151
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Han S, Northoff G, Vogeley K, Wexler BE, Kitayama S, Varnum ME. A Cultural Neuroscience Approach to the Biosocial Nature of the Human Brain. Annu Rev Psychol 2013; 64:335-59. [PMID: 22994921 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-071112-054629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shihui Han
- Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China;
| | - Georg Northoff
- Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics, Institute of Mental Health Research University of Ottawa, Ottawa ON K1Z 7K4, Canada
| | - Kai Vogeley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cologne, Cologne 50924, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Cognitive Neuroscience (INM3), Research Center Juelich, Juelich 52425, Germany
| | - Bruce E. Wexler
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06519
| | - Shinobu Kitayama
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1109
| | - Michael E.W. Varnum
- Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China;
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152
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Chiao JY, Cheon BK, Pornpattanangkul N, Mrazek AJ, Blizinsky KD. Cultural Neuroscience: Progress and Promise. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2013; 24:1-19. [PMID: 23914126 PMCID: PMC3727289 DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2013.752715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The nature and origin of human diversity has been a source of intellectual curiosity since the beginning of human history. Contemporary advances in cultural and biological sciences provide unique opportunities for the emerging field of cultural neuroscience. Research in cultural neuroscience examines how cultural and genetic diversity shape the human mind, brain and behavior across multiple time scales: situation, ontogeny and phylogeny. Recent progress in cultural neuroscience provides novel theoretical frameworks for understanding the complex interaction of environmental, cultural and genetic factors in the production of adaptive human behavior. Here, we provide a brief history of cultural neuroscience, theoretical and methodological advances, as well as empirical evidence of the promise of and progress in the field. Implications of this research for population health disparities and public policy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Y Chiao
- Department of Psychology and Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program Northwestern University
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153
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154
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Avram M, Gutyrchik E, Bao Y, Pöppel E, Reiser M, Blautzik J. Neurofunctional correlates of esthetic and moral judgments. Neurosci Lett 2012; 534:128-32. [PMID: 23262080 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent neuroimaging studies indicate that there may be common ground for esthetic and moral judgments. However, because previous studies focused on either esthetic or moral judgments and did not compare the two directly, the issue remains open whether a common ground actually exists. We employed functional magnetic resonance imaging in order to study, in a within-subjects design, the potential equivalence of esthetic and moral judgments. One-line verses from poems and short moral statements were used as stimuli. Our results suggest a common basis for the two judgment categories, revealing comparable neural networks mainly the orbitomedial prefrontal cortex. However, additional activations were found in the moral judgment condition, that is, in the posterior cingulate cortex, the precuneus, and the temporoparietal junction. These regions have been related to understanding the minds of others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Avram
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
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155
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How cultural is ‘cultural neuroscience’? Some comments on an emerging research paradigm. BIOSOCIETIES 2012. [DOI: 10.1057/biosoc.2012.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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156
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Ishii
- Department of Psychology; Faculty of Letters; Kobe University; Kobe; Japan
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157
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Kim HS, Sasaki JY. Emotion Regulation: The Interplay of Culture and Genes. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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158
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Silveira S, Graupmann V, Frey D, Blautzik J, Meindl T, Reiser M, Chen C, Wang Y, Bao Y, PöppeI E, Gutyrchik E. Matching reality in the arts: self-referential neural processing of naturalistic compared to surrealistic images. Perception 2012; 41:569-76. [PMID: 23025160 DOI: 10.1068/p7191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
How are works of art that present scenes that match potential expectations processed in the brain, in contrast to such scenes that can never occur in real life because they would violate physical laws? Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we investigated the processing of surrealistic and naturalistic images in visual artworks. Looking at naturalistic paintings leads to a significantly higher activation in the visual cortex and in the precuneus. Humans apparently own a sensitive mechanism even for artistic representations of the visual world to separate the impossible from what potentially matches physical reality. The observation reported here also suggests that sensory input corresponding to a realistic representation of the visual world elicits higher self-referential processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Silveira
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitit, Institute of Medical Psychology, Munich, Germany
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159
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Park J, Kitayama S. Interdependent selves show face-induced facilitation of error processing: cultural neuroscience of self-threat. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2012; 9:201-8. [PMID: 23160814 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nss125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The fundamentally social nature of humans is revealed in their exquisitely high sensitivity to potentially negative evaluations held by others. At present, however, little is known about neurocortical correlates of the response to such social-evaluative threat. Here, we addressed this issue by showing that mere exposure to an image of a watching face is sufficient to automatically evoke a social-evaluative threat for those who are relatively high in interdependent self-construal. Both European American and Asian participants performed a flanker task while primed with a face (vs control) image. The relative increase of the error-related negativity (ERN) in the face (vs control) priming condition became more pronounced as a function of interdependent (vs independent) self-construal. Relative to European Americans, Asians were more interdependent and, as predicted, they showed a reliably stronger ERN in the face (vs control) priming condition. Our findings suggest that the ERN can serve as a robust empirical marker of self-threat that is closely modulated by socio-cultural variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Park
- University of Michigan, 3237 East Hall, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1043.
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160
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Bao Y, Pöppel E. Anthropological universals and cultural specifics: Conceptual and methodological challenges in cultural neuroscience. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:2143-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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161
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Ma Y, Bang D, Wang C, Allen M, Frith C, Roepstorff A, Han S. Sociocultural patterning of neural activity during self-reflection. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2012; 9:73-80. [PMID: 22956678 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nss103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Western cultures encourage self-construals independent of social contexts, whereas East Asian cultures foster interdependent self-construals that rely on how others perceive the self. How are culturally specific self-construals mediated by the human brain? Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we monitored neural responses from adults in East Asian (Chinese) and Western (Danish) cultural contexts during judgments of social, mental and physical attributes of themselves and public figures to assess cultural influences on self-referential processing of personal attributes in different dimensions. We found that judgments of self vs a public figure elicited greater activation in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in Danish than in Chinese participants regardless of attribute dimensions for judgments. However, self-judgments of social attributes induced greater activity in the temporoparietal junction (TPJ) in Chinese than in Danish participants. Moreover, the group difference in TPJ activity was mediated by a measure of a cultural value (i.e. interdependence of self-construal). Our findings suggest that individuals in different sociocultural contexts may learn and/or adopt distinct strategies for self-reflection by changing the weight of the mPFC and TPJ in the social brain network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yina Ma
- Department of Psychology, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing 100871, P. R. China.
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162
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Henry S, Plemmons D. Neuroscience, neuropolitics and neuroethics: the complex case of crime, deception and FMRI. SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ETHICS 2012; 18:573-591. [PMID: 23054671 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-012-9393-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Scientific developments take place in a socio-political context but scientists often ignore the ways their innovations will be both interpreted by the media and used by policy makers. In the rush to neuroscientific discovery important questions are overlooked, such as the ways: (1) the brain, environment and behavior are related; (2) biological changes are mediated by social organization; (3) institutional bias in the application of technical procedures ignores race, class and gender dimensions of society; (4) knowledge is used to the advantage of the powerful; and (5) its applications may reinforce existing structures of power that pose ethical questions about distributive justice. The case of crime, deception and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) shows the complexity, and the political and ethical challenges that confront those who seek to use neuroscience to explain the etiology of crime, and who base policy on its findings. An ethically grounded neuroscience needs to take account of existing structures of power and difference, and to develop a public neuropolitical consciousness that ensures that those subject to risk by the application of science and technology are participants in the decision-making processes involving the implementation of policies that affect them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Henry
- School of Public Affairs, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182-4305, USA.
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163
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Abstract
The aim of this review is to highlight an emerging field: the neuroscience of culture. This new field links cross-cultural psychology with cognitive neuroscience across fundamental domains of cognitive and social psychology. We present a summary of studies on emotion, perspective-taking, memory, object perception, attention, language, and the self, showing cultural differences in behavior as well as in neural activation. Although it is still nascent, the broad impact of merging the study of culture with cognitive neuroscience holds mutual distributed benefits for multiple related fields. Thus, cultural neuroscience may be uniquely poised to provide insights and breakthroughs for longstanding questions and problems in the study of behavior and thought, and its capacity for integration across multiple levels of analysis is especially high. These findings attest to the plasticity of the brain and its adaptation to cultural contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas O Rule
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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164
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Cross-cultural differences in cognitive development: attention to relations and objects. J Exp Child Psychol 2012; 113:20-35. [PMID: 22677459 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 04/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates a suite of generalized differences in the attentional and cognitive processing of adults from Eastern and Western cultures. Cognition in Eastern adults is often more relational and in Western adults is more object focused. Three experiments examined whether these differences characterize the cognition of preschool children in the two cultures. In Experiment 1, 4-year-olds from the two cultures (N=64) participated in a relational match-to-standard task in two conditions, with simple or richly detailed objects, in which a focus on individual objects may hurt performance. Rich objects, consistent with past research, strongly limited the performance of U.S. children but not Japanese children. In Experiment 2, U.S. and Japanese 4-year-olds (N=72) participated in a visual search task that required them to find a specific object in a cluttered, but organized as a scene, visual field in which object-centric attention might be expected to aid performance and relational attentional pattern may hinder the performance because of relational structure that was poised by the scene. U.S. children outperformed Japanese children. In Experiment 3, 4-year-olds from both cultures (N=36) participated in a visual search task that was similar to Experiment 2 but with randomly placed objects, where there should not be a difference between the performance of two cultures because the relational structure that may be posed by the scene is eliminated. This double-dissociation is discussed in terms of implications for different developmental trajectories, with different developmental subtasks in the two cultures.
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165
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Abstract
Preschool participants from Korea ( N = 56, mean age = 5 years, 4 months) and the United States ( N = 56, mean age = 5 years, 1 month) responded to tasks assessing self-concept and understanding of false belief. Korean children scored higher on the self-dimension of Traditionalism and lower on the dimension of Social Potency than did American children, a finding in accord with the hypothesis that the Korean culture fosters a relatively interdependent conception of the self. Korean children also outperformed American children on the measure of false belief. In contrast to previous research with Western samples, the nature of the false belief problem (inanimate object, voluntary person movement, involuntary person movement) did not significantly affect performance in either culture. Finally, variations in self-concept showed some but limited relations to false belief performance; in general, relatively interdependent self-responses were predictive of good false belief performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghee Ahn
- University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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166
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Abstract
The strong association between music and speech has been supported by recent research focusing on musicians' superior abilities in second language learning and neural encoding of foreign speech sounds. However, evidence for a double association—the influence of linguistic background on music pitch processing and disorders—remains elusive. Because languages differ in their usage of elements (e.g., pitch) that are also essential for music, a unique opportunity for examining such language-to-music associations comes from a cross-cultural (linguistic) comparison of congenital amusia, a neurogenetic disorder affecting the music (pitch and rhythm) processing of about 5% of the Western population. In the present study, two populations (Hong Kong and Canada) were compared. One spoke a tone language in which differences in voice pitch correspond to differences in word meaning (in Hong Kong Cantonese, /si/ means ‘teacher’ and ‘to try’ when spoken in a high and mid pitch pattern, respectively). Using the On-line Identification Test of Congenital Amusia, we found Cantonese speakers as a group tend to show enhanced pitch perception ability compared to speakers of Canadian French and English (non-tone languages). This enhanced ability occurs in the absence of differences in rhythmic perception and persists even after relevant factors such as musical background and age were controlled. Following a common definition of amusia (5% of the population), we found Hong Kong pitch amusics also show enhanced pitch abilities relative to their Canadian counterparts. These findings not only provide critical evidence for a double association of music and speech, but also argue for the reconceptualization of communicative disorders within a cultural framework. Along with recent studies documenting cultural differences in visual perception, our auditory evidence challenges the common assumption of universality of basic mental processes and speaks to the domain generality of culture-to-perception influences.
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167
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Springer A, Beyer J, Derrfuss J, Volz KG, Hannover B. Seeing You or the Scene? Self-Construals Modulate Inhibitory Mechanisms of Attention. SOCIAL COGNITION 2012. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2012.30.2.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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168
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Murata A, Moser JS, Kitayama S. Culture shapes electrocortical responses during emotion suppression. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2012; 8:595-601. [PMID: 22422803 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nss036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous work has shown that emotional control is highly valued in Asian culture. However, little is known about how this cultural value might influence emotional processing. Here, we hypothesized that Asians are 'culturally trained' to down-regulate emotional processing when required to suppress emotional expressions. Such down-regulation, however, is unlikely for European Americans because their culture values emotional expression (vs control) more. To test these predictions, we adopted the parietal late positive potential (LPP) of the event-related potential as an objective indicator of emotional processing. Both Asian and European Americans were exposed to either unpleasant or neutral pictures while instructed to either attend or suppress expression of emotions. Both groups showed an equally pronounced parietal positivity ∼600 ms post-stimulus. As predicted, however, Asians subsequently showed a significant decrease of the parietal LPP in the suppression (vs attend) condition. The initial positivity completely disappeared 2000 ms post-stimulus. In contrast, for European Americans the parietal LPP suppression effect was completely absent although there was an early occurring, sustained increase in frontal positivity in the suppression (vs attend) condition. Implications for culture and emotion research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Murata
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48103, USA
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169
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Kim B, Sung YS, McClure SM. The neural basis of cultural differences in delay discounting. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2012; 367:650-6. [PMID: 22271781 PMCID: PMC3260846 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
People generally prefer to receive rewarding outcomes sooner rather than later. Such preferences result from delay discounting, or the process by which outcomes are devalued for the expected delay until their receipt. We investigated cultural differences in delay discounting by contrasting behaviour and brain activity in separate cohorts of Western (American) and Eastern (Korean) subjects. Consistent with previous reports, we find a dramatic difference in discounting behaviour, with Americans displaying much greater present bias and elevated discount rates. Recent neuroimaging findings suggest that differences in discounting may arise from differential involvement of either brain reward areas or regions in the prefrontal and parietal cortices associated with cognitive control. We find that the ventral striatum is more greatly recruited in Americans relative to Koreans when discounting future rewards, but there is no difference in prefrontal or parietal activity. This suggests that a cultural difference in emotional responsivity underlies the observed behavioural effect. We discuss the implications of this research for strategic interrelations between Easterners and Westerners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bokyung Kim
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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170
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Pfeifer JH, Peake SJ. Self-development: integrating cognitive, socioemotional, and neuroimaging perspectives. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2012; 2:55-69. [PMID: 22682728 PMCID: PMC6987679 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2011.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This review integrates cognitive, socioemotional, and neuroimaging perspectives on self-development. Neural correlates of key processes implicated in personal and social identity are reported from studies of children, adolescents, and adults, including autobiographical memory, direct and reflected self-appraisals, and social exclusion. While cortical midline structures of medial prefrontal cortex and medial posterior parietal cortex are consistently identified in neuroimaging studies considering personal identity from a primarily cognitive perspective ("who am I?"), additional regions are implicated by studies considering personal and social identity from a more socioemotional perspective ("what do others think about me, where do I fit in?"), especially in child or adolescent samples. The involvement of these additional regions (including tempo-parietal junction and posterior superior temporal sulcus, temporal poles, anterior insula, ventral striatum, anterior cingulate cortex, middle cingulate cortex, and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex) suggests mentalizing, emotion, and emotion regulation are central to self-development. In addition, these regions appear to function atypically during personal and social identity tasks in autism and depression, exhibiting a broad pattern of hypoactivation and hyperactivation, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Pfeifer
- Department of Psychology, 1227 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1227, United States.
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171
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Goh JOS, Hebrank AC, Sutton BP, Chee MWL, Sim SKY, Park DC. Culture-related differences in default network activity during visuo-spatial judgments. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2011; 8:134-42. [PMID: 22114080 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsr077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies on culture-related differences in cognition have shown that Westerners attend more to object-related information, whereas East Asians attend more to contextual information. Neural correlates of these different culture-related visual processing styles have been reported in the ventral-visual and fronto-parietal regions. We conducted an fMRI study of East Asians and Westerners on a visuospatial judgment task that involved relative, contextual judgments, which are typically more challenging for Westerners. Participants judged the relative distances between a dot and a line in visual stimuli during task blocks and alternated finger presses during control blocks. Behaviorally, East Asians responded faster than Westerners, reflecting greater ease of the task for East Asians. In response to the greater task difficulty, Westerners showed greater neural engagement compared to East Asians in frontal, parietal, and occipital areas. Moreover, Westerners also showed greater suppression of the default network-a brain network that is suppressed under condition of high cognitive challenge. This study demonstrates for the first time that cultural differences in visual attention during a cognitive task are manifested both by differences in activation in fronto-parietal regions as well as suppression in default regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua O S Goh
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, 405 N. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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172
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The temporal features of self-referential processing evoked by national flag. Neurosci Lett 2011; 505:233-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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173
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Kuwabara M, Son JY, Smith LB. Attention to context: U.S. and Japanese children's emotional judgments. JOURNAL OF COGNITION AND DEVELOPMENT 2011; 12:502-517. [PMID: 22144873 DOI: 10.1080/15248372.2011.554927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
A growing number of studies suggest cultural differences in the attention and evaluation of information in adults (Masuda & Nisbett, 2001; Markus & Kitayama, 1991; Hedden, Ketay, Aron, Markus, & Gabrieli, 2008). One cultural comparison, between Westerners, such as Americans, and Easterners, such as the Japanese, suggest that Westerners typically focus on a central single object in a scene while Easterners often integrate their judgment of the focal object with surrounding contextual cues. There are few studies of whether such cultural differences are evident in children. This study examined 48 monolingual Japanese-speaking children residing in Japan and 48 monolingual English-speaking children residing in the U.S.A. (40 to 60 month-olds) in a task asking children to complete a picture by adding the proper emotional expression to a face. The key variable was the context and shift in context from the preceding trial for the same pictured individual. Japanese children were much more likely to shift their judgments with changes in context whereas children from the United States treated facial expression in a more trait-like manner, maintaining the same expression for the individual across contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Kuwabara
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E. Tenth Street, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA
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174
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Carp J, Fitzgerald KD, Taylor SF, Weissman DH. Removing the effect of response time on brain activity reveals developmental differences in conflict processing in the posterior medial prefrontal cortex. Neuroimage 2011; 59:853-60. [PMID: 21835249 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, researchers often attempt to ensure that group differences in brain activity are not confounded with group differences in mean reaction time (RT). However, even when groups are matched for performance, they may differ in terms of the RT-BOLD relationship: the degree to which brain activity varies with RT on a trial-by-trial basis. Group activation differences might therefore be influenced by group differences in the relationship between brain activity and time on task. Here, we investigated whether correcting for this potential confound alters group differences in brain activity. Specifically, we reanalyzed data from a functional MRI study of response conflict in children and adults, in which conventional analyses indicated that conflict-related activity did not differ between groups. We found that the RT-BOLD relationship was weaker in children than in adults. Consequently, after removing the effect of RT on brain activity, children exhibited greater conflict-related activity than adults in both the posterior medial prefrontal cortex and the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. These results identify the RT-BOLD relationship as an important potential confound in fMRI studies of group differences. They also suggest that the magnitude of the RT-BOLD relationship may be a useful biomarker of brain maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Carp
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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175
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Fausto-Sterling A, Coll CG, Lamarre M. Sexing the baby: Part 2--Applying dynamic systems theory to the emergences of sex-related differences in infants and toddlers. Soc Sci Med 2011; 74:1693-702. [PMID: 21862195 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
During the first three years of life, children acquire knowledge about their own gender and the gendered nature of their environment. At the same time, sex-related behavioral differences emerge. How are we to understand the processes by which bodily differentiation, behavioral differentiation and gendered knowledge intertwine to produce male and female, masculine and feminine? In this article, we describe four central developmental systems concepts applied by psychologists to the study of early human development and develop them in enough depth to show how they play out, and what sort of knowledge-gathering strategies they require. The general theoretical approach to understanding the emergence of bodily/behavioral difference has broad applicability for the health sciences and for the study of gender disparities. Using dynamic systems theory will deepen and extend the reach of theories of embodiment current in the health sciences literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Fausto-Sterling
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Meeting Street Box G, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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176
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Flèche du temps, compétences linguistiques et routines culturelles : une étude de la diversité chez des enfants de 10-11 ans en France et au Maroc. ANNEE PSYCHOLOGIQUE 2011. [DOI: 10.4074/s0003503311002016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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177
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Ma Y, Han S. Functional dissociation of the left and right fusiform gyrus in self-face recognition. Hum Brain Mapp 2011; 33:2255-67. [PMID: 21761508 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that the fusiform gyrus is engaged in face perception, such as the processes of face familiarity and identity. However, the functional role of the fusiform gyrus in face processing related to high-level social cognition remains unclear. The current study assessed the functional role of individually defined fusiform face area (FFA) in the processing of self-face physical properties and self-face identity. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to monitor neural responses to rapidly presented face stimuli drawn from morph continua between self-face (Morph 100%) and a gender-matched friend's face (Morph 0%) in a face recognition task. Contrasting Morph 100% versus Morph 60% that differed in self-face physical properties but were both recognized as the self uncovered neural activity sensitive to self-face physical properties in the left FFA. Contrasting Morphs 50% that were recognized as the self versus a friend on different trials revealed neural modulations associated with self-face identity in the right FFA. Moreover, the right FFA activity correlated with the frequency of recognizing Morphs 50% as the self. Our results provide evidence for functional dissociations of the left and right FFAs in the representations of self-face physical properties and self-face identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yina Ma
- Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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178
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Cheon BK, Im DM, Harada T, Kim JS, Mathur VA, Scimeca JM, Parrish TB, Park HW, Chiao JY. Cultural influences on neural basis of intergroup empathy. Neuroimage 2011; 57:642-50. [PMID: 21549201 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bobby K Cheon
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, USA
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179
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Abstract
Contemporary studies in the cognitive neuroscience of attention and suggestion shed new light on the underlying neural mechanisms that operationalize these effects. Without adhering to important caveats inherent to imaging of the living human brain, however, findings from brain imaging studies may enthrall more than explain. Scholars, practitioners, professionals, and consumers must realize that the influence words exert on focal brain activity is measurable but that these measurements are often difficult to interpret. While recent brain imaging research increasingly incorporates variations of suggestion and hypnosis, correlating overarching hypnotic experiences with specific brain substrates remains tenuous. This article elucidates the mounting role of cognitive neuroscience, including the relative merits and intrinsic limitations of neuroimaging, in better contextualizing trance-like concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Raz
- McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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180
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Troadec B, Zarhbouch B. Flèche du temps, compétences linguistiques et routines culturelles : une étude de la diversité chez des enfants de 10-11 ans en France et au Maroc. ANNEE PSYCHOLOGIQUE 2011. [DOI: 10.3917/anpsy.112.0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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181
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McNamara A. Can we measure memes? FRONTIERS IN EVOLUTIONARY NEUROSCIENCE 2011; 3:1. [PMID: 21720531 PMCID: PMC3118481 DOI: 10.3389/fnevo.2011.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Memes are the fundamental unit of cultural evolution and have been left upon the periphery of cognitive neuroscience due to their inexact definition and the consequent presumption that they are impossible to measure. Here it is argued that although a precise definition of memes is rather difficult it does not preclude highly controlled experiments studying the neural substrates of their initiation and replication. In this paper, memes are termed as either internally or externally represented (i-memes/e-memes) in relation to whether they are represented as a neural substrate within the central nervous system or in some other form within our environment. It is argued that neuroimaging technology is now sufficiently advanced to image the connectivity profiles of i-memes and critically, to measure changes to i-memes over time, i.e., as they evolve. It is argued that it is wrong to simply pass off memes as an alternative term for "stimulus" and "learnt associations" as it does not accurately account for the way in which natural stimuli may dynamically "evolve" as clearly observed in our cultural lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam McNamara
- Department of Psychology, University of Surrey Surrey, UK
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182
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Martínez Mateo M, Cabanis M, Cruz de Echeverría Loebell N, Krach S. Concerns about cultural neurosciences: a critical analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011; 36:152-61. [PMID: 21620886 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 03/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ten years ago, neuroscientists began to study cultural phenomena by using functional MRI. Since then the number of publications in this field, termed cultural neuroscience (CN), has tremendously increased. In these studies, particular concepts of culture are implied, but rarely explicitly discussed. We argue that it is necessary to make these concepts a topic of debate in order to unravel the foundations of CN. From 40 fMRI studies we extracted two strands of reasoning: models investigating universal mechanisms for the formation of cultural groups and habits and, models assessing differences in characteristics among cultural groups. Both strands simplify culture as an inflexible set of traits and specificities. We question this rigid understanding of culture and highlight its hidden evaluative nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Martínez Mateo
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Research Platform Biotechnologies, Nature and Society, Goethe-University, Robert-Mayer-Straße 5, D-60054 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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183
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Göbel SM, Shaki S, Fischer MH. The Cultural Number Line: A Review of Cultural and Linguistic Influences on the Development of Number Processing. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022111406251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Approximate processing of numerosities is a universal and preverbal skill, while exact number processing above 4 involves the use of culturally acquired number words and symbols. The authors first review core concepts of numerical cognition, including number representation in the brain and the influential view that numbers are associated with space along a “mental number line.” Then, they discuss how cultural influences, such as reading direction, finger counting, and the transparency of the number word system, can influence the representation and processing of numbers. Spatial mapping of numbers emerges as a universal cognitive strategy. The authors trace the impact of cultural factors on the development of number skills and conclude that a cross-cultural perspective can reveal important constraints on numerical cognition.
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184
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Josman N, Abdallah TM, Engel-Yeger B. Using the LOTCA to Measure Cultural and Sociodemographic Effects on Cognitive Skills in Two Groups of Children. Am J Occup Ther 2011; 65:e29-37. [DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2011.09037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
OBJECTIVES. Our objectives were (1) to compare the differential effects of cultural and sociodemographic variables on the cognitive performance of Israeli and Palestinian children, (2) to examine validity of the Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment (LOTCA) for kindergarten children, and (3) to determine the feasibility of using the LOTCA as a screening tool for assessing Palestinian children’s cognitive abilities.
METHOD. Participants were 101 Jewish Israeli and 125 Muslim Palestinian children, ranging in grade from kindergarten to second grade.
RESULTS. Israeli children achieved significantly higher scores than the Palestinian children on most LOTCA domains. We obtained significant Grade × Cultural Group interaction effects (F[10, 364] = 1.73, p < .001, effect size [ES] − η2 = .045) and also found a significant Cultural Group × Mother's Education interaction (F[5, 184] = 2.49, p < .05, ES − η2 = .064).
CONCLUSION. Cultural and sociodemographic variables appear to affect cognitive performance. The LOTCA revealed cognitive differences between the cultural groups and school grades and may thus constitute an appropriate evaluation tool focusing on children’s school grade promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Josman
- Naomi Josman, PhD, is Associate Professor, Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31950 Israel;
| | - Taisir M. Abdallah
- Taisir M. Abdallah, PhD, is Dean of Research, Graduate School, Al-Qudes University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Batya Engel-Yeger
- Batya Engel-Yeger, PhD, is Senior Lecturer, Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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185
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Xu X, Aron A, Brown L, Cao G, Feng T, Weng X. Reward and motivation systems: a brain mapping study of early-stage intense romantic love in Chinese participants. Hum Brain Mapp 2011; 32:249-57. [PMID: 21229613 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-stage romantic love has been studied previously in the United States and United Kingdom (Aron et al. [2005]: J Neurophysiol 94:327–337; Bartels and Zeki [2000]: Neuroreport 11:3829–3834; Ortigue et al. [2007]: J Cogn Neurosci 19:1218–1230), revealing activation in the reward and motivation systems of the brain. In this study, we asked what systems are activated for early-stage romantic love in Easterners, specifically Chinese participants? Are these activations affected by individual differences within a cultural context of Traditionality and Modernity? Also, are these brain activations correlated with later satisfaction in the relationship? In Beijing, we used the same procedure used by Aron et al. (Aron et al. [2005]: J Neurophysiol 94:327–337). The stimuli for 18 Chinese participants were a picture of the face of their beloved, the face of a familiar acquaintance, and a countback task. We found significant activations specific to the beloved in the reward and motivation systems, particularly, the ventral tegmental area and the caudate. The mid-orbitofrontal cortex and cerebellum were also activated, whereas amygdala, medial orbitofrontal, and medial accumbens activity were decreased relative to the familiar acquaintance. Self-reported Traditionality and Modernity scores were each positively correlated with activity in the nucleus accumbens, although in different regions and sides of the brain. Activity in the subgenual area and the superior frontal gyrus was associated with higher relationship happiness at 18-month follow-up. Our results show that midbrain dopamine-rich reward/motivation systems were activated by early-stage romantic love in Chinese participants, as found by other studies. Neural activity was associated with Traditionality and Modernity attitudes as well as with later relationship happiness for Chinese participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Xu
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-2500, USA.
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186
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Abstract
Current research on culture focuses on independence and interdependence and documents numerous East-West psychological differences, with an increasing emphasis placed on cognitive mediating mechanisms. Lost in this literature is a time-honored idea of culture as a collective process composed of cross-generationally transmitted values and associated behavioral patterns (i.e., practices). A new model of neuro-culture interaction proposed here addresses this conceptual gap by hypothesizing that the brain serves as a crucial site that accumulates effects of cultural experience, insofar as neural connectivity is likely modified through sustained engagement in cultural practices. Thus, culture is "embrained," and moreover, this process requires no cognitive mediation. The model is supported in a review of empirical evidence regarding (a) collective-level factors involved in both production and adoption of cultural values and practices and (b) neural changes that result from engagement in cultural practices. Future directions of research on culture, mind, and the brain are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Kitayama
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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187
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Wang G, Mao L, Ma Y, Yang X, Cao J, Liu X, Wang J, Wang X, Han S. Neural representations of close others in collectivistic brains. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2011; 7:222-9. [PMID: 21382966 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsr002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our recent work showed that close relationships result in shared cognitive and neural representations of the self and one's mother in collectivistic individuals (Zhu et al., 2007, Neuroimage, 34, 1310-7). However, it remains unknown whether close others, such as mother, father and best friend, are differentially represented in collectivistic brains. Here, using functional magnetic resonance imaging and a trait judgment task, we showed evidence that, while trait judgments of the self and mother generated comparable activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and anterior cingulate (ACC) of Chinese adults, trait judgments of mother induced greater MPFC/ACC activity than trait judgments of father and best friend. Our results suggest that, while neural representations of the self and mother overlapped in the MPFC/ACC, close others such as mother, father and best friend are unequally represented in the MPFC/ACC of collectivistic brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Department of Psychology, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing 100871, PR China
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188
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Markowitsch HJ, Staniloiu A. Memory, autonoetic consciousness, and the self. Conscious Cogn 2011; 20:16-39. [PMID: 20951059 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2010.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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189
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Sauer S, Kohls N. Mindfulness in Leadership: Does Being Mindful Enhance Leaders’ Business Success? ON THINKING 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-15423-2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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190
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Han S, Mao L, Qin J, Friederici AD, Ge J. Functional roles and cultural modulations of the medial prefrontal and parietal activity associated with causal attribution. Neuropsychologia 2011; 49:83-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2010] [Revised: 10/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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191
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Kazandjian S, Gaash E, Love IY, Zivotofsky AZ, Chokron S. Spatial Representation of Action Phrases Among Bidirectional Readers. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Perceptual bias in simple visuospatial tasks, such as line bisection seen among healthy dextrals, has often been attributed to the hemispheric activation hypothesis. The often reported leftward perceptual bias was explained by an activation of the right hemisphere during visuospatial tasks. However, imposed scanning direction and stimuli saliency have also been used to explain these spatial asymmetries. One example of scanning direction is the well-trained one resulting from reading direction. Here, we present studies that target the role of reading direction on nonverbal tasks: line bisection, esthetic preference, and straight-ahead pointing by comparing left-to-right and right-to-left readers. The findings are discussed regarding the interaction between cultural factors, such as reading habits, and biological factors, such as cerebral lateralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seta Kazandjian
- ERT TREAT Vision, Laboratoire de Psychologie et NeuroCognition, UMR 5105 CNRS-Université Pierre Mendès France, France
| | | | | | | | - Sylvie Chokron
- ERT TREAT Vision, Laboratoire de Psychologie et NeuroCognition, UMR 5105 CNRS-Université Pierre Mendès France, France
- Service de Neurologie, Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, France
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192
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Bisections in two languages: When number processing, spatial representation, and habitual reading direction interact. Neuropsychologia 2010; 48:4031-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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193
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194
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Falk EB, Rameson L, Berkman ET, Liao B, Kang Y, Inagaki TK, Lieberman MD. The neural correlates of persuasion: a common network across cultures and media. J Cogn Neurosci 2010; 22:2447-59. [PMID: 19925175 DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2009.21363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Persuasion is at the root of countless social exchanges in which one person or group is motivated to have another share its beliefs, desires, or behavioral intentions. Here, we report the first three functional magnetic resonance imaging studies to investigate the neurocognitive networks associated with feeling persuaded by an argument. In the first two studies, American and Korean participants, respectively, were exposed to a number of text-based persuasive messages. In both Study 1 and Study 2, feeling persuaded was associated with increased activity in posterior superior temporal sulcus bilaterally, temporal pole bilaterally, and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. The findings suggest a discrete set of underlying mechanisms in the moment that the persuasion process occurs, and are strengthened by the fact that the results replicated across two diverse linguistic and cultural groups. Additionally, a third study using region-of-interest analyses demonstrated that neural activity in this network was also associated with persuasion when a sample of American participants viewed video-based messages. In sum, across three studies, including two different cultural groups and two types of media, persuasion was associated with a consistent network of regions in the brain. Activity in this network has been associated with social cognition and mentalizing and is consistent with models of persuasion that emphasize the importance of social cognitive processing in determining the efficacy of persuasive communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily B Falk
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA
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195
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Ma Y, Han S. Neural representation of self-concept in sighted and congenitally blind adults. Brain 2010; 134:235-46. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awq299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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196
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Malafouris L. The brain-artefact interface (BAI): a challenge for archaeology and cultural neuroscience. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2010; 5:264-73. [PMID: 20123661 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsp057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cultural neuroscience provides a new approach for understanding the impact of culture on the human brain (and vice versa) opening thus new avenues for cross-disciplinary collaboration with archaeology and anthropology. Finding new meaningful and productive unit of analysis is essential for such collaboration. But what can archaeological preoccupation with material culture and long-term change contribute to this end? In this article, I introduce and discuss the notion of the brain-artefact interface (BAI) as a useful conceptual bridge between neuroplastisty and the extended mind. I argue that a key challenge for archaeology and cultural neuroscience lies in the cross-disciplinary understanding of the processes by which our plastic enculturated brains become constituted within the wider extended networks of non-biological artefacts and cultural practices that delineate the real spatial and temporal boundaries of the human cognitive map.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lambros Malafouris
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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197
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Roepstorff A, Niewöhner J, Beck S. Enculturing brains through patterned practices. Neural Netw 2010; 23:1051-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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198
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Liew SL, Han S, Aziz-Zadeh L. Familiarity modulates mirror neuron and mentalizing regions during intention understanding. Hum Brain Mapp 2010; 32:1986-97. [PMID: 20882581 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research suggests that the inference of others' intentions from their observed actions is supported by two neural systems that perform complementary roles. The human putative mirror neuron system (pMNS) is thought to support automatic motor simulations of observed actions, with increased activity for previously experienced actions, whereas the mentalizing system provides reflective, non-intuitive reasoning of others' perspectives, particularly in the absence of prior experience. In the current fMRI study, we show how motor familiarity with an action and perceptual familiarity with the race of an actor uniquely modulate these two systems. Chinese participants were asked to infer the intentions of actors performing symbolic gestures, an important form of non-verbal communication that has been shown to activate both mentalizing and mirror neuron regions. Stimuli were manipulated along two dimensions: (1) actor's race (Caucasian vs. Chinese actors) and (2) participants' level of experience with the gestures (familiar or unfamiliar). We found that observing all gestures compared to observing still images was associated with increased activity in key regions of both the pMNS and mentalizing systems. In addition, observations of one's same race generated greater activity in the posterior pMNS-related regions and the insula than observations of a different race. Surprisingly, however, familiar gestures more strongly activated regions associated with mentalizing, while unfamiliar gestures more strongly activated the posterior region of the pMNS, a finding that is contrary to prior literature and demonstrates the powerful modulatory effects of both motor and perceptual familiarity on pMNS and mentalizing regions when asked to infer the intentions of intransitive gestures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sook-Lei Liew
- The Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-2520, USA.
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199
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Chiao JY, Harada T, Komeda H, Li Z, Mano Y, Saito D, Parrish TB, Sadato N, Iidaka T. Dynamic cultural influences on neural representations of the self. J Cogn Neurosci 2010; 22:1-11. [PMID: 19199421 DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2009.21192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
People living in multicultural environments often encounter situations which require them to acquire different cultural schemas and to switch between these cultural schemas depending on their immediate sociocultural context. Prior behavioral studies show that priming cultural schemas reliably impacts mental processes and behavior underlying self-concept. However, less well understood is whether or not cultural priming affects neurobiological mechanisms underlying the self. Here we examined whether priming cultural values of individualism and collectivism in bicultural individuals affects neural activity in cortical midline structures underlying self-relevant processes using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Biculturals primed with individualistic values showed increased activation within medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) during general relative to contextual self-judgments, whereas biculturals primed with collectivistic values showed increased response within MPFC and PCC during contextual relative to general self-judgments. Moreover, degree of cultural priming was positively correlated with degree of MPFC and PCC activity during culturally congruent self-judgments. These findings illustrate the dynamic influence of culture on neural representations underlying the self and, more broadly, suggest a neurobiological basis by which people acculturate to novel environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Y Chiao
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, 2029 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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200
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Staniloiu A, Markowitsch HJ, Brand M. Psychogenic amnesia – A malady of the constricted self. Conscious Cogn 2010; 19:778-801. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2010.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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