischemic stroke pathophysiology, namely the brain-gut axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Cirillo
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Nabila Brihmat
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Evelyne Castel-Lacanal
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Alice Le Friec
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Nicolas Raposo
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jérémie Pariente
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Alain Viguier
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Marion Simonetta-Moreau
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-François Albucher
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Marc Olivot
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Franck Desmoulin
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Marque
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - François Chollet
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Loubinoux
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), INSERM, University Paul Sabatier, UPS, Toulouse, France
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178
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Ji YR, Homaeigohar S, Wang YH, Lin C, Su TY, Cheng CC, Yang SH, Young TH. Selective Regulation of Neurons, Glial Cells, and Neural Stem/Precursor Cells by Poly(allylguanidine)-Coated Surfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:48381-48392. [PMID: 31845571 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b17143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Poly(allylguanidine) (PAG) was synthesized and characterized as a polycationic coating material for culturing neurons, glial cells, and neural stem/precursor cells (NSPCs) to apply PAG for neural tissue engineering. For comparison, poly-d-lysine (PDL), the golden benchmark of the neuron cell culture system, was also used in this study. When PAG was subjected to a mixed culture of neurons and glial cells, cell adhesion and neurite extension of neuronal cells were clearly observed but only few glial cells could be found alongside the neurons. Compared to PDL, the significantly lower density of the glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cells implied that PAG suppressed the glial cell development. Likewise, PAG was demonstrated to dominate the differentiation of NSPCs principally into neurons. To investigate whether the different effects of PAG and PDL on neuron and glial cell behaviors resulted from the difference of guanidinium cations and ammonium cations, poly-l-arginine (PLA) was included and compared in this study. Similar to PDL, PLA supported high neuron and glial cell viability simultaneously. Consequently, glial cell growth and viability restrained on PAG was not only affected by the side-chain guanidino groups but also by the backbone structure property. The absence of the peptide structure in the backbone of PAG and the conformation of coated PAG on tissue culture polystyrene possibly determined the polycationic biomaterial to limit the growth of glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Ren Ji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , National Taiwan University , Taipei 100 , Taiwan
| | - Shahin Homaeigohar
- Nanochemistry and Nanoengineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Materials Science , Aalto University , Kemistintie 1 , 00076 Aalto , Finland
| | - Yu-Hsin Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , National Taiwan University , Taipei 100 , Taiwan
| | - Chen Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , National Taiwan University , Taipei 100 , Taiwan
| | - Tai-Yuan Su
- Department of Electrical Engineering , Yuan-Ze University , Taoyuan 320 , Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chia Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , National Taiwan University , Taipei 100 , Taiwan
| | | | - Tai-Horng Young
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , National Taiwan University , Taipei 100 , Taiwan
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179
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Makhija EP, Espinosa-Hoyos D, Jagielska A, Van Vliet KJ. Mechanical regulation of oligodendrocyte biology. Neurosci Lett 2019; 717:134673. [PMID: 31838017 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes (OL) are a subset of glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) comprising the brain and spinal cord. The CNS environment is defined by complex biochemical and biophysical cues during development and response to injury or disease. In the last decade, significant progress has been made in understanding some of the key biophysical factors in the CNS that modulate OL biology, including their key role in myelination of neurons. Taken together, those studies offer translational implications for remyelination therapies, pharmacological research, identification of novel drug targets, and improvements in methods to generate human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) and OLs from donor stem cells in vitro. This review summarizes current knowledge of how various physical and mechanical cues affect OL biology and its implications for disease, therapeutic approaches, and generation of human OPCs and OLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta P Makhija
- BioSystems & Micromechanics (BioSyM) Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research & Technology (SMART) CREATE, Singapore 138602; Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized-Medicine (CAMP) Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research & Technology (SMART) CREATE, 138602, Singapore
| | - Daniela Espinosa-Hoyos
- BioSystems & Micromechanics (BioSyM) Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research & Technology (SMART) CREATE, Singapore 138602; Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Anna Jagielska
- BioSystems & Micromechanics (BioSyM) Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research & Technology (SMART) CREATE, Singapore 138602; Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
| | - Krystyn J Van Vliet
- BioSystems & Micromechanics (BioSyM) Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research & Technology (SMART) CREATE, Singapore 138602; Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized-Medicine (CAMP) Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research & Technology (SMART) CREATE, 138602, Singapore; Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
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180
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Möllmert S, Kharlamova MA, Hoche T, Taubenberger AV, Abuhattum S, Kuscha V, Kurth T, Brand M, Guck J. Zebrafish Spinal Cord Repair Is Accompanied by Transient Tissue Stiffening. Biophys J 2019; 118:448-463. [PMID: 31870536 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe injury to the mammalian spinal cord results in permanent loss of function due to the formation of a glial-fibrotic scar. Both the chemical composition and the mechanical properties of the scar tissue have been implicated to inhibit neuronal regrowth and functional recovery. By contrast, adult zebrafish are able to repair spinal cord tissue and restore motor function after complete spinal cord transection owing to a complex cellular response that includes axon regrowth and is accompanied by neurogenesis. The mechanical mechanisms contributing to successful spinal cord repair in adult zebrafish are, however, currently unknown. Here, we employ atomic force microscopy-enabled nanoindentation to determine the spatial distributions of apparent elastic moduli of living spinal cord tissue sections obtained from uninjured zebrafish and at distinct time points after complete spinal cord transection. In uninjured specimens, spinal gray matter regions were stiffer than white matter regions. During regeneration after transection, the spinal cord tissues displayed a significant increase of the respective apparent elastic moduli that transiently obliterated the mechanical difference between the two types of matter before returning to baseline values after the completion of repair. Tissue stiffness correlated variably with cell number density, oligodendrocyte interconnectivity, axonal orientation, and vascularization. This work constitutes the first quantitative mapping of the spatiotemporal changes of spinal cord tissue stiffness in regenerating adult zebrafish and provides the tissue mechanical basis for future studies into the role of mechanosensing in spinal cord repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tobias Hoche
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Shada Abuhattum
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; JPK Instruments, Berlin, Germany; Max Planck Institut for the Science of Light & Max-Planck Institut für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Veronika Kuscha
- Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Kurth
- Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Brand
- Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jochen Guck
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Max Planck Institut for the Science of Light & Max-Planck Institut für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany.
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181
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Pyka-Fościak G, Zemła J, Lis GJ, Litwin JA, Lekka M. Changes in spinal cord stiffness in the course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 680:108221. [PMID: 31816310 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.108221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a commonly used mouse model of multiple sclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by demyelination leading to brain and spinal cord malfunctions. We postulate that not only biological but also biomechanical properties play an important role in impairements of CNS function. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was applied to investigate mechanical properties of spinal cords collected from EAE mice in preonset, onset, peak, and chronic disease phases. Biomechanical changes were compared with histopathological alterations observed in the successive phases. The deformability of gray matter did not change, while rigidity of white matter increased during the onset phase, remained at the same level in the peak phase and decreased in the chronic phase. Inflammatory infiltration and laminin content accompanied the tissue rigidity increase, whereas demyelination and axonal damage showed an opposite effect. The increase in white matter rigidity can be regarded as an early signature of EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pyka-Fościak
- Department of Histology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7, 31-034, Krakow, Poland.
| | - J Zemła
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Kraków, Poland
| | - G J Lis
- Department of Histology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7, 31-034, Krakow, Poland
| | - J A Litwin
- Department of Histology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7, 31-034, Krakow, Poland
| | - M Lekka
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Kraków, Poland.
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182
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Micromechanical heterogeneity of the rat pia-arachnoid complex. Acta Biomater 2019; 100:29-37. [PMID: 31585202 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the onset of damage occurring in the brain upon traumatic events, it is essential to analyze how external mechanical loads propagate through the skull and meninges and down to the brain cortex. However, despite their crucial role as structural dampers protecting the brain, the mechanical properties and dynamic behavior of the meningeal layers are still poorly understood. Here, we characterized the local mechanical heterogeneity of rat pia-arachnoid complex (PAC) at the microscale via atomic force microscopy (AFM) indentation experiments to understand how microstructural variations at the tissue level can differentially affect load propagation. By coupling AFM mechanical testing with fresh tissue immunofluorescent staining, we could directly observe the effect of specific anatomical features on the local mechanical properties of tissue. We observed a two-fold stiffening of vascularized tissue when compared to non-vascularized PAC (with instantaneous Young's modulus distribution means of 1.32 ± 0.03 kPa and 2.79 ± 0.08 kPa, respectively), and statistically significant differences between regions of low- and high-vimentin density, reflecting trabecular density (with means of 0.67 ± 0.05 kPa and 1.29 ± 0.06 kPa, respectively). No significant differences were observed between cortical and cerebellar PAC. Additionally, by performing force relaxation experiments at the AFM, we identified the characteristic time constant τ1 of PAC tissue to be in the range of 2.7 ± 1.2 s to 3.1 ± 0.9 s for the different PAC regions analyzed. Taken together, the results presented point at the complex biomechanical nature of the meningeal tissue, and underscore the need to account for its heterogeneity when modeling its behavior into finite element simulations or other computational methods enabling the prediction of load propagation during injury events. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The meningeal layers are pivotal in shielding the brain during injury events, yet the mechanical properties of this complex biological interface are still under investigation. Here, we present the first anatomically-informed micromechanical characterization of mammalian pia-arachnoid complex (PAC). We developed a protocol for the isolation and fresh immunostaining of rat PAC and subjected the tissue to AFM indentation and relaxation experiments, while visualizing the local anatomy via fluorescence microscopy. We found statistically significant variations in regional PAC stiffness according to the degree of vascularization and trabecular cell density, besides identifying the tissue's characteristic relaxation constant. In essence, this study captures the relationship between anatomy and mechanical heterogeneity in a key component of the brain-skull interface for the first time.
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183
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Bunevicius A, Schregel K, Sinkus R, Golby A, Patz S. REVIEW: MR elastography of brain tumors. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2019; 25:102109. [PMID: 31809993 PMCID: PMC6909210 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.102109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
MR elastography allows non-invasive quantification of the shear modulus of tissue. MRE correlates with intra-operative consistency of meningiomas, pituitary adenomas. Reported shear modulus values are widely distributed and overlap. Meningiomas were the stiffest tumor-type relative to normal appearing white matter. Studies are needed to determine clinical applications of MRE in neuro-oncology.
MR elastography allows non-invasive quantification of the shear modulus of tissue, i.e. tissue stiffness and viscosity, information that offers the potential to guide presurgical planning for brain tumor resection. Here, we review brain tumor MRE studies with particular attention to clinical applications. Studies that investigated MRE in patients with intracranial tumors, both malignant and benign as well as primary and metastatic, were queried from the Pubmed/Medline database in August 2018. Reported tumor and normal appearing white matter stiffness values were extracted and compared as a function of tumor histopathological diagnosis and MRE vibration frequencies. Because different studies used different elastography hardware, pulse sequences, reconstruction inversion algorithms, and different symmetry assumptions about the mechanical properties of tissue, effort was directed to ensure that similar quantities were used when making inter-study comparisons. In addition, because different methodologies and processing pipelines will necessarily bias the results, when pooling data from different studies, whenever possible, tumor values were compared with the same subject's contralateral normal appearing white matter to minimize any study-dependent bias. The literature search yielded 10 studies with a total of 184 primary and metastatic brain tumor patients. The group mean tumor stiffness, as measured with MRE, correlated with intra-operatively assessed stiffness of meningiomas and pituitary adenomas. Pooled data analysis showed significant overlap between shear modulus values across brain tumor types. When adjusting for the same patient normal appearing white matter shear modulus values, meningiomas were the stiffest tumor-type. MRE is increasingly being examined for potential in brain tumor imaging and might have value for surgical planning. However, significant overlap of shear modulus values between a number of different tumor types limits applicability of MRE for diagnostic purposes. Thus, further rigorous studies are needed to determine specific clinical applications of MRE for surgical planning, disease monitoring and molecular stratification of brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adomas Bunevicius
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Katharina Schregel
- Institute of Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ralph Sinkus
- Inserm U1148, LVTS, University Paris Diderot, University Paris 13, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Golby
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Samuel Patz
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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184
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Barros Ribeiro da Silva V, Porcionatto M, Toledo Ribas V. The Rise of Molecules Able To Regenerate the Central Nervous System. J Med Chem 2019; 63:490-511. [PMID: 31518122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Injury to the adult central nervous system (CNS) usually leads to permanent deficits of cognitive, sensory, and/or motor functions. The failure of axonal regeneration in the damaged CNS limits functional recovery. The lack of information concerning the biological mechanism of axonal regeneration and its complexity has delayed the process of drug discovery for many years compared to other drug classes. Starting in the early 2000s, the ability of many molecules to stimulate axonal regrowth was evaluated through automated screening techniques; many hits and some new mechanisms involved in axonal regeneration were identified. In this Perspective, we discuss the rise of the CNS regenerative drugs, the main biological techniques used to test these drug candidates, some of the most important screens performed so far, and the main challenges following the identification of a drug that is able to induce axonal regeneration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marimélia Porcionatto
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo , Escola Paulista de Medicina, Laboratório de Neurobiologia Molecular, Departmento de Bioquímica , Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 - third floor, 04039-032 São Paulo , São Paolo , Brazil
| | - Vinicius Toledo Ribas
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Morfologia, Laboratório de Neurobiologia Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, room O3-245 , - Campus Pampulha, 31270-901 , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil
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185
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Suar ZM, Fabris G, Kurt M. Isolation and Immunofluorescent Staining of Fresh Rat Pia-Arachnoid Complex Tissue for Micromechanical Characterization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 89:e83. [PMID: 31532920 DOI: 10.1002/cpns.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we describe a protocol for the isolation and staining of fresh tissue of the inner rat meningeal layers, or pia-arachnoid complex (PAC). The PAC is believed to act as a mechanical damper offering a fundamental layer of protection against brain injury; however, its overall mechanical properties are still rather unexplored. In order to perform micromechanical measurements on the PAC, the tissue must be extracted and characterized while maintaining its native mechanical properties (i.e., avoiding any chemical or physical modification that could alter it). In light of this need, we developed a protocol for the immunofluorescent staining of fresh PAC tissue that does not require any fixation or permeabilization step. This approach will allow researchers to investigate important properties of the anatomy of ex vivo PAC tissue while at the same time offering a platform for the mechanical analysis of this complex material. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Basic Protocol 1: Isolation of fresh rat pia-arachnoid complex tissue Basic Protocol 2: Fresh immunofluorescent staining of rat pia-arachnoid complex tissue Alternate Protocol: Adhesion of pia-arachnoid complex tissue to glass slides for micromechanical characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep M Suar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey
| | - Gloria Fabris
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey
| | - Mehmet Kurt
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey.,Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute (TMII), Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
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186
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Santiago-Toledo G, Georgiou M, Dos Reis J, Roberton VH, Valinhas A, Wood RC, Phillips JB, Mason C, Li D, Li Y, Sinden JD, Choi D, Jat PS, Wall IB. Generation of c-MycER TAM-transduced human late-adherent olfactory mucosa cells for potential regenerative applications. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13190. [PMID: 31519924 PMCID: PMC6744411 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49315-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human olfactory mucosa cells (hOMCs) have been transplanted to the damaged spinal cord both pre-clinically and clinically. To date mainly autologous cells have been tested. However, inter-patient variability in cell recovery and quality, and the fact that the neuroprotective olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) subset is difficult to isolate, means an allogeneic hOMC therapy would be an attractive "off-the-shelf" alternative. The aim of this study was to generate a candidate cell line from late-adherent hOMCs, thought to contain the OEC subset. Primary late-adherent hOMCs were transduced with a c-MycERTAM gene that enables cell proliferation in the presence of 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT). Two c-MycERTAM-derived polyclonal populations, PA5 and PA7, were generated and expanded. PA5 cells had a normal human karyotype (46, XY) and exhibited faster growth kinetics than PA7, and were therefore selected for further characterisation. PA5 hOMCs express glial markers (p75NTR, S100ß, GFAP and oligodendrocyte marker O4), neuronal markers (nestin and ß-III-tubulin) and fibroblast-associated markers (CD90/Thy1 and fibronectin). Co-culture of PA5 cells with a neuronal cell line (NG108-15) and with primary dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons resulted in significant neurite outgrowth after 5 days. Therefore, c-MycERTAM-derived PA5 hOMCs have potential as a regenerative therapy for neural cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melanie Georgiou
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - Joana Dos Reis
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - Victoria H Roberton
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - Ana Valinhas
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - Rachael C Wood
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1H 0AH, UK
- Aston Medical Research Institute and School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - James B Phillips
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
- UCL Centre for Nerve Engineering, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Chris Mason
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1H 0AH, UK
- AVROBIO Inc, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Daqing Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology & Neurosurgery, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology & Neurosurgery, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - John D Sinden
- UCL Centre for Nerve Engineering, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- ReNeuron Limited, Pencoed, Bridgend, CF35 5HY, UK
| | - David Choi
- UCL Centre for Nerve Engineering, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology & Neurosurgery, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Parmjit S Jat
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, Institute of Prion Diseases, London, W1W 7FF, UK
| | - Ivan B Wall
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1H 0AH, UK.
- Aston Medical Research Institute and School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.
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187
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Rosso G, Guck J. Mechanical changes of peripheral nerve tissue microenvironment and their structural basis during development. APL Bioeng 2019; 3:036107. [PMID: 31893255 PMCID: PMC6932855 DOI: 10.1063/1.5108867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerves are constantly exposed to mechanical stresses associated with body growth and limb movements. Although some aspects of these nerves' biomechanical properties are known, the link between nerve biomechanics and tissue microstructures during development is poorly understood. Here, we used atomic force microscopy to comprehensively investigate the elastic modulus of living peripheral nerve tissue cross sections ex vivo at distinct stages of development and correlated these elastic moduli with various cellular and extracellular aspects of the underlying histological microstructure. We found that local nerve tissue stiffness is spatially heterogeneous and evolves biphasically during maturation. Furthermore, we found the intracellular microtubule network and the extracellular matrix collagens type I and type IV as major contributors to the nerves' biomechanical properties, but surprisingly not cellular density and myelin content as previously shown for the central nervous system. Overall, these findings characterize the mechanical microenvironment that surrounds Schwann cells and neurons and will further our understanding of their mechanosensing mechanisms during nerve development. These data also provide the design of artificial nerve scaffolds to promote biomedical nerve regeneration therapies by considering mechanical properties that better reflect the nerve microenvironment.
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188
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Barriga EH, Mayor R. Adjustable viscoelasticity allows for efficient collective cell migration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 93:55-68. [PMID: 29859995 PMCID: PMC6854469 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration is essential for a wide range of biological processes such as embryo morphogenesis, wound healing, regeneration, and also in pathological conditions, such as cancer. In such contexts, cells are required to migrate as individual entities or as highly coordinated collectives, both of which requiring cells to respond to molecular and mechanical cues from their environment. However, whilst the function of chemical cues in cell migration is comparatively well understood, the role of tissue mechanics on cell migration is just starting to be studied. Recent studies suggest that the dynamic tuning of the viscoelasticity within a migratory cluster of cells, and the adequate elastic properties of its surrounding tissues, are essential to allow efficient collective cell migration in vivo. In this review we focus on the role of viscoelasticity in the control of collective cell migration in various cellular systems, mentioning briefly some aspects of single cell migration. We aim to provide details on how viscoelasticity of collectively migrating groups of cells and their surroundings is adjusted to ensure correct morphogenesis, wound healing, and metastasis. Finally, we attempt to show that environmental viscoelasticity triggers molecular changes within migrating clusters and that these new molecular setups modify clusters' viscoelasticity, ultimately allowing them to migrate across the challenging geometries of their microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias H Barriga
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, WC1E 6BT, London, UK
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, WC1E 6BT, London, UK.
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189
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Bradbury EJ, Burnside ER. Moving beyond the glial scar for spinal cord repair. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3879. [PMID: 31462640 PMCID: PMC6713740 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11707-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury results in severe and irreversible loss of function. The injury triggers a complex cascade of inflammatory and pathological processes, culminating in formation of a scar. While traditionally referred to as a glial scar, the spinal injury scar in fact comprises multiple cellular and extracellular components. This multidimensional nature should be considered when aiming to understand the role of scarring in limiting tissue repair and recovery. In this Review we discuss recent advances in understanding the composition and phenotypic characteristics of the spinal injury scar, the oversimplification of defining the scar in binary terms as good or bad, and the development of therapeutic approaches to target scar components to enable improved functional outcome after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Bradbury
- King's College London, Regeneration Group, The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), Guy's Campus, London Bridge, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Emily R Burnside
- King's College London, Regeneration Group, The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), Guy's Campus, London Bridge, London, SE1 1UL, UK
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190
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Escartin C, Guillemaud O, Carrillo-de Sauvage MA. Questions and (some) answers on reactive astrocytes. Glia 2019; 67:2221-2247. [PMID: 31429127 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are key cellular partners for neurons in the central nervous system. Astrocytes react to virtually all types of pathological alterations in brain homeostasis by significant morphological and molecular changes. This response was classically viewed as stereotypical and is called astrogliosis or astrocyte reactivity. It was long considered as a nonspecific, secondary reaction to pathological conditions, offering no clues on disease-causing mechanisms and with little therapeutic value. However, many studies over the last 30 years have underlined the crucial and active roles played by astrocytes in physiology, ranging from metabolic support, synapse maturation, and pruning to fine regulation of synaptic transmission. This prompted researchers to explore how these new astrocyte functions were changed in disease, and they reported alterations in many of them (sometimes beneficial, mostly deleterious). More recently, cell-specific transcriptomics revealed that astrocytes undergo massive changes in gene expression when they become reactive. This observation further stressed that reactive astrocytes may be very different from normal, nonreactive astrocytes and could influence disease outcomes. To make the picture even more complex, both normal and reactive astrocytes were shown to be molecularly and functionally heterogeneous. Very little is known about the specific roles that each subtype of reactive astrocytes may play in different disease contexts. In this review, we have interrogated researchers in the field to identify and discuss points of consensus and controversies about reactive astrocytes, starting with their very name. We then present the emerging knowledge on these cells and future challenges in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Escartin
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Département de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, MIRCen, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Univ. Paris Sud, Univ. Paris-Saclay, UMR 9199, Neurodegenerative Disease Laboratory, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Océane Guillemaud
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Département de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, MIRCen, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Univ. Paris Sud, Univ. Paris-Saclay, UMR 9199, Neurodegenerative Disease Laboratory, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Maria-Angeles Carrillo-de Sauvage
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Département de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, MIRCen, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Univ. Paris Sud, Univ. Paris-Saclay, UMR 9199, Neurodegenerative Disease Laboratory, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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191
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Pupkaite J, Rosenquist J, Hilborn J, Samanta A. Injectable Shape-Holding Collagen Hydrogel for Cell Encapsulation and Delivery Cross-linked Using Thiol-Michael Addition Click Reaction. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:3475-3484. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justina Pupkaite
- Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemistry—Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping 582 25, Sweden
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jenny Rosenquist
- Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemistry—Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jöns Hilborn
- Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemistry—Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ayan Samanta
- Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemistry—Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
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192
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Kalra P, Raterman B, Mo X, Kolipaka A. Magnetic resonance elastography of brain: Comparison between anisotropic and isotropic stiffness and its correlation to age. Magn Reson Med 2019; 82:671-679. [PMID: 30957304 PMCID: PMC6510588 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Noninvasive measurement of mechanical properties of brain tissue using magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) has been a promising method for investigating neurologic disorders such as multiple sclerosis, hydrocephalus, and Alzheimer's. However, because of the regional and directional dependency of brain stiffness, estimating anisotropic stiffness is important. This study investigates isotropic and anisotropic stiffness as a function of age as well as the correlation between isotropic and anisotropic stiffness. METHODS MRE and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) were performed on 28 healthy subjects with age ranges between 18-62 y. Isotropic and anisotropic stiffness was measured and compared with age for different regions of interest such as the thalamus, corpus callosum, gray matter, white matter, and whole brain. RESULTS Isotropic stiffness in gray matter (rs = -0.57; P = 0.001) showed a significant decrease with age. Anisotropic stiffness in gray matter showed a significant decrease with age in C11 through C66 and in the thalamus, only in C33 . Between anisotropic and isotropic stiffness, gray matter showed a significant positive correlation in C11 through C66 , C22 and C66 showed a significant negative correlation in the thalamus and whole brain, and C44 showed a negative correlation in the corpus callosum. No significant difference between genders was observed in any measurements. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated a change in isotropic and anisotropic stiffness with age in different regions of the brain along with a correlation of anisotropic stiffness to isotropic stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prateek Kalra
- Department of Radiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Brian Raterman
- Department of Radiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Xiaokui Mo
- Center for Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Arunark Kolipaka
- Department of Radiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
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193
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Dagro A, Rajbhandari L, Orrego S, Kang SH, Venkatesan A, Ramesh KT. Quantifying the Local Mechanical Properties of Cells in a Fibrous Three-Dimensional Microenvironment. Biophys J 2019; 117:817-828. [PMID: 31421835 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Measurements of the mechanical response of biological cells are critical for understanding injury and disease, for developing diagnostic tools, and for computational models in mechanobiology. Although it is well known that cells are sensitive to the topography of their microenvironment, the current paradigm in mechanical testing of adherent cells is mostly limited to specimens grown on flat two-dimensional substrates. In this study, we introduce a technique in which cellular indentation via optical trapping is performed on cells at a high spatial resolution to obtain their regional mechanical properties while they exist in a more favorable three-dimensional microenvironment. We combine our approach with nonlinear contact mechanics theory to consider the effects of a large deformation. This allows us to probe length scales that are relevant for obtaining overall cell stiffness values. The experimental results herein provide the hyperelastic material properties at both high (∼100 s-1) and low (∼1-10 s-1) strain rates of murine central nervous system glial cells. The limitations due to possible misalignment of the indenter in the three-dimensional space are examined using a computational model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Dagro
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland.
| | | | - Santiago Orrego
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sung Hoon Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Hopkins Extreme Materials Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Arun Venkatesan
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kaliat T Ramesh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Hopkins Extreme Materials Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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194
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Kwon S, Yoo KH, Sym SJ, Khang D. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy assisted by nanotechnology: a possible combinational treatment for brain tumor and central nerve regeneration. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:5925-5942. [PMID: 31534331 PMCID: PMC6681156 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s217923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) intrinsically possess unique features that not only help in their migration towards the tumor-rich environment but they also secrete versatile types of secretomes to induce nerve regeneration and analgesic effects at inflammatory sites. As a matter of course, engineering MSCs to enhance their intrinsic abilities is growing in interest in the oncology and regenerative field. However, the concern of possible tumorigenesis of genetically modified MSCs prompted the development of non-viral transfected MSCs armed with nanotechnology for more effective cancer and regenerative treatment. Despite the fact that a large number of successful studies have expanded our current knowledge in tumor-specific targeting, targeting damaged brain site remains enigmatic due to the presence of a blood–brain barrier (BBB). A BBB is a barrier that separates blood from brain, but MSCs with intrinsic features of transmigration across the BBB can efficiently deliver desired drugs to target sites. Importantly, MSCs, when mediated by nanoparticles, can further enhance tumor tropism and can regenerate the damaged neurons in the central nervous system through the promotion of axon growth. This review highlights the homing and nerve regenerative abilities of MSCs in order to provide a better understanding of potential cell therapeutic applications of non-genetically engineered MSCs with the aid of nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Kwon
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, South Korea
| | - Kwai Han Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, School of Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, 21565, South Korea
| | - Sun Jin Sym
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, School of Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, 21565, South Korea
| | - Dongwoo Khang
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, South Korea.,Department of Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology (Gaihst), Gachon University, Incheon 21999, South Korea.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, South Korea
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195
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Gulino M, Kim D, Pané S, Santos SD, Pêgo AP. Tissue Response to Neural Implants: The Use of Model Systems Toward New Design Solutions of Implantable Microelectrodes. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:689. [PMID: 31333407 PMCID: PMC6624471 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of implantable neuroelectrodes is advancing rapidly as these tools are becoming increasingly ubiquitous in clinical practice, especially for the treatment of traumatic and neurodegenerative disorders. Electrodes have been exploited in a wide number of neural interface devices, such as deep brain stimulation, which is one of the most successful therapies with proven efficacy in the treatment of diseases like Parkinson or epilepsy. However, one of the main caveats related to the clinical application of electrodes is the nervous tissue response at the injury site, characterized by a cascade of inflammatory events, which culminate in chronic inflammation, and, in turn, result in the failure of the implant over extended periods of time. To overcome current limitations of the most widespread macroelectrode based systems, new design strategies and the development of innovative materials with superior biocompatibility characteristics are currently being investigated. This review describes the current state of the art of in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models available for the study of neural tissue response to implantable microelectrodes. We particularly highlight new models with increased complexity that closely mimic in vivo scenarios and that can serve as promising alternatives to animal studies for investigation of microelectrodes in neural tissues. Additionally, we also express our view on the impact of the progress in the field of neural tissue engineering on neural implant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Gulino
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- INEB – Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- FEUP – Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Donghoon Kim
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab (MSRL), Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Salvador Pané
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab (MSRL), Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sofia Duque Santos
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- INEB – Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Pêgo
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- INEB – Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- FEUP – Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS – Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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196
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Viji Babu PK, Radmacher M. Mechanics of Brain Tissues Studied by Atomic Force Microscopy: A Perspective. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:600. [PMID: 31258462 PMCID: PMC6587663 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue morphology and mechanics are crucial to the regulation of organ function. Investigating the exceptionally complex tissue of the brain at the sub-micron scale is challenging due to the complex structure and softness of this tissue, despite the large interest of biologists, medical engineers, biophysicists, and others in this topic. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) both as an imaging and as a mechanical tool provides an excellent opportunity to study soft biological samples such as live brain tissues. Here we review the principles of AFM, the performance of AFM in tissue imaging and mechanical mapping of cells and tissues, and finally opening the prospects and challenges of probing the biophysical properties of brain tissue using AFM.
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197
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Litowczenko J, Maciejewska BM, Wychowaniec JK, Kościński M, Jurga S, Warowicka A. Groove‐patterned surfaces induce morphological changes in cells of neuronal origin. J Biomed Mater Res A 2019; 107:2244-2256. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jagoda Litowczenko
- NanoBioMedical CentreAdam Mickiewicz University Poznań Poland
- Department of Molecular Virology, Faculty of BiologyAdam Mickiewicz University Poznań Poland
| | | | - Jacek K. Wychowaniec
- NanoBioMedical CentreAdam Mickiewicz University Poznań Poland
- School of ChemistryUniversity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Mikołaj Kościński
- NanoBioMedical CentreAdam Mickiewicz University Poznań Poland
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Food Science and NutritionPoznań University of Life Sciences Poznań Poland
| | - Stefan Jurga
- NanoBioMedical CentreAdam Mickiewicz University Poznań Poland
| | - Alicja Warowicka
- NanoBioMedical CentreAdam Mickiewicz University Poznań Poland
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental BiologyAdam Mickiewicz University Poznań Poland
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198
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Modo M, Badylak SF. A roadmap for promoting endogenous in situ tissue restoration using inductive bioscaffolds after acute brain injury. Brain Res Bull 2019; 150:136-149. [PMID: 31128250 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The regeneration of brain tissue remains one of the greatest unsolved challenges in medicine and by many is considered unfeasible. Indeed, the adult mammalian brain does not regenerate tissue, but there is ongoing endogenous neurogenesis, which is upregulated after injury and contributes to tissue repair. This endogenous repair response is a conditio sine que non for tissue regeneration. However, scarring around the lesion core and cavitation provide unfavorable conditions for tissue regeneration in the brain. Based on the success of using extracellular matrix (ECM)-based bioscaffolds in peripheral soft tissue regeneration, it is plausible that the provision of an inductive ECM-based hydrogel inside the volumetric tissue loss can attract neural cells and create a de novo viable tissue. Following perturbation theory of these successes in peripheral tissues, we here propose 9 perturbation parts (i.e. requirements) that can be solved independently to create an integrated series to build a functional and integrated de novo neural tissue. Necessities for tissue formation, anatomical and functional connectivity are further discussed to provide a new substrate to support the improvement of behavioral impairments after acute brain injury. We also consider potential parallel developments of this tissue engineering effort that can support therapeutic benefits in the absence of de novo tissue formation (e.g. structural support to veterate brain tissue). It is envisaged that eventually top-down inductive "natural" bioscaffolds composed of decellularized tissues (i.e. ECM) will be replaced by bottom-up synthetic designer hydrogels that will provide very defined structural and signaling properties, potentially even opening up opportunities we currently do not envisage using natural materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Modo
- University of Pittsburgh, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; University of Pittsburgh, Department of Bioengineering, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; University of Pittsburgh, Department of Radiology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Stephen F Badylak
- University of Pittsburgh, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; University of Pittsburgh, Department of Bioengineering, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; University of Pittsburgh, Department of Surgery, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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199
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Blaschke S, Vay SU, Pallast N, Rabenstein M, Abraham JA, Linnartz C, Hoffmann M, Hersch N, Merkel R, Hoffmann B, Fink GR, Rueger MA. Substrate elasticity induces quiescence and promotes neurogenesis of primary neural stem cells-A biophysical in vitro model of the physiological cerebral milieu. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:960-972. [PMID: 30815982 DOI: 10.1002/term.2838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In the brain, neural stem cells (NSC) are tightly regulated by external signals and biophysical cues mediated by the local microenvironment or "niche." In particular, the influence of tissue elasticity, known to fundamentally affect the function of various cell types in the body, on NSC remains poorly understood. We, accordingly, aimed to characterize the effects of elastic substrates on critical NSC functions. Primary rat NSC were grown as monolayers on polydimethylsiloxane- (PDMS-) based gels. PDMS-coated cell culture plates, simulating the physiological microenvironment of the living brain, were generated in various degrees of elasticity, ranging from 1 to 50 kPa; additionally, results were compared with regular glass plates as usually used in cell culture work. Survival of NSC on the PDMS-based substrates was unimpaired. The proliferation rate on 1 kPa PDMS decreased by 45% compared with stiffer PMDS substrates of 50 kPa (p < 0.05) whereas expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B/p27Kip1 increased more than two fold (p < 0.01), suggesting NSC quiescence. NSC differentiation was accelerated on softer substrates and favored the generation of neurons (42% neurons on 1 kPa PDMS vs. 25% on 50 kPa PDMS; p < 0.05). Neurons generated on 1 kPa PDMS showed 29% longer neurites compared with those on stiffer PDMS substrates (p < 0.05), suggesting optimized neuronal maturation and an accelerated generation of neuronal networks. Data show that primary NSC are significantly affected by the mechanical properties of their microenvironment. Culturing NSC on a substrate of brain-like elasticity keeps them in their physiological, quiescent state and increases their neurogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Blaschke
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Juelich, Germany
| | - Sabine Ulrike Vay
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Niklas Pallast
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Monika Rabenstein
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Christina Linnartz
- Biomechanics Section, Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-7), Juelich, Germany
| | - Marco Hoffmann
- Biomechanics Section, Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-7), Juelich, Germany
| | - Nils Hersch
- Biomechanics Section, Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-7), Juelich, Germany
| | - Rudolf Merkel
- Biomechanics Section, Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-7), Juelich, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Biomechanics Section, Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-7), Juelich, Germany
| | - Gereon Rudolf Fink
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Juelich, Germany
| | - Maria Adele Rueger
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Juelich, Germany
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200
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Liu SP, Huang L, Flores J, Ding Y, Li P, Peng J, Zuo G, Zhang JH, Lu J, Tang JP. Secukinumab attenuates reactive astrogliosis via IL-17RA/(C/EBPβ)/SIRT1 pathway in a rat model of germinal matrix hemorrhage. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 25:1151-1161. [PMID: 31020769 PMCID: PMC6776744 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Reactive astrogliosis plays a critical role in neurological deficits after germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH). It has been reported that interleukin‐17A and IL‐17A receptor IL‐17RA/(C/EBPβ)/SIRT1 signaling pathway enhances reactive astrogliosis after brain injuries. We evaluated the effects of secukinumab on reactive astrogliosis in a rat pup model of GMH. Methods A total of 146 Sprague Dawley P7 rat pups were used. GMH was induced by intraparenchymal injection of collagenase. Secukinumab was administered intranasally 1 hour post‐GMH. C/EBPβ CRISPR or SIRT1 antagonist EX527 was administrated intracerebroventricularly (icv) 48 hours and 1 hour before GMH induction, respectively. Neurobehavior, Western blot, histology, and immunohistochemistry were used to assess treatment regiments in the short term and long term. Results The endogenous IL‐17A, IL‐17RA, C/EBPβ, and GFAP and proliferation marker CyclinD1 were increased, while SIRT1 expression was decreased after GMH. Secukinumab treatment improved neurological deficits, reduced ventriculomegaly, and increased cortical thickness. Additionally, treatment increased SIRT1 expression and lowered proliferation proteins PCNA and CyclinD1 as well as GFAP expression. C/EBPβ CRISPR activation plasmid and EX527 reversed the antireactive astrogliosis effects of secukinumab. Conclusion Secukinumab attenuated reactive astrogliosis and reduced neurological deficits after GMH, partly by regulating IL‐17RA/(C/EBPβ)/SIRT1 pathways. Secukinumab may provide a promising therapeutic strategy for GMH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Peng Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, China.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California.,Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Jerry Flores
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Jun Peng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Gang Zuo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California.,Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California.,Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, China
| | - Ji-Ping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
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