151
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Serrano
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
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152
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Alajati A, Guccini I, Pinton S, Garcia-Escudero R, Bernasocchi T, Sarti M, Montani E, Rinaldi A, Montemurro F, Catapano C, Bertoni F, Alimonti A. Interaction of CDCP1 with HER2 enhances HER2-driven tumorigenesis and promotes trastuzumab resistance in breast cancer. Cell Rep 2015; 11:564-76. [PMID: 25892239 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular pathways that contribute to the aggressive behavior of HER2-positive breast cancers may aid in the development of novel therapeutic interventions. Here, we show that CDCP1 and HER2 are frequently co-overexpressed in metastatic breast tumors and associated with poor patient prognosis. HER2 and CDCP1 co-overexpression leads to increased transformation ability, cell migration, and tumor formation in vivo, and enhanced HER2 activation and downstream signaling in different breast cancer cell lines. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that CDCP1 binds to HER2 through its intracellular domain, thereby increasing HER2 interaction with the non-receptor tyrosine kinase c-SRC (SRC), leading to trastuzumab resistance. Taken together, our findings establish that CDCP1 is a modulator of HER2 signaling and a biomarker for the stratification of breast cancer patients with poor prognosis. Our results also provide a rationale for therapeutic targeting of CDCP1 in HER2-positive breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Alajati
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Bellinzona 6500, Switzerland; Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Bellinzona 6500, Switzerland
| | - Ilaria Guccini
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Bellinzona 6500, Switzerland; Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Bellinzona 6500, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Pinton
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Bellinzona 6500, Switzerland; Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Bellinzona 6500, Switzerland
| | - Ramon Garcia-Escudero
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Bellinzona 6500, Switzerland; Molecular Oncology Unit, CIEMAT, Madrid 28040, Spain; Oncogenomics Unit, Institute of Biomed Research, Hospital "12 de Octubre", 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Manuela Sarti
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Bellinzona 6500, Switzerland; Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Bellinzona 6500, Switzerland
| | - Erica Montani
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), Bellinzona 6500, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Rinaldi
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Bellinzona 6500, Switzerland; Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Bellinzona 6500, Switzerland
| | - Filippo Montemurro
- Investigative Clinical Oncology (INCO), Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia Candiolo Cancer Institute (IRCCS), Strada Provinciale 142, 10060 Candiolo, Italy
| | - Carlo Catapano
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Bellinzona 6500, Switzerland; Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Bellinzona 6500, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Bertoni
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Bellinzona 6500, Switzerland; Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Bellinzona 6500, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Alimonti
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Bellinzona 6500, Switzerland; Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Bellinzona 6500, Switzerland; Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne UNIL, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.
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153
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Luo ML, Gong C, Chen CH, Hu H, Huang P, Zheng M, Yao Y, Wei S, Wulf G, Lieberman J, Zhou XZ, Song E, Lu KP. The Rab2A GTPase promotes breast cancer stem cells and tumorigenesis via Erk signaling activation. Cell Rep 2015; 11:111-24. [PMID: 25818297 PMCID: PMC4401741 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Proline-directed phosphorylation is regulated by the prolyl isomerase Pin1, which plays a fundamental role in driving breast cancer stem-like cells (BCSCs). Rab2A is a small GTPase critical for vesicle trafficking. Here, we show that Pin1 increases Rab2A transcription to promote BCSC expansion and tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, Rab2A directly interacts with and prevents dephosphorylation/inactivation of Erk1/2 by the MKP3 phosphatase, resulting in Zeb1 upregulation and β-catenin nuclear translocation. In cancer cells, Rab2A is activated via gene amplification, mutation or Pin1 overexpression. Rab2A overexpression or mutation endows BCSC traits to primary normal human breast epithelial cells, whereas silencing Rab2A potently inhibits the expansion and tumorigenesis of freshly isolated BCSCs. Finally, Rab2A overexpression correlates with poor clinical outcome in breast cancer patients. Thus, Pin1/Rab2A/Erk drives BCSC expansion and tumorigenicity, suggesting potential drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Li Luo
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Chang Gong
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Chun-Hau Chen
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Hai Hu
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Pengyu Huang
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Min Zheng
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Institute for Translational Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yandan Yao
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Shuo Wei
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Gerburg Wulf
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Judy Lieberman
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xiao Zhen Zhou
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Erwei Song
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Kun Ping Lu
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Institute for Translational Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
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154
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Karachaliou N, Rosell R, Molina MA, Viteri S. Predicting resistance by selection of signaling pathways. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2015; 3:107-15. [PMID: 25806289 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2218-6751.2014.02.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations occur in 17% of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with notable response to single agent therapy but with low complete remission rate and, eventually, disease progression. Priming BIM, a pro-apoptotic signaling BH3-only protein, induces sensitivity to erlotinib in EGFR-mutant cell lines. Synthetic lethal approaches and preemptive therapies based on the initial expression of BIM may significantly improve the treatment outcome. EGFR mutations result in transient pro-death imbalance of survival and apoptotic signaling in response to EGFR inhibition. SHP2 is essential to the balance between ERK and the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT and signal transducer activator of transcription (STAT) activity, while mTOR can be an additional marker for patients with high BIM expression. Furthermore, stromal hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) confers EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) resistance and induces interreceptor crosstalk with integrin-b4, Eph2, CUB domain-containing protein-1 (CDCP1), AXL and JAK1. Only by understanding better, and in more depth, complex cancer molecular biology will we have the information that will help us to design strategies to augment efficacy of EGFR TKIs and offer our patients the best, most correct therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Karachaliou
- 1 Dr Rosell Oncology Institute, Quirón Dexeus University Institute, Barcelona, Spain ; 2 Pangaea Biotech, Quirón Dexeus University Institute, Barcelona, Spain ; 3 Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain ; 4 Molecular Cancer Research (MORe) Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Rosell
- 1 Dr Rosell Oncology Institute, Quirón Dexeus University Institute, Barcelona, Spain ; 2 Pangaea Biotech, Quirón Dexeus University Institute, Barcelona, Spain ; 3 Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain ; 4 Molecular Cancer Research (MORe) Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Molina
- 1 Dr Rosell Oncology Institute, Quirón Dexeus University Institute, Barcelona, Spain ; 2 Pangaea Biotech, Quirón Dexeus University Institute, Barcelona, Spain ; 3 Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain ; 4 Molecular Cancer Research (MORe) Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago Viteri
- 1 Dr Rosell Oncology Institute, Quirón Dexeus University Institute, Barcelona, Spain ; 2 Pangaea Biotech, Quirón Dexeus University Institute, Barcelona, Spain ; 3 Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain ; 4 Molecular Cancer Research (MORe) Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
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155
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The protein tyrosine phosphatase DEP-1/PTPRJ promotes breast cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Oncogene 2015; 34:5536-47. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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156
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Zhao H, Agazie YM. Inhibition of SHP2 in basal-like and triple-negative breast cells induces basal-to-luminal transition, hormone dependency, and sensitivity to anti-hormone treatment. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:109. [PMID: 25885600 PMCID: PMC4359540 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1131-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Src homology phosphotyrosyl phosphatase 2 (SHP2) is a positive effector of cell growth and survival signaling as well transformation induced by multiple tyrosine kinase oncogenes. Since the basal-like and triple-negative breast cancer (BTBC) is characterized by dysregulation of multiple tyrosine kinase oncogenes, we wanted to determine the importance of SHP2 in BTBC cell lines. Methods Short hairpin RNA-based and dominant-negative expression-based SHP2 inhibition techniques were used to interrogate the functional importance of SHP2 in BTBC cell biology. In addition, cell viability and proliferation assays were used to determine hormone dependency for growth and sensitivity to anti-estrogen treatment. Results We show that inhibition of SHP2 in BTBC cells induces luminal-like epithelial morphology while suppressing the mesenchymal and invasive property. We have termed this process as basal-to-luminal transition (BLT). The occurrence of BLT was confirmed by the loss of the basal marker alpha smooth muscle actin and the acquisition of the luminal marker cytokeratin 18 (CK18) expression. Furthermore, the occurrence of BLT led to estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) expression, hormone dependency, and sensitivity to tamoxifen treatment. Conclusions Our data show that inhibition of SHP2 induces BLT, ERα expression, dependency on estrogen for growth, and sensitivity to anti-hormone therapy. Therefore, inhibition of SHP2 may provide a therapeutic benefit in basal-like and triple-negative breast cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1131-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and The Marry Babb Randolph Cancer Center School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
| | - Yehenew M Agazie
- Department of Biochemistry and The Marry Babb Randolph Cancer Center School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
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157
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Lan L, Holland JD, Qi J, Grosskopf S, Rademann J, Vogel R, Györffy B, Wulf-Goldenberg A, Birchmeier W. Shp2 signaling suppresses senescence in PyMT-induced mammary gland cancer in mice. EMBO J 2015; 34:1493-508. [PMID: 25736378 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201489004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we have used techniques from cell biology, biochemistry, and genetics to investigate the role of the tyrosine phosphatase Shp2 in tumor cells of MMTV-PyMT mouse mammary glands. Genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition of Shp2 induces senescence, as determined by the activation of senescence-associated β-gal (SA-β-gal), cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (p27), p53, and histone 3 trimethylated lysine 9 (H3K9me3). Senescence induction leads to the inhibition of self-renewal of tumor cells and blockage of tumor formation and growth. A signaling cascade was identified that acts downstream of Shp2 to counter senescence: Src, focal adhesion kinase, and Map kinase inhibit senescence by activating the expression of S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2), Aurora kinase A (Aurka), and the Notch ligand Delta-like 1 (Dll1), which block p27 and p53. Remarkably, the expression of Shp2 and of selected target genes predicts human breast cancer outcome. We conclude that therapies, which rely on senescence induction by inhibiting Shp2 or controlling its target gene products, may be useful in blocking breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxiang Lan
- Cancer Research Program, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jane D Holland
- Cancer Research Program, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jingjing Qi
- Cancer Research Program, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Grosskopf
- Cancer Research Program, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Regina Vogel
- Cancer Research Program, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Balázs Györffy
- MTA TTK Lendület Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Budapest, Hungary 2 Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Walter Birchmeier
- Cancer Research Program, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
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158
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Tordonato C, Di Fiore PP, Nicassio F. The role of non-coding RNAs in the regulation of stem cells and progenitors in the normal mammary gland and in breast tumors. Front Genet 2015; 6:72. [PMID: 25774169 PMCID: PMC4343025 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The outlook on stem cell (SC) biology is shifting from a rigid hierarchical to a more flexible model in which the identity and the behavior of adult SCs, far from being fixed, are determined by the dynamic integration of cell autonomous and non-autonomous mechanisms. Within this framework, the recent discovery of thousands of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) with regulatory function is redefining the landscape of transcriptome regulation, highlighting the interplay of epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional mechanisms in the specification of cell fate and in the regulation of developmental processes. Furthermore, the expression of ncRNAs is often tissue- or even cell type-specific, emphasizing their involvement in defining space, time and developmental stages in gene regulation. Such a role of ncRNAs has been investigated in embryonic and induced pluripotent SCs, and in numerous types of adult SCs and progenitors, including those of the breast, which will be the topic of this review. We will focus on ncRNAs with an important role in breast cancer, in particular in mammary cancer SCs and progenitors, and highlight the ncRNA-based circuitries whose subversion alters a number of the epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional events that control “stemness” in the physiological setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Tordonato
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Di Fiore
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan Italy ; Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan Italy ; Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan Italy
| | - Francesco Nicassio
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milan Italy
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159
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YANG FANG, ZHANG WENWEN, SHEN YAN, GUAN XIAOXIANG. Identification of dysregulated microRNAs in triple-negative breast cancer (Review). Int J Oncol 2015; 46:927-32. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.2821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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160
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Dubreuil V, Sap J, Harroch S. Protein tyrosine phosphatase regulation of stem and progenitor cell biology. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 37:82-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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161
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Chang J, Nicolau MM, Cox TR, Wetterskog D, Martens JWM, Barker HE, Erler JT. LOXL2 induces aberrant acinar morphogenesis via ErbB2 signaling. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 15:R67. [PMID: 23971878 PMCID: PMC3978831 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) is a matrix-remodeling enzyme that has been shown to play a key role in invasion and metastasis of breast carcinoma cells. However, very little is known about its role in normal tissue homeostasis. Here, we investigated the effects of LOXL2 expression in normal mammary epithelial cells to gain insight into how LOXL2 mediates cancer progression. METHODS LOXL2 was expressed in MCF10A normal human mammary epithelial cells. The 3D acinar morphogenesis of these cells was assessed, as well as the ability of the cells to form branching structures on extracellular matrix (ECM)-coated surfaces. Transwell-invasion assays were used to assess the invasive properties of the cells. Clinically relevant inhibitors of ErbB2, lapatinib and Herceptin (traztuzumab), were used to investigate the role of ErbB2 signaling in this model. A retrospective study on a previously published breast cancer patient dataset was carried out by using Disease Specific Genomic Analysis (DSGA) to investigate the correlation of LOXL2 mRNA expression level with metastasis and survival of ErbB2-positive breast cancer patients. RESULTS Fluorescence staining of the acini revealed increased proliferation, decreased apoptosis, and disrupted polarity, leading to abnormal lumen formation in response to LOXL2 expression in MCF10A cells. When plated onto ECM, the LOXL2-expressing cells formed branching structures and displayed increased invasion. We noted that LOXL2 induced ErbB2 activation through reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and ErbB2 inhibition by using Herceptin or lapatinib abrogated the effects of LOXL2 on MCF10A cells. Finally, we found LOXL2 expression to be correlated with decreased overall survival and metastasis-free survival in breast cancer patients with ErbB2-positive tumors. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that LOXL2 expression in normal epithelial cells can induce abnormal changes that resemble oncogenic transformation and cancer progression, and that these effects are driven by LOXL2-mediated activation of ErbB2. LOXL2 may also be a beneficial marker for breast cancer patients that could benefit most from anti-ErbB2 therapy.
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162
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Alshaker H, Krell J, Frampton AE, Waxman J, Blyuss O, Zaikin A, Winkler M, Stebbing J, Yagüe E, Pchejetski D. Leptin induces upregulation of sphingosine kinase 1 in oestrogen receptor-negative breast cancer via Src family kinase-mediated, janus kinase 2-independent pathway. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 16:426. [PMID: 25482303 PMCID: PMC4303110 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-014-0426-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity is a known risk factor for breast cancer. Sphingosine kinase 1 (SK1) is an oncogenic lipid kinase that is overexpressed in breast tumours and linked with poor prognosis, however, its role in obesity-driven breast cancer was never elucidated. METHODS Human primary and secondary breast cancer tissues were analysed for SK1 and leptin receptor expression using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay. Leptin-induced signalling was analysed in human oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive and negative breast cancer cells using Western blotting, qRT-PCR and radiolabelling assays. RESULTS Our findings show for the first time that human primary breast tumours and associated lymph node metastases exhibit a strong correlation between SK1 and leptin receptor expression (Pearson R = 0.78 and R = 0.77, respectively, P <0.001). Both these genes are elevated in metastases of ER-negative patients and show a significant increase in patients with higher body mass index (BMI). Leptin induces SK1 expression and activation in ER-negative breast cancer cell lines MDAMB-231 and BT-549, but not in ER-positive cell lines. Pharmacological inhibition and gene knockdown showed that leptin-induced SK1 activity and expression are mediated by activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) and Src family kinase (SFK) pathways, but not by the major pathways downstream of leptin receptor (LEPR) - janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Src-homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase 2 (SHP2) appeared to be key to SK1 activation, and may function as an adaptor protein between SFKs and LEPR. Importantly, leptin-induced breast cancer cell proliferation was abrogated by SK1-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA). CONCLUSIONS Overall, our findings demonstrate a novel SFK/ERK1/2-mediated pathway that links leptin signalling and expression of oncogenic enzyme SK1 in breast tumours and suggest the potential significance of this pathway in ER-negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Alshaker
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, 1st Floor ICTEM, Hammersmith Hospital, Ducane Road, London, W120NN UK
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Petra University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Jonathan Krell
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, 1st Floor ICTEM, Hammersmith Hospital, Ducane Road, London, W120NN UK
| | - Adam E Frampton
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, 1st Floor ICTEM, Hammersmith Hospital, Ducane Road, London, W120NN UK
| | - Jonathan Waxman
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, 1st Floor ICTEM, Hammersmith Hospital, Ducane Road, London, W120NN UK
| | - Oleg Blyuss
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 74, Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6AU UK
| | - Alexey Zaikin
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 74, Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6AU UK
| | - Mathias Winkler
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, 1st Floor ICTEM, Hammersmith Hospital, Ducane Road, London, W120NN UK
| | - Justin Stebbing
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, 1st Floor ICTEM, Hammersmith Hospital, Ducane Road, London, W120NN UK
| | - Ernesto Yagüe
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, 1st Floor ICTEM, Hammersmith Hospital, Ducane Road, London, W120NN UK
| | - Dmitri Pchejetski
- School of Medicine, University of East Anglia, Elizabeth Fry Building, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR47TJ UK
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163
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He RJ, Yu ZH, Zhang RY, Zhang ZY. Protein tyrosine phosphatases as potential therapeutic targets. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2014; 35:1227-46. [PMID: 25220640 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphorylation is a key regulatory process in virtually all aspects of cellular functions. Dysregulation of protein tyrosine phosphorylation is a major cause of human diseases, such as cancers, diabetes, autoimmune disorders, and neurological diseases. Indeed, protein tyrosine phosphorylation-mediated signaling events offer ample therapeutic targets, and drug discovery efforts to date have brought over two dozen kinase inhibitors to the clinic. Accordingly, protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are considered next-generation drug targets. For instance, PTP1B is a well-known targets of type 2 diabetes and obesity, and recent studies indicate that it is also a promising target for breast cancer. SHP2 is a bona-fide oncoprotein, mutations of which cause juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, and solid tumors. In addition, LYP is strongly associated with type 1 diabetes and many other autoimmune diseases. This review summarizes recent findings on several highly recognized PTP family drug targets, including PTP1B, Src homology phosphotyrosyl phosphatase 2(SHP2), lymphoid-specific tyrosine phosphatase (LYP), CD45, Fas associated phosphatase-1 (FAP-1), striatal enriched tyrosine phosphatases (STEP), mitogen-activated protein kinase/dual-specificity phosphatase 1 (MKP-1), phosphatases of regenerating liver-1 (PRL), low molecular weight PTPs (LMWPTP), and CDC25. Given that there are over 100 family members, we hope this review will serve as a road map for innovative drug discovery targeting PTPs.
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164
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Jiang X, Guo H, Wu J, He Q, Li Y, Wang M, Pan H, Li W, Wang J, Wang Q, Shen J, Ke Y, Zhou R. Critical role of SHP2 (PTPN11) signaling in germinal center-derived lymphoma. Haematologica 2014; 99:1834-45. [PMID: 25193962 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2014.106401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Germinal center lymphoma is a heterogeneous human lymphoma entity. Here we report that constitutive activity of SHP2 (PTPN11) and its downstream kinase ERK is essential for the viability of germinal center lymphoma cells and disease progression. Mechanistically, SHP2/ERK inhibition impedes c-Myc transcriptional activity, which results in the repression of proliferative phenotype signatures of germinal center lymphoma. Furthermore, SHP2/ERK signaling is required to maintain the CD19/c-Myc loop, which preferentially promotes survival of a distinct subtype of germinal center lymphoma cells carrying the MYC/IGH translocation. These findings demonstrate a critical function for SHP2/ERK signaling upstream of c-Myc in germinal center lymphoma cells and provide a rationale for targeting SHP2 in the therapy of germinal center lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jiang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Honggang Guo
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang He
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Province People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiqiao Li
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Province People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Miao Wang
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical College, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyang Pan
- Central Laboratory, Epitomics (Hangzhou) Biotech Co. Ltd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wande Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, MA, USA
| | - Jinjie Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Department of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Shen
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuehai Ke
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ren Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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165
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Chang W, Gao X, Han Y, Du Y, Liu Q, Wang L, Tan X, Zhang Q, Liu Y, Zhu Y, Yu Y, Fan X, Zhang H, Zhou W, Wang J, Fu C, Cao G. Gene expression profiling-derived immunohistochemistry signature with high prognostic value in colorectal carcinoma. Gut 2014; 63:1457-67. [PMID: 24173294 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-305475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gene expression profiling provides an opportunity to develop robust prognostic markers of colorectal carcinoma (CRC). However, the markers have not been applied for clinical decision making. We aimed to develop an immunohistochemistry signature using microarray data for predicting CRC prognosis. DESIGN We evaluated 25 CRC gene signatures in independent microarray datasets with prognosis information and constructed a subnetwork using signatures with high concordance and repeatable prognostic values. Tumours were examined immunohistochemically for the expression of network-centric and the top overlapping molecules. Prognostic values were assessed in 682 patients from Shanghai, China (training cohort) and validated in 343 patients from Guangzhou, China (validation cohort). Median follow-up duration was 58 months. All p values are two-sided. RESULTS Five signatures were selected to construct a subnetwork. The expression of GRB2, PTPN11, ITGB1 and POSTN in cancer cells, each significantly associated with disease-free survival, were selected to construct an immunohistochemistry signature. Patients were dichotomised into high-risk and low-risk subgroups with an optimal risk score (1.55). Compared with low-risk patients, high-risk patients had shorter disease-specific survival (DSS) in the training (HR=6.62; 95% CI 3.70 to 11.85) and validation cohorts (HR=3.53; 95% CI 2.13 to 5.84) in multivariate Cox analyses. The signature better predicted DSS than did tumour-node-metastasis staging in both cohorts. In those who received postoperative chemotherapy, high-risk score predicted shorter DSS in the training (HR=6.35; 95% CI 3.55 to 11.36) and validation cohorts (HR=5.56; 95% CI 2.25 to 13.71). CONCLUSIONS Our immunohistochemistry signature may be clinically practical for personalised prediction of CRC prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Chang
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianhua Gao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifang Han
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Du
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qizhi Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojie Tan
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China Department of Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongwei Yu
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinjuan Fan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiping Zhou
- Department of Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuangang Fu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangwen Cao
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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166
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Marimuthu A, Huang TC, Selvan LDN, Renuse S, Nirujogi RS, Kumar P, Pinto SM, Rajagopalan S, Pandey A, Harsha H, Chatterjee A. Identification of targets of miR-200b by a SILAC-based quantitative proteomic approach. EUPA OPEN PROTEOMICS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.euprot.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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167
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Targeting protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 for therapeutic intervention. Future Med Chem 2014; 6:1423-37. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.14.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases have been the focus of considerable research efforts aimed at developing novel therapeutics; however, these targets are often characterized as being ‘undruggable’ due to the challenge of achieving selectivity, potency and cell permeability. More recently, there has been renewed interest in developing inhibitors of the tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 (PTPN11) in the light of its broad role in cancer, specifically juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, and recent studies that implicate SHP2 as a key factor in breast cancer progression. Recent significant advances in the field of SHP2 inhibitor development raise the question: are we on the verge of a new era of protein tyrosine phosphatase-directed therapeutics? This article critically appraises recent developments, assesses ongoing challenges and presents a perspective on possible future directions.
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168
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Zeng LF, Zhang RY, Yu ZH, Li S, Wu L, Gunawan AM, Lane BS, Mali RS, Li X, Chan RJ, Kapur R, Wells CD, Zhang ZY. Therapeutic potential of targeting the oncogenic SHP2 phosphatase. J Med Chem 2014; 57:6594-609. [PMID: 25003231 PMCID: PMC4136714 DOI: 10.1021/jm5006176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The Src homology 2 domain containing
protein tyrosine phosphatase-2
(SHP2) is an oncogenic phosphatase associated with various kinds of
leukemia and solid tumors. Thus, there is substantial interest in
developing SHP2 inhibitors as potential anticancer and antileukemia
agents. Using a structure-guided and fragment-based library approach,
we identified a novel hydroxyindole carboxylic acid-based SHP2 inhibitor 11a-1, with an IC50 value of 200 nM
and greater than 5-fold selectivity against 20 mammalian PTPs. Structural
and modeling studies reveal that the hydroxyindole carboxylic acid
anchors the inhibitor to the SHP2 active site, while interactions
of the oxalamide linker and the phenylthiophene tail with residues
in the β5–β6 loop contribute
to 11a-1’s binding potency and selectivity.
Evidence suggests that 11a-1 specifically
attenuates the SHP2-dependent signaling inside the cell. Moreover, 11a-1 blocks growth factor mediated Erk1/2 and
Akt activation and exhibits excellent antiproliferative activity in
lung cancer and breast cancer as well as leukemia cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fan Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ‡Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, and §Chemical Genomics Core Facility, Indiana University School of Medicine , 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202 United States
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169
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Li J, Kang Y, Wei L, Liu W, Tian Y, Chen B, Lin X, Li Y, Feng GS, Lu Z. Tyrosine phosphatase Shp2 mediates the estrogen biological action in breast cancer via interaction with the estrogen extranuclear receptor. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102847. [PMID: 25048202 PMCID: PMC4105620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The extranuclear estrogen receptor pathway opens up novel perspectives in many physiological and pathological processes, especially in breast carcinogenesis. However, its function and mechanisms are not fully understood. Herein we present data identifying Shp2, a SH2-containing tyrosine phosphatase, as a critical component of extranuclear ER pathway in breast cancer. The research checked that the effect of Shp2 on the tumor formation and growth in animal model and investigated the regulation of Shp2 on the bio-effect and signaling transduction of estrogen in breast cancer cell lines. The results showed that Shp2 was highly expressed in more than 60% of total 151 breast cancer cases. The inhibition of Shp2 activity by PHPS1 (a Shp2 inhibitor) delayed the development of dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced tumors in the rat mammary gland and also blocked tumor formation in MMTV-pyvt transgenic mice. Estradiol (E2) stimulated protein expression and phosphorylation of Shp2, and induced Shp2 binding to ERα and IGF-1R around the membrane to facilitate the phosphorylation of Erk and Akt in breast cancer cells MCF7. Shp2 was also involved in several biological effects of the extranuclear ER-initiated pathway in breast cancer cells. Specific inhibitors (phps1, phps4 and NSC87877) or small interference RNAs (siRNA) of Shp2 remarkably suppressed E2-induced gene transcription (Cyclin D1 and trefoil factor 1 (TFF1)), rapid DNA synthesis and late effects on cell growth. These results introduced a new mechanism for Shp2 oncogenic action and shed new light on extranuclear ER-initiated action in breast tumorigenesis by identifying a novel associated protein, Shp2, for extranuclear ER pathway, which might benefit the therapy of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Xiamen City Key Lab of Metabolism Disease & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yujia Kang
- Xiamen City Key Lab of Metabolism Disease & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Longgang Wei
- Xiamen City Key Lab of Metabolism Disease & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Wenjie Liu
- Xiamen City Key Lab of Metabolism Disease & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yingpu Tian
- Xiamen City Key Lab of Metabolism Disease & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Baozhen Chen
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Provincial Tumor Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xiandong Lin
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Provincial Tumor Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yang Li
- Xiamen City Key Lab of Metabolism Disease & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Gen-Sheng Feng
- Department of Pathology & Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Zhongxian Lu
- Xiamen City Key Lab of Metabolism Disease & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- * E-mail:
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170
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Hwang BM, Chae HS, Jeong YJ, Lee YR, Noh EM, Youn HZ, Jung SH, Yu HN, Chung EY, Kim JS. Protein tyrosine phosphatase controls breast cancer invasion through the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9. BMB Rep 2014; 46:533-8. [PMID: 24152909 PMCID: PMC4133842 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2013.46.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) produced by cancer cells has been associated with the high potential of metastasis in several human carcinomas, including breast cancer. Several pieces of evidence demonstrate that protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTP) have functions that promote cell migration and metastasis in breast cancer. We analyzed whether PTP inhibitor might control breast cancer invasion through MMP expression. Herein, we investigate the effect of 4-hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-2H benzo[g]indole-2,5(3H)-dione (BVT948), a novel PTP inhibitor, on 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced MMP-9 expression and cell invasion in MCF-7 cells. The expression of MMP-9 and cell invasion increased after TPA treatment, whereas TPA-induced MMP-9 expression and cell invasion were decreased by BVT948 pretreatment. Also, BVT948 suppressed NF-κB activation in TPA-treated MCF-7 cells. However, BVT948 didn’t block TPA-induced AP-1 activation in MCF-7 cells. Our results suggest that the PTP inhibitor blocks breast cancer invasion via suppression of the expression of MMP-9. [BMB Reports 2013; 46(11): 533-538]
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Mi Hwang
- Departments of Biochemistry, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 560-756, Korea
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171
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Fullerene derivatives as a new class of inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3175-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.04.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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172
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Furcht CM, Buonato JM, Skuli N, Mathew LK, Muñoz Rojas AR, Simon MC, Lazzara MJ. Multivariate signaling regulation by SHP2 differentially controls proliferation and therapeutic response in glioma cells. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:3555-67. [PMID: 24951116 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.150862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Information from multiple signaling axes is integrated in the determination of cellular phenotypes. Here, we demonstrate this aspect of cellular decision making in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells by investigating the multivariate signaling regulatory functions of the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 (also known as PTPN11). Specifically, we demonstrate that the ability of SHP2 to simultaneously drive ERK1/2 and antagonize STAT3 pathway activities produces qualitatively different effects on the phenotypes of proliferation and resistance to EGFR and c-MET co-inhibition. Whereas the ERK1/2 and STAT3 pathways independently promote proliferation and resistance to EGFR and c-MET co-inhibition, SHP2-driven ERK1/2 activity is dominant in driving cellular proliferation and SHP2-mediated antagonism of STAT3 phosphorylation prevails in the promotion of GBM cell death in response to EGFR and c-MET co-inhibition. Interestingly, the extent of these SHP2 signaling regulatory functions is diminished in glioblastoma cells that express sufficiently high levels of the EGFR variant III (EGFRvIII) mutant, which is commonly expressed in GBM. In cells and tumors that express EGFRvIII, SHP2 also antagonizes the phosphorylation of EGFRvIII and c-MET and drives expression of HIF-1α and HIF-2α, adding complexity to the evolving understanding of the regulatory functions of SHP2 in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Furcht
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Janine M Buonato
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nicolas Skuli
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lijoy K Mathew
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrés R Muñoz Rojas
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - M Celeste Simon
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthew J Lazzara
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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173
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Wang HC, Chiang WF, Huang HH, Shen YY, Chiang HC. Src-homology 2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase 2 promotes oral cancer invasion and metastasis. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:442. [PMID: 24931737 PMCID: PMC4067087 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor invasion and metastasis represent a major unsolved problem in cancer pathogenesis. Recent studies have indicated the involvement of Src-homology 2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2) in multiple malignancies; however, the role of SHP2 in oral cancer progression has yet to be elucidated. We propose that SHP2 is involved in the progression of oral cancer toward metastasis. Methods SHP2 expression was evaluated in paired oral cancer tissues by using immunohistochemical staining and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Isogenic highly invasive oral cancer cell lines from their respective low invasive parental lines were established using a Boyden chamber assay, and changes in the hallmarks of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were assessed to evaluate SHP2 function. SHP2 activity in oral cancer cells was reduced using si-RNA knockdown or enforced expression of a catalytically deficient mutant to analyze migratory and invasive ability in vitro and metastasis toward the lung in mice in vivo. Results We observed the significant upregulation of SHP2 in oral cancer tissues and cell lines. Following SHP2 knockdown, the oral cancer cells markedly attenuated migratory and invasion ability. We observed similar results in phosphatase-dead SHP2 C459S mutant expressing cells. Enhanced invasiveness was associated with significant upregulation of E-cadherin, vimentin, Snail/Twist1, and matrix metalloproteinase-2 in the highly invasive clones. In addition, we determined that SHP2 activity is required for the downregulation of phosphorylated ERK1/2, which modulates the downstream effectors, Snail and Twist1 at a transcript level. In lung tissue sections of mice, we observed that HSC3 tumors with SHP2 deletion exhibited significantly reduced metastatic capacity, compared with tumors administered control si-RNA. Conclusions Our data suggest that SHP2 promotes the invasion and metastasis of oral cancer cells. These results provide a rationale for further investigating the effects of small-molecule SHP2 inhibitors on the progression of oral cancer, and indicate a previously unrecognized SHP2-ERK1/2-Snail/Twist1 pathway that is likely to play a crucial role in oral cancer invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hung-Che Chiang
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, No,35, Keyan Road, Zhunan, 35053 Miaoli County, Taiwan.
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174
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Tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 increases cell motility in triple-negative breast cancer through the activation of SRC-family kinases. Oncogene 2014; 34:2272-8. [PMID: 24931162 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cell migration has a fundamental role in early steps of metastasis, the fatal hallmark of cancer. In the present study, we investigated the effects of the tyrosine phosphatase, SRC-homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase 2 (SHP2), on cell migration in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), an aggressive disease associated with a poor prognosis for which a targeted therapy is not yet available. Using mouse models and multiphoton intravital imaging, we have identified a crucial effect of SHP2 on TNBC cell motility in vivo. Further, analysis of TNBC cells revealed that SHP2 also influences cell migration, chemotaxis and invasion in vitro. Unbiased phosphoproteomics and biochemical analysis showed that SHP2 activates several SRC-family kinases and downstream targets, most of which are inducers of migration and invasion. In particular, direct interaction between SHP2 and c-SRC was revealed by a fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay. These results suggest that SHP2 is a crucial factor during early steps of TNBC migration to distant organs.
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175
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MacDonald G, Nalvarte I, Smirnova T, Vecchi M, Aceto N, Dolemeyer A, Frei A, Lienhard S, Wyckoff J, Hess D, Seebacher J, Keusch JJ, Gut H, Salaun D, Mazzarol G, Disalvatore D, Bentires-Alj M, Di Fiore PP, Badache A, Hynes NE. Memo is a copper-dependent redox protein with an essential role in migration and metastasis. Sci Signal 2014; 7:ra56. [PMID: 24917593 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2004870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Memo is an evolutionarily conserved protein with a critical role in cell motility. We found that Memo was required for migration and invasion of breast cancer cells in vitro and spontaneous lung metastasis from breast cancer cell xenografts in vivo. Biochemical assays revealed that Memo is a copper-dependent redox enzyme that promoted a more oxidized intracellular milieu and stimulated the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cellular structures involved in migration. Memo was also required for the sustained production of the ROS O2- by NADPH (reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) oxidase 1 (NOX1) in breast cancer cells. Memo abundance was increased in >40% of the primary breast tumors tested, was correlated with clinical parameters of aggressive disease, and was an independent prognostic factor of early distant metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwen MacDonald
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Nalvarte
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Tatiana Smirnova
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Manuela Vecchi
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan 20139, Italy. Molecular Medicine Program, Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan 20141, Italy
| | - Nicola Aceto
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel 4058, Switzerland. University of Basel, Basel 4002, Switzerland
| | - Arno Dolemeyer
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel 4057, Switzerland
| | - Anna Frei
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel 4058, Switzerland. University of Basel, Basel 4002, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Lienhard
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey Wyckoff
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Hess
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Jan Seebacher
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy J Keusch
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Heinz Gut
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Daniele Salaun
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Inserm (U1068), Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR7258), Marseille 13009, France
| | - Giovanni Mazzarol
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, European Institute of Oncology, Milan 20141, Italy
| | - Davide Disalvatore
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan 20141, Italy
| | | | - Pier Paolo Di Fiore
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan 20139, Italy. Molecular Medicine Program, Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan 20141, Italy. Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Ali Badache
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Inserm (U1068), Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR7258), Marseille 13009, France
| | - Nancy E Hynes
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel 4058, Switzerland. University of Basel, Basel 4002, Switzerland.
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176
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Paul A, Gunewardena S, Stecklein SR, Saha B, Parelkar N, Danley M, Rajendran G, Home P, Ray S, Jokar I, Vielhauer GA, Jensen RA, Tawfik O, Paul S. PKCλ/ι signaling promotes triple-negative breast cancer growth and metastasis. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:1469-81. [PMID: 24786829 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a distinct breast cancer subtype defined by the absence of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/neu), and the patients with TNBC are often diagnosed with higher rates of recurrence and metastasis. Because of the absence of ER, PR and HER2/neu expressions, TNBC patients are insensitive to HER2-directed and endocrine therapies available for breast cancer treatment. Here, we report that expression of atypical protein kinase C isoform, PKCλ/ι, significantly increased and activated in all invasive breast cancer (invasive ductal carcinoma or IDC) subtypes including the TNBC subtype. Because of the lack of targeted therapies for TNBC, we choose to study PKCλ/ι signaling as a potential therapeutic target for TNBC. Our observations indicated that PKCλ/ι signaling is highly active during breast cancer invasive progression, and metastatic breast cancers, the advanced stages of breast cancer disease that developed more frequently in TNBC patients, are also characterized with high levels of PKCλ/ι expression and activation. Functional analysis in experimental mouse models revealed that depletion of PKCλ/ι significantly reduces TNBC growth as well as lung metastatic colonization. Furthermore, we have identified a PKCλ/ι-regulated gene signature consisting of 110 genes, which are significantly associated with indolent to invasive progression of human breast cancer and poor prognosis. Mechanistically, cytokines such as TGFβ and IL1β could activate PKCλ/ι signaling in TNBC cells and depletion of PKCλ/ι impairs NF-κB p65 (RelA) nuclear localization. We observed that cytokine-PKCλ/ι-RelA signaling axis, at least in part, involved in modulating gene expression to regulate invasion of TNBC cells. Overall, our results indicate that induction and activation of PKCλ/ι promote TNBC growth, invasion and metastasis. Thus, targeting PKCλ/ι signaling could be a therapeutic option for breast cancer, including the TNBC subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Paul
- 1] The University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA [2] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - S Gunewardena
- Department of Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - S R Stecklein
- 1] The University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA [2] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - B Saha
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - N Parelkar
- The University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - M Danley
- 1] The University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA [2] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - G Rajendran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - P Home
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - S Ray
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - I Jokar
- The University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - G A Vielhauer
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - R A Jensen
- 1] The University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA [2] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - O Tawfik
- 1] The University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA [2] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - S Paul
- 1] The University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA [2] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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177
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Balwierz PJ, Pachkov M, Arnold P, Gruber AJ, Zavolan M, van Nimwegen E. ISMARA: automated modeling of genomic signals as a democracy of regulatory motifs. Genome Res 2014; 24:869-84. [PMID: 24515121 PMCID: PMC4009616 DOI: 10.1101/gr.169508.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Accurate reconstruction of the regulatory networks that control gene expression is one of the key current challenges in molecular biology. Although gene expression and chromatin state dynamics are ultimately encoded by constellations of binding sites recognized by regulators such as transcriptions factors (TFs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), our understanding of this regulatory code and its context-dependent read-out remains very limited. Given that there are thousands of potential regulators in mammals, it is not practical to use direct experimentation to identify which of these play a key role for a particular system of interest. We developed a methodology that models gene expression or chromatin modifications in terms of genome-wide predictions of regulatory sites and completely automated it into a web-based tool called ISMARA (Integrated System for Motif Activity Response Analysis). Given only gene expression or chromatin state data across a set of samples as input, ISMARA identifies the key TFs and miRNAs driving expression/chromatin changes and makes detailed predictions regarding their regulatory roles. These include predicted activities of the regulators across the samples, their genome-wide targets, enriched gene categories among the targets, and direct interactions between the regulators. Applying ISMARA to data sets from well-studied systems, we show that it consistently identifies known key regulators ab initio. We also present a number of novel predictions including regulatory interactions in innate immunity, a master regulator of mucociliary differentiation, TFs consistently disregulated in cancer, and TFs that mediate specific chromatin modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr J Balwierz
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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178
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Luisier R, Unterberger EB, Goodman JI, Schwarz M, Moggs J, Terranova R, van Nimwegen E. Computational modeling identifies key gene regulatory interactions underlying phenobarbital-mediated tumor promotion. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:4180-95. [PMID: 24464994 PMCID: PMC3985636 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt1415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene regulatory interactions underlying the early stages of non-genotoxic carcinogenesis are poorly understood. Here, we have identified key candidate regulators of phenobarbital (PB)-mediated mouse liver tumorigenesis, a well-characterized model of non-genotoxic carcinogenesis, by applying a new computational modeling approach to a comprehensive collection of in vivo gene expression studies. We have combined our previously developed motif activity response analysis (MARA), which models gene expression patterns in terms of computationally predicted transcription factor binding sites with singular value decomposition (SVD) of the inferred motif activities, to disentangle the roles that different transcriptional regulators play in specific biological pathways of tumor promotion. Furthermore, transgenic mouse models enabled us to identify which of these regulatory activities was downstream of constitutive androstane receptor and β-catenin signaling, both crucial components of PB-mediated liver tumorigenesis. We propose novel roles for E2F and ZFP161 in PB-mediated hepatocyte proliferation and suggest that PB-mediated suppression of ESR1 activity contributes to the development of a tumor-prone environment. Our study shows that combining MARA with SVD allows for automated identification of independent transcription regulatory programs within a complex in vivo tissue environment and provides novel mechanistic insights into PB-mediated hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaëlle Luisier
- Discovery and Investigative Safety, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4057 Basel, Switzerland, Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, MI 48824, USA and Biozentrum, University of Basel and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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179
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Maacha S, Planque N, Laurent C, Pegoraro C, Anezo O, Maczkowiak F, Monsoro-Burq AH, Saule S. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 4A3 (PTP4A3) is required for Xenopus laevis cranial neural crest migration in vivo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84717. [PMID: 24376839 PMCID: PMC3871671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Uveal melanoma is the most common intraocular malignancy in adults, representing between about 4% and 5% of all melanomas. High expression levels of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 4A3, a dual phosphatase, is highly predictive of metastasis development and PTP4A3 overexpression in uveal melanoma cells increases their in vitro migration and in vivo invasiveness. Melanocytes, including uveal melanocytes, are derived from the neural crest during embryonic development. We therefore suggested that PTP4A3 function in uveal melanoma metastasis may be related to an embryonic role during neural crest cell migration. We show that PTP4A3 plays a role in cephalic neural crest development in Xenopus laevis. PTP4A3 loss of function resulted in a reduction of neural crest territory, whilst gain of function experiments increased neural crest territory. Isochronic graft experiments demonstrated that PTP4A3-depleted neural crest explants are unable to migrate in host embryos. Pharmacological inhibition of PTP4A3 on dissected neural crest cells significantly reduced their migration velocity in vitro. Our results demonstrate that PTP4A3 is required for cephalic neural crest migration in vivo during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Maacha
- Institut Curie, Research Division, Orsay, France
- CNRS UMR3347, Orsay, France
- INSERM U1021, Orsay, France
- Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Nathalie Planque
- Institut Curie, Research Division, Orsay, France
- CNRS UMR3347, Orsay, France
- INSERM U1021, Orsay, France
- Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Cécile Laurent
- Institut Curie, Research Division, Orsay, France
- CNRS UMR3347, Orsay, France
- INSERM U1021, Orsay, France
- Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Caterina Pegoraro
- Institut Curie, Research Division, Orsay, France
- CNRS UMR3347, Orsay, France
- INSERM U1021, Orsay, France
- Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Océane Anezo
- Institut Curie, Research Division, Orsay, France
- CNRS UMR3347, Orsay, France
- INSERM U1021, Orsay, France
- Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Frédérique Maczkowiak
- Institut Curie, Research Division, Orsay, France
- CNRS UMR3347, Orsay, France
- INSERM U1021, Orsay, France
- Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Anne H. Monsoro-Burq
- Institut Curie, Research Division, Orsay, France
- CNRS UMR3347, Orsay, France
- INSERM U1021, Orsay, France
- Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
- * E-mail: (AHMB); (SS)
| | - Simon Saule
- Institut Curie, Research Division, Orsay, France
- CNRS UMR3347, Orsay, France
- INSERM U1021, Orsay, France
- Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
- * E-mail: (AHMB); (SS)
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180
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Gomez GG, Wykosky J, Zanca C, Furnari FB, Cavenee WK. Therapeutic resistance in cancer: microRNA regulation of EGFR signaling networks. Cancer Biol Med 2013; 10:192-205. [PMID: 24349829 PMCID: PMC3860350 DOI: 10.7497/j.issn.2095-3941.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) regulate cellular homeostatic processes. EGFR activates downstream signaling cascades that promote tumor cell survival, proliferation and migration. Dysregulation of EGFR signaling as a consequence of overexpression, amplification and mutation of the EGFR gene occurs frequently in several types of cancers and many become dependent on EGFR signaling to maintain their malignant phenotypes. Consequently, concerted efforts have been mounted to develop therapeutic agents and strategies to effectively inhibit EGFR. However, limited therapeutic benefits to cancer patients have been derived from EGFR-targeted therapies. A well-documented obstacle to improved patient survival is the presence of EGFR-inhibitor resistant tumor cell variants within heterogeneous tumor cell masses. Here, we summarize the mechanisms by which tumors resist EGFR-targeted therapies and highlight the emerging role of microRNAs (miRs) as downstream effector molecules utilized by EGFR to promote tumor initiation, progression and that play a role in resistance to EGFR inhibitors. We also examine evidence supporting the utility of miRs as predictors of response to targeted therapies and novel therapeutic agents to circumvent EGFR-inhibitor resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- German G Gomez
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jill Wykosky
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ciro Zanca
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Frank B Furnari
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Webster K Cavenee
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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181
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Gu J, Han T, Ma RH, Zhu YL, Jia YN, Du JJ, Chen Y, Jiang XJ, Xie XD, Guo X. SHP2 promotes laryngeal cancer growth through the Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk pathway and serves as a prognostic indicator for laryngeal cancer. Int J Oncol 2013; 44:481-90. [PMID: 24297342 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.2191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The overall survival rate and prognosis of patients with laryngeal cancer are not optimistic despite advances in therapeutic techniques. Gene expression prognostic models enable the development of more appropriate treatment strategies. The human gene PTPN11 encoding a non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase, Src homology phosphotyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2), is a well-documented proto-oncogene in various malignancies. This study investigated the role of SHP2 expression and associated clinical manifestations in laryngeal cancer using a tissue microarray of 112 pairs of laryngeal cancer samples and corresponding adjacent normal mucosae. SHP2 expression increased in laryngeal cancer, and this result was associated with the poor survival rate of laryngeal cancer patients. Moreover, increased SHP2 expression remarkably promoted the growth of laryngeal cancer cells in vitro and tumorigenicity of laryngeal cancer cells in vivo. The Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk pathway was also found to be involved in the SHP2-induced growth of laryngeal cancer cells. Overall, our findings indicated that SHP2 plays an important role in laryngeal cancer tumorigenesis and that its expression is negatively correlated with the prognosis of patients. Thus, SHP2 may be a promising combinational therapeutic target for treatment of laryngeal cancer. The interference of SHP2 expression can serve as a novel strategy for laryngeal cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Gu
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, P.R. China
| | - Tao Han
- Department of Oncology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
| | - Rui-Hang Ma
- Department of Operation Room, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Lin Zhu
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Na Jia
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Jing Du
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Jun Jiang
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Dong Xie
- Department of Oncology, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
| | - Xing Guo
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, P.R. China
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182
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Cai P, Guo W, Yuan H, Li Q, Wang W, Sun Y, Li X, Gu Y. Expression and clinical significance of tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 in colon cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2013; 68:285-90. [PMID: 24439672 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2, encoded by gene PTPN11, has been identified as a tumor-promoting factor in several types of leukemia and is hyper-activated by other mechanisms in some solid tumors including gastric cancer, breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), etc. But few were reported on the expression and significances of SHP-2 in colon cancer. Here, we detect SHP-2 expression in colon cancer cells, colon cancer-induced by AOM+DSS in mice and 232 human colon cancer specimens, including 58 groups of self-matched adjacent peritumor tissues and normal tissues. We found that compared to the normal colon tissues, SHP-2 significantly decreased in tumor tissues (P<0.001). The same results were got in colon tumor cells as well as mice colon tumors. And in humans samples, low SHP-2 expression showed a significantly correlation with poor tumor differentiation (P<0.05), late TNM stage (P=0.1666) and lymph node metastasis (P<0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peifen Cai
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Wenjie Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China; School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Huaqin Yuan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Weicheng Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Xiaomin Li
- Department of Emergency, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222002, China.
| | - Yanhong Gu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, China.
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183
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Xie H, Huang S, Li W, Zhao H, Zhang T, Zhang D. Upregulation of Src homology phosphotyrosyl phosphatase 2 (Shp2) expression in oral cancer and knockdown of Shp2 expression inhibit tumor cell viability and invasion in vitro. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2013; 117:234-42. [PMID: 24439919 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2013.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the clinical significance of Shp2 protein expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and elucidated its biologic significance in OSCC cells. STUDY DESIGN A total of 88 OSCC cases were used to assess Shp2 expression, out of which 70 were for immunohistochemistry and 18 paired tumors vs normal tissues were for Western blot of Shp2 expression. OSCC cells were used to assess the effects of Shp2 knockdown for cell viability, apoptosis, invasion, and protein expressions. RESULTS Expression of Shp2 protein was significantly upregulated in OSCC tissues compared with the normal tissues, and Shp2 overexpression was associated with advanced tumor clinical stages and lymph node metastasis ex vivo. Knockdown of Shp2 expression in vitro inhibited OSCC cell viability and invasion but induced apoptosis by regulating expression of the apoptosis-related proteins. CONCLUSIONS The data indicated that Shp2 may play an important role in OSCC progression. Further studies will investigate whether a target of Shp2 expression could be a novel therapeutic strategy for clinical control of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Xie
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shengyun Huang
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wengang Li
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hongbo Zhao
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tianqi Zhang
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhang
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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184
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Buonato JM, Lazzara MJ. ERK1/2 blockade prevents epithelial-mesenchymal transition in lung cancer cells and promotes their sensitivity to EGFR inhibition. Cancer Res 2013; 74:309-19. [PMID: 24108744 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-4721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Overcoming cellular mechanisms of de novo and acquired resistance to drug therapy remains a central challenge in the clinical management of many cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Although much work has linked the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer cells to the emergence of drug resistance, it is less clear where tractable routes may exist to reverse or inhibit EMT as a strategy for drug sensitization. Here, we demonstrate that extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 (mitogen-activated protein kinase 3/1, MAPK3/1) signaling plays a key role in directing the mesenchymal character of NSCLC cells and that blocking ERK signaling is sufficient to heighten therapeutic responses to EGF receptor (EGFR) inhibitors. MEK1/2 (MAPKK1/2) inhibition promoted an epithelial phenotype in NSCLC cells, preventing induction of EMT by exogenous TGF-β. Moreover, in cells exhibiting de novo or acquired resistance to the EGFR inhibitor gefitinib, MEK inhibition enhanced the sensitivity to gefitinib and slowed cell migration. These effects only occurred, however, if MEK was inhibited for a period sufficient to trigger changes in EMT marker expression. Consistent with these findings, changes in EMT phenotypes and markers were also induced by the expression of mutant KRAS in a MEK-dependent manner. Our results suggest that prolonged exposure to MEK or ERK inhibitors may not only restrain EMT but also overcome naïve or acquired resistance of NSCLC to EGFR-targeted therapy in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine M Buonato
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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185
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Loss of SHP-2 activity in CD4+ T cells promotes melanoma progression and metastasis. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2845. [PMID: 24088816 PMCID: PMC3789150 DOI: 10.1038/srep02845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Src homology 2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP-2) has been reported to have both tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressing roles in tumorigenesis. However, the role of SHP-2 in tumor immunity remains unclear. Here we observed progressively lower levels of phosphorylated SHP-2 in tumor-associated CD4+ T cells during melanoma development in a murine model. Similarly, the levels of phosphorylated SHP-2 in the CD4+ T cells of human melanoma specimens revealed a decrease paralleling cancer development. The CD4+ T cell-specific deletion of SHP-2 promoted melanoma metastasis in mice. Furthermore, SHP-2 deficiency in CD4+ T cells resulted in the increased release of inflammatory cytokines, especially IL-6, and the enhanced accumulation of tumor-promoting myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in tumor-bearing mice. An IL-6-neutralizing antibody reduced MDSC accumulation and inhibited tumor growth in CD4+ T-cell-specific SHP-2-knockout mice. Our results suggest that SHP-2 in CD4+ T cells plays an important role in preventing melanoma progression and metastasis.
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186
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Integrating virtual and biochemical screening for protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor discovery. Methods 2013; 65:219-28. [PMID: 23969317 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) represent an important class of enzymes that mediate signal transduction and control diverse aspects of cell behavior. The importance of their activity is exemplified by their significant contribution to disease etiology with over half of all human PTP genes implicated in at least one disease. Small molecule inhibitors targeting individual PTPs are important biological tools, and are needed to fully characterize the function of these enzymes. Moreover, potent and selective PTP inhibitors hold the promise to transform the treatment of many diseases. While numerous methods exist to develop PTP-directed small molecules, we have found that complimentary use of both virtual (in silico) and biochemical (in vitro) screening approaches expedite compound identification and drug development. Here, we summarize methods pertinent to our work and others. Focusing on specific challenges and successes we have experienced, we discuss the considerable caution that must be taken to avoid enrichment of inhibitors that function by non-selective oxidation. We also discuss the utility of using "open" PTP structures to identify active-site directed compounds, a rather unconventional choice for virtual screening. When integrated closely, virtual and biochemical screening can be used in a productive workflow to identify small molecules targeting PTPs.
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187
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Watanabe N, Kato T, Fujita H, Kitagawa S. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein Q is a novel substrate of SH2 domain-containing phosphatase-2. J Biochem 2013; 154:475-80. [PMID: 23946508 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvt078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SH2 domain-containing phosphatase-2 (SHP2) is a protein-tyrosine phosphatase implicated in activation of cell signalling such as the Ras/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway. The substrates of SHP2 and their roles in cell activation are not fully understood. By using the substrate-trapping method with the phosphatase-dead SHP2 mutant, in which C459 was substituted by serine, and the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometric analysis, we found that heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein Q (hnRNP Q), a protein implicated in RNA metabolisms, was a novel substrate of SHP2. Tyrosine-phosphorylated hnRNP Q was detected in HL-60, Jurkat and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, but not mature neutrophils, treated with pervanadate. Tyrosine-phosphorylated hnRNP Q was directly bound to SHP2 in vivo and in vitro, and dephosphorylated by SHP2 in vitro. These findings suggest that hnRNP Q is a novel substrate of SHP2 and the SHP2 activity may be also involved in RNA metabolisms via dephosphorylation of hnRNP Q.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norifumi Watanabe
- Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Osaka City University, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
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188
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Volinsky N, Kholodenko BN. Complexity of receptor tyrosine kinase signal processing. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2013; 5:a009043. [PMID: 23906711 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a009043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Our knowledge of molecular mechanisms of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling advances with ever-increasing pace. Yet our understanding of how the spatiotemporal dynamics of RTK signaling control specific cellular outcomes has lagged behind. Systems-centered experimental and computational approaches can help reveal how overlapping networks of signal transducers downstream of RTKs orchestrate specific cell-fate decisions. We discuss how RTK network regulatory structures, which involve the immediate posttranslational and delayed transcriptional controls by multiple feed forward and feedback loops together with pathway cross talk, adapt cells to the combinatorial variety of external cues and conditions. This intricate network circuitry endows cells with emerging capabilities for RTK signal processing and decoding. We illustrate how mathematical modeling facilitates our understanding of RTK network behaviors by unraveling specific systems properties, including bistability, oscillations, excitable responses, and generation of intricate landscapes of signaling activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Volinsky
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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189
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Alajati A, Sausgruber N, Aceto N, Duss S, Sarret S, Voshol H, Bonenfant D, Bentires-Alj M. Mammary tumor formation and metastasis evoked by a HER2 splice variant. Cancer Res 2013; 73:5320-7. [PMID: 23867476 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The HER2 gene is amplified and overexpressed in approximately 20% of invasive breast cancers where it is associated with metastasis and poor prognosis. Here, we describe a constitutively active splice variant of HER2 (Delta-HER2) in human mammary epithelial cells that evokes aggressive breast cancer phenotypes. Delta-HER2 overexpression in mammary epithelial cells was sufficient to reduce apoptosis, increase proliferation, and induce expression of mesenchymal markers, features that were associated with greater invasive potential in three-dimensional cultures in vitro and more aggressive tumorigenicity and metastasis in vivo. In contrast, overexpression of wild-type HER2 was insufficient at evoking such effects. Unbiased protein-tyrosine phosphorylation profiling in Delta-HER2-expressing cells revealed increased phosphorylation of several signaling proteins not previously known to be controlled by the HER2 pathway. Furthermore, microarray expression analysis revealed activation of genes known to be highly expressed in ER-negative, high-grade, and metastatic primary breast tumors. Together, our results provide mechanistic insights into the activity of a highly pathogenic splice variant of HER2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Alajati
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstr. 66, Basel, CH 4058, Switzerland
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190
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Protein tyrosine phosphatase UBASH3B is overexpressed in triple-negative breast cancer and promotes invasion and metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:11121-6. [PMID: 23784775 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1300873110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to improve the clinical outcome of highly aggressive triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) have been hindered by the lack of effective targeted therapies. Thus, it is important to identify the specific gene targets/pathways driving the invasive phenotype to develop more effective therapeutics. Here we show that ubiquitin-associated and SH3 domain-containing B (UBASH3B), a protein tyrosine phosphatase, is overexpressed in TNBC, where it supports malignant growth, invasion, and metastasis largely through modulating epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). We also show that UBASH3B is a functional target of anti-invasive microRNA200a (miR200a) that is down-regulated in TNBC. Importantly, the oncogenic potential of UBASH3B is dependent on its tyrosine phosphatase activity, which targets CBL ubiquitin ligase for dephosphorylation and inactivation, leading to EGFR up-regulation. Thus, UBASH3B may function as a crucial node in bridging multiple invasion-promoting pathways, thereby providing a potential therapeutic target for TNBC.
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191
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Nunes-Xavier CE, Martín-Pérez J, Elson A, Pulido R. Protein tyrosine phosphatases as novel targets in breast cancer therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1836:211-26. [PMID: 23756181 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is linked to hyperactivation of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs), and recent studies have unveiled that selective tyrosine dephosphorylation by protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) of specific substrates, including PTKs, may activate or inactivate oncogenic pathways in human breast cancer cell growth-related processes. Here, we review the current knowledge on the involvement of PTPs in breast cancer, as major regulators of breast cancer therapy-targeted PTKs, such as HER1/EGFR, HER2/Neu, and Src. The functional interplay between PTKs and PTK-activating or -inactivating PTPs, and its implications in novel breast cancer therapies based on targeting of specific PTPs, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E Nunes-Xavier
- BioCruces Health Research Institute, Hospital de Cruces, Plaza Cruces s/n, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
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192
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Muenst S, Obermann EC, Gao F, Oertli D, Viehl CT, Weber WP, Fleming T, Gillanders WE, Soysal SD. Src homology phosphotyrosyl phosphatase-2 expression is an independent negative prognostic factor in human breast cancer. Histopathology 2013; 63:74-82. [PMID: 23672411 DOI: 10.1111/his.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Src homology phosphotyrosyl phosphatase-2 (SHP2) is a ubiquitously expressed phosphatase that plays an essential role in the downstream signalling pathways of multiple growth factor receptors, thus representing a potential target for cancer therapy. Recent studies suggest that SHP2 contributes to tumour initiation, progression and metastasis in breast cancer, yet the impact of SHP2 expression on prognosis in human breast cancer has not been evaluated. METHODS AND RESULTS To explore further the role of SHP2 in breast cancer, we conducted an immunohistochemical study using a tissue microarray encompassing 1401 formalin-fixed breast cancer specimens with detailed clinical annotation and outcome data. Of 1401 evaluable breast cancers, 651 (46%) were positive for SHP2. SHP2 expression was associated positively with tumour grade, lymph node status and tumour stage. In univariate survival analysis, cases with SHP2 expression had a significantly worse overall survival (OS). In multivariate analysis, SHP2 remained an independent negative prognostic factor for OS. SHP2 expression was a negative prognostic factor for OS in the luminal A and the luminal B HER2(-) intrinsic subtypes. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate for the first time that SHP2 is an independent predictor of survival in breast cancer, suggesting that SHP2 may be a potential target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Muenst
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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193
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Liu Q, Bai X, Li H, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Ye L. The oncoprotein HBXIP upregulates Lin28Bviaactivating TF II D to promote proliferation of breast cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:1310-22. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Department of Biochemistry; College of Life Sciences; Nankai University; Tianjin; 300071; People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Bai
- Department of Biochemistry; College of Life Sciences; Nankai University; Tianjin; 300071; People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Li
- Department of Biochemistry; College of Life Sciences; Nankai University; Tianjin; 300071; People's Republic of China
| | - Yingyi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry; College of Life Sciences; Nankai University; Tianjin; 300071; People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry; College of Life Sciences; Nankai University; Tianjin; 300071; People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Department of Cancer Research; Institute for Molecular Biology; College of Life Sciences; Nankai University; Tianjin; 300071; People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Ye
- Department of Biochemistry; College of Life Sciences; Nankai University; Tianjin; 300071; People's Republic of China
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194
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Hartman ZR, Schaller MD, Agazie YM. The tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 regulates focal adhesion kinase to promote EGF-induced lamellipodia persistence and cell migration. Mol Cancer Res 2013; 11:651-64. [PMID: 23512980 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-12-0578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Src homology phosphotyrosyl phosphatase 2 (SHP2) is a positive effector of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) signaling. Furthermore, SHP2 is known to promote cell migration and invasiveness, key steps in cancer metastasis. To date, however, the mechanism by which SHP2 regulates cell movement is not fully understood. In the current report, a new role for SHP2 in regulating cell migration has been suggested. We show that SHP2 mediates lamellipodia persistence and cell polarity to promote directional cell migration in the MDA-MB231 and the MDA-MB468 basal-like and triple-negative breast cancer cell lines. We further show that SHP2 modulates the activity of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) by dephosphorylating pTyr397, the autophosphorylation site that primes FAK function. Because hyperactivation of FAK is known to counter the maturation of nascent focal complexes to focal adhesions, we propose that one of the mechanisms by which SHP2 promotes lamellipodia persistence is by downregulating FAK activity through dephosphorylation of pTyr397. The finding that inhibition of FAK activity partially restores EGF-induced lamellipodia persistence and cell migration in SHP2-silenced cells supports our proposition that SHP2 promotes growth factor-induced cell movement by acting, at least in part, on FAK. However, the effect of SHP2 inhibition in nonstimulated cells seems FAK independent as there was no significant difference between the control and the SHP2-silenced cells in pY397-FAK levels. Also, FAK inhibition did not rescue Golgi orientation defects in SHP2-silenced cells, suggesting that SHP2 acts through other mechanisms to promote cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R Hartman
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, WV 26506, USA
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195
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Shields BJ, Wiede F, Gurzov EN, Wee K, Hauser C, Zhu HJ, Molloy TJ, O'Toole SA, Daly RJ, Sutherland RL, Mitchell CA, McLean CA, Tiganis T. TCPTP regulates SFK and STAT3 signaling and is lost in triple-negative breast cancers. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:557-70. [PMID: 23166300 PMCID: PMC3554209 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01016-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent signaling, as mediated by members of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family (ErbB1 to -4) of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs), Src family PTKs (SFKs), and cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) that signal via signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), is critical to the development and progression of many human breast cancers. EGFR, SFKs, and STAT3 can serve as substrates for the protein tyrosine phosphatase TCPTP (PTPN2). Here we report that TCPTP protein levels are decreased in a subset of breast cancer cell lines in vitro and that TCPTP protein is absent in a large proportion of "triple-negative" primary human breast cancers. Homozygous TCPTP deficiency in murine mammary fat pads in vivo is associated with elevated SFK and STAT3 signaling, whereas TCPTP deficiency in human breast cancer cell lines enhances SFK and STAT3 signaling. On the other hand, TCPTP reconstitution in human breast cancer cell lines severely impaired cell proliferation and suppressed anchorage-independent growth in vitro and xenograft growth in vivo. These studies establish TCPTP's potential to serve as a tumor suppressor in human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Shields
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Florian Wiede
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Esteban N. Gurzov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kenneth Wee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christine Hauser
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hong-Jian Zhu
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Timothy J. Molloy
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre & Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sandra A. O'Toole
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre & Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Roger J. Daly
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre & Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert L. Sutherland
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre & Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christina A. Mitchell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Catriona A. McLean
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tony Tiganis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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196
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Jiang J, Jin MS, Kong F, Wang YP, Jia ZF, Cao DH, Ma HX, Suo J, Cao XY. Increased expression of tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 in Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:575-80. [PMID: 23382639 PMCID: PMC3558584 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i4.575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 11/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore the alteration of tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 protein expression in gastric cancer and to assess its prognostic values. METHODS Three hundred and five consecutive cases of gastric cancer were enrolled into this study. SHP-2 expression was carried out in 305 gastric cancer specimens, of which 83 were paired adjacent normal gastric mucus samples, using a tissue microarray immunohistochemical method. Correlations were analyzed between expression levels of SHP-2 protein and tumor parameters or clinical outcomes. Serum anti-Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) immunoglobulin G was detected with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate prognostic values by compassion of the expression levels of SHP-2 and disease-specific survivals in patients. RESULTS SHP-2 staining was found diffuse mainly in the cytoplasm and the weak staining was also observed in the nucleus in gastric mucosa cells. Thirty-two point five percent of normal epithelial specimen and 62.6% of gastric cancer specimen were identified to stain with SHP-2 antibody positively (P < 0.001). Though SHP-2 staining intensities were stronger in the H. pylori (+) group than in the H. pylori (-) group, no statistically significant difference was found in the expression levels of SHP-2 between H. pylori (+) and H. pylori (-) gastric cancer (P = 0.40). The SHP-2 expression in gastric cancer was not significantly associated with cancer stages, lymph node metastases, and distant metastasis of the tumors (P = 0.34, P = 0.17, P = 0.52). Multivariate analysis demonstrated no correlation between SHP-2 expression and disease-free survival (P = 0.86). CONCLUSION Increased expression of SHP-2 protein in gastric cancer specimen suggesting the aberrant up-regulation of SHP-2 protein might play an important role in the gastric carcinogenesis.
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197
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De Munter S, Köhn M, Bollen M. Challenges and opportunities in the development of protein phosphatase-directed therapeutics. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:36-45. [PMID: 23214403 DOI: 10.1021/cb300597g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphatases have both protective and promoting roles in the etiology of diseases. A prominent example is the existence of oncogenic as well as tumor-suppressing protein phosphatases. A few protein phosphatase activity modulators are already applied in therapies. These were however not developed in target-directed approaches, and the recent discovery of phosphatase involvement followed their application in therapy. Nevertheless, these examples demonstrate that small molecules can be generated that modulate the activity of protein phosphatases and are beneficial for the treatment of protein phosphorylation diseases. We describe here strategies for the development of activators and inhibitors of protein phosphatases and clarify some long-standing misconceptions concerning the druggability of these enzymes. Recent developments suggest that it is feasible to design potent and selective protein phosphatase modulators with a therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie De Munter
- Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maja Köhn
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg,
Germany
| | - Mathieu Bollen
- Laboratory of Biosignaling & Therapeutics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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198
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Meyer DS, Aceto N, Sausgruber N, Brinkhaus H, Müller U, Pallen CJ, Bentires-Alj M. Tyrosine phosphatase PTPα contributes to HER2-evoked breast tumor initiation and maintenance. Oncogene 2013; 33:398-402. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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199
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Abstract
The vast majority of all agents used to directly kill cancer cells (ionizing radiation, most chemotherapeutic agents and some targeted therapies) work through either directly or indirectly generating reactive oxygen species that block key steps in the cell cycle. As mesenchymal cancers evolve from their epithelial cell progenitors, they almost inevitably possess much-heightened amounts of antioxidants that effectively block otherwise highly effective oxidant therapies. Also key to better understanding is why and how the anti-diabetic drug metformin (the world's most prescribed pharmaceutical product) preferentially kills oxidant-deficient mesenchymal p53− −cells. A much faster timetable should be adopted towards developing more new drugs effective against p53− − cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Watson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY 11724, USA.
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200
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Chen Q, Si Q, Xiao S, Xie Q, Lin J, Wang C, Chen L, Chen Q, Wang L. Prognostic significance of serum miR-17-5p in lung cancer. Med Oncol 2012; 30:353. [PMID: 23263848 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-012-0353-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
miR-17-5p is abnormally expressed in various tumor types. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression level of miR-17-5p in serum of patients with lung cancer and to determine whether serum miR-17-5p expression is related to the prognosis of patients with lung cancer. RT-qPCR was used to examine expression of miRNA-17-5p in 20 pairs of lung cancer and adjacent normal tissues, and sera from 221 patients with lung cancer and 54 matched controls. The correlation of serum miR-17-5p with clinicopathological factors or prognosis of patients with lung cancer was analyzed. The expression level of miR-17-5p obviously increased in lung cancer tissues (P = 0.004). Furthermore, serum miR-17-5p expression also significantly increased in patients with lung cancer compared with healthy individuals (P = 0.03). The survival analysis showed that serum miR-17-5p expression was closely related to the survival of patients with lung cancer. Patients with high miR-17-5p expression had shorter survival times [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.767, 95 %CI 1.039-3.005, P = 0.035]. A lower expression level of serum miR-17-5p helps extend the survival of patients with lung cancer. Thus, miR-17-5p may be potential biomarker for prediction the prognosis in patients with lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Chen
- Department of Oncology, Fuzhou Pulmonary Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350008, China.
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