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Modulation of Macrophage Activity by Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields in the Context of Fracture Healing. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:bioengineering8110167. [PMID: 34821733 PMCID: PMC8615107 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8110167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Delayed fracture healing and fracture non-unions impose an enormous burden on individuals and society. Successful healing requires tight communication between immune cells and bone cells. Macrophages can be found in all healing phases. Due to their high plasticity and long life span, they represent good target cells for modulation. In the past, extremely low frequency pulsed electromagnet fields (ELF-PEMFs) have been shown to exert cell-specific effects depending on the field conditions. Thus, the aim was to identify the specific ELF-PEMFs able to modulate macrophage activity to indirectly promote mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (SCP-1 cells) function. After a blinded screening of 22 different ELF-PEMF, two fields (termed A and B) were further characterized as they diversely affected macrophage function. These two fields have similar fundamental frequencies (51.8 Hz and 52.3 Hz) but are emitted in different groups of pulses or rather send-pause intervals. Macrophages exposed to field A showed a pro-inflammatory function, represented by increased levels of phospho-Stat1 and CD86, the accumulation of ROS, and increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In contrast, macrophages exposed to field B showed anti-inflammatory and pro-healing functions, represented by increased levels of Arginase I, increased secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and growth factors are known to induce healing processes. The conditioned medium from macrophages exposed to both ELF-PEMFs favored the migration of SCP-1 cells, but the effect was stronger for field B. Furthermore, the conditioned medium from macrophages exposed to field B, but not to field A, stimulated the expression of extracellular matrix genes in SCP-1 cells, i.e., COL1A1, FN1, and BGN. In summary, our data show that specific ELF-PEMFs may affect immune cell function. Thus, knowing the specific ELF-PEMFs conditions and the underlying mechanisms bears great potential as an adjuvant treatment to modulate immune responses during pathologies, e.g., fracture healing.
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152
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Malone AF. Monocytes and Macrophages in Kidney Transplantation and Insights from Single Cell RNA-Seq Studies. KIDNEY360 2021; 2:1654-1659. [PMID: 35372970 PMCID: PMC8785783 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0003842021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is a powerful technology that allows for the identification of minority cell types in complex tissues, such as immune cells in the kidney. Previously, gene expression from infrequent cell types was missed using bulk RNA-sequencing methods due to an averaging effect. Additionally, scRNA-seq facilitates assignment of cell origin in a sample, a shortcoming of previous bulk sequencing technologies. Thus, scRNA-seq is ideal to study the immune cell landscape and the alloimmune response in the human kidney transplant. However, there are few studies published to date. Macrophages are known to play an important role in health and disease in the kidney. Furthermore, it is known that macrophages play key roles in rejection of the kidney transplant. The definition, ontogeny, and function of these cells is complex and nomenclature has evolved as new technologies have become available. In this review, an overview is provided of monocyte and macrophage nomenclature, ontogeny, and function, with a specific focus on kidney transplantation, and including novel scRNA-seq findings. scRNA-seq offers an unbiased transcriptional approach to defining macrophages and provides insights into macrophage ontogeny and function not possible with contemporary methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F. Malone
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
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153
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Padilla S, Nurden AT, Prado R, Nurden P, Anitua E. Healing through the lens of immunothrombosis: Biology-inspired, evolution-tailored, and human-engineered biomimetic therapies. Biomaterials 2021; 279:121205. [PMID: 34710794 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Evolution, from invertebrates to mammals, has yielded and shaped immunoclotting as a defense and repair response against trauma and infection. This mosaic of immediate and local wound-sealing and pathogen-killing mechanisms results in survival, restoration of homeostasis, and tissue repair. In mammals, immunoclotting has been complemented with the neuroendocrine system, platelets, and contact system among other embellishments, adding layers of complexity through interconnecting blood-born proteolytic cascades, blood cells, and the neuroendocrine system. In doing so, immunothrombosis endows humans with survival advantages, but entails vulnerabilities in the current unprecedented and increasingly challenging environment. Immunothrombosis and tissue repair appear to go hand in hand with common mechanisms mediating both processes, a fact that is underlined by recent advances that are deciphering the mechanisms of the repair process and of the biochemical pathways that underpins coagulation, hemostasis and thrombosis. This review is intended to frame both the universal aspects of tissue repair and the therapeutic use of autologous fibrin matrix as a biology-as-a-drug approach in the context of the evolutionary changes in coagulation and hemostasis. In addition, we will try to shed some light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the use of the autologous fibrin matrix as a biology-inspired, evolution-tailored, and human-engineered biomimetic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabino Padilla
- Eduardo Anitua Foundation for Biomedical Research, Vitoria, Spain; BTI-Biotechnology Institute ImasD, Vitoria, Spain; University Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Oral Implantology - UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria, Spain.
| | - Alan T Nurden
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire LIRYC, Hôpital Xavier Arnozan, Pessac, France
| | - Roberto Prado
- Eduardo Anitua Foundation for Biomedical Research, Vitoria, Spain; BTI-Biotechnology Institute ImasD, Vitoria, Spain; University Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Oral Implantology - UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria, Spain
| | - Paquita Nurden
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire LIRYC, Hôpital Xavier Arnozan, Pessac, France
| | - Eduardo Anitua
- Eduardo Anitua Foundation for Biomedical Research, Vitoria, Spain; BTI-Biotechnology Institute ImasD, Vitoria, Spain; University Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Oral Implantology - UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria, Spain.
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154
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Pang Y, Zhang C, Gao J. Macrophages as Emerging Key Players in Mitochondrial Transfers. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:747377. [PMID: 34722528 PMCID: PMC8548694 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.747377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are a group of heterogeneous cells widely present throughout the body. Under the influence of their specific environments, via both contact and noncontact signals, macrophages integrate into host tissues and contribute to their development and the functions of their constituent cells. Mitochondria are essential organelles that perform intercellular transfers to regulate cell homeostasis. Our review focuses on newly discovered roles of mitochondrial transfers between macrophages and surrounding cells and summarizes emerging functions of macrophages in transmitophagy, metabolic regulation, and immune defense. We also discuss the negative influence of mitochondrial transfers on macrophages, as well as current therapies targeting mitochondria in macrophages. Regulation of macrophages through mitochondrial transfers between macrophages and their surrounding cells is a promising therapy for various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory diseases, obesity, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Changqing Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjie Gao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
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155
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Troutman TD, Kofman E, Glass CK. Exploiting dynamic enhancer landscapes to decode macrophage and microglia phenotypes in health and disease. Mol Cell 2021; 81:3888-3903. [PMID: 34464593 PMCID: PMC8500948 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The development and functional potential of metazoan cells is dependent on combinatorial roles of transcriptional enhancers and promoters. Macrophages provide exceptionally powerful model systems for investigation of mechanisms underlying the activation of cell-specific enhancers that drive transitions in cell fate and cell state. Here, we review recent advances that have expanded appreciation of the diversity of macrophage phenotypes in health and disease, emphasizing studies of liver, adipose tissue, and brain macrophages as paradigms for other tissue macrophages and cell types. Studies of normal tissue-resident macrophages and macrophages associated with cirrhosis, obese adipose tissue, and neurodegenerative disease illustrate the major roles of tissue environment in remodeling enhancer landscapes to specify the development and functions of distinct macrophage phenotypes. We discuss the utility of quantitative analysis of environment-dependent changes in enhancer activity states as an approach to discovery of regulatory transcription factors and upstream signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ty D Troutman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Eric Kofman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
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156
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Moura Silva H, Kitoko JZ, Queiroz CP, Kroehling L, Matheis F, Yang KL, Reis BS, Ren-Fielding C, Littman DR, Bozza MT, Mucida D, Lafaille JJ. c-MAF-dependent perivascular macrophages regulate diet-induced metabolic syndrome. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:eabg7506. [PMID: 34597123 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abg7506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernandez Moura Silva
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute; New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jamil Zola Kitoko
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute; New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.,Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Departamento de Imunologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Camila Pereira Queiroz
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute; New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.,Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Lina Kroehling
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute; New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Fanny Matheis
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Katharine Lu Yang
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Bernardo S Reis
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Dan R Littman
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute; New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.,Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Marcelo Torres Bozza
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Departamento de Imunologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Daniel Mucida
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Juan J Lafaille
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute; New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.,Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
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157
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Unterweger AL, Rüscher A, Seuß M, Winkelmann P, Beigel F, Koletzko L, Breiteneicher S, Siebeck M, Gropp R, Aszodi A. NOD/scid IL-2Rγ null mice reconstituted with peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with Crohn's disease reflect the human pathological phenotype. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2021; 9:1631-1647. [PMID: 34499803 PMCID: PMC8589348 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Crohn's disease (CD) is characterized by pronounced intestinal fibrosis and severe mucosal damage and conventional animal models are limited to reflect these pathological manifestations. The aim of this study was to examine whether the combination of patient immune‐profiling and preclinical studies in a mouse model based on NOD/scid IL‐2Rγnull (NSG) reconstituted with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from CD patients has the capacity to harmonize ex vivo human and in vivo animal studies. Methods Immunological profiles of CD (n = 24) and ulcerative colitis (UC) patients (n = 47) were established by flow cytometry of subgroups of immune cells and subjected to hierarchical cluster and estimation graphics analyses. Pathological phenotypes of NSG mice, which were reconstituted with PBMC from CD, UC, and non‐IBD donors (NSG‐CD, NSG‐UC, and NSG‐non‐IBD) were compared. Readouts were the clinical, colon, and histological scores; subtypes of immune cells from spleen and colon; and levels of inflammatory markers, such as c‐reactive protein (CRP), monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)‐3, transforming growth factor‐beta (TGFß), and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Fibrocytes were identified by immunohistochemistry in colonic sections. Results CD patients were significantly clustered in a group characterized by increased levels of TH1, TH2 cells, and decreased levels of CD14+ CD163+ monocytes (p = .003). In contrast to NSG‐UC mice, NSG‐CD mice exhibited an immune‐remodeling phenotype characterized by enhanced collagen deposition, elevated levels of CD14+ CD163+ monocytes, HGF, and TGFß. This phenotype was further corroborated by the presence of human fibrocytes as components of fibrotic areas. Conclusion The NSG‐CD model partially reflects the human disease and allows for studying the development of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Unterweger
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hospital of the LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Alena Rüscher
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hospital of the LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Marietta Seuß
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hospital of the LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Paula Winkelmann
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hospital of the LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Beigel
- Department of Medicine II, Hospital of the LMU, Munich, München, Germany
| | - Leandra Koletzko
- Department of Medicine II, Hospital of the LMU, Munich, München, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Siebeck
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hospital of the LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Roswitha Gropp
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hospital of the LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Attila Aszodi
- Department of Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Hospital of the LMU, Planegg, Germany
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158
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Torregrossa M, Kakpenova A, Simon JC, Franz S. Modulation of macrophage functions by ECM-inspired wound dressings - a promising therapeutic approach for chronic wounds. Biol Chem 2021; 402:1289-1307. [PMID: 34390641 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nonhealing chronic wounds are among the most common skin disorders with increasing incidence worldwide. However, their treatment is still dissatisfying, that is why novel therapeutic concepts targeting the sustained inflammatory process have emerged. Increasing understanding of chronic wound pathologies has put macrophages in the spotlight of such approaches. Herein, we review current concepts and perspectives of therapeutic macrophage control by ECM-inspired wound dressing materials. We provide an overview of the current understanding of macrophage diversity with particular view on their roles in skin and in physiological and disturbed wound healing processes. Based on this we discuss strategies for their modulation in chronic wounds and how such strategies can be tailored in ECM-inspired wound dressing. The latter utilize and mimic general principles of ECM-mediated cell control, such as binding and delivery of signaling molecules and direct signaling to cells specifically adapted for macrophage regulation in wounds. In this review, we present examples of most recent approaches and discuss ideas for their further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Torregrossa
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Max Bürger Research Centre, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ainur Kakpenova
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Max Bürger Research Centre, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan C Simon
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Max Bürger Research Centre, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sandra Franz
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Max Bürger Research Centre, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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159
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Abstract
Nonresolving inflammation, a hallmark of sepsis and/or multi-organ failure, still poses a challenge in medicine. The mortality rate is enormous, and so far no adequate curative therapy is available. Here we identify a previously unrecognized role of the neuronal guidance protein semaphorin 7A in the transition to resolution processes in severe systematic inflammation such as sepsis. Endogenous mediators regulating acute inflammatory responses in both the induction and resolution phases of inflammatory processes are pivotal in host defense and tissue homeostasis. Recent studies have identified neuronal guidance proteins characterized in axonal development that display immunomodulatory functions. Here, we identify the neuroimmune guidance cue Semaphorin 7A (Sema7A), which appears to link macrophage (MΦ) metabolic remodeling to inflammation resolution. Sema7A orchestrated MΦ chemotaxis and chemokinesis, activated MΦ differentiation and polarization toward the proresolving M2 phenotype, and promoted leukocyte clearance. Peritoneal MΦSema7A−/− displayed metabolic reprogramming, characterized by reductions in fatty acid oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation, increases in glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway, and truncation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, which resulted in increased levels of the intermediates succinate and fumarate. The low accumulation of citrate in MΦSema7A−/− correlated with the decreased synthesis of prostaglandins, leading to a reduced impact on lipid-mediator class switching and the generation of specialized pro resolving lipid mediators. Signaling network analysis indicated that Sema7A induced the metabolic reprogramming of MΦ by activating the mTOR- and AKT2-signaling pathways. Administration of Sema7ASL4cd orchestrated the resolution response to tissue homeostasis by shortening the resolution interval, promoting tissue protection in murine peritonitis, and enhancing survival in polymicrobial sepsis.
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160
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Bene K, Halasz L, Nagy L. Transcriptional repression shapes the identity and function of tissue macrophages. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 11:3218-3229. [PMID: 34358410 PMCID: PMC8634859 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The changing extra‐ and intracellular microenvironment calls for rapid cell fate decisions that are precisely and primarily regulated at the transcriptional level. The cellular components of the immune system are excellent examples of how cells respond and adapt to different environmental stimuli. Innate immune cells such as macrophages are able to modulate their transcriptional programs and epigenetic regulatory networks through activation and repression of particular genes, allowing them to quickly respond to a rapidly changing environment. Tissue macrophages are essential components of different immune‐ and nonimmune cell‐mediated physiological mechanisms in mammals and are widely used models for investigating transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. Therefore, it is critical to unravel the distinct sets of transcription activators, repressors, and coregulators that play roles in determining tissue macrophage identity and functions during homeostasis, as well as in diseases affecting large human populations, such as metabolic syndromes, immune‐deficiencies, and tumor development. In this review, we will focus on transcriptional repressors that play roles in tissue macrophage development and function under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztian Bene
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nuclear Receptor Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Halasz
- Departments of Medicine and Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Laszlo Nagy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nuclear Receptor Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Departments of Medicine and Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
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161
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Ouyang A, Wang H, Su J, Liu X. Mannose Receptor Mediates the Activation of Chitooligosaccharides on Blunt Snout Bream ( Megalobrama amblycephala) Macrophages. Front Immunol 2021; 12:686846. [PMID: 34408745 PMCID: PMC8365301 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.686846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharide (COS) is an important immune enhancer and has been proven to have a variety of biological activities. Our previous research has established an M1 polarization mode by COS in blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) macrophages, but the mechanism of COS activation of blunt snout bream macrophages remains unclear. In this study, we further explored the internalization mechanism and signal transduction pathway of chitooligosaccharide hexamer (COS6) in blunt snout bream macrophages. The results showed that mannose receptor C-type lectin-like domain 4-8 of M. amblycephala (MaMR CTLD4-8) could recognize and bind to COS6 and mediate COS6 into macrophages by both clathrin-dependent and caveolin-dependent pathways. In the inflammatory response of macrophages activated by COS6, the gene expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) was significantly inhibited after MaMR CTLD4-8-specific antibody blockade. However, even if it was blocked, the expression of these inflammation-related genes was still relatively upregulated, which suggested that there are other receptors involved in immune regulation. Further studies indicated that MaMR CTLD4-8 and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) cooperated to regulate the pro-inflammatory response of macrophages caused by COS6. Taken together, these results revealed that mannose receptor (MR) CTLD4-8 is indispensable in the process of recognition, binding, internalization, and immunoregulation of COS in macrophages of blunt snout bream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aotian Ouyang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huabing Wang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianguo Su
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
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162
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Liang JJ, Fraser IDC, Bryant CE. Lipid regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome activity through organelle stress. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:807-823. [PMID: 34334306 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation driven by the NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages is an important contributor to chronic metabolic diseases that affect growing numbers of individuals. Many of these diseases involve the pathologic accumulation of endogenous lipids or their oxidation products, which can activate NLRP3. Other endogenous lipids, however, can inhibit the activation of NLRP3. The intracellular mechanisms by which these lipids modulate NLRP3 activity are now being identified. This review discusses emerging evidence suggesting that organelle stress, particularly involving mitochondria, lysosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum, may be key in lipid-induced modification of NLRP3 inflammasome activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Liang
- Signaling Systems Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Iain D C Fraser
- Signaling Systems Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Clare E Bryant
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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163
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The Role of Macrophages in the Host's Defense against Sporothrix schenckii. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070905. [PMID: 34358055 PMCID: PMC8308788 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of immune cells associated with sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix schenckii is not yet fully clarified. Macrophages through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) can recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of Sporothrix, engulf it, activate respiratory burst, and secrete pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory biological mediators to control infection. It is important to consider that the characteristics associated with S. schenckii and/or the host may influence macrophage polarization (M1/M2), cell recruitment, and the type of immune response (1, 2, and 17). Currently, with the use of new monocyte-macrophage cell lines, it is possible to evaluate different host-pathogen interaction processes, which allows for the proposal of new mechanisms in human sporotrichosis. Therefore, in order to contribute to the understanding of these host-pathogen interactions, the aim of this review is to summarize and discuss the immune responses induced by macrophage-S. schenckii interactions, as well as the PRRs and PAMPs involved during the recognition of S. schenckii that favor the immune evasion by the fungus.
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164
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Koo JW, Wohleb ES. How Stress Shapes Neuroimmune Function: Implications for the Neurobiology of Psychiatric Disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 90:74-84. [PMID: 33485589 PMCID: PMC8126571 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress causes physiological and hormonal adaptations that lead to neurobiological consequences and behavioral and cognitive impairments. In particular, chronic stress has been shown to drive reduced neurogenesis and altered synaptic plasticity in brain regions that regulate mood and motivation. The neurobiological and behavioral effects of stress resemble the pathophysiology and symptoms observed in psychiatric disorders, suggesting that there are similar underlying mechanisms. Accumulating evidence indicates that neuroimmune systems, particularly microglia, have a critical role in regulating the neurobiology of stress. Preclinical models indicate that chronic stress provokes changes in microglia phenotype and increases inflammatory cytokine signaling, which affects neuronal function and leads to synaptic plasticity deficits and impaired neurogenesis. More recent work has shown that microglia can also phagocytose neuronal elements and contribute to structural remodeling of neurons in response to chronic stress. In this review we highlight work by the Duman research group (as well as others) that has revealed how chronic stress shapes neuroimmune function and, in turn, how inflammatory mediators and microglia contribute to the neurobiological effects of chronic stress. We also provide considerations to engage the therapeutic potential of neuroimmune systems, with the goal of improving treatment for psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja Wook Koo
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain
Research Institute, Daegu, Korea,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk
Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Korea
| | - Eric S. Wohleb
- Department of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology,
University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of
America,Corresponding author: Eric S. Wohleb, Department
of Pharmacology & Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of
Medicine, 2120 East Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, OH 45237 U.S.A.,
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165
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Chai H, Feng Y, Liang F, Wang W. A microfluidic device enabling deterministic single cell trapping and release. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:2486-2494. [PMID: 34047733 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00302j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Successful single-cell isolation is a pivotal technique for subsequent biological and chemical analysis of single cells. Although significant advances have been made in single-cell isolation and analysis techniques, most passive microfluidic devices cannot deterministically release trapped cells for further analysis. In this paper, we present a novel microfluidic device that can achieve high-efficiency cell trapping, which can then be released in a deterministic order. The device contains an array of trapping sites, a main channel, a trigger channel, and an air channel. Two types of capillary valves are configured along the channels. As these capillary valves can be automatically opened in a predefined pattern, the incoming cells can be spontaneously and sequentially trapped into separate trapping sites. After trapping, the individual trapped cells can be released from their sites in a last-trapped-first-released manner by applying pressure from the trigger channel to counteract against the pressure from the main channel. The theoretical model of the trapping and release flow field is established respectively to describe the conditions required for trapping and release. Experiments using MCF-7 cells demonstrated the capability of our device for deterministic single cell trapping and release. We envision that our method constitutes a useful sample preparation platform for single cell analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huichao Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yongxiang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Fei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Wenhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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166
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Jenkins SJ, Allen JE. The expanding world of tissue-resident macrophages. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1882-1896. [PMID: 34107057 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The term 'macrophage' encompasses tissue cells that typically share dependence on the same transcriptional regulatory pathways (e.g. the transcription factor PU.1) and growth factors (e.g. CSF1/IL-34). They share a core set of functions that largely arise from a uniquely high phagocytic capacity manifest in their ability to clear dying cells, pathogens and scavenge damaged, toxic or modified host molecules. However, macrophages demonstrate a remarkable degree of tissue-specific functionality and have diverse origins that vary by tissue site and inflammation status. With our understanding of this diversity has come an appreciation of the longevity and replicative capacity of tissue-resident macrophages and thus the realisation that macrophages may persist through tissue perturbations and inflammatory events with important consequences for cell function. Here, we discuss our current understanding of the parameters that regulate macrophage survival and function, focusing on the relative importance of the tissue environment versus cell-intrinsic factors, such as origin, how long a cell has been resident within a tissue and prior history of activation. Thus, we reconsider the view of macrophages as wholly plastic cells and raise many unanswered questions about the relative importance of cell life-history versus environment in macrophage programming and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Jenkins
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Judith E Allen
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology & Inflammation, Wellcome Centre for Cell Matrix Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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167
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Graves CL, Chen A, Kwon V, Shiau CE. Zebrafish harbor diverse intestinal macrophage populations including a subset intimately associated with enteric neural processes. iScience 2021; 24:102496. [PMID: 34142024 PMCID: PMC8185245 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal macrophages are essential for gut health but remain understudied outside of human and mouse systems. Here, we establish zebrafish as a powerful model that provides superior imaging capabilities for whole-gut analysis along all dimensions (anterior-posterior and center-outer axes) for dissecting macrophage biology in gastrointestinal health and disease. We utilized high-resolution imaging to show that the zebrafish gut contains bona fide muscularis and mucosal macrophages, as well as surprisingly large subsets intimately associated with enteric neural processes. Interestingly, most muscularis macrophages span multiple gut layers in stark contrast to their mammalian counterparts typically restricted to a single layer. Using macrophage-deficient irf8 zebrafish, we found a depletion of muscularis but not mucosal macrophages, and that they may be dispensable for gross intestinal transit in adults but not during development. These characterizations provide first insights into intestinal macrophages and their association with the enteric nervous system from development to adulthood in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L. Graves
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Angela Chen
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Victoria Kwon
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Celia E. Shiau
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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168
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Qiao K, Le Page LM, Chaumeil MM. Non-Invasive Differentiation of M1 and M2 Activation in Macrophages Using Hyperpolarized 13C MRS of Pyruvate and DHA at 1.47 Tesla. Metabolites 2021; 11:410. [PMID: 34206326 PMCID: PMC8305442 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11070410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage activation, first generalized to the M1/M2 dichotomy, is a complex and central process of the innate immune response. Simply, M1 describes the classical proinflammatory activation, leading to tissue damage, and M2 the alternative activation promoting tissue repair. Given the central role of macrophages in multiple diseases, the ability to noninvasively differentiate between M1 and M2 activation states would be highly valuable for monitoring disease progression and therapeutic responses. Since M1/M2 activation patterns are associated with differential metabolic reprogramming, we hypothesized that hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (HP 13C MRS), an innovative metabolic imaging approach, could distinguish between macrophage activation states noninvasively. The metabolic conversions of HP [1-13C]pyruvate to HP [1-13C]lactate, and HP [1-13C]dehydroascorbic acid to HP [1-13C]ascorbic acid were monitored in live M1 and M2 activated J774a.1 macrophages noninvasively by HP 13C MRS on a 1.47 Tesla NMR system. Our results show that both metabolic conversions were significantly increased in M1 macrophages compared to M2 and nonactivated cells. Biochemical assays and high resolution 1H MRS were also performed to investigate the underlying changes in enzymatic activities and metabolite levels linked to M1/M2 activation. Altogether, our results demonstrate the potential of HP 13C MRS for monitoring macrophage activation states noninvasively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Qiao
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (K.Q.); (L.M.L.P.)
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Lydia M. Le Page
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (K.Q.); (L.M.L.P.)
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Myriam M. Chaumeil
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (K.Q.); (L.M.L.P.)
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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169
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Xu Z, Liang B, Tian J, Wu J. Anti-inflammation biomaterial platforms for chronic wound healing. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:4388-4409. [PMID: 34013915 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00637a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, there has been an increase in the number of people with chronic wounds, which has resulted in serious health problems worldwide. The rate-limiting stage of chronic wound healing has been found to be the inflammation stage, and strategies for shortening the prolonged inflammatory response have proven to be effective for increasing the healing rate. Recently, various anti-inflammatory strategies (such as anti-inflammatory drugs, antioxidant, NO regulation, antibacterial, immune regulation and angiogenesis) have attracted attention as potential therapeutic pathways. Moreover, various biomaterial platforms based on anti-inflammation therapy strategies have also emerged in the spotlight as potential therapies to accelerate the repair of chronic wounds. In this review, we systematically investigated the advances of various biomaterial platforms based on anti-inflammation strategies for chronic wound healing, to provide valuable guidance for future breakthroughs in chronic wound treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zejun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P. R. China.
| | - Biao Liang
- Center of Digestive Endoscopy, Guangdong Second Provincial general Hospital, No. 466, Xingang Middle Road, Guangzhou 510317, Haizhu District, China.
| | - Junzhang Tian
- Center of Digestive Endoscopy, Guangdong Second Provincial general Hospital, No. 466, Xingang Middle Road, Guangzhou 510317, Haizhu District, China.
| | - Jun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P. R. China.
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170
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Jiang W, Le J, Wang PY, Cheng X, Smelkinson M, Dong W, Yang C, Chu Y, Hwang PM, Munford RS, Lu M. Extracellular Acidity Reprograms Macrophage Metabolism and Innate Responsiveness. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:3021-3031. [PMID: 34108259 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although organ hypofunction and immunosuppression are life-threatening features of severe sepsis, the hypofunctioning organs and immune cells usually regain normal functionality if patients survive. Because tissue interstitial fluid can become acidic during the septic response, we tested the hypothesis that low extracellular pH (pHe) can induce reversible metabolic and functional changes in peritoneal macrophages from C57BL/6J mice. When compared with macrophages cultured at normal pHe, macrophages living in an acidic medium used less glucose and exogenous fatty acid to produce ATP. Lactate, glutamine, and de novo-synthesized fatty acids supported ATP production by mitochondria that gained greater mass, maximal oxygen consumption rate, and spare respiratory capacity. The cells transitioned to an M2-like state, with altered immune responses to LPS and slightly decreased phagocytic ability, yet they regained basal energy production, normal mitochondrial function, and proinflammatory responsiveness when neutral pHe was restored. Low pHe induces changes that support macrophage survival while rendering the cells less proinflammatory (more "tolerant") and less able to phagocytose bacteria. Macrophage responses to low interstitial pH may contribute to the reversible organ hypofunction and immunoparalysis noted in many patients with sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE, NHC, CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Trauma-Emergency & Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - James Le
- Antibacterial Host Defense Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ping-Yuan Wang
- Cardiovascular Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Xiaofang Cheng
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE, NHC, CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Margery Smelkinson
- The Biological Imaging Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; and
| | - Wenyue Dong
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwei Chu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE, NHC, CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Paul M Hwang
- Cardiovascular Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Robert S Munford
- Antibacterial Host Defense Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mingfang Lu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE, NHC, CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; .,Department of Trauma-Emergency & Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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171
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Franklin RA. Fibroblasts and macrophages: Collaborators in tissue homeostasis. Immunol Rev 2021; 302:86-103. [PMID: 34101202 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblasts and macrophages are universal cell types across all mammalian tissues. These cells differ in many ways including their cellular origins; dynamics of renewal, recruitment, and motility within tissues; roles in tissue structure and secretion of signaling molecules; and contributions to the activation and progression of immune responses. However, many of the features that make these two cell types unique are not opposing, but instead complementary. This review will present cell-cell communication in this context and discuss how complementarity makes fibroblasts and macrophages highly compatible partners in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A Franklin
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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172
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Yang X, Shao C, Duan L, Hou X, Huang Y, Gao L, Zong C, Liu W, Jiang J, Ye F, Shi J, Zhao Q, Wu D, Wei L. Oncostatin M promotes hepatic progenitor cell activation and hepatocarcinogenesis via macrophage-derived tumor necrosis factor-α. Cancer Lett 2021; 517:46-54. [PMID: 34102284 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) usually occurs at the late stage of chronic liver injury. Oncostatin M (OSM) is a tumor-associated cytokine highly expressed in cirrhosis and HCC patients; however, its role in hepatocarcinogenesis has not been clearly elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effect of OSM on HCC occurrence in a rat model of N-diethylnitrosamine-induced HCC. OSM overexpression significantly increased the number of tumor nodules and shortened the overall survival of the rats. Notably, OSM promoted HPC activation in vivo but did not directly regulate the proliferation of the HPC cell line in vitro. Further, OSM induced tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) secretion and CD68+ macrophage accumulation, which were positively correlated with HPC activation. Additionally, TNF-α or macrophage depletion inhibited the promoting effect of OSM on hepatocarcinogenesis and HPC activation. Furthermore, OSM expression in the peritumoral tissues of HCC was positively correlated with poor overall survival of patients. In conclusion, OSM plays an important role in hepatocarcinogenesis by regulating the liver inflammation environment. Hence, OSM could be used as a potential target for HCC prevention and therapy or as an indicator of HCC prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Changchun Shao
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Lixia Duan
- Department of Breast, Bone &Soft Tissue Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Xiaojuan Hou
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yihua Huang
- Department of Pathology, The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Lu Gao
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Chen Zong
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Wenting Liu
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jinghua Jiang
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Fei Ye
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Junxia Shi
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Qiudong Zhao
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Dong Wu
- Department of Hepatic Surgery Ⅳ, The Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
| | - Lixin Wei
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
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173
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Tian WJ, Wang QN, Wang XF, Dong DF. Clophosome alleviate dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis by regulating gut immune responses and maintaining intestinal integrity in mice. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 48:902-910. [PMID: 33527445 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic progressive disorder characterized by complicated gastrointestinal inflammation. Research on therapeutic agents is still urgent due to the lack of satisfactory treatments. Gut macrophages are considered to be predominant in excessive inflammatory responses. Thus, we aimed to investigate whether depletion of macrophages would have a beneficial effect on IBD and could be a potential therapeutic strategy. In this study, we established a 12-day Dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model and determined the effect of the macrophage depletion agent Clophosome (neutral clodronate liposomes; CNC). The results showed that CNC significantly alleviated the symptoms of colitis, as demonstrated by greater weight gain, decreased disease activity index (DAI) scores, and lower histopathological damage scores, as well was reduced levels of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α. To investigate T cell subsets, cells were isolated from the lamina propria and cultured to analyse the expression of IL-17A, interferon (IFN)-γ and Foxp3 in CD4+ cells by flow cytometry. The data showed that during the process of colitis, the frequencies of CD4+ IL-17A+ T cells were significantly increased. Notably, CNC treatment markedly reduced the population of CD4+ IL-17A+ T cells, especially CD4+ IL-17A+ IFN-γ+ T cells. Furthermore, intestinal barrier integrity, as assessed by immunostaining of mucin and tight junction proteins, was severely disrupted in colitis. CNC improved the intestinal barrier by enhancing the expression of muc-2 and occludin. In summary, our findings demonstrated that CNC successfully ameliorated DSS-induced colitis and that its effect may be associated with inhibiting inflammatory responses and maintaining intestinal integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jie Tian
- Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian-Nan Wang
- Department of Pathology and Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xue-Feng Wang
- Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan-Feng Dong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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174
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Eichinger JF, Haeusel LJ, Paukner D, Aydin RC, Humphrey JD, Cyron CJ. Mechanical homeostasis in tissue equivalents: a review. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2021; 20:833-850. [PMID: 33683513 PMCID: PMC8154823 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-021-01433-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There is substantial evidence that growth and remodeling of load bearing soft biological tissues is to a large extent controlled by mechanical factors. Mechanical homeostasis, which describes the natural tendency of such tissues to establish, maintain, or restore a preferred mechanical state, is thought to be one mechanism by which such control is achieved across multiple scales. Yet, many questions remain regarding what promotes or prevents homeostasis. Tissue equivalents, such as collagen gels seeded with living cells, have become an important tool to address these open questions under well-defined, though limited, conditions. This article briefly reviews the current state of research in this area. It summarizes, categorizes, and compares experimental observations from the literature that focus on the development of tension in tissue equivalents. It focuses primarily on uniaxial and biaxial experimental studies, which are well-suited for quantifying interactions between mechanics and biology. The article concludes with a brief discussion of key questions for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas F Eichinger
- Institute for Computational Mechanics, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Continuum and Materials Mechanics, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lea J Haeusel
- Institute for Computational Mechanics, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Paukner
- Institute of Continuum and Materials Mechanics, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Material Systems Modeling, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Roland C Aydin
- Institute of Material Systems Modeling, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Jay D Humphrey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Christian J Cyron
- Institute of Continuum and Materials Mechanics, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073, Hamburg, Germany.
- Institute of Material Systems Modeling, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany.
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175
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Abstract
Innate immune cells are crucial in the development and regulation of cardiovascular disease. In this issue, two groups, Davis et al. (2021. J. Exp. Med.https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20201839) and Li et al. (2021. J. Exp. Med.https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20210008) describe the impact of the innate immune system on the development of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valbona Mirakaj
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Molecular Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
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176
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Patsalos A, Tzerpos P, Wei X, Nagy L. Myeloid cell diversification during regenerative inflammation: Lessons from skeletal muscle. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 119:89-100. [PMID: 34016524 PMCID: PMC8530826 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of tissue and organ regeneration in adult animals and humans is of great interest from a basic biology as well as a medical, therapeutical point of view. It is increasingly clear that the relatively limited ability to regenerate tissues and organs in mammals as oppose to lower vertebrates is the consequence of evolutionary trade-offs and changes during development and aging. Thus, the coordinated interaction of the immune system, particularly the innate part of it, and the injured, degenerated parenchymal tissues such as skeletal muscle, liver, lung, or kidney shape physiological and also pathological processes. In this review, we provide an overview of how morphologically and functionally complete (ad integrum) regeneration is achieved using skeletal muscle as a model. We will review recent advances about the differentiation, activation, and subtype specification of circulating monocyte to resolution or repair-type macrophages during the process we term regenerative inflammation, resulting in complete restoration of skeletal muscle in murine models of toxin-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Patsalos
- Departments of Medicine and Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Petros Tzerpos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nuclear Receptor Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Xiaoyan Wei
- Departments of Medicine and Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Laszlo Nagy
- Departments of Medicine and Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nuclear Receptor Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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177
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Wendler A, James N, Jones MH, Pernstich C. Phagocytosed Polyhedrin-Cytokine Cocrystal Nanoparticles Provide Sustained Secretion of Bioactive Cytokines from Macrophages. BIODESIGN RESEARCH 2021; 2021:9816485. [PMID: 37849947 PMCID: PMC10521757 DOI: 10.34133/2021/9816485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Many cells possess the ability to engulf and incorporate particles by phagocytosis. This active process is characteristic of microorganisms as well as higher order species. In mammals, monocytes, macrophages, and microglia are among the so-called professional phagocytes. In addition, cells such as fibroblast and chondrocytes are classified as nonprofessional phagocytes. Professional phagocytes play important roles in both the innate and adaptive immune responses, wound healing, and tissue homeostasis. Consequently, these cells are increasingly studied as targets and vectors of therapeutic intervention to treat a range of diseases. Professional phagocytes are notoriously difficult to transfect limiting their study and manipulation. Consequently, efforts have shifted towards the development of nanoparticles to deliver a cargo to phagocytic cells via phagocytosis. However, this approach carries significant technical challenges, particularly for protein cargos. We have focused on the development of nanoscale cocrystalline protein depots, known as PODS®, that contain protein cargos, including cytokines. Here, we show that PODS are readily phagocytosed by nonprofessional as well as professional phagocytic cells and have attributes, such as highly sustained release of cargo, that suggest potential utility for the study and exploitation of phagocytic cells for drug delivery. Monocytes and macrophages that ingest PODS retain normal characteristics including a robust chemotactic response. Moreover, the PODS-cytokine cargo is secreted by the loaded cell at a level sufficient to modulate the behavior of surrounding nonphagocytic cells. The results presented here demonstrate the potential of PODS nanoparticles as a novel molecular tool for the study and manipulation of phagocytic cells and for the development of Trojan horse immunotherapy strategies to treat cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Wendler
- Cell Guidance Systems Ltd., Maia Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Nicholas James
- Cell Guidance Systems Ltd., Maia Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Michael H. Jones
- Cell Guidance Systems Ltd., Maia Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Christian Pernstich
- Cell Guidance Systems Ltd., Maia Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
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178
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Hume DA, Caruso M, Keshvari S, Patkar OL, Sehgal A, Bush SJ, Summers KM, Pridans C, Irvine KM. The Mononuclear Phagocyte System of the Rat. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:2251-2263. [PMID: 33965905 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The laboratory rat continues to be the model of choice for many studies of physiology, behavior, and complex human diseases. Cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS; monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells) are abundant residents in every tissue in the body and regulate postnatal development, homeostasis, and innate and acquired immunity. Recruitment and proliferation of MPS cells is an essential component of both initiation and resolution of inflammation. The large majority of current knowledge of MPS biology is derived from studies of inbred mice, but advances in technology and resources have eliminated many of the advantages of the mouse as a model. In this article, we review the tools available and the current state of knowledge of development, homeostasis, regulation, and diversity within the MPS of the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Hume
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Melanie Caruso
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sahar Keshvari
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Omkar L Patkar
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anuj Sehgal
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen J Bush
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kim M Summers
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Clare Pridans
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Katharine M Irvine
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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179
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Zago G, Saavedra PHV, Keshari KR, Perry JSA. Immunometabolism of Tissue-Resident Macrophages - An Appraisal of the Current Knowledge and Cutting-Edge Methods and Technologies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:665782. [PMID: 34025667 PMCID: PMC8138590 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.665782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident macrophages exist in unique environments, or niches, that inform their identity and function. There is an emerging body of literature suggesting that the qualities of this environment, such as the types of cells and debris they eat, the intercellular interactions they form, and the length of time spent in residence, collectively what we call habitare, directly inform their metabolic state. In turn, a tissue-resident macrophage’s metabolic state can inform their function, including whether they resolve inflammation and protect the host from excessive perturbations of homeostasis. In this review, we summarize recent work that seeks to understand the metabolic requirements for tissue-resident macrophage identity and maintenance, for how they respond to inflammatory challenges, and for how they perform homeostatic functions or resolve inflammatory insults. We end with a discussion of the emerging technologies that are enabling, or will enable, in situ study of tissue-resident macrophage metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Zago
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Pedro H V Saavedra
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kayvan R Keshari
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States.,Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Justin S A Perry
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States.,Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
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180
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Cui H, Soga K, Tamehiro N, Adachi R, Hachisuka A, Hirose A, Kondo K, Nishimaki-Mogami T. Statins repress needle-like carbon nanotube- or cholesterol crystal-stimulated IL-1β production by inhibiting the uptake of crystals by macrophages. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 188:114580. [PMID: 33930349 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Statins are 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors that lower atherogenic LDL-cholesterol levels. Statins exert clinically relevant anti-inflammatory effects; however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Studies have shown that endogenous and exogenous pathogenic crystals, such as cholesterol and monosodium urate (MSU), and needle-like nanomaterials, such as multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), induce the production of IL-1β and play a critical role in the development of crystal-associated sterile inflammatory pathologies. In this study, we evaluated the effect of statins on crystal-induced IL-1β production in macrophages. We found that various statins, including pitavastatin, atorvastatin, fluvastatin, and lovastatin, but not squalene synthase inhibitor, repressed IL-1β release upon MWCNT stimulation. In addition, IL-1β production induced by cholesterol crystals and MSU crystals, but not by ATP or nigericin, was diminished. MWCNT-stimulated IL-1β release was dependent on the expression of NLRP3, but not AIM2, NLRC4, or MEFV. Statin-induced repression was accompanied by reduced levels of mature caspase-1 and decreased uptake of MWCNT into cells. Supplementation of mevalonate, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, or farnesyl pyrophosphate prevented the reduction in IL-1β release, suggesting a crucial role of protein prenylation, but not cholesterol synthesis. The statin-induced repression of MWCNT-elicited IL-1β release was observed in THP-1-derived and mouse peritoneal macrophages, but not in bone marrow-derived macrophages where statins act in synergy with lipopolysaccharide to enhance the expression of IL-1β precursor protein. In summary, we describe a novel anti-inflammatory mechanism through which statins repress mature IL-1β release induced by pathogenic crystals and nanoneedles by inhibiting the internalization of crystals by macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Cui
- National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Keisuke Soga
- National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | | | - Reiko Adachi
- National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Akiko Hachisuka
- National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Akihiko Hirose
- National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Kazunari Kondo
- National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
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181
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Abstract
There is a growing interest in understanding tissue organization, homeostasis, and inflammation. However, despite an abundance of data, the organizing principles of tissue biology remain poorly defined. Here, we present a perspective on tissue organization based on the relationships between cell types and the functions that they perform. We provide a formal definition of tissue homeostasis as a collection of circuits that regulate specific variables within the tissue environment, and we describe how the functional organization of tissues allows for the maintenance of both tissue and systemic homeostasis. This leads to a natural definition of inflammation as a response to deviations from homeostasis that cannot be reversed by homeostatic mechanisms alone. We describe how inflammatory signals act on the same cellular functions involved in normal tissue organization and homeostasis in order to coordinate emergency responses to perturbations and ultimately return the system to a homeostatic state. Finally, we consider the hierarchy of homeostatic and inflammatory circuits and the implications for the development of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Meizlish
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Ruth A. Franklin
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Current affiliation: Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Xu Zhou
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Current affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Ruslan Medzhitov
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
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182
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Mehta AK, Kadel S, Townsend MG, Oliwa M, Guerriero JL. Macrophage Biology and Mechanisms of Immune Suppression in Breast Cancer. Front Immunol 2021; 12:643771. [PMID: 33968034 PMCID: PMC8102870 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.643771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are crucial innate immune cells that maintain tissue homeostasis and defend against pathogens; however, their infiltration into tumors has been associated with adverse outcomes. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) represent a significant component of the inflammatory infiltrate in breast tumors, and extensive infiltration of TAMs has been linked to poor prognosis in breast cancer. Here, we detail how TAMs impede a productive tumor immunity cycle by limiting antigen presentation and reducing activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) while simultaneously supporting tumor cell survival, angiogenesis, and metastasis. There is an urgent need to overcome TAM-mediated immune suppression for durable anti-tumor immunity in breast cancer. To date, failure to fully characterize TAM biology and classify multiple subsets has hindered advancement in therapeutic targeting. In this regard, the complexity of TAMs has recently taken center stage owing to their subset diversity and tightly regulated molecular and metabolic phenotypes. In this review, we reveal major gaps in our knowledge of the functional and phenotypic characterization of TAM subsets associated with breast cancer, before and after treatment. Future work to characterize TAM subsets, location, and crosstalk with neighboring cells will be critical to counteract TAM pro-tumor functions and to identify novel TAM-modulating strategies and combinations that are likely to enhance current therapies and overcome chemo- and immuno-therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita K Mehta
- Breast Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States.,Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sapana Kadel
- Breast Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Madeline G Townsend
- Breast Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States.,Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Madisson Oliwa
- Breast Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States.,Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jennifer L Guerriero
- Breast Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States.,Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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183
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Li N, Chen J, Wang P, Fan H, Hou S, Gong Y. Major signaling pathways and key mediators of macrophages in acute kidney injury (Review). Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:455. [PMID: 33880578 PMCID: PMC8072315 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) has become a global public health problem with high morbidity and mortality rates, as well as high healthcare costs. Immune cells, particularly macrophages, which regulate tissue development, destroy pathogens, control homeostasis and repair wounds, play crucial and complex roles in AKI. In various types of AKI, numerous rapidly recruited monocytes and tissue-resident macrophages act in a coordinated manner. Thus, elucidating the phenotypic and functional characteristics of macrophages in AKI is essential for identifying potential therapeutic targets. Macrophage-sensing mediators and macrophage-derived mediators participate in the major macrophage-related signaling pathways in AKI, which regulate macrophage polarization and determine disease progression. In conclusion, macrophages change their roles and regulatory mechanisms during the occurrence and development of AKI. The aim of the present review was to contribute to an improved understanding of AKI and to the identification of novel therapeutic targets for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Institute of Disaster Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
| | - Jiale Chen
- Institute of Disaster Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
| | - Pengtao Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
| | - Haojun Fan
- Institute of Disaster Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
| | - Shike Hou
- Institute of Disaster Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
| | - Yanhua Gong
- Institute of Disaster Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
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184
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Mezawa Y, Orimo A. Phenotypic heterogeneity, stability and plasticity in tumor-promoting carcinoma-associated fibroblasts. FEBS J 2021; 289:2429-2447. [PMID: 33786982 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Reciprocal interactions between cancer cells and stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) are essential for full-blown tumor development. Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a key component of the TME together with a wide variety of stromal cell types including vascular, inflammatory, and immune cells in the extracellular matrix. CAFs not only promote tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis, but also dampen the efficacy of various therapies including immune checkpoint inhibitors. CAFs are composed of distinct fibroblast populations presumably with diverse activated fibroblastic states and tumor-promoting phenotypes in a tumor, indicating intratumor heterogeneity in these fibroblasts. Given that CAFs have been implicated in both disease progression and therapeutic responses, elucidating the functional roles of each fibroblast population in CAFs and the molecular mechanisms mediating their phenotypic stability and plasticity in the TME would be crucial for understanding tumor biology. We herein discuss how distinct fibroblast populations comprising CAFs establish their cell identities, in terms of cells-of-origin, stimuli from the TME, and the phenotypes characteristic of activated states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Mezawa
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Orimo
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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185
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Buonfiglioli A, Hambardzumyan D. Macrophages and microglia: the cerberus of glioblastoma. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:54. [PMID: 33766119 PMCID: PMC7992800 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01156-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive and deadliest of the primary brain tumors, characterized by malignant growth, invasion into the brain parenchyma, and resistance to therapy. GBM is a heterogeneous disease characterized by high degrees of both inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity. Another layer of complexity arises from the unique brain microenvironment in which GBM develops and grows. The GBM microenvironment consists of neoplastic and non-neoplastic cells. The most abundant non-neoplastic cells are those of the innate immune system, called tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). TAMs constitute up to 40% of the tumor mass and consist of both brain-resident microglia and bone marrow-derived myeloid cells from the periphery. Although genetically stable, TAMs can change their expression profiles based upon the signals that they receive from tumor cells; therefore, heterogeneity in GBM creates heterogeneity in TAMs. By interacting with tumor cells and with the other non-neoplastic cells in the tumor microenvironment, TAMs promote tumor progression. Here, we review the origin, heterogeneity, and functional roles of TAMs. In addition, we discuss the prospects of therapeutically targeting TAMs alone or in combination with standard or newly-emerging GBM targeting therapies.
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186
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Blériot C, Chakarov S, Ginhoux F. Determinants of Resident Tissue Macrophage Identity and Function. Immunity 2021; 52:957-970. [PMID: 32553181 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Resident tissue macrophages (RTMs) have a broad spectrum of immune- and non-immune-related tissue-supporting activities. The roots of this heterogeneity and versatility are only beginning to be understood. Here, we propose a conceptual framework for considering the RTM heterogeneity that organizes the factors shaping RTM identity within four cardinal points: (1) ontogeny and the view that adult RTM populations comprise a defined mixture of cells that arise from either embryonic precursors or adult monocytes; (2) local factors unique to the niche of residence, evolving during development and aging; (3) inflammation status; and (4) the cumulative effect of time spent in a specific tissue that contributes to the resilient adaptation of macrophages to their dynamic environment. We review recent findings within this context and discuss the technological advances that are revolutionizing the study of macrophage biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Blériot
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building #3-4, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Svetoslav Chakarov
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building #3-4, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building #3-4, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China; Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore.
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187
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Coelho I, Duarte N, Macedo MP, Penha-Gonçalves C. Insights into Macrophage/Monocyte-Endothelial Cell Crosstalk in the Liver: A Role for Trem-2. J Clin Med 2021; 10:1248. [PMID: 33802948 PMCID: PMC8002813 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10061248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver disease accounts for millions of deaths worldwide annually being a major cause of global morbidity. Hepatotoxic insults elicit a multilayered response involving tissue damage, inflammation, scar formation, and tissue regeneration. Liver cell populations act coordinately to maintain tissue homeostasis and providing a barrier to external aggressors. However, upon hepatic damage, this tight regulation is disrupted, leading to liver pathology which spans from simple steatosis to cirrhosis. Inflammation is a hallmark of liver pathology, where macrophages and endothelial cells are pivotal players in promoting and sustaining disease progression. Understanding the drivers and mediators of these interactions will provide valuable information on what may contribute to liver resilience against disease. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of macrophages and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) in homeostasis and liver pathology. Moreover, we discuss the expanding body of evidence on cell-to-cell communication between these two cell compartments and present triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (Trem-2) as a plausible mediator of this cellular interlink. This review consolidates relevant knowledge that might be useful to guide the pursue of successful therapeutic targets and pharmacological strategies for controlling liver pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Coelho
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal; (I.C.); (M.P.M.)
| | - Nádia Duarte
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal;
| | - Maria Paula Macedo
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal; (I.C.); (M.P.M.)
- APDP Diabetes Portugal, Education and Research Center (APDP-ERC), 1250-189 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine—iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlos Penha-Gonçalves
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal;
- APDP Diabetes Portugal, Education and Research Center (APDP-ERC), 1250-189 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine—iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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188
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Mase A, Augsburger J, Brückner K. Macrophages and Their Organ Locations Shape Each Other in Development and Homeostasis - A Drosophila Perspective. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:630272. [PMID: 33777939 PMCID: PMC7991785 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.630272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Across the animal kingdom, macrophages are known for their functions in innate immunity, but they also play key roles in development and homeostasis. Recent insights from single cell profiling and other approaches in the invertebrate model organism Drosophila melanogaster reveal substantial diversity among Drosophila macrophages (plasmatocytes). Together with vertebrate studies that show genuine expression signatures of macrophages based on their organ microenvironments, it is expected that Drosophila macrophage functional diversity is shaped by their anatomical locations and systemic conditions. In vivo evidence for diverse macrophage functions has already been well established by Drosophila genetics: Drosophila macrophages play key roles in various aspects of development and organogenesis, including embryogenesis and development of the nervous, digestive, and reproductive systems. Macrophages further maintain homeostasis in various organ systems and promote regeneration following organ damage and injury. The interdependence and interplay of tissues and their local macrophage populations in Drosophila have implications for understanding principles of organ development and homeostasis in a wide range of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjeli Mase
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jordan Augsburger
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Katja Brückner
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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189
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Sensory neuron-associated macrophages as novel modulators of neuropathic pain. Pain Rep 2021; 6:e873. [PMID: 33981924 PMCID: PMC8108583 DOI: 10.1097/pr9.0000000000000873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The peripheral nervous system comprises an infinity of neural networks that act in the communication between the central nervous system and the most diverse tissues of the body. Along with the extension of the primary sensory neurons (axons and cell bodies), a population of resident macrophages has been described. These newly called sensory neuron-associated macrophages (sNAMs) seem to play an essential role in physiological and pathophysiological processes, including infection, autoimmunity, nerve degeneration/regeneration, and chronic neuropathic pain. After different types of peripheral nerve injury, there is an increase in the number and activation of sNAMs in the sciatic nerve and sensory ganglia. The activation of sNAMs and their participation in neuropathic pain development depends on the stimulation of pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors and Nod-like receptors, chemokines/cytokines, and microRNAs. On activation, sNAMs trigger the production of critical inflammatory mediators such as proinflammatory cytokines (eg, TNF and IL-1β) and reactive oxygen species that can act in the amplification of primary sensory neurons sensitization. On the other hand, there is evidence that sNAMs can produce antinociceptive mediators (eg, IL-10) that counteract neuropathic pain development. This review will present the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind the participation of sNAMs in peripheral nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain development. Understanding how sNAMs are activated and responding to nerve injury can help set novel targets for the control of neuropathic pain.
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190
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Cysteinyl-specialized proresolving mediators link resolution of infectious inflammation and tissue regeneration via TRAF3 activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2013374118. [PMID: 33649212 PMCID: PMC7958394 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2013374118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The recently elucidated proresolving conjugates in tissue regeneration (CTR) maresin-CTR (MCTR), protectin-CTR (PCTR), and resolvin-CTR (RCTR), termed cysteinyl-specialized proresolving mediators (cys-SPMs) each promotes regeneration, controls infection, and accelerates resolution of inflammation. Here, we sought evidence for cys-SPM activation of primordial pathways in planaria (Dugesia japonica) regeneration that might link resolution of inflammation and regeneration. On surgical resection, planaria regeneration was enhanced with MCTR3, PCTR3, or RCTR3 (10 nM), each used for RNA sequencing. The three cys-SPMs shared up-regulation of 175 known transcripts with fold-change > 1.25 and combined false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.002, and 199 canonical pathways (FDR < 0.25), including NF-κB pathways and an ortholog of human TRAF3 (TNFR-associated factor 3). Three separate pathway analyses converged on TRAF3 up-regulation by cys-SPMs. With human macrophages, three cys-SPMs each dose-dependently increased TRAF3 expression in a cAMP-PKA-dependent manner. TRAF3 overexpression in macrophages enhanced Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and phagocytosis of Escherichia coli IL-10 also increased phagocytosis in a dose-dependent manner. Silencing of mouse TRAF3 in vivo significantly reduced IL-10 and macrophage phagocytosis. TRAF3 silencing in vivo also relieved cys-SPMs' actions in limiting polymorphonuclear neutrophil in E. coli exudates. These results identify cys-SPM-regulated pathways in planaria regeneration, uncovering a role for TRAF3/IL-10 in regulating mammalian phagocyte functions in resolution. Cys-SPM activation of TRAF3 signaling is a molecular component of both regeneration and resolution of infectious inflammation.
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191
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Zhang X, Wang L, Xie F, Yaseen A, Chen B, Zhang GL, Wang MK, Shen XF, Li F. A polysaccharide TKP-2-1 from Tamarindus indica L: Purification, structural characterization and immunomodulating activity. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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192
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Cheon SY, Lee JE. Extracellular Vesicles and Immune System in Ageing and Immune Diseases. Exp Neurobiol 2021; 30:32-47. [PMID: 33632983 PMCID: PMC7926047 DOI: 10.5607/en20059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune system is essential for host homeostasis. Immune cells communicate with each other by binding to receptors or by releasing vesicles including chemokines and cytokines. Under healthy circumstances, immune cell-derived factors are critical for cellular growth, division and function, whereas under conditions such as ageing and inflammatory states, they can aggravate pathologies and cause disease. Cell-derived membranous extracellular vesicles mediate cell-to-cell communication and are implicated in various physiological and pathological processes involving ageing and age-related diseases. Extracellular vesicles are responsible for spreading detrimental factors to the surroundings and the propagation phase of inflammatory diseases. The regulation of extracellular vesicles is a putative target for treatment of inflammatory diseases. Moreover, their features are ideal for developing biomarkers and drug delivery systems modulated by bioengineering in inflammatory diseases. The present review summarizes the current understanding of extracellular vesicles in ageing and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Yeong Cheon
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea
| | - Jong Eun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea.,BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, and Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
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193
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Mata R, Yao Y, Cao W, Ding J, Zhou T, Zhai Z, Gao C. The Dynamic Inflammatory Tissue Microenvironment: Signality and Disease Therapy by Biomaterials. RESEARCH 2021; 2021:4189516. [PMID: 33623917 PMCID: PMC7879376 DOI: 10.34133/2021/4189516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tissue regeneration is an active multiplex process involving the dynamic inflammatory microenvironment. Under a normal physiological framework, inflammation is necessary for the systematic immunity including tissue repair and regeneration as well as returning to homeostasis. Inflammatory cellular response and metabolic mechanisms play key roles in the well-orchestrated tissue regeneration. If this response is dysregulated, it becomes chronic, which in turn causes progressive fibrosis, improper repair, and autoimmune disorders, ultimately leading to organ failure and death. Therefore, understanding of the complex inflammatory multiple player responses and their cellular metabolisms facilitates the latest insights and brings novel therapeutic methods for early diseases and modern health challenges. This review discusses the recent advances in molecular interactions of immune cells, controlled shift of pro- to anti-inflammation, reparative inflammatory metabolisms in tissue regeneration, controlling of an unfavorable microenvironment, dysregulated inflammatory diseases, and emerging therapeutic strategies including the use of biomaterials, which expand therapeutic views and briefly denote important gaps that are still prevailing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rani Mata
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.,Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuejun Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Wangbei Cao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jie Ding
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zihe Zhai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Changyou Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.,Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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194
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de Morais SD, Kak G, Menousek JP, Kielian T. Immunopathogenesis of Craniotomy Infection and Niche-Specific Immune Responses to Biofilm. Front Immunol 2021; 12:625467. [PMID: 33708216 PMCID: PMC7940520 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.625467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections in the central nervous system (CNS) can be life threatening and often impair neurological function. Biofilm infection is a complication following craniotomy, a neurosurgical procedure that involves the removal and replacement of a skull fragment (bone flap) to access the brain for surgical intervention. The incidence of infection following craniotomy ranges from 1% to 3% with approximately half caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). These infections present a significant therapeutic challenge due to the antibiotic tolerance of biofilm and unique immune properties of the CNS. Previous studies have revealed a critical role for innate immune responses during S. aureus craniotomy infection. Experiments using knockout mouse models have highlighted the importance of the pattern recognition receptor Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and its adaptor protein MyD88 for preventing S. aureus outgrowth during craniotomy biofilm infection. However, neither molecule affected bacterial burden in a mouse model of S. aureus brain abscess highlighting the distinctions between immune regulation of biofilm vs. planktonic infection in the CNS. Furthermore, the immune responses elicited during S. aureus craniotomy infection are distinct from biofilm infection in the periphery, emphasizing the critical role for niche-specific factors in dictating S. aureus biofilm-leukocyte crosstalk. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge concerning innate immunity to S. aureus craniotomy biofilm infection, compare this to S. aureus biofilm infection in the periphery, and discuss the importance of anatomical location in dictating how biofilm influences inflammatory responses and its impact on bacterial clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Db de Morais
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Gunjan Kak
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Joseph P Menousek
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Tammy Kielian
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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195
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Tissues: the unexplored frontier of antibody mediated immunity. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 47:52-67. [PMID: 33581646 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pathogen-specific immunity evolves in the context of the infected tissue. However, current immune correlates analyses and vaccine efficacy metrics are based on immune functions from peripheral cells. Less is known about tissue-resident mechanisms of immunity. While antibodies represent the primary correlate of immunity following most clinically approved vaccines, how antibodies interact with localized, compartment-specific immune functions to fight infections, remains unclear. Emerging data demonstrate a unique community of immune cells that reside within different tissues. These tissue-specific immunological communities enable antibodies to direct both expected and unexpected local attack strategies to control, disrupt, and eliminate infection in a tissue-specific manner. Defining the full breadth of antibody effector functions, how they selectively contribute to control at the site of infection may provide clues for the design of next-generation vaccines able to direct the control, elimination, and prevention of compartment specific diseases of both infectious and non-infectious etiologies.
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196
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Libreros S, Shay AE, Nshimiyimana R, Fichtner D, Martin MJ, Wourms N, Serhan CN. A New E-Series Resolvin: RvE4 Stereochemistry and Function in Efferocytosis of Inflammation-Resolution. Front Immunol 2021; 11:631319. [PMID: 33643307 PMCID: PMC7902526 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.631319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The resolution of the acute inflammatory response is governed by phagocytes actively clearing apoptotic cells and pathogens. Biosynthesis of the specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) is pivotal in the resolution of inflammation via their roles in innate immune cells. Resolvin E4 (RvE4: 5S,15S-dihydroxy-eicosapentaenoic acid) is a newly uncovered member of the E-series resolvins biosynthesized from eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) recently elucidated in physiologic hypoxia. This new resolvin was termed RvE4 given its ability to increase efferocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages. Herein, we report on the total organic synthesis of RvE4 confirming its unique structure, complete stereochemistry assignment and function. This synthetic RvE4 matched the physical properties of biogenic RvE4 material, i.e. ultra-violet (UV) absorbance, chromatographic behavior, and tandem mass spectrometry (MS2) fragmentation, as well as bioactivity. We confirmed RvE4 potent responses with human M2 macrophage efferocytosis of human apoptotic neutrophils and senescent red blood cells. Together, these results provide direct evidence for the assignment of the complete stereochemistry of RvE4 as 5S,15S-dihydroxy-6E,8Z,11Z,13E,17Z-eicosapentaenoic acid and its bioactions in human phagocyte response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephania Libreros
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ashley E Shay
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Robert Nshimiyimana
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - David Fichtner
- Cayman Chemical, Research and Development Department, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Michael J Martin
- Cayman Chemical, Research and Development Department, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Nicholas Wourms
- Cayman Chemical, Research and Development Department, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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197
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Hu G, Su Y, Kang BH, Fan Z, Dong T, Brown DR, Cheah J, Wittrup KD, Chen J. High-throughput phenotypic screen and transcriptional analysis identify new compounds and targets for macrophage reprogramming. Nat Commun 2021; 12:773. [PMID: 33536439 PMCID: PMC7858590 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21066-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are plastic and, in response to different local stimuli, can polarize toward multi-dimensional spectrum of phenotypes, including the pro-inflammatory M1-like and the anti-inflammatory M2-like states. Using a high-throughput phenotypic screen in a library of ~4000 FDA-approved drugs, bioactive compounds and natural products, we find ~300 compounds that potently activate primary human macrophages toward either M1-like or M2-like state, of which ~30 are capable of reprogramming M1-like macrophages toward M2-like state and another ~20 for the reverse repolarization. Transcriptional analyses of macrophages treated with 34 non-redundant compounds identify both shared and unique targets and pathways through which the tested compounds modulate macrophage activation. One M1-activating compound, thiostrepton, is able to reprogram tumor-associated macrophages toward M1-like state in mice, and exhibit potent anti-tumor activity. Our compound-screening results thus help to provide a valuable resource not only for studying the macrophage biology but also for developing therapeutics through modulating macrophage activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangan Hu
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Yang Su
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Byong Ha Kang
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Zhongqi Fan
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ting Dong
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Douglas R Brown
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jaime Cheah
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Karl Dane Wittrup
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jianzhu Chen
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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198
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Cui H, Xie N, Banerjee S, Ge J, Jiang D, Dey T, Matthews QL, Liu RM, Liu G. Lung Myofibroblasts Promote Macrophage Profibrotic Activity through Lactate-induced Histone Lactylation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 64:115-125. [PMID: 33074715 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0360oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Augmented glycolysis due to metabolic reprogramming in lung myofibroblasts is critical to their profibrotic phenotype. The primary glycolysis byproduct, lactate, is also secreted into the extracellular milieu, together with which myofibroblasts and macrophages form a spatially restricted site usually described as fibrotic niche. Therefore, we hypothesized that myofibroblast glycolysis might have a non-cell autonomous effect through lactate regulating the pathogenic phenotype of alveolar macrophages. Here, we demonstrated that there was a markedly increased lactate in the conditioned media of TGF-β1 (transforming growth factor-β1)-induced lung myofibroblasts and in the BAL fluids (BALFs) from mice with TGF-β1- or bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. Importantly, the media and BALFs promoted profibrotic mediator expression in macrophages. Mechanistically, lactate induced histone lactylation in the promoters of the profibrotic genes in macrophages, consistent with the upregulation of this epigenetic modification in these cells in the fibrotic lungs. The lactate inductions of the histone lactylation and profibrotic gene expression were mediated by p300, as evidenced by their diminished concentrations in p300-knockdown macrophages. Collectively, our study establishes that in addition to protein, lipid, and nucleic acid molecules, a metabolite can also mediate intercellular regulations in the setting of lung fibrosis. Our findings shed new light on the mechanism underlying the key contribution of myofibroblast glycolysis to the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huachun Cui
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Na Xie
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Sami Banerjee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jing Ge
- Department of Geriatrics and Institute of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dingyuan Jiang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China; and
| | - Tapan Dey
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Qiana L Matthews
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, Alabama
| | - Rui-Ming Liu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Gang Liu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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199
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Cortes‐Selva D, Fairfax K. Schistosome and intestinal helminth modulation of macrophage immunometabolism. Immunology 2021; 162:123-134. [PMID: 32614982 PMCID: PMC7808165 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are fundamental to sustain physiological equilibrium and to regulate the pathogenesis of parasitic and metabolic processes. The functional heterogeneity and immune responses of macrophages are shaped by cellular metabolism in response to the host's intrinsic factors, environmental cues and other stimuli during disease. Parasite infections induce a complex cascade of cytokines and metabolites that profoundly remodel the metabolic status of macrophages. In particular, helminths polarize macrophages to an M2 state and induce a metabolic shift towards reliance on oxidative phosphorylation, lipid oxidation and amino acid metabolism. Accumulating data indicate that helminth-induced activation and metabolic reprogramming of macrophages underlie improvement in overall whole-body metabolism, denoted by improved insulin sensitivity, body mass in response to high-fat diet and atherogenic index in mammals. This review aims to highlight the metabolic changes that occur in human and murine-derived macrophages in response to helminth infections and helminth products, with particular interest in schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Cortes‐Selva
- Division of Microbiology and ImmunologyDepartment of PathologyUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Janssen BiotherapeuticsJanssen R&DSpring HousePAUSA
| | - Keke Fairfax
- Division of Microbiology and ImmunologyDepartment of PathologyUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
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200
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Pridans C, Irvine KM, Davis GM, Lefevre L, Bush SJ, Hume DA. Transcriptomic Analysis of Rat Macrophages. Front Immunol 2021; 11:594594. [PMID: 33633725 PMCID: PMC7902030 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.594594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The laboratory rat is widely used as a model for human diseases. Many of these diseases involve monocytes and tissue macrophages in different states of activation. Whilst methods for in vitro differentiation of mouse macrophages from embryonic stem cells (ESC) and bone marrow (BM) are well established, these are lacking for the rat. The gene expression profiles of rat macrophages have also not been characterised to the same extent as mouse. We have established the methodology for production of rat ESC-derived macrophages and compared their gene expression profiles to macrophages obtained from the lung and peritoneal cavity and those differentiated from BM and blood monocytes. We determined the gene signature of Kupffer cells in the liver using rats deficient in macrophage colony stimulating factor receptor (CSF1R). We also examined the response of BM-derived macrophages to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The results indicate that many, but not all, tissue-specific adaptations observed in mice are conserved in the rat. Importantly, we show that unlike mice, rat macrophages express the CSF1R ligand, colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Pridans
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Katharine M. Irvine
- Mater Research Institute Mater Research Institute – University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gemma M. Davis
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Lucas Lefevre
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Bush
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Hume
- Mater Research Institute Mater Research Institute – University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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