151
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Malo CS, Hickman HD. Tracing Antiviral CD8 + T Cell Responses Using In Vivo Imaging. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 203:775-781. [PMID: 31383748 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Scientists have long valued the power of in vivo observation to answer fundamental biological questions. Over the last 20 years, the application and evolution of intravital microscopy (IVM) has vastly increased our ability to directly visualize immune responses as they are occurring in vivo after infection or immunization. Many IVM strategies employ a strong multiphoton laser that penetrates deeply into the tissues of living, anesthetized mice, allowing the precise tracking of the movement of cells as they navigate complex tissue environments. In the realm of viral infections, IVM has been applied to better understand many critical phases of effector T cell responses, from activation in the draining lymph node, to the execution of effector functions, and finally to the development of tissue-resident memory. In this review, we discuss seminal studies incorporating IVM that have advanced our understanding of the biology of antiviral CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney S Malo
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Heather D Hickman
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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152
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Gratz IK, Campbell DJ. Resident memory T cells show that it is never too late to change your ways. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:359-360. [PMID: 32205885 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0637-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iris K Gratz
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria. .,Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA. .,EB House Austria, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Daniel J Campbell
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
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153
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Frizzell H, Fonseca R, Christo SN, Evrard M, Cruz-Gomez S, Zanluqui NG, von Scheidt B, Freestone D, Park SL, McWilliam HEG, Villadangos JA, Carbone FR, Mackay LK. Organ-specific isoform selection of fatty acid–binding proteins in tissue-resident lymphocytes. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:5/46/eaay9283. [DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aay9283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells exist throughout the body, where they are poised to mediate local immune responses. Although studies have defined a common mechanism of residency independent of location, there is likely to be a level of specialization that adapts TRM cells to their given tissue of lodgment. It has been shown that TRM cells in the skin rely on the uptake of exogenous fatty acids for their survival and up-regulate fatty acid–binding protein 4 (FABP4) and FABP5 as part of their transcriptional program. However, FABPs exist as a larger family of isoforms, with different members selected in a tissue-specific fashion that is optimized for local fatty acid availability. Here, we show that although TRM cells in a range of tissue widely express FABPs, they are not restricted to FABP4 and FABP5. Instead, TRM cells show varying patterns of isoform usage that are determined by tissue-derived factors. These patterns are malleable because TRM cells relocated to different organs modify their FABP expression in line with their new location. As a consequence, these results argue for tissue-specific overlays to the TRM cell residency program, including FABP expression that is tailored to the particular tissue of TRM cell lodgment.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Frizzell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - R. Fonseca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - S. N. Christo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - M. Evrard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - S. Cruz-Gomez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - N. G. Zanluqui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - B. von Scheidt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - D. Freestone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - S. L. Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - H. E. G. McWilliam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - J. A. Villadangos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - F. R. Carbone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - L. K. Mackay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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154
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Szabo PA, Miron M, Farber DL. Location, location, location: Tissue resident memory T cells in mice and humans. Sci Immunol 2020; 4:4/34/eaas9673. [PMID: 30952804 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aas9673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of T cells resident in diverse tissues has altered our understanding of adaptive immunity to encompass site-specific responses mediated by tissue-adapted memory T cells throughout the body. Here, we discuss the key phenotypic, transcriptional, and functional features of these tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) as established in mouse models of infection and translated to humans by novel tissue sampling approaches. Integration of findings from mouse and human studies may hold the key to unlocking the potential of TRM for promoting tissue immunity and preventing infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Szabo
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michelle Miron
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Donna L Farber
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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155
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Shacklett BL, Ferre AL, Kiniry BE. Defining T Cell Tissue Residency in Humans: Implications for HIV Pathogenesis and Vaccine Design. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2020; 17:109-117. [PMID: 32052270 PMCID: PMC7072053 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-020-00481-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes recent literature defining tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) and discusses implications for HIV pathogenesis, vaccines, and eradication efforts. RECENT FINDINGS Investigations using animal models and human tissues have identified a TRM transcriptional profile and elucidated signals within the tissue microenvironment leading to TRM development and maintenance. TRM are major contributors to host response in infectious diseases and cancer; in addition, TRM contribute to pathogenic inflammation in a variety of settings. Although TRM are daunting to study in HIV infection, recent work has helped define their molecular signatures and effector functions and tested strategies for their mobilization. Exclusive reliance on blood sampling to gain an understanding of host immunity overlooks the contribution of TRM, which differ in significant ways from their counterparts in circulation. It is hoped that greater understanding of these cells will lead to novel approaches to prevent and/or eradicate HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara L Shacklett
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - April L Ferre
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Brenna E Kiniry
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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156
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Byrne A, Savas P, Sant S, Li R, Virassamy B, Luen SJ, Beavis PA, Mackay LK, Neeson PJ, Loi S. Tissue-resident memory T cells in breast cancer control and immunotherapy responses. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2020; 17:341-348. [PMID: 32112054 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-020-0333-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The presence of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) is associated with favourable outcomes in patients with breast cancer as well as in those with other solid tumours. T cells make up a considerable proportion of TILs and current evidence suggests that CD8+ T cells are a crucial determinant of favourable clinical outcomes. Studies involving tumour material from numerous solid tumour types, including breast cancer, demonstrate that the CD8+ TILs include a subpopulation of tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells. This subpopulation has features consistent with those of TRM cells, which have been described as having a role in peripheral immune surveillance and viral immunity in both humans and mice. Patients with early-stage triple-negative breast cancers harbouring greater numbers of TRM cells have a substantially improved prognosis and longer overall survival. Furthermore, patients with advanced-stage breast cancers with higher levels of TRM cells have increased response rates to anti-PD-1 antibodies. These findings have motivated efforts to explore whether CD8+ TRM cells include tumour-specific T cells, their functional responses to cognate antigens and their role in responses to immune checkpoint inhibition. In this Review, we focus on the clinical significance of CD8+ TRM cells and the potential ways that these cells can be targeted to improve the success of immunotherapeutic approaches in patients with breast cancer, as well as in those with other solid tumour types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Byrne
- Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Savas
- Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sneha Sant
- Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ran Li
- Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital and Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Balaji Virassamy
- Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen J Luen
- Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul A Beavis
- Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura K Mackay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul J Neeson
- Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sherene Loi
- Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. .,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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157
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Fonseca R, Beura LK, Quarnstrom CF, Ghoneim HE, Fan Y, Zebley CC, Scott MC, Fares-Frederickson NJ, Wijeyesinghe S, Thompson EA, Borges da Silva H, Vezys V, Youngblood B, Masopust D. Developmental plasticity allows outside-in immune responses by resident memory T cells. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:412-421. [PMID: 32066954 PMCID: PMC7096285 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0607-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Central memory T (TCM) cells patrol lymph nodes and perform conventional memory responses on restimulation: proliferation, migration and differentiation into diverse T cell subsets while also self-renewing. Resident memory T (TRM) cells are parked within single organs, share properties with terminal effectors and contribute to rapid host protection. We observed that reactivated TRM cells rejoined the circulating pool. Epigenetic analyses revealed that TRM cells align closely with conventional memory T cell populations, bearing little resemblance to recently activated effectors. Fully differentiated TRM cells isolated from small intestine epithelium exhibited the potential to differentiate into TCM cells, effector memory T cells and TRM cells on recall. Ex-TRM cells, former intestinal TRM cells that rejoined the circulating pool, heritably maintained a predilection for homing back to their tissue of origin on subsequent reactivation and a heightened capacity to redifferentiate into TRM cells. Thus, TRM cells can rejoin the circulation but are advantaged to re-form local TRM when called on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raissa Fonseca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne and the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lalit K Beura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Clare F Quarnstrom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Hazem E Ghoneim
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yiping Fan
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Caitlin C Zebley
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Milcah C Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Nancy J Fares-Frederickson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sathi Wijeyesinghe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Emily A Thompson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Henrique Borges da Silva
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Vaiva Vezys
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Benjamin Youngblood
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - David Masopust
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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158
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Integrating resident memory into T cell differentiation models. Curr Opin Immunol 2020; 63:35-42. [PMID: 32018169 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the field of T cell memory, including the discovery of tissue residency, continue to add to the list of defined T cell subsets. Here, we briefly review the role of resident memory T cells (TRM) in protective immunity, and propose that they exhibit developmental and migrational plasticity. We discuss T cell classification, the concept of cell type versus 'subset', and the difficulty of inferring developmental relationships between cells occupying malleable differentiation states. We propose that popular subsetting strategies do not perfectly define boundaries of developmental potential. We integrate TRM into a 'terrace' model that classifies memory T cells along a continuous axis of decreasing developmental potential. This model also segregates cells on the basis of migration properties, although different migration properties are viewed as parallel differentiation states that may be permissive to change.
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159
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EGFR E746-A750 deletion in lung cancer represses antitumor immunity through the exosome-mediated inhibition of dendritic cells. Oncogene 2020; 39:2643-2657. [PMID: 32001818 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1182-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
EGFR-mutant lung cancer (LC) patients display a poor response to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. In the absence of independent genetic validation, whether EGFR mutation distorts host antitumor immunity is unknown. Here, we showed that in the clinic, LC with the E746-A750 deletion mutation (EGFR-19del) displayed a temporal association with the loss of intratumoral CD8+ T cells. In a xenograft model, EGFR-19del-expressing Lewis lung cancer (LLC) tumors had a low T cell density at the early stage of tumor development, along with dendritic cells (DCs) exhibiting variant phenotypes in the tumors and draining lymph nodes (LNs). Importantly, EGFR-19del DCs were observed in the LNs of tumor-bearing mice and LC patients. The proliferative activity of T cells within the LN was significantly dampened. In vitro experiments indicated that the function of DCs was repressed by EGFR-19del LLC cells through exosome uptake in which exosomes derived from the EGFR-19del LLC cells could efficiently transfer active EGFR-19del to the surface of the DCs. Injection of EGFR-19del tumor-derived exosomes promoted LLC tumor progression and induced immunosuppression. The combination of gefitinib and GM-CSF treatment recovered tumor T cell infiltration in EGFR-19del tumors by rescuing the function of DCs and increasing the efficacy of anti-PD-L1 treatment. Together, these results indicated that LC with the EGFR E746-A750 deletion mutation induced anergic DCs to repress antitumor immunity through exosomes.
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160
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Khalil S, Bardawil T, Kurban M, Abbas O. Tissue-resident memory T cells in the skin. Inflamm Res 2020; 69:245-254. [PMID: 31989191 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-020-01320-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells are a newly described subset of memory T cells. The best characterized TRM cells are CD8+ and express CD103 and CD69. These cells are non-recirculating and persist long term in tissues, providing immediate protection against invading pathogens. However, their inappropriate activation might contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. In the skin, these cells have been described in psoriasis, vitiligo, and melanoma among other diseases. METHODS Literature review was done to highlight what is currently known on the phenotype and function of TRM cells and summarizes the available data describing their role in various cutaneous conditions. RESULTS Resolved psoriatic skin and disease-naïve non-lesional skin contain a population of IL-17-producing TRM cells with shared receptor sequences that recognize common antigens and likely contribute to disease recurrence after cessation of therapy. In vitiligo, TRM cells produce perforin, granzyme B, and interferon-γ following stimulation by interleukin-15 and collaborate with recirculating memory T cells to maintain disease. In melanoma, increased accumulation of TRM cells was recently shown to correlate with improved survival in patients undergoing therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Khalil
- Department of Dermatology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Tara Bardawil
- Department of Dermatology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mazen Kurban
- Department of Dermatology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ossama Abbas
- Department of Dermatology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
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161
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Local heroes or villains: tissue-resident memory T cells in human health and disease. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:113-122. [PMID: 31969685 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0359-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells are increasingly associated with the outcomes of health and disease. TRM cells can mediate local immune protection against infections and cancer, which has led to interest in TRM cells as targets for vaccination and immunotherapies. However, these cells have also been implicated in mediating detrimental pro-inflammatory responses in autoimmune skin diseases such as psoriasis, alopecia areata, and vitiligo. Here, we summarize the biology of TRM cells established in animal models and in translational human studies. We review the beneficial effects of TRM cells in mediating protective responses against infection and cancer and the adverse role of TRM cells in driving pathology in autoimmunity. A further understanding of the breadth and mechanisms of TRM cell activity is essential for the safe design of strategies that manipulate TRM cells, such that protective responses can be enhanced without unwanted tissue damage, and pathogenic TRM cells can be eliminated without losing local immunity.
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162
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Hochheiser K, Aw Yeang HX, Wagner T, Tutuka C, Behren A, Waithman J, Angel C, Neeson PJ, Gebhardt T, Gyorki DE. Accumulation of CD103 + CD8 + T cells in a cutaneous melanoma micrometastasis. Clin Transl Immunology 2019; 8:e1100. [PMID: 31885869 PMCID: PMC6931001 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The immune system can halt cancer progression by suppressing outgrowth of clinically occult micrometastases in a state of cancer-immune equilibrium. Cutaneous melanoma provides a unique opportunity to study the immune contexture of such lesions, as miniscule skin metastases are accessible to clinical inspection and diagnostic biopsy. Methods Here, we analysed by multiplex immunofluorescence microscopy samples from a melanoma patient presenting with an overt and an occult in-transit metastasis (ITM), the latter of which appeared as a small erythematous papule. Results Microarchitecture and immune composition in the two lesions were vastly different. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells accumulated around the margin of the overt SOX10+ Melan A+ ITM but were largely excluded from the tumor centre. By contrast, the occult micrometastasis contained only few SOX10+ Melan A- melanoma cells which were scattered within a dense infiltrate of T cells, including a prominent population of CD103+ CD8+ T cells resembling tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells. Notably, almost every single melanoma cell in the micrometastasis was in close proximity to these TRM-like cells. Conclusion Such results support the emerging concept that CD103+ CD8+ TRM cells are key mediators of cancer surveillance and imply an important function of these cells in controlling clinically occult micrometastases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hochheiser
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne VIC Australia.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Han Xian Aw Yeang
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne VIC Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Teagan Wagner
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - Candani Tutuka
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute Heidelberg VIC Australia
| | - Andreas Behren
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute Heidelberg VIC Australia
| | - Jason Waithman
- Telethon Kids Institute University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | | | - Paul J Neeson
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne VIC Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Thomas Gebhardt
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - David E Gyorki
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne VIC Australia.,Department of Surgery University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia
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163
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Lefebvre MN, Harty JT. You Shall Not Pass: Memory CD8 T Cells in Liver-Stage Malaria. Trends Parasitol 2019; 36:147-157. [PMID: 31843536 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Each year over 200 million malaria infections occur, with over 400 000 associated deaths. Vaccines formed with attenuated whole parasites can induce protective memory CD8 T cell responses against liver-stage malaria; however, widespread administration of such vaccines is logistically challenging. Recent scientific findings are delineating how protective memory CD8 T cell populations are primed and maintained and how such cells mediate immunity to liver-stage malaria. Memory CD8 T cell anatomic localization and expression of transcription factors, homing receptors, and signaling molecules appear to play integral roles in protective immunity to liver-stage malaria. Further investigation of how such factors contribute to optimal protective memory CD8 T cell generation and maintenance in humans will inform efforts for improved vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell N Lefebvre
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - John T Harty
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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164
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Van Braeckel-Budimir N, Varga SM, Badovinac VP, Harty JT. Repeated Antigen Exposure Extends the Durability of Influenza-Specific Lung-Resident Memory CD8 + T Cells and Heterosubtypic Immunity. Cell Rep 2019; 24:3374-3382.e3. [PMID: 30257199 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung-resident primary memory CD8+ T cell populations (Trm) induced by a single influenza infection decline within months, rendering the host susceptible to new heterosubtypic influenza infections. Here, we demonstrate that, relative to single virus exposure, repeated antigen exposure dramatically alters the dynamics of influenza-specific lung Trm populations. Lung Trm derived from repeatedly stimulated circulating memory CD8+ T cells exhibit extended durability and protective heterosubtypic immunity relative to primary lung Trm. Parabiosis studies reveal that the enhanced durability of lung Trm after multiple antigen encounters resulted from the generation of long-lasting circulating effector memory (Tem) populations, which maintained the ability to be recruited to the lung parenchyma and converted to Trm, in combination with enhanced survival of these cells in the lung. Thus, generating a long-lasting Trm precursor pool through repeated intranasal immunizations might be a promising strategy to establish long-lasting lung Trm-mediated heterosubtypic immunity against influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven M Varga
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - John T Harty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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165
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Migration and Function of Memory CD8 + T Cells in Skin. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 140:748-755. [PMID: 31812277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ memory T cells provide anamnestic host defense against intracellular pathogens and cancer immunosurveillance but are also pathogenic in some autoimmune diseases. In mouse skin, there are two unique subsets of CD8+ memory T cells, resident memory cells that reside long-term in steady state skin and recirculating memory cells that are transient. They have distinct mechanisms of recruitment, development, and maintenance in response to skin-derived signals. In this review, we will focus on these mechanisms and the functional relationship of these two types of CD8+ memory cells with host defense and disease.
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166
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Hobbs SJ, Nolz JC. Targeted Expansion of Tissue-Resident CD8 + T Cells to Boost Cellular Immunity in the Skin. Cell Rep 2019; 29:2990-2997.e2. [PMID: 31801067 PMCID: PMC6914228 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory (TRM) CD8+ T cells are positioned within environmental barrier tissues to provide a first line of defense against pathogen entry, but whether these specialized T cell populations can be readily boosted to increase protective immunity is ill defined. Here, we demonstrate that repeated activation of rare, endogenous TRM CD8+ T cells, using only topical application of antigenic peptide causes delayed-type hypersensitivity and increases the number of antigen-specific TRM CD8+ T cells, specifically in the challenged skin by ∼15-fold. Expanded TRM CD8+ T cells in the skin are derived from memory T cells recruited out of the circulation that became CD69+ tissue residents following a local antigen encounter. Notably, recruited circulating memory CD8+ T cells of a different antigen specificity could be coerced to become tissue resident using a dual-peptide challenge strategy. Expanded TRM CD8+ T cells significantly increase anti-viral protection, suggesting that this approach could be used to rapidly boost tissue-specific cellular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Hobbs
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Nolz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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167
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Pre-exposure prophylaxis differentially alters circulating and mucosal immune cell activation in herpes simplex virus type 2 seropositive women. AIDS 2019; 33:2125-2136. [PMID: 31335802 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oral tenofovir-based pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an important tool for prevention of new HIV infections, which also reduces subclinical herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) shedding and symptomatic lesions in HIV-negative, HSV-2-seropositive individuals. However, the impact of PrEP on mucosal immunity has not been examined in detail. DESIGN Here we evaluate paired genital tissue and systemic immune profiles to characterize the immunological effects of PrEP in HIV-negative, HSV-2-seropositive African women sexually exposed to HIV. METHODS We compared local and systemic innate and T-cell characteristics in samples collected during PrEP usage and 2 months after PrEP discontinuation. RESULTS We found that frequencies of cervical CCR5CD4 cells, regulatory T cells, and tissue macrophages were significantly reduced during PrEP use compared with after PrEP discontinuation. In contrast, peripheral blood CD4 and CD8 T cells expressing markers of activation and trafficking were increased during PrEP usage. CONCLUSION Together, our data are consistent with PrEP altering immunity differentially in the female genital tract compared with circulation in HSV-2+ women. Further study including comparison with HSV-2 negative women is needed to define the overall impact and mechanisms underlying these effects. These results point to the critical need to study the human mucosal compartment to characterize immune responses to mucosal infections.
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168
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Cantero-Pérez J, Grau-Expósito J, Serra-Peinado C, Rosero DA, Luque-Ballesteros L, Astorga-Gamaza A, Castellví J, Sanhueza T, Tapia G, Lloveras B, Fernández MA, Prado JG, Solé-Sedeno JM, Tarrats A, Lecumberri C, Mañalich-Barrachina L, Centeno-Mediavilla C, Falcó V, Buzon MJ, Genescà M. Resident memory T cells are a cellular reservoir for HIV in the cervical mucosa. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4739. [PMID: 31628331 PMCID: PMC6802119 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12732-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV viral reservoirs are established very early during infection. Resident memory T cells (TRM) are present in tissues such as the lower female genital tract, but the contribution of this subset of cells to the pathogenesis and persistence of HIV remains unclear. Here, we show that cervical CD4+TRM display a unique repertoire of clusters of differentiation, with enrichment of several molecules associated with HIV infection susceptibility, longevity and self-renewing capacities. These protein profiles are enriched in a fraction of CD4+TRM expressing CD32. Cervical explant models show that CD4+TRM preferentially support HIV infection and harbor more viral DNA and protein than non-TRM. Importantly, cervical tissue from ART-suppressed HIV+ women contain high levels of viral DNA and RNA, being the TRM fraction the principal contributor. These results recognize the lower female genital tract as an HIV sanctuary and identify CD4+TRM as primary targets of HIV infection and viral persistence. Thus, strategies towards an HIV cure will need to consider TRM phenotypes, which are widely distributed in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Cantero-Pérez
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Grau-Expósito
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Serra-Peinado
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniela A Rosero
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Luque-Ballesteros
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Astorga-Gamaza
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Castellví
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tamara Sanhueza
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gustavo Tapia
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Belen Lloveras
- Pathology Department, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marco A Fernández
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Julia G Prado
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Josep M Solé-Sedeno
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Tarrats
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Lecumberri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Mañalich-Barrachina
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Centeno-Mediavilla
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicenç Falcó
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria J Buzon
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Meritxell Genescà
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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169
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Szabo PA, Levitin HM, Miron M, Snyder ME, Senda T, Yuan J, Cheng YL, Bush EC, Dogra P, Thapa P, Farber DL, Sims PA. Single-cell transcriptomics of human T cells reveals tissue and activation signatures in health and disease. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4706. [PMID: 31624246 PMCID: PMC6797728 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12464-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T cells coordinate adaptive immunity in diverse anatomic compartments through production of cytokines and effector molecules, but it is unclear how tissue site influences T cell persistence and function. Here, we use single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) to define the heterogeneity of human T cells isolated from lungs, lymph nodes, bone marrow and blood, and their functional responses following stimulation. Through analysis of >50,000 resting and activated T cells, we reveal tissue T cell signatures in mucosal and lymphoid sites, and lineage-specific activation states across all sites including distinct effector states for CD8+ T cells and an interferon-response state for CD4+ T cells. Comparing scRNA-seq profiles of tumor-associated T cells to our dataset reveals predominant activated CD8+ compared to CD4+ T cell states within multiple tumor types. Our results therefore establish a high dimensional reference map of human T cell activation in health for analyzing T cells in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Szabo
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hanna Mendes Levitin
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michelle Miron
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mark E Snyder
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Takashi Senda
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jinzhou Yuan
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yim Ling Cheng
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erin C Bush
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pranay Dogra
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Puspa Thapa
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Donna L Farber
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Peter A Sims
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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170
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Goplen NP, Huang S, Zhu B, Cheon IS, Son YM, Wang Z, Li C, Dai Q, Jiang L, Sun J. Tissue-Resident Macrophages Limit Pulmonary CD8 Resident Memory T Cell Establishment. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2332. [PMID: 31681267 PMCID: PMC6797929 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue resident memory CD8 T cells (TRM) serve as potent local sentinels and contribute significantly to protective immunity against intracellular mucosal pathogens. While the molecular and transcriptional underpinnings of TRM differentiation are emerging, how TRM establishment is regulated by other leukocytes in vivo is largely unclear. Here, we observed that expression of PPAR-γ in the myeloid compartment was a negative regulator of CD8 TRM establishment following influenza virus infection. Interestingly, myeloid deficiency of PPAR-γ resulted in selective impairment of the tissue-resident alveolar macrophage (AM) compartment during primary influenza infection, suggesting that AM are likely negative regulators of CD8 TRM differentiation. Indeed, influenza-specific CD8 TRM cell numbers were increased following early, but not late ablation of AM using the CD169-DTR model. Importantly, these findings were specific to the parenchyma of infected tissue as circulating memory T cell frequencies in lung and TCM and TEM in spleen were largely unaltered following macrophage ablation. Further, the magnitude of the effector response could not explain these observations. These data indicate local regulation of pulmonary TRM differentiation is alveolar macrophage dependent. These, findings could aid in vaccine design aimed at increasing TRM density to enhance protective immunity, or deflating their numbers in conditions where they cause overt or veiled chronic pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick P Goplen
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Su Huang
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Bibo Zhu
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - In Su Cheon
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Young Min Son
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Zheng Wang
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Chaofan Li
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Qigang Dai
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Li Jiang
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Jie Sun
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States
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171
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Chen L, Shen Z. Tissue-resident memory T cells and their biological characteristics in the recurrence of inflammatory skin disorders. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 17:64-75. [PMID: 31595056 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0291-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is the largest organ of the body. The establishment of immunological memory in the skin is a crucial component of the adaptive immune response. Once naive T cells are activated by antigen-presenting cells, a small fraction of them differentiate into precursor memory T cells. These precursor cells ultimately develop into several subsets of memory T cells, including central memory T (TCM) cells, effector memory T (TEM) cells, and tissue resident memory T (TRM) cells. TRM cells have a unique transcriptional profile, and their most striking characteristics are their long-term survival (longevity) and low migration in peripheral tissues, including the skin. Under physiological conditions, TRM cells that reside in the skin can respond rapidly to pathogenic challenges. However, there is emerging evidence to support the vital role of TRM cells in the recurrence of chronic inflammatory skin disorders, including psoriasis, vitiligo, and fixed drug eruption, under pathological or uncontrolled conditions. Clarifying and characterizing the mechanisms that are involved in skin TRM cells will help provide promising strategies for reducing the frequency and magnitude of skin inflammation recurrence. Here, we discuss recent insights into the generation, homing, retention, and survival of TRM cells and share our perspectives on the biological characteristics of TRM cells in the recurrence of inflammatory skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Zhu Shen
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital; School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China.
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172
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Lai JCY, Cheng WK, Hopkins PD, Komba M, Carlow DA, Dutz JP. Topical Adjuvant Application during Subcutaneous Vaccination Promotes Resident Memory T Cell Generation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:2443-2450. [PMID: 31578270 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Skin tissue resident memory T cells (TRM) provide superior protection to a second infection. In this study, we evaluated the use of topical CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) as adjuvant to generate skin TRM in mice. Topical or s.c. CpG ODN adjuvant administration at the time of a s.c. Ag injection led to an accumulation of CD103- CD8 T cells in the epidermis. However, only mice with CpG ODN administered topically had significant numbers of CD103+ Ag-specific CD8 T cells persisting in the local epidermal skin, enhanced circulating memory cells in the blood, and showed protection from intradermal challenge with melanoma cells. Generation of Ag-specific CD8 T cells was dependent on TLR9 expression on hematopoietic cells and partially dependent on receptor expression on stromal cells. Topical challenge of immunized mice at a distal site led to significant expansion of Ag-specific T cells in the blood and accumulation in the challenged skin. We demonstrate that local and systemic T cell memory can be generated with topical CpG ODN at the time of s.c. immunization, suggesting a new method of enhancing current vaccine formulations to generate tissue TRM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline C Y Lai
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4E8, Canada; and.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Wing Ki Cheng
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4E8, Canada; and.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Patrick D Hopkins
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4E8, Canada; and.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Mitsuhiro Komba
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Douglas A Carlow
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4E8, Canada; and.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Jan P Dutz
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4E8, Canada; and .,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
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173
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Xu N, Ruan G, Liu W, Hu C, Huang A, Zeng Z, Luo S, Zhang Z, Fan M, Ye F, Xi T, Xing Y. Vaccine-induced gastric CD4 + tissue-resident memory T cells proliferate in situ to amplify immune response against Helicobacter pylori insult. Helicobacter 2019; 24:e12652. [PMID: 31414552 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue-resident memory T cells accelerate the clearance of pathogens during recall response. However, whether CD4+ TRM cells themselves can provide gastric immunity is unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS We established a parabiosis model between the enhanced green fluorescent protein and wild-type mice that the circulation system was shared, and the wild-type partner was vaccinated with H pylori vaccine composed of CCF and silk fibroin in gastric subserous layer to induce gastric EGFP+ CD4+ TRM cells. Antigen-specific EGFP+ CD4+ T cells and proliferous TRM cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. The colonization of H pylori was detected by quantitative real-time PCR. EGFP+ CD4+ TRM cells and the inflammation of the stomach were observed by histology. RESULTS A parabiosis animal model was employed to identify the cells that introduced by vaccination in GSL. Antigen-specific EGFP+ CD4+ T cells could be detected at day 7 post-vaccination. Thirty days later, EGFP+ CD4+ TRM cells were established with a phenotype of CD69+ CD103- . Of note, we found that when circulating lymphocytes were depleted by FTY720 administration, these TRM cells could proliferate in situ and differentiate into effector Th1 cells after H pylori challenge. A decrease in H pylori colonization was observed in the vaccinated mice but not unvaccinated mice. Further, we found that although FTY720 was administrated, mounted pro-inflammatory myeloid cells still emerged in the stomach of the vaccinated mice, which might contribute to the reduction of H pylori colonization. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals that H pylori vaccine-induced CD4+ TRM cells can proliferate and differentiate in situ to enhance gastric local immunity during recall response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningyin Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guojing Ruan
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chupeng Hu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - An Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiqin Zeng
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuanghui Luo
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenxing Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Menghui Fan
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Xi
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingying Xing
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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174
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Wein AN, McMaster SR, Takamura S, Dunbar PR, Cartwright EK, Hayward SL, McManus DT, Shimaoka T, Ueha S, Tsukui T, Masumoto T, Kurachi M, Matsushima K, Kohlmeier JE. CXCR6 regulates localization of tissue-resident memory CD8 T cells to the airways. J Exp Med 2019; 216:2748-2762. [PMID: 31558615 PMCID: PMC6888981 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung TRM cells are present in both the interstitium and airways, but factors regulating their localization to these distinct sites are unknown. This work shows that the CXCR6/CXCL16 axis governs the partitioning of TRM cells to different compartments of the lung and maintains the airway TRM cell pool. Resident memory T cells (TRM cells) are an important first-line defense against respiratory pathogens, but the unique contributions of lung TRM cell populations to protective immunity and the factors that govern their localization to different compartments of the lung are not well understood. Here, we show that airway and interstitial TRM cells have distinct effector functions and that CXCR6 controls the partitioning of TRM cells within the lung by recruiting CD8 TRM cells to the airways. The absence of CXCR6 significantly decreases airway CD8 TRM cells due to altered trafficking of CXCR6−/− cells within the lung, and not decreased survival in the airways. CXCL16, the ligand for CXCR6, is localized primarily at the respiratory epithelium, and mice lacking CXCL16 also had decreased CD8 TRM cells in the airways. Finally, blocking CXCL16 inhibited the steady-state maintenance of airway TRM cells. Thus, the CXCR6/CXCL16 signaling axis controls the localization of TRM cells to different compartments of the lung and maintains airway TRM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Wein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Sean R McMaster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Shiki Takamura
- Department of Immunology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Paul R Dunbar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Emily K Cartwright
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Sarah L Hayward
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Daniel T McManus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Takeshi Shimaoka
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ueha
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tsukui
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Tomoko Masumoto
- Department of Immunology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Kurachi
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kouji Matsushima
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jacob E Kohlmeier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA .,Emory-UGA Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance, Atlanta, GA
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175
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Mucosal CD8+ T cell responses induced by an MCMV based vaccine vector confer protection against influenza challenge. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008036. [PMID: 31525249 PMCID: PMC6763260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a ubiquitous β-herpesvirus that establishes life-long latent infection in a high percentage of the population worldwide. CMV induces the strongest and most durable CD8+ T cell response known in human clinical medicine. Due to its unique properties, the virus represents a promising candidate vaccine vector for the induction of persistent cellular immunity. To take advantage of this, we constructed a recombinant murine CMV (MCMV) expressing an MHC-I restricted epitope from influenza A virus (IAV) H1N1 within the immediate early 2 (ie2) gene. Only mice that were immunized intranasally (i.n.) were capable of controlling IAV infection, despite the greater potency of the intraperitoneally (i.p.) vaccination in inducing a systemic IAV-specific CD8+ T cell response. The protective capacity of the i.n. immunization was associated with its ability to induce IAV-specific tissue-resident memory CD8+ T (CD8TRM) cells in the lungs. Our data demonstrate that the protective effect exerted by the i.n. immunization was critically mediated by antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. CD8TRM cells promoted the induction of IFNγ and chemokines that facilitate the recruitment of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells to the lungs. Overall, our results showed that locally applied MCMV vectors could induce mucosal immunity at sites of entry, providing superior immune protection against respiratory infections. Vaccines against influenza typically induce immune responses based on antibodies, small molecules that recognize the virus particles outside of cells and neutralize them before they infect a cell. However, influenza rapidly evolves, escaping immune recognition, and the fastest evolution is seen in the part of the virus that is recognized by antibodies. Therefore, every year we are confronted with new flu strains that are not recognized by our antibodies against the strains from previous years. The other branch of the immune system is made of killer T cells, which recognize infected cells and target them for killing. Influenza does not rapidly evolve to escape T cell killing; thus, vaccines inducing T-cell responses to influenza might provide long-term protection. We introduced an antigen from influenza into the murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) and used it as a vaccine vector inducing killer T-cell responses of unparalleled strength. Our vector controls influenza replication and provides relief to infected mice, but only if we administered it through the nose, to activate killer T cells that will persist in the lungs close to the airways. Therefore, our data show that the subset of lung-resident killer T cells is sufficient to protect against influenza.
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176
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Single-Dose Vaccination with a Hepatotropic Adeno-associated Virus Efficiently Localizes T Cell Immunity in the Liver with the Potential To Confer Rapid Protection against Hepatitis C Virus. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00202-19. [PMID: 31292249 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00202-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a significant contributor to the global disease burden, and development of an effective vaccine is required to eliminate HCV infections worldwide. CD4+ and CD8+ T cell immunity correlates with viral clearance in primary HCV infection, and intrahepatic CD8+ tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells provide lifelong and rapid protection against hepatotropic pathogens. Consequently, we aimed to develop a vaccine to elicit HCV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, including CD8+ TRM cells, in the liver, given that HCV primarily infects hepatocytes. To achieve this, we vaccinated wild-type BALB/c mice with a highly immunogenic cytolytic DNA vaccine encoding a model HCV (genotype 3a) nonstructural protein (NS5B) and a mutant perforin (pVAX-NS5B-PRF), as well as a recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) encoding NS5B (rAAV-NS5B). A novel fluorescent target array (FTA) was used to map immunodominant CD4+ T helper (TH) cell and cytotoxic CD8+ T cell epitopes of NS5B in vivo, which were subsequently used to design a KdNS5B451-459 tetramer and analyze NS5B-specific T cell responses in vaccinated mice in vivo The data showed that intradermal prime/boost vaccination with pVAX-NS5B-PRF was effective in eliciting TH and cytotoxic CD8+ T cell responses and intrahepatic CD8+ TRM cells, but a single intravenous dose of hepatotropic rAAV-NS5B was significantly more effective. As a T-cell-based vaccine against HCV should ideally result in localized T cell responses in the liver, this study describes primary observations in the context of HCV vaccination that can be used to achieve this goal.IMPORTANCE There are currently at least 71 million individuals with chronic HCV worldwide and almost two million new infections annually. Although the advent of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) offers highly effective therapy, considerable remaining challenges argue against reliance on DAAs for HCV elimination, including high drug cost, poorly developed health infrastructure, low screening rates, and significant reinfection rates. Accordingly, development of an effective vaccine is crucial to HCV elimination. An HCV vaccine that elicits T cell immunity in the liver will be highly protective for the following reasons: (i) T cell responses against nonstructural proteins of the virus are associated with clearance of primary infection, and (ii) long-lived liver-resident T cells alone can protect against malaria infection of hepatocytes. Thus, in this study we exploit promising vaccination platforms to highlight strategies that can be used to evoke highly functional and long-lived T cell responses in the liver for protection against HCV.
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177
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Chen M, Reed RR, Lane AP. Chronic Inflammation Directs an Olfactory Stem Cell Functional Switch from Neuroregeneration to Immune Defense. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 25:501-513.e5. [PMID: 31523027 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although olfactory mucosa possesses long-lived horizontal basal stem cells (HBCs) and remarkable regenerative capacity, the function of human olfactory neuroepithelium is significantly impaired in chronic inflammatory rhinosinusitis. Here, we show that, while inflammation initially damages olfactory neurons and activates HBC-mediated regeneration, continued inflammation locks HBCs in an undifferentiated state. Global gene expression in mouse HBCs reveals broad upregulation of NF-κB-regulated cytokines and chemokines including CCL19, CCL20, and CXCL10, accompanied by enhancement of "stemness"-related transcription factors. Loss-of-function studies identify an NF-κB-dependent role of HBCs in amplifying inflammatory signaling, contributing to macrophage and T cell local proliferation. Chronically activated HBCs signal macrophages to maintain immune defense and prevent Treg development. In diseased human olfactory tissue, activated HBCs in a P63+ undifferentiated state similarly contribute to inflammation through chemokine production. These observations establish a mechanism of chronic rhinosinusitis-associated olfactory loss, caused by a functional switch of neuroepithelial stem cells from regeneration to immune defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfei Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Randall R Reed
- Center for Sensory Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Andrew P Lane
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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178
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To Go or Stay: The Development, Benefit, and Detriment of Tissue-Resident Memory CD8 T Cells during Central Nervous System Viral Infections. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090842. [PMID: 31514273 PMCID: PMC6784233 DOI: 10.3390/v11090842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8 T cells coordinate immune defenses against viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS). Virus-specific CD8 T cells infiltrate the CNS and differentiate into brain-resident memory CD8 T cells (CD8 bTRM). CD8 bTRM are characterized by a lack of recirculation and expression of phenotypes and transcriptomes distinct from other CD8 T cell memory subsets. CD8 bTRM have been shown to provide durable, autonomous protection against viral reinfection and the resurgence of latent viral infections. CD8 T cells have also been implicated in the development of neural damage following viral infection, which demonstrates that the infiltration of CD8 T cells into the brain can also be pathogenic. In this review, we will explore the residency and maintenance requirements for CD8 bTRM and discuss their roles in controlling viral infections of the brain.
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179
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Stark R, Wesselink TH, Behr FM, Kragten NAM, Arens R, Koch-Nolte F, van Gisbergen KPJM, van Lier RAW. T RM maintenance is regulated by tissue damage via P2RX7. Sci Immunol 2019; 3:3/30/eaau1022. [PMID: 30552101 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aau1022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) are noncirculating immune cells that contribute to the first line of local defense against reinfections. Their location at hotspots of pathogen encounter frequently exposes TRM to tissue damage. This history of danger-signal exposure is an important aspect of TRM-mediated immunity that has been overlooked so far. RNA profiling revealed that TRM from liver and small intestine express P2RX7, a damage/danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) receptor that is triggered by extracellular nucleotides (ATP, NAD+). We confirmed that P2RX7 protein was expressed in CD8+ TRM but not in circulating T cells (TCIRC) across different infection models. Tissue damage induced during routine isolation of liver lymphocytes led to P2RX7 activation and resulted in selective cell death of TRM P2RX7 activation in vivo by exogenous NAD+ led to a specific depletion of TRM while retaining TCIRC The effect was absent in P2RX7-deficient mice and after P2RX7 blockade. TCR triggering down-regulated P2RX7 expression and made TRM resistant to NAD-induced cell death. Physiological triggering of P2RX7 by sterile tissue damage during acetaminophen-induced liver injury led to a loss of previously acquired pathogen-specific local TRM in wild-type but not in P2RX7 KO T cells. Our results highlight P2RX7-mediated signaling as a critical pathway for the regulation of TRM maintenance. Extracellular nucleotides released during infection and tissue damage could deplete TRM locally and free niches for new and infection-relevant specificities. This suggests that the recognition of tissue damage promotes persistence of antigen-specific over bystander TRM in the tissue niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Stark
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. .,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Thomas H Wesselink
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Felix M Behr
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Natasja A M Kragten
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaas P J M van Gisbergen
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - René A W van Lier
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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180
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Ebert G, Paradkar PN, Londrigan SL. Virology Downunder, a meeting commentary from the 2019 Lorne Infection and Immunity Conference, Australia. Virol J 2019; 16:109. [PMID: 31477134 PMCID: PMC6720860 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1217-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this article is to summarise the virology content presented at the 9th Lorne Infection and Immunity Conference, Australia, in February 2019. The broad program included virology as a key theme, and the commentary herein highlights several key virology presentations at the meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Ebert
- Infectious Disease and Immune Defence Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Prasad N Paradkar
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Sarah L Londrigan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
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181
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Koff WC, Schenkelberg T. The future of vaccine development. Vaccine 2019; 38:4485-4486. [PMID: 31443989 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.07.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines are one of the most successful public health interventions in our history resulting in eradication of small pox, near eradication of polio and major reductions in case number and global morbidity and mortality for numerous diseases (Centers for Disease C, 1999) [1]. However, vaccine development has been less successful against complex infectious diseases, where pathogen variability and/or immune evasion mechanisms have combined to pose major obstacles, and have been unsuccessful against non-communicable diseases, including cancer, autoimmunity, allergy, neurodegenerative and metabolic diseases (Koff et al., 2013) [2]. In addition, the current state of vaccine development is an expensive, slow and laborious process, costing billions of dollars, taking decades, with less than a 10% rate of success (Pronker et al., 2013) [3]. While some vaccines, such as the smallpox vaccine approach the gold standard of life-long protection in everyone following a single immunization, other vaccines are less effective, often requiring multiple immunizations, being less effective to populations most susceptible to disease such as infants, the elderly, and those living in the developing world. There is clearly an urgent need to determine ways to improve not just the effectiveness of the vaccines themselves but also the very processes by which they are developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne C Koff
- Human Vaccines Project, One Penn Plaza, Suite 6178, New York, NY 10119, United States.
| | - Theodore Schenkelberg
- Human Vaccines Project, One Penn Plaza, Suite 6178, New York, NY 10119, United States.
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182
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Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells have emerged as a major component of T cell biology. Recent investigations have greatly advanced our understanding of TRMs. Common features have been discovered to distinguish memory T cells residing in various mucosal and non-mucosal tissues from their circulating counterparts. Given that most organs and tissues contain a unique microenvironment, local signal-induced tissue-specific features are tightly associated with the differentiation, homeostasis, and protective functions of TRMs. Here, we discuss recent advances in the TRM field with a special emphasis on the interaction between local signals and TRMs in the context of individual tissue environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South Univeristy, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Chaoyu Ma
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Nu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
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183
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Willemsen M, Linkutė R, Luiten RM, Matos TR. Skin-resident memory T cells as a potential new therapeutic target in vitiligo and melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2019; 32:612-622. [PMID: 31230406 PMCID: PMC6851629 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (TRM ) cells are abundant in the memory T cell pool and remain resident in peripheral tissues, such as the skin, where they act as alarm sensors or cytotoxic killers. TRM cells persist long after the pathogen is eliminated and can respond rapidly upon reinfection with the same antigen. When aberrantly activated, skin-located TRM cells have a profound role in various skin disorders, including vitiligo and melanoma. Autoreactive TRM cells are present in human lesional vitiligo skin and mouse models of vitiligo, which suggests that targeting these cells could be effective as a durable treatment strategy for vitiligo. Furthermore, emerging evidence indicates that induction of melanoma-reactive TRM cells is needed to achieve effective protection against tumor growth. This review highlights seminal reports about skin-resident T cells, focusing mainly on their role in the context of vitiligo and melanoma, as well as their potential as therapeutic targets in both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Willemsen
- Department of Dermatology and Netherlands Institute for Pigment Disorders, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rugile Linkutė
- Department of Dermatology and Netherlands Institute for Pigment Disorders, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rosalie M Luiten
- Department of Dermatology and Netherlands Institute for Pigment Disorders, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tiago R Matos
- Department of Dermatology and Netherlands Institute for Pigment Disorders, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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184
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IRF4-dependent dendritic cells regulate CD8 + T-cell differentiation and memory responses in influenza infection. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:1025-1037. [PMID: 31089186 PMCID: PMC6527354 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0173-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Acute respiratory disease caused by influenza viruses is imperfectly mitigated by annual vaccination to select strains. Development of vaccines that elicit lung-resident memory CD8+ T cells (TRM) would offer more universal protection to seasonal and emerging pandemic viruses. Understanding how lung-resident dendritic cells (DCs) regulate TRM differentiation would be an important step in this process. Here, we used CD11c-cre-Irf4f/f (KO) mice, which lack lung-resident IRF4-dependent CD11b+CD24hi DCs and show IRF4 deficiency in other lung cDC subsets, to determine if IRF4-expressing DCs regulate CD8+ memory precursor cells and TRM during influenza A virus (IAV) infection. KO mice showed defective CD8+ T-cell memory, stemming from a deficit of T regulatory cells and memory precursor cells with decreased Foxo1 expression. Transfer of wild-type CD11b+CD24hi DCs into KO mice restored CD8+ memory precursor cell numbers to wild-type levels. KO mice recovered from a primary infection harbored reduced numbers of CD8+ TRM and showed deficient expansion of IFNγ+CD8+ T cells and increased lung pathology upon challenge with heterosubtypic IAV. Thus, vaccination strategies that harness the function of IRF4-dependent DCs could promote the differentiation of CD8+ TRM during IAV infection.
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185
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Park SL, Gebhardt T, Mackay LK. Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells in Cancer Immunosurveillance. Trends Immunol 2019; 40:735-747. [PMID: 31255505 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Following their activation and expansion in response to foreign threats, many T cells are retained in peripheral tissues without recirculating in the blood. These tissue-resident CD8+ memory T (TRM) cells patrol barrier surfaces and nonlymphoid organs, where their critical role in protecting against viral and bacterial infections is well established. Recent evidence suggests that TRM cells also play a vital part in preventing the development and spread of solid tumors. Here, we discuss the emerging role of TRM cells in anticancer immunity. We highlight defining features of tumor-localizing TRM cells, examine the mechanisms through which they have recently been shown to suppress cancer growth, and explore their potential as future targets of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone L Park
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Thomas Gebhardt
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Laura K Mackay
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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186
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Schiffer JT, Swan DA, Prlic M, Lund JM. Herpes simplex virus-2 dynamics as a probe to measure the extremely rapid and spatially localized tissue-resident T-cell response. Immunol Rev 2019; 285:113-133. [PMID: 30129205 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus-2 infection is characterized by frequent episodic shedding in the genital tract. Expansion in HSV-2 viral load early during episodes is extremely rapid. However, the virus invariably peaks within 18 hours and is eliminated nearly as quickly. A critical feature of HSV-2 shedding episodes is their heterogeneity. Some episodes peak at 108 HSV DNA copies, last for weeks due to frequent viral re-expansion, and lead to painful ulcers, while others only reach 103 HSV DNA copies and are eliminated within hours and without symptoms. Within single micro-environments of infection, tissue-resident CD8+ T cells (TRM ) appear to contain infection within a few days. Here, we review components of TRM biology relevant to immune surveillance between HSV-2 shedding episodes and containment of infection upon detection of HSV-2 cognate antigen. We then describe the use of mathematical models to correlate large spatial gradients in TRM density with the heterogeneity of observed shedding within a single person. We describe how models have been leveraged for clinical trial simulation, as well as future plans to model the interactions of multiple cellular subtypes within mucosa, predict the mechanism of action of therapeutic vaccines, and describe the dynamics of 3-dimensional infection environment during the natural evolution of an HSV-2 lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Schiffer
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David A Swan
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Martin Prlic
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer M Lund
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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187
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Adams NM, Sun JC. Spatial and temporal coordination of antiviral responses by group 1 ILCs. Immunol Rev 2019; 286:23-36. [PMID: 30294970 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Group 1 innate lymphocytes consist of a phenotypically, spatially, and functionally heterogeneous population of NK cells and ILC1s that are engaged during pathogen invasion. We are only beginning to understand the context-dependent roles that different subsets of group 1 innate lymphocytes play during homeostatic perturbations. With a focus on viral infection, this review highlights the organization and regulation of spatially and temporally distinct waves of NK cell and ILC1 responses that collectively serve to achieve optimal viral control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Adams
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York.,Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York
| | - Joseph C Sun
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York.,Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York
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188
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Omilusik KD, Goldrath AW. Remembering to remember: T cell memory maintenance and plasticity. Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 58:89-97. [PMID: 31170601 PMCID: PMC6612439 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Upon activation, naive T cells give rise to a heterogeneous cell population of effector and memory T cells that mediate antigen clearance and provide long-lived protection from rechallenge. Many of the transcriptional regulators that direct the differentiation of naive T cells to acquire the range of phenotypic and functional characteristics of effector and memory T cells have been described. However, the active programs that maintain the specific subsets of memory T cells are less clear. Here, we discuss recent studies that suggest effector and memory CD8+ T cells exist in cellular 'states' with inherent plasticity. Further, we consider the newly identified role of active transcriptional and epigenetic programming in maintaining the identity of the distinct subsets within the memory population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla D Omilusik
- University of California San Diego, Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Molecular Biology, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, United States
| | - Ananda W Goldrath
- University of California San Diego, Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Molecular Biology, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, United States.
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189
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Tissue patrol by resident memory CD8+ T cells in human skin. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:756-764. [DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0404-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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190
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Liu W, Zeng Z, Luo S, Hu C, Xu N, Huang A, Zheng L, Sundberg EJ, Xi T, Xing Y. Gastric Subserous Vaccination With Helicobacter pylori Vaccine: An Attempt to Establish Tissue-Resident CD4+ Memory T Cells and Induce Prolonged Protection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1115. [PMID: 31156652 PMCID: PMC6533896 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (Trm) cells are enriched at the sites of previous infection and required for enhanced protective immunity. However, the emergence of Trm cells and their roles in providing protection are unclear in the field of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) vaccinology. Here, our results suggest that conventional vaccine strategies are unable to establish a measurable antigen (Ag)-specific memory cell pool in stomach; in comparison, gastric subserous injection of mice with micro-dose of Alum-based H. pylori vaccine can induce a pool of local CD4+ Trm cells. Regional recruitment of Ag-specific CD4+ T cells depends on the engagement of Ag and adjuvant-induced inflammation. Prior subcutaneous vaccination enhanced this recruitment. A stable pool of Ag-specific CD4+ T cells can be detected for 240 days. Two weeks of FTY720 administration in immune mice suggests that these cells do not experience the recirculation. Immunohistochemistry results show that close to the vaccination site, abundant CD4+T cells locate on epithelial niches, independent of lymphocyte cluster. Paradigmatically, Ag-specific CD4+ T cells with a phenotype of CD69+CD103- are preferential on lymphocytes isolated from epithelium. Upon Helicobacter infection, CD4+ Trm cells orchestrate a swift recall response with the recruitment of circulating antigen-specific Th1/Th17 cells to trigger a tissue-wide pathogen clearance. This study investigates the vaccine-induced gastric CD4+ Trm cells in a mice model, and highlights the need for designing a vaccine strategy against H. pylori by establishing the protective CD4+ Trm cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiqin Zeng
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuanghui Luo
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chupeng Hu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ningyin Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - An Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lufeng Zheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Eric J Sundberg
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Tao Xi
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingying Xing
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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191
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Ogongo P, Porterfield JZ, Leslie A. Lung Tissue Resident Memory T-Cells in the Immune Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:992. [PMID: 31130965 PMCID: PMC6510113 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite widespread BCG vaccination and effective anti-TB drugs, Tuberculosis (TB) remains the leading cause of death from an infectious agent worldwide. Several recent publications give reasons to be optimistic about the possibility of a more effective vaccine, but the only full-scale clinical trial conducted failed to show protection above BCG. The immunogenicity of vaccines in humans is primarily evaluated by the systemic immune responses they generate, despite the fact that a correlation between these responses and protection from TB disease has not been demonstrated. A novel approach to tackling this problem is to study the local immune responses that occur at the site of TB infection in the human lung, rather than those detectable in blood. There is a growing understanding that pathogen specific T-cell immunity can be highly localized at the site of infection, due to the existence of tissue resident memory T-cells (Trm). Notably, these cells do not recirculate in the blood and thus may not be represented in studies of the systemic immune response. Here, we review the potential role of Trms as a component of the TB immune response and discuss how a better understanding of this response could be harnessed to improve TB vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ogongo
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James Zachary Porterfield
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.,College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Alasdair Leslie
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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192
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Bailur JK, McCachren SS, Doxie DB, Shrestha M, Pendleton K, Nooka AK, Neparidze N, Parker TL, Bar N, Kaufman JL, Hofmeister CC, Boise LH, Lonial S, Kemp ML, Dhodapkar KM, Dhodapkar MV. Early alterations in stem-like/resident T cells, innate and myeloid cells in the bone marrow in preneoplastic gammopathy. JCI Insight 2019; 5:127807. [PMID: 31013254 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.127807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Preneoplastic lesions carry many of the antigenic targets found in cancer cells but often exhibit prolonged dormancy. Understanding how the host response to premalignancy is maintained and altered during malignant transformation is needed to prevent cancer. In order to understand the immune microenvironment in precursor monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and myeloma, we analyzed bone marrow immune cells from 12 healthy donors and 26 MGUS/myeloma patients by mass cytometry and concurrently profiled transcriptomes of 42,606 single immune cells from these bone marrows. Compared to age-matched healthy donors, memory T cells from both MGUS and myeloma patients exhibit greater terminal-effector differentiation. However, memory T cells in MGUS show greater enrichment of stem-like TCF1/7hi cells. Clusters of T cells with stem-like and tissue-residence genes were also found to be enriched in MGUS by single-cell transcriptome analysis. Early changes in both NK and myeloid cells were also observed in MGUS. Enrichment of stem-like T cells correlated with a distinct genomic profile of myeloid cells and levels of Dickkopf-1 in bone-marrow plasma. These data describe the landscape of changes in both innate and adaptive immunity in premalignancy and suggest that attrition of the bone-marrow-resident T cell compartment due to loss of stem-like cells may underlie loss of immune surveillance in myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jithendra Kini Bailur
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Samuel S McCachren
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Deon B Doxie
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mahesh Shrestha
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Katherine Pendleton
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ajay K Nooka
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Natalia Neparidze
- Section of Hematology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Terri L Parker
- Section of Hematology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Noffar Bar
- Section of Hematology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jonathan L Kaufman
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Craig C Hofmeister
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lawrence H Boise
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sagar Lonial
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Melissa L Kemp
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kavita M Dhodapkar
- Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Madhav V Dhodapkar
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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193
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Ho AW, Kupper TS. T cells and the skin: from protective immunity to inflammatory skin disorders. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 19:490-502. [DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0162-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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194
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Characterization of donor and recipient CD8+ tissue-resident memory T cells in transplant nephrectomies. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5984. [PMID: 30979940 PMCID: PMC6461670 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42401-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells are characterized by their surface expression of CD69 and can be subdivided in CD103+ and CD103− TRM cells. The origin and functional characteristics of TRM cells in the renal allograft are largely unknown. To determine these features we studied TRM cells in transplant nephrectomies. TRM cells with a CD103+ and CD103− phenotype were present in all samples (n = 13) and were mainly CD8+ T cells. Of note, donor-derived TRM cells were only detectable in renal allografts that failed in the first month after transplantation. Grafts, which failed later, mainly contained recipient derived TRM cells. The gene expression profiles of the recipient derived CD8+ TRM cells were studied in more detail and showed a previously described signature of tissue residence within both CD103+ and CD103− TRM cells. All CD8+ TRM cells had strong effector abilities through the production of IFNγ and TNFα, and harboured high levels of intracellular granzyme B and low levels of perforin. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that donor and recipient TRM cells reside in the rejected renal allograft. Over time, the donor-derived TRM cells are replaced by recipient TRM cells which have features that enables these cells to aggressively respond to the allograft.
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195
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Ugur M, Mueller SN. T cell and dendritic cell interactions in lymphoid organs: More than just being in the right place at the right time. Immunol Rev 2019; 289:115-128. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Milas Ugur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Scott N. Mueller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne Victoria Australia
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
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196
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Mekonnen ZA, Grubor-Bauk B, Masavuli MG, Shrestha AC, Ranasinghe C, Bull RA, Lloyd AR, Gowans EJ, Wijesundara DK. Toward DNA-Based T-Cell Mediated Vaccines to Target HIV-1 and Hepatitis C Virus: Approaches to Elicit Localized Immunity for Protection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:91. [PMID: 31001491 PMCID: PMC6456646 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are major contributors to the global disease burden with many experts recognizing the requirement of an effective vaccine to bring a durable end to these viral epidemics. The most promising vaccine candidates that have advanced into pre-clinical models and the clinic to eliminate or provide protection against these chronic viruses are viral vectors [e.g., recombinant cytomegalovirus, Adenovirus, and modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA)]. This raises the question, is there a need to develop DNA vaccines against HIV-1 and HCV? Since the initial study from Wolff and colleagues which showed that DNA represents a vector that can be used to express transgenes durably in vivo, DNA has been regularly evaluated as a vaccine vector albeit with limited success in large animal models and humans. However, several recent studies in Phase I-IIb trials showed that vaccination of patients with recombinant DNA represents a feasible therapeutic intervention to even cure cervical cancer, highlighting the potential of using DNA for human vaccinations. In this review, we will discuss the limitations and the strategies of using DNA as a vector to develop prophylactic T cell-mediated vaccines against HIV-1 and HCV. In particular, we focus on potential strategies exploiting DNA vectors to elicit protective localized CD8+ T cell immunity in the liver for HCV and in the cervicovaginal mucosa for HIV-1 as localized immunity will be an important, if not critical component, of an efficacious vaccine against these viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelalem A. Mekonnen
- Virology Laboratory, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Discipline of Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Branka Grubor-Bauk
- Virology Laboratory, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Discipline of Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Makutiro G. Masavuli
- Virology Laboratory, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Discipline of Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ashish C. Shrestha
- Virology Laboratory, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Discipline of Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Charani Ranasinghe
- Molecular Mucosal Vaccine Immunology Group, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Rowena A. Bull
- Viral Immunology Systems Program, The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew R. Lloyd
- Viral Immunology Systems Program, The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Eric J. Gowans
- Virology Laboratory, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Discipline of Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Danushka K. Wijesundara
- Virology Laboratory, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Discipline of Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia,*Correspondence: Danushka K. Wijesundara
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197
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Hirai T, Zenke Y, Yang Y, Bartholin L, Beura LK, Masopust D, Kaplan DH. Keratinocyte-Mediated Activation of the Cytokine TGF-β Maintains Skin Recirculating Memory CD8 + T Cells. Immunity 2019; 50:1249-1261.e5. [PMID: 30952606 PMCID: PMC6531326 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Regulated activation of the cytokine TGF-β by integrins αvβ6 and αvβ8 expressed on keratinocytes is required for residence of epidermal-resident memory T cells, but whether skin-derived signals also affect recirculating memory cells in the skin remains unclear. Here, we show that after resolution of skin vaccinia virus (VV) infection, antigen-specific circulating memory CD8+ T cells migrated into skin. In mice lacking αvβ6 and αvβ8 integrins (Itgb6-/-Itgb8fl/fl-K14-cre), the absence of epidermal-activated TGF-β resulted in a gradual loss of E- or P-selectin-binding central and peripheral memory populations, which were rescued when skin entry was inhibited. Skin recirculating memory cells were required for optimal host defense against skin VV infection. These data demonstrate that skin migration can persist after resolution of local skin infection and that the cytokine environment within this nonlymphoid tissue shapes the differentiation state and persistence of the central and peripheral memory-T-cell pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Hirai
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Yukari Zenke
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Dermatology, St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Laurent Bartholin
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Lyon 69008, France
| | - Lalit K Beura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - David Masopust
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Daniel H Kaplan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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198
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Pascutti MF, Geerman S, Collins N, Brasser G, Nota B, Stark R, Behr F, Oja A, Slot E, Panagioti E, Prier JE, Hickson S, Wolkers MC, Heemskerk MH, Hombrink P, Arens R, Mackay LK, van Gisbergen KP, Nolte MA. Peripheral and systemic antigens elicit an expandable pool of resident memory CD8 + T cells in the bone marrow. Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:853-872. [PMID: 30891737 PMCID: PMC6594027 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201848003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BM has been put forward as a major reservoir for memory CD8+ T cells. In order to fulfill that function, BM should "store" memory CD8+ T cells, which in biological terms would require these "stored" memory cells to be in disequilibrium with the circulatory pool. This issue is a matter of ongoing debate. Here, we unequivocally demonstrate that murine and human BM harbors a population of tissue-resident memory CD8+ T (TRM ) cells. These cells develop against various pathogens, independently of BM infection or local antigen recognition. BM CD8+ TRM cells share a transcriptional program with resident lymphoid cells in other tissues; they are polyfunctional cytokine producers and dependent on IL-15, Blimp-1, and Hobit. CD8+ TRM cells reside in the BM parenchyma, but are in close contact with the circulation. Moreover, this pool of resident T cells is not size-restricted and expands upon peripheral antigenic re-challenge. This works extends the role of the BM in the maintenance of CD8+ T cell memory to include the preservation of an expandable reservoir of functional, non-recirculating memory CD8+ T cells, which develop in response to a large variety of peripheral antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sulima Geerman
- Department of HematopoiesisSanquin ResearchAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Nicholas Collins
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyPeter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityThe University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Giso Brasser
- Department of HematopoiesisSanquin ResearchAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Nota
- Department of Molecular and Cellular HemostasisSanquin ResearchAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Regina Stark
- Department of HematopoiesisSanquin ResearchAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Felix Behr
- Department of HematopoiesisSanquin ResearchAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Anna Oja
- Department of HematopoiesisSanquin ResearchAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Edith Slot
- Department of HematopoiesisSanquin ResearchAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Eleni Panagioti
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood TransfusionLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Julia E. Prier
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyPeter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityThe University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Sarah Hickson
- Department of HematopoiesisSanquin ResearchAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Pleun Hombrink
- Department of HematopoiesisSanquin ResearchAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood TransfusionLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Laura K. Mackay
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyPeter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityThe University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | | | - Martijn A. Nolte
- Department of HematopoiesisSanquin ResearchAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Molecular and Cellular HemostasisSanquin ResearchAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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199
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Intravital imaging of skin infections. Cell Immunol 2019; 350:103913. [PMID: 30992120 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Intravital imaging of cutaneous immune responses has revealed intricate links between the skin's structural properties, the immune cells that reside therein, and the carefully orchestrated migratory dynamics that enable rapid sensing and subsequent elimination of skin pathogens. In particular, the development of 2-photon intravital microscopy (2P-IVM), which enables the excitation of fluorescent molecules within deep tissue with minimal light scattering and tissue damage, has proven an invaluable tool in the characterization of different cell subset's roles in skin infection. The ability to visualize cells, tissue structures, pathogens and track migratory dynamics at designated times following infection, or during inflammatory responses has been crucial in defining how immune responses in the skin are coordinated, either locally or in concert with circulating immune cells. Skin pathogens affect millions of people worldwide, and skin infections leading to cutaneous pathology have a considerable impact on the quality of life and longevity of people affected. In contrast, pathogens that infect the skin to later cause systemic illness, such as malaria parasites and a variety of arthropod-borne viruses, or infection in distant anatomical sites are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Here, we review recent advances and seminal studies that employed intravital imaging to characterize key immune response mechanisms in the context of viral, bacterial and parasitic skin infections, and provide insights on skin pathogens of global significance that would benefit from such investigative approaches.
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200
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Osborn JF, Hobbs SJ, Mooster JL, Khan TN, Kilgore AM, Harbour JC, Nolz JC. Central memory CD8+ T cells become CD69+ tissue-residents during viral skin infection independent of CD62L-mediated lymph node surveillance. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007633. [PMID: 30875408 PMCID: PMC6420010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory CD8+ T cells in the circulation rapidly infiltrate non-lymphoid tissues following infection and provide protective immunity in an antigen-specific manner. However, the subsequent fate of memory CD8+ T cells after entering non-lymphoid tissues such as the skin during a secondary infection is largely unknown. Furthermore, because expression of CD62L is often used to identify the central memory (TCM) CD8+ T cell subset, uncoupling the physical requirement for CD62L-mediated lymph node homing versus other functional attributes of TCM CD8+ T cells remains unresolved. Here, we show that in contrast to naïve CD8+ T cells, memory CD8+ T cells traffic into the skin independent of CD62L-mediated lymph node re-activation and provide robust protective immunity against Vaccinia virus (VacV) infection. TCM, but not effector memory (TEM), CD8+ T cells differentiated into functional CD69+/CD103- tissue residents following viral clearance, which was also dependent on local recognition of antigen in the skin microenvironment. Finally, we found that memory CD8+ T cells expressed granzyme B after trafficking into the skin and utilized cytolysis to provide protective immunity against VacV infection. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that TCM CD8+ T cells become cytolytic following rapid infiltration of the skin to protect against viral infection and subsequently differentiate into functional CD69+ tissue-residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jossef F. Osborn
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Samuel J. Hobbs
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jana L. Mooster
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Tahsin N. Khan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Augustus M. Kilgore
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jake C. Harbour
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey C. Nolz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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