151
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Villa-Rodriguez JA, Ifie I, Gonzalez-Aguilar GA, Roopchand DE. The Gastrointestinal Tract as Prime Site for Cardiometabolic Protection by Dietary Polyphenols. Adv Nutr 2019; 10:999-1011. [PMID: 31144710 PMCID: PMC6855987 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmz038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Substantial evidence from nutritional epidemiology links polyphenol-rich diets with reduced incidence of chronic disorders; however, biological mechanisms underlying polyphenol-disease relations remain enigmatic. Emerging evidence is beginning to unmask the contribution of the gastrointestinal tract on whole-body energy homeostasis, suggesting that the intestine may be a prime target for intervention and a fundamental site for the metabolic actions of polyphenols. During their transit through the gastrointestinal tract, polyphenols may activate enteric nutrient sensors ensuing appropriate responses from other peripheral organs to regulate metabolic homeostasis. Furthermore, polyphenols can modulate the absorption of glucose, attenuating exaggerated hormonal responses and metabolic imbalances. Polyphenols that escape absorption are metabolized by the gut microbiota and the resulting catabolites may act locally, activating nuclear receptors that control enteric functions such as intestinal permeability. Finally, polyphenols modulate gut microbial ecology, which can have profound effects on cardiometabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Villa-Rodriguez
- Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Center for Nutrition, Microbiome, and Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ,Address correspondence to JAV-R (e-mail: )
| | - Idolo Ifie
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Gustavo A Gonzalez-Aguilar
- Coordinación de Tecnología de Alimentos de Origen Vegetal, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A. C., Sonora, Mexico
| | - Diana E Roopchand
- Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Center for Nutrition, Microbiome, and Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ,Address correspondence to DER (e-mail: )
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152
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Roura E, Depoortere I, Navarro M. Review: Chemosensing of nutrients and non-nutrients in the human and porcine gastrointestinal tract. Animal 2019; 13:2714-2726. [PMID: 31387651 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731119001794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is an interface between the external and internal milieus that requires continuous monitoring for nutrients or pathogens and toxic chemicals. The study of the physiological/molecular mechanisms, mediating the responses to the monitoring of the GIT contents, has been referred to as chemosensory science. While most of the progress in this area of research has been obtained in laboratory rodents and humans, significant steps forward have also been reported in pigs. The objective of this review was to update the current knowledge on nutrient chemosensing in pigs in light of recent advances in humans and laboratory rodents. A second objective relates to informing the existence of nutrient sensors with their functionality, particularly linked to the gut peptides relevant to the onset/offset of appetite. Several cell types of the intestinal epithelium such as Paneth, goblet, tuft and enteroendocrine cells (EECs) contain subsets of chemosensory receptors also found on the tongue as part of the taste system. In particular, EECs show specific co-expression patterns between nutrient sensors and/or transceptors (transport proteins with sensing functions) and anorexigenic hormones such as cholecystokinin (CCK), peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) or glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), amongst others. In addition, the administration of bitter compounds has an inhibitory effect on GIT motility and on appetite through GLP-1-, CCK-, ghrelin- and PYY-labelled EECs in the human small intestine and colon. Furthermore, the mammalian chemosensory system is the target of some bacterial metabolites. Recent studies on the human microbiome have discovered that commensal bacteria have developed strategies to stimulate chemosensory receptors and trigger host cellular functions. Finally, the study of gene polymorphisms related to nutrient sensors explains differences in food choices, food intake and appetite between individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Roura
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - I Depoortere
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Gut Peptide Research Lab, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - M Navarro
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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153
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Presence of carbohydrate binding modules in extracellular region of class C G-protein coupled receptors (C GPCR): An in silico investigation on sweet taste receptor. J Biosci 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-019-9944-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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154
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Raka F, Farr S, Kelly J, Stoianov A, Adeli K. Metabolic control via nutrient-sensing mechanisms: role of taste receptors and the gut-brain neuroendocrine axis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E559-E572. [PMID: 31310579 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00036.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nutrient sensing plays an important role in ensuring that appropriate digestive or hormonal responses are elicited following the ingestion of fuel substrates. Mechanisms of nutrient sensing in the oral cavity have been fairly well characterized and involve lingual taste receptors. These include heterodimers of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) of the taste receptor type 1 (T1R) family for sensing sweet (T1R2-T1R3) and umami (T1R1-T1R3) stimuli, the T2R family for sensing bitter stimuli, and ion channels for conferring sour and salty tastes. In recent years, several studies have revealed the existence of additional nutrient-sensing mechanisms along the gastrointestinal tract. Glucose sensing is achieved by the T1R2-T1R3 heterodimer on enteroendocrine cells, which plays a role in triggering the secretion of incretin hormones for improved glycemic and lipemic control. Protein hydrolysates are detected by Ca2+-sensing receptor, the T1R1-T1R3 heterodimer, and G protein-coupled receptor 92/93 (GPR92/93), which leads to the release of the gut-derived satiety factor cholecystokinin. Furthermore, several GPCRs have been implicated in fatty acid sensing: GPR40 and GPR120 respond to medium- and long-chain fatty acids, GPR41 and GPR43 to short-chain fatty acids, and GPR119 to endogenous lipid derivatives. Aside from the recognition of fuel substrates, both the oral cavity and the gastrointestinal tract also possess T2R-mediated mechanisms of recognizing nonnutrients such as environmental contaminants, bacterial toxins, and secondary plant metabolites that evoke a bitter taste. These gastrointestinal sensing mechanisms result in the transmission of neuronal signals to the brain through the release of gastrointestinal hormones that act on vagal and enteric afferents to modulate the physiological response to nutrients, particularly satiety and energy homeostasis. Modulating these orally accessible nutrient-sensing pathways using particular foods, dietary supplements, or pharmaceutical compounds may have therapeutic potential for treating obesity and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fitore Raka
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Farr
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacalyn Kelly
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexandra Stoianov
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Khosrow Adeli
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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155
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Holst JJ, Albrechtsen NJW, Rosenkilde MM, Deacon CF. Physiology of the Incretin Hormones,
GIP
and
GLP
‐1—Regulation of Release and Posttranslational Modifications. Compr Physiol 2019; 9:1339-1381. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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156
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Shi Q, Cai L, Jia H, Zhu X, Chen L, Deng S. Low intake of digestible carbohydrates ameliorates duodenal absorption of carbohydrates in mice with glucose metabolism disorders induced by artificial sweeteners. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:4952-4962. [PMID: 30953347 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term artificial sweetener consumption has been reported to induce glucose intolerance, and the intestinal microbiota seems as an important target. While the impacts of artificial sweeteners on energy balance remain controversial, this work aimed to evaluate the protective effects in mice of a low digestible carbohydrate (LDC) diet on plasma glucose, plasma fasting insulin, sweet taste receptors, glucose transporters, and absorption of carbohydrates, together with consumption of acesulfame potassium (AK) or saccharin (SAC). RESULTS Artificial sweetener was administered to mice for 12 weeks to induce glucose metabolism disorders; mice were treated with an LDC diet for the final 6 weeks. The experimental groups were treated with an LDC diet that had the same energy as the normal-diet group. Prolonged administration of artificial sweeteners led to metabolic dysfunction, characterized by significantly increased plasma glucose, insulin resistance, sweet taste receptors, glucose transporters, and absorption of carbohydrates. Treatment with an LDC diet positively modulated these altered parameters, suggesting overall beneficial effects of an LDC diet on detrimental changes associated with artificial sweeteners. CONCLUSIONS Reducing digestible carbohydrates in the diet can significantly reduce the absorption of carbohydrates and improve glucose metabolism disorders caused by dietary factors. These effects may be due to the fact that reducing the amount of digestible carbohydrates in the feed can reduce the number of intestinal sweet receptors induced by exposure to artificial sweeteners. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Shi
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Cai
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongzhe Jia
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuemei Zhu
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Lei Chen
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaoping Deng
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
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157
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Carey RM, Lee RJ. Taste Receptors in Upper Airway Innate Immunity. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092017. [PMID: 31466230 PMCID: PMC6770031 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Taste receptors, first identified on the tongue, are best known for their role in guiding our dietary preferences. The expression of taste receptors for umami, sweet, and bitter have been demonstrated in tissues outside of the oral cavity, including in the airway, brain, gastrointestinal tract, and reproductive organs. The extra-oral taste receptor chemosensory pathways and the endogenous taste receptor ligands are generally unknown, but there is increasing data suggesting that taste receptors are involved in regulating some aspects of innate immunity, and may potentially control the composition of the nasal microbiome in healthy individuals or patients with upper respiratory diseases like chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). For this reason, taste receptors may serve as potential therapeutic targets, providing alternatives to conventional antibiotics. This review focuses on the physiology of sweet (T1R) and bitter (T2R) taste receptors in the airway and their activation by secreted bacterial products. There is particular focus on T2R38 in sinonasal ciliated cells, as well as the sweet and bitter receptors found on specialized sinonasal solitary chemosensory cells. Additionally, this review explores the impact of genetic variations in these receptors on the differential susceptibility of patients to upper airway infections, such as CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Carey
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert J Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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158
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Sarnelli G, Annunziata G, Magno S, Oriolo C, Savastano S, Colao A. Taste and the Gastrointestinal tract: from physiology to potential therapeutic target for obesity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBESITY SUPPLEMENTS 2019; 9:1-9. [PMID: 31391920 DOI: 10.1038/s41367-019-0012-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Flavor is the combination of gustatory, olfactory and trigeminal sensations, representing the three main sensory pathways that allow detecting environmental chemical substances. Taste, in particular, is a complex chemosensory path that allows identification of substances present in ingested foods and beverages. In this manuscript, we propose a conceptual roadmap from aspects related to the evolution and the physiological role of taste, up to the current knowledge about its implication in the modulation of a healthy state, or obesity. More specifically, we focused on the role of stimulation of taste receptors in releasing gut hormones (also known as enterohormones), and their effects on the regulation of food intake, by inducing satiety, either by locally acting (in the gastrointestinal tract), or centrally (in the brain). Recent evidence demonstrated that some enterohormones are able to modulate gastrointestinal motility, thus affecting an orexigenic responses in the central nervous system. In keeping with this, we discuss the ability of the gustatory system to be a final checkpoint control for food intake regulation, and we speculate about taste perception manipulation in the management of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Sarnelli
- 1Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Magno
- Obesity Center at the Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Oriolo
- 4Endocrinology Unit, Medical Department of Care Continuity and Disability, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Savastano
- 5Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Napoli, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- 5Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Napoli, Italy
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159
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Chia CW, Egan JM. Incretins in obesity and diabetes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1461:104-126. [PMID: 31392745 PMCID: PMC10131087 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Incretins are hormones secreted from enteroendocrine cells after nutrient intake that stimulate insulin secretion from β cells in a glucose-dependent manner. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) are the only two known incretins. Dysregulation of incretin secretion and actions are noted in diseases such as obesity and diabetes. In this review, we first summarize our traditional understanding of the physiology of GIP and GLP-1, and our current knowledge of the relationships between GIP and GLP-1 and obesity and diabetes. Next, we present the results from major randomized controlled trials on the use of GLP-1 receptor agonists for managing type 2 diabetes, and emerging data on treating obesity and prediabetes. We conclude with a glimpse of the future with possible complex interactions between nutrients, gut microbiota, the endocannabinoid system, and enteroendocrine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee W Chia
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Josephine M Egan
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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160
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Schiffman SS, Nagle HT. Revisited: Assessing the in vivo data on low/no-calorie sweeteners and the gut microbiota. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 132:110692. [PMID: 31351100 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, safety concerns about low/no-calorie sweeteners (LNCS) have been described in the archival scientific literature including elevated risk of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, excessive weight gain, cardiovascular disease, safety, and disruption of the gut microbiome. A recent review by Lobach, Roberts, and Roland in Food and Chemical Toxicology examined 17 research articles on modulation of gut bacteria by LNCS along with other selected publications. In the conclusions of their paper, they claim that LNCS 1) do not affect gut microbiota at use levels and 2) are safe at levels approved by regulatory agencies. Both of these claims are incorrect. The scientific literature on LNCS clearly indicates that it is inappropriate to draw generalized conclusions regarding effects on gut microbiota and safety issues for compounds that vary widely chemical structure and pharmacokinetics. Scientific studies on the sweetener sucralose, used here as a representative LNCS, indicate that this organochlorine compound unequivocally and irrefutably disrupts the gut microbiome at doses relevant to human use. Results of dozens of additional research publications added and reviewed here also raise significant and extensive concerns about the safety of sucralose for the human food supply.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - H Troy Nagle
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7911, USA
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161
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Redmond W, Allen D, Elledge MC, Arellanes R, Redmond L, Yeahquo J, Zhang S, Youngblood M, Reiner A, Seo J. Screening of microRNAs controlling body fat in Drosophila melanogaster and identification of miR-969 and its target, Gr47b. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219707. [PMID: 31318925 PMCID: PMC6638924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-protein coding RNAs and post-transcriptionally regulate cellular gene expression. In animal development, miRNAs play essential roles such as stem cell maintenance, organogenesis, and apoptosis. Using gain-of-function (GOF) screening with 160 miRNA lines in Drosophila melanogaster, we identified a set of miRNAs which regulates body fat contents and named them microCATs (microRNAs Controlling Adipose Tissue). Further examination of egg-to-adult developmental kinetics of selected miRNA lines showed a negative correlation between fat content and developmental time. Comparison of microCATs with loss-of-function miRNA screening data uncovered miR-969 as an essential regulator of adiposity. Subsequently, we demonstrated adipose tissue-specific knock-down of gustatory receptor 47b (Gr47b), a miR-969 target, greatly reduced the amount of body fat, recapitulating the miR-969 GOF phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Redmond
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, Rogers State University, Claremore, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Dylan Allen
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, Rogers State University, Claremore, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - M. Christian Elledge
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, Rogers State University, Claremore, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Russell Arellanes
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, Rogers State University, Claremore, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Lucille Redmond
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, Rogers State University, Claremore, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Jared Yeahquo
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, Rogers State University, Claremore, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Shuyin Zhang
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, Rogers State University, Claremore, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Morgan Youngblood
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, Rogers State University, Claremore, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Austin Reiner
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, Rogers State University, Claremore, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Jin Seo
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, Rogers State University, Claremore, Oklahoma, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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162
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Sigoillot M, Brockhoff A, Neiers F, Poirier N, Belloir C, Legrand P, Charron C, Roblin P, Meyerhof W, Briand L. The Crystal Structure of Gurmarin, a Sweet Taste-Suppressing Protein: Identification of the Amino Acid Residues Essential for Inhibition. Chem Senses 2019; 43:635-643. [PMID: 30137256 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjy054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gurmarin is a highly specific sweet taste-suppressing protein in rodents that is isolated from the Indian plant Gymnema sylvestre. Gurmarin consists of 35 amino acid residues containing 3 intramolecular disulfide bridges that form a cystine knot. Here, we report the crystal structure of gurmarin at a 1.45 Å resolution and compare it with previously reported nuclear magnetic resonance solution structures. The atomic structure at this resolution allowed us to identify a very flexible region consisting of hydrophobic residues. Some of these amino acid residues had been identified as a putative binding site for the rat sweet taste receptor in a previous study. By combining alanine-scanning mutagenesis of the gurmarin molecule and a functional cell-based receptor assay, we confirmed that some single point mutations in these positions drastically affect sweet taste receptor inhibition by gurmarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Sigoillot
- INRA, CNRS, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Anne Brockhoff
- Department of Molecular Genetics, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Fabrice Neiers
- INRA, CNRS, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Nicolas Poirier
- INRA, CNRS, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Christine Belloir
- INRA, CNRS, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Pierre Legrand
- SOLEIL Synchrotron, L'Orme de Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Christophe Charron
- Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 7365, Université de Lorraine, Biopôle de l'Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Roblin
- SOLEIL Synchrotron, L'Orme de Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Wolfgang Meyerhof
- Department of Molecular Genetics, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Loïc Briand
- INRA, CNRS, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
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163
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Abstract
Purpose of Review Hypertension is related to impaired metabolic homeostasis and can be regarded as a metabolic disorder. This review presents possible mechanisms by which metabolic disorders increase blood pressure (BP) and discusses the importance of the gut as a novel modulator of BP. Recent Findings Obesity and high salt intake are major risk factors for hypertension. There is a hypothesis of “salt-induced obesity”; i.e., high salt intake may tie to obesity. Heightened sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity, especially in the kidney and brain, increases BP in obese patients. Adipokines, including adiponectin and leptin, and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) contribute to hypertension. Adiponectin induced by a high-salt diet may decrease sodium/glucose cotransporter (SGLT) 2 expression in the kidney, which results in reducing BP. High salt can change secretions of adipokines and RAAS-related components. Evidence has been accumulating linking the gastrointestinal tract to BP. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and ghrelin decrease BP in both rodents and humans. The sweet taste receptor in enteroendocrine cells increases SGLT1 expression and stimulates sodium/glucose absorption. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass improves glycemic and BP control due to reducing the activity of SGLT1. Na/H exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3) increases BP by stimulating the intestinal absorption of sodium. Gastrin functions as an intestinal sodium taste sensor and inhibits NHE3 activity. Intestinal mineralocorticoid receptors also regulate sodium absorption and BP due to changing ENaC activity. Gastric sensing of sodium induces natriuresis, and gastric distension increases BP. Changes in the composition and function of gut microbiota contribute to hypertension. A high-salt/fat diet may disrupt the gut barrier, which results in systemic inflammation, insulin resistance, and increased BP. Gut microbiota regulates BP by secreting vasoactive hormones and short-chain fatty acids. BP-lowering effects of probiotics and antibiotics have been reported. Bariatric surgery improves metabolic disorders and hypertension due to increasing GLP-1 secretion, decreasing leptin secretion and SNS activity, and changing gut microbiome composition. Strategies targeting the gastrointestinal system may be therapeutic options for improving metabolic abnormalities and reducing BP in humans. Summary SNS, brain, adipocytes, RAAS, the kidney, the gastrointestinal tract, and microbiota play important roles in regulating BP. Most notably, the gut could be a novel target for treatment of hypertension as a metabolic disorder.
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164
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Olivier-Van Stichelen S, Rother KI, Hanover JA. Maternal Exposure to Non-nutritive Sweeteners Impacts Progeny's Metabolism and Microbiome. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1360. [PMID: 31281295 PMCID: PMC6595049 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) are marketed as sugar alternatives providing sweet taste with few or no calories. Yet their consumption has been linked to metabolic dysfunction and changes in the gut microbiome. NNS exposure mostly originates from diet beverages and sweetener packages in adults or breastmilk in infants. Consequences of early life exposure remain largely unknown. We exposed pregnant and lactating mice to NNS (sucralose, acesulfame-K) at doses relevant for human consumption. While the pups' exposure was low, metabolic changes were drastic, indicating extensive downregulation of hepatic detoxification mechanisms and changes in bacterial metabolites. Microbiome profiling confirmed a significant increase in firmicutes and a striking decrease of Akkermansia muciniphila. Similar microbiome alterations in humans have been linked to metabolic disease and obesity. While our findings need to be reproduced in humans, they suggest that NNS consumption during pregnancy and lactation may have adverse effects on infant metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Olivier-Van Stichelen
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Kristina I. Rother
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - John A. Hanover
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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165
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Malik B, Elkaddi N, Turkistani J, Spielman AI, Ozdener MH. Mammalian Taste Cells Express Functional Olfactory Receptors. Chem Senses 2019; 44:289-301. [PMID: 31140574 PMCID: PMC6538964 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjz019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The peripheral taste and olfactory systems in mammals are separate and independent sensory systems. In the current model of chemosensation, gustatory, and olfactory receptors are genetically divergent families expressed in anatomically distinct locations that project to disparate downstream targets. Although information from the 2 sensory systems merges to form the perception of flavor, the first cross talk is thought to occur centrally, in the insular cortex. Recent studies have shown that gustatory and olfactory receptors are expressed throughout the body and serve as chemical sensors in multiple tissues. Olfactory receptor cDNA has been detected in the tongue, yet the presence of physiologically functional olfactory receptors in taste cells has not yet been demonstrated. Here we report that olfactory receptors are functionally expressed in taste papillae. We found expression of olfactory receptors in the taste papillae of green fluorescent protein-expressing transgenic mice and, using immunocytochemistry and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction experiments, the presence of olfactory signal transduction molecules and olfactory receptors in cultured human fungiform taste papilla (HBO) cells. Both HBO cells and mouse taste papilla cells responded to odorants. Knockdown of adenylyl cyclase mRNA by specific small inhibitory RNA and pharmacological block of adenylyl cyclase eliminated these responses, leading us to hypothesize that the gustatory system may receive olfactory information in the periphery. These results provide the first direct evidence of the presence of functional olfactory receptors in mammalian taste cells. Our results also demonstrate that the initial integration of gustatory and olfactory information may occur as early as the taste receptor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Malik
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nadia Elkaddi
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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166
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Consumers' Perceptions and Preferences for Bitterness in Vegetable Foods: The Case of Extra-Virgin Olive Oil and Brassicaceae-A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11051164. [PMID: 31137645 PMCID: PMC6566267 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of some healthy phytochemicals in food can be paired with high bitterness, and consumers have a widespread avoidance toward bitter-tasting food. This causes a gap between preferences and healthy needs of consumers. Therefore, this review collected insights from literature belonging to different discipline domains in order to have a broad view of the current state-of-the-art about biochemical aspects and consumers’ perceptions and preferences toward foods with an enhanced bitter taste. In detail, we focused on two core products of the Mediterranean diet: Extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) and Brassicaceae, both characterized by specific phytochemicals having strong healthy properties and bitter-pungent taste. Results suggested that, although bitter taste is a general driver of dislike, some exceptions can be represented by: niches of consumers (e.g., innovators and organic buyers), foods consumed with specific purposes (e.g., coffee, chocolate, and alcoholic beverages). The level of bitterness perceived by the consumers can be modulated through exposure, information on benefits, and elements within the environment (e.g., music). Thus, these insights can be used to develop specific campaigns aimed at promoting bitter (healthy) food, considering also the key role that could be played by food pairings.
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167
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Shi Q, Zhu X, Deng S. Sweet Taste Receptor Expression and Its Activation by Sucralose to Regulate Glucose Absorption in Mouse Duodenum. J Food Sci 2019; 86:540-545. [PMID: 31042819 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sucralose (SUC) has been used in the food industry for nearly 30 years since it was first allowed as an artificial sweetener at the end of the 20th century. However, its effects on the body remain not incontrovertible. This work aimed to investigate the influence of SUC exposure on sweetness receptors and glucose absorption and to explore the relationship between them. Mice were exposed with different concentration of SUC (from 0.27 to 0.47 g/L) for 12 weeks. Long-term treatment with SUC resulted in impaired glucose metabolism, manifested in the decrease of glucose tolerance and the increase of sweet taste receptors, glucose transporters, and glucose absorption. This study also provides a method to quantify the glucose absorptivity. In detail, with increasing concentration of SUC, the glucose absorptivities in the dodecadactylon of mice were added 1.48, 1.56, 1.71, and 1.71 times, respectively, showing wide interindividual variation compared with the control group. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The artificial sweetener, sucralose, has physiological influences of changing glucose metabolism. The small bowel is the main location for glucose metabolism and absorbs the ingested proteins and carbohydrates. And, this study provides a method to quantify the glucose absorptivity of intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Shi
- the School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Xuemei Zhu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic Univ., Dalian, 116034, China
| | - Shaoping Deng
- the School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
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168
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Sánchez-Tapia M, Martínez-Medina J, Tovar AR, Torres N. Natural and Artificial Sweeteners and High Fat Diet Modify Differential Taste Receptors, Insulin, and TLR4-Mediated Inflammatory Pathways in Adipose Tissues of Rats. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040880. [PMID: 31010163 PMCID: PMC6520815 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is difficult to know if the cause for obesity is the type of sweetener, high fat (HF) content, or the combination of sweetener and fat. The purpose of the present work was to study different types of sweeteners; in particular, steviol glycosides (SG), glucose, fructose, sucrose, brown sugar, honey, SG + sucrose (SV), and sucralose on the functionality of the adipocyte. Male Wistar rats were fed for four months with different sweeteners or sweetener with HF added. Taste receptors T1R2 and T1R3 were differentially expressed in the tongue and intestine by sweeteners and HF. The combination of fat and sweetener showed an additive effect on circulating levels of GIP and GLP-1 except for honey, SG, and brown sugar. In adipose tissue, sucrose and sucralose stimulated TLR4, and c-Jun N-terminal (JNK). The combination of HF with sweeteners increased NFκB, with the exception of SG and honey. Honey kept the insulin signaling pathway active and the smallest adipocytes in white (WAT) and brown (BAT) adipose tissue and the highest expression of adiponectin, PPARγ, and UCP-1 in BAT. The addition of HF reduced mitochondrial branched-chain amino transferase (BCAT2) branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase E1 (BCKDH) and increased branched chain amino acids (BCAA) levels by sucrose and sucralose. Our data suggests that the consumption of particular honey maintained functional adipocytes despite the consumption of a HF diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Sánchez-Tapia
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City 14080, Mexico.
| | - Jonathan Martínez-Medina
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City 14080, Mexico.
| | - Armando R Tovar
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City 14080, Mexico.
| | - Nimbe Torres
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City 14080, Mexico.
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169
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Non-Nutritive Sweeteners and Their Implications on the Development of Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11030644. [PMID: 30884834 PMCID: PMC6471792 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals widely use non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) in attempts to lower their overall daily caloric intake, lose weight, and sustain a healthy diet. There are insufficient scientific data that support the safety of consuming NNS. However, recent studies have suggested that NNS consumption can induce gut microbiota dysbiosis and promote glucose intolerance in healthy individuals that may result in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This sequence of events may result in changes in the gut microbiota composition through microRNA (miRNA)-mediated changes. The mechanism(s) by which miRNAs alter gene expression of different bacterial species provides a link between the consumption of NNS and the development of metabolic changes. Another potential mechanism that connects NNS to metabolic changes is the molecular crosstalk between the insulin receptor (IR) and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Here, we aim to highlight the role of NNS in obesity and discuss IR-GPCR crosstalk and miRNA-mediated changes, in the manipulation of the gut microbiota composition and T2DM pathogenesis.
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170
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Sweet taste receptors as a tool for an amplifying pathway of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in pancreatic β cells. Pflugers Arch 2019; 471:655-657. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-019-02271-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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171
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Behrens M, Meyerhof W. A role for taste receptors in (neuro)endocrinology? J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12691. [PMID: 30712315 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The sense of taste is positioned at the forefront when it comes to the interaction of our body with foodborne chemicals. However, the role of our taste system, and in particular its associated taste receptors, is not limited to driving food preferences leading to ingestion or rejection before other organs take over responsibility for nutrient digestion, absorption and metabolic regulation. Taste sensory elements do much more. On the one hand, extra-oral taste receptors from the brain to the gut continue to sense nutrients and noxious substances after ingestion and, on the other hand, the nutritional state feeds back on the taste system. This intricate regulatory network is orchestrated by endocrine factors that are secreted in response to taste receptor signalling and, in turn regulate the taste receptor cells themselves. The present review summarises current knowledge on the endocrine regulation of the taste perceptual system and the release of hunger/satiety regulating factors by gastrointestinal taste receptors. Furthermore, the regulation of blood glucose levels via the activation of pancreatic sweet taste receptors and subsequent insulin secretion, as well as the influence of bitter compounds on thyroid hormone release, is addressed. Finally, the central effects of tastants are discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Behrens
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Meyerhof
- Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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172
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Luddi A, Governini L, Wilmskötter D, Gudermann T, Boekhoff I, Piomboni P. Taste Receptors: New Players in Sperm Biology. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E967. [PMID: 30813355 PMCID: PMC6413048 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Taste receptors were first described as sensory receptors located on the tongue, where they are expressed in small clusters of specialized epithelial cells. However, more studies were published in recent years pointing to an expression of these proteins not only in the oral cavity but throughout the body and thus to a physiological role beyond the tongue. The recent observation that taste receptors and components of the coupled taste transduction cascade are also expressed during the different phases of spermatogenesis as well as in mature spermatozoa from mouse to humans and the overlap between the ligand spectrum of taste receptors with compounds in the male and female reproductive organs makes it reasonable to assume that sperm "taste" these different cues in their natural microenvironments. This assumption is assisted by the recent observations of a reproductive phenotype of different mouse lines carrying a targeted deletion of a taste receptor gene as well as the finding of a significant correlation between human male infertility and some polymorphisms in taste receptors genes. In this review, we depict recent findings on the role of taste receptors in male fertility, especially focusing on their possible involvement in mechanisms underlying spermatogenesis and post testicular sperm maturation. We also highlight the impact of genetic deletions of taste receptors, as well as their polymorphisms on male reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Luddi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Siena University, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Laura Governini
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Siena University, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Dorke Wilmskötter
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80539 Munich, Germany.
| | - Thomas Gudermann
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80539 Munich, Germany.
| | - Ingrid Boekhoff
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80539 Munich, Germany.
| | - Paola Piomboni
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Siena University, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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173
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Ren E, Watari I, Jui-Chin H, Mizumachi-Kubono M, Podyma-Inoue KA, Narukawa M, Misaka T, Watabe T, Ono T. Unilateral nasal obstruction alters sweet taste preference and sweet taste receptors in rat circumvallate papillae. Acta Histochem 2019; 121:135-142. [PMID: 30473241 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Nasal obstruction causes mouth breathing, and affects the growth and development of craniofacial structures, muscle function in the stomatognathic system, and the taste perceptive system. However, the detailed mechanism underlying the effects of nasal obstruction on taste perception has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated this mechanism using the two-bottle taste preference test, immunohistological analysis, and quantification of the mRNA expression of taste-related molecules in the circumvallate papillae. Neonatal male Wistar rats were divided randomly into control and experimental groups. Rats in the experimental group underwent unilateral nasal obstruction by cauterization of the external nostril at the age of 8 days. Arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) was recorded in awake rats using collar clip sensors. Taste preference for five basic taste solutions was evaluated. Immunohistochemical analysis and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were conducted to evaluate the expressions of taste-related molecules in the taste cells of the circumvallate papillae. Body weights were similar between the two groups throughout the experimental period. The SpO2 in the 7- to 12-week-old rats in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the age-matched rats in the control group. In the two-bottle taste preference test, the sensitivities to sweet taste decreased in the experimental group. The mRNA expression of T1R2, T1R3, α-gustducin, and PLCβ2 was significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group as determined by quantitative RT-PCR, and the immunohistochemical staining for α-gustducin and PLCβ2 was less prominent. These findings suggest that nasal obstruction may affect sweet taste perception via the reduced expression of taste-related molecules in the taste cells in rat circumvallate papillae.
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174
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Abstract
Taste pathways in humans and other primates project from the nucleus of the solitary tract directly to the taste thalamus, and then to the taste insula. The taste cortex in the anterior insula provides separate and combined representations of the taste, temperature, and texture of food in the mouth independently of hunger and thus of reward value and pleasantness. One synapse on, in the orbitofrontal cortex, these sensory inputs are for some neurons combined by associative learning with olfactory inputs received from the pyriform cortex, and visual inputs from the temporal lobe, and these neurons encode food reward value in that they only respond to food when hungry, and in that activations correlate linearly with subjective pleasantness. Cognitive factors, including word-level descriptions, and selective attention to affective value, modulate the representation of the reward value of taste, olfactory and flavor stimuli in the orbitofrontal cortex and a region to which it projects, the anterior cingulate cortex. These food reward representations are important in the control of appetite, and the liking of food. Individual differences in these reward representations may contribute to obesity, and there are age-related differences in these reward representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund T Rolls
- Oxford Centre for Computational Neuroscience, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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175
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Feng RL, Qian C, Liu LY, Liu QJ, Jin YQ, Li SX, Liu W, Rayner CK, Ma J. Secretion of Gut Hormones and Expression of Sweet Taste Receptors and Glucose Transporters in a Rat Model of Obesity. Obes Facts 2019; 12:190-198. [PMID: 30928977 PMCID: PMC6547286 DOI: 10.1159/000497122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was undertaken to compare gut hormone secretion between high-fat-fed and control rats, and to examine the corresponding changes in the expression of sweet taste receptors and glucose transporters in the small intestine and hypothalamus. METHODS Four-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats were fed a standard or high-fat diet for 8 weeks (10 in each group), followed by an oral glucose tolerance test (50% glucose solution, 2 g/kg). Blood was sampled for glucose, insulin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and polypeptide YY (PYY) assays. One week later, small intestinal and hypothalamic tissue were analyzed for sweet taste receptor and glucose transporter expression by real-time PCR. RESULTS After oral glucose, plasma GLP-1 concentrations were higher in high-fat-fed than standard-fat-fed rats (group × time interaction, p < 0.01) with significant differences at t = 15 min (p < 0.01) and 30 min (p < 0.05). Plasma PYY concentrations were lower in high-fat-fed than control rats at t = 0, 15 min (p < 0.05, respectively) and 120 min (p < 0.01). There were no differences in the expression of sweet taste receptors or glucose transporters between high-fat-fed and control rats in the duodenum, ileum, or hypothalamus. CONCLUSIONS Changes in GLP-1 and PYY secretion after a high-fat diet appear unrelated to any changes in the expression of sweet taste receptors or glucose transporters. Impaired PYY secretion with high-fat feeding suggests that PYY analogues may provide a potential therapy in the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ri Lu Feng
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Qian
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lian Yong Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Punan Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Jing Liu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Qiu Jin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng Xian Li
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chris K Rayner
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jing Ma
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China,
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176
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Abstract
This chapter summarizes the available data about taste receptor functions and their role in perception of food with emphasis on the human system. In addition we illuminate the widespread presence of these receptors throughout the body and discuss some of their extraoral functions. Finally, we describe clinical aspects where taste receptor signaling could be relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas C Töle
- Department of Molecular Genetics, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Maik Behrens
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Meyerhof
- Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
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177
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Schier LA, Spector AC. The Functional and Neurobiological Properties of Bad Taste. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:605-663. [PMID: 30475657 PMCID: PMC6442928 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00044.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gustatory system serves as a critical line of defense against ingesting harmful substances. Technological advances have fostered the characterization of peripheral receptors and have created opportunities for more selective manipulations of the nervous system, yet the neurobiological mechanisms underlying taste-based avoidance and aversion remain poorly understood. One conceptual obstacle stems from a lack of recognition that taste signals subserve several behavioral and physiological functions which likely engage partially segregated neural circuits. Moreover, although the gustatory system evolved to respond expediently to broad classes of biologically relevant chemicals, innate repertoires are often not in register with the actual consequences of a food. The mammalian brain exhibits tremendous flexibility; responses to taste can be modified in a specific manner according to bodily needs and the learned consequences of ingestion. Therefore, experimental strategies that distinguish between the functional properties of various taste-guided behaviors and link them to specific neural circuits need to be applied. Given the close relationship between the gustatory and visceroceptive systems, a full reckoning of the neural architecture of bad taste requires an understanding of how these respective sensory signals are integrated in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A Schier
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California ; and Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Alan C Spector
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California ; and Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida
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178
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Song X, Wang F, Xu H, Liang G, Zhou L, Zhang L, Huang F, Jiang G. 3-Deoxyglucosone Induces Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Secretion from STC-1 Cells via Upregulating Sweet Taste Receptor Expression under Basal Conditions. Int J Endocrinol 2019; 2019:4959646. [PMID: 31772575 PMCID: PMC6854250 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4959646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
3-Deoxyglucosone (3DG) is derived from D-glucose during food processing and storage and under physiological conditions. We reported that glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion in response to an oral glucose load in vivo and high-glucose stimulation in vitro was decreased by acute 3DG administration. In this study, we determined the acute effect of 3DG on GLP-1 secretion under basal conditions and investigated the possible mechanisms. Normal fasting rats were given a single acute intragastric administration of 50 mg/kg 3DG. Plasma basal GLP-1 levels and duodenum 3DG content and sweet taste receptor expression were measured. STC-1 cells were acutely exposed to 3DG (80, 300, and 1000 ng/ml) for 1 h under basal conditions (5.6 mM glucose), and GLP-1 secretion, intracellular concentrations of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and Ca2+, and molecular expression of STR signaling pathway were measured. Under the fasted state, plasma GLP-1 levels, duodenum 3DG content, and duodenum STR expression were elevated in 3DG-treated rats. GLP-1 secretion was increased in 3DG-treated cells under either 5.6 mM glucose or glucose-free conditions. 3DG-induced acute GLP-1 secretion from STC-1 cells under 5.6 mM glucose was inhibited in the presence of the STR inhibitor lactisole, which was consistent with the observation under glucose-free conditions. Moreover, acute exposure to 3DG increased the protein expression of TAS1R2 and TAS1R3 under either 5.6 mM glucose or glucose-free conditions, with affecting other components of STR signaling pathway, including the upregulation of transient receptor potential channel type M5 TRPM5 and the increment of intracellular Ca2+ concentration. In summary, the glucose-free condition was used to first demonstrate the involvement of STR in 3DG-induced acute GLP-1 secretion. These results first showed that acute 3DG administration induces basal GLP-1 secretion in part through upregulation of STR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiudao Song
- Clinical Pharmaceutical Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou 215009, Jiangsu, China
- Clinical Pharmaceutical Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou 215009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Clinical Pharmaceutical Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou 215009, Jiangsu, China
- Clinical Pharmaceutical Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou 215009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Heng Xu
- Clinical Pharmaceutical Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou 215009, Jiangsu, China
- Clinical Pharmaceutical Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou 215009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guoqiang Liang
- Clinical Pharmaceutical Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou 215009, Jiangsu, China
- Clinical Pharmaceutical Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou 215009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Clinical Pharmaceutical Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou 215009, Jiangsu, China
- Clinical Pharmaceutical Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou 215009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lurong Zhang
- Clinical Pharmaceutical Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou 215009, Jiangsu, China
- Clinical Pharmaceutical Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou 215009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fei Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou 215009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guorong Jiang
- Clinical Pharmaceutical Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou 215009, Jiangsu, China
- Clinical Pharmaceutical Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine, Suzhou 215009, Jiangsu, China
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179
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Dutta R, Ghosh M, Pyne A, Sarkar N. Insight into the Dynamics of Different Fluorophores in the Interior of Aerosol OT Lamellar Structures in the Presence of Sugars: From Picosecond-to-Femtosecond Study. J Phys Chem B 2018; 123:117-129. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b10609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rupam Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, WB, India
| | - Meghna Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, WB, India
| | - Arghajit Pyne
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, WB, India
| | - Nilmoni Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, WB, India
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180
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Wang F, Song X, Zhou L, Liang G, Huang F, Jiang G, Zhang L. The downregulation of sweet taste receptor signaling in enteroendocrine L-cells mediates 3-deoxyglucosone-induced attenuation of high glucose-stimulated GLP-1 secretion. Arch Physiol Biochem 2018; 124:430-435. [PMID: 29277113 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2017.1419366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Sweet taste receptors (STRs) involve in regulating the release of glucose-stimulated glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Our in vivo and in vitro studies found that 3-deoxyglucosone (3DG) inhibited glucose-stimulated GLP-1 secretion. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the role of STRs in 3DG-induced inhibition of high glucose-stimulated GLP-1 secretion. METHODS STC-1 cells were incubated with lactisole or 3DG for 1 h under 25 mM glucose conditions. Western blotting was used to study the expression of STRs signaling molecules and ELISA was used to analyse GLP-1 and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels. RESULTS Lactisole inhibited GLP-1 secretion. Exposure to 25 mM glucose increased the expressions of STRs subunits when compared with 5.6 mM glucose. 3DG decreased GLP-1 secretion and STRs subunits expressions, with affecting other components of STRs pathway, including the downregulation of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 5 (TRPM5) expression and the reduction of intracellular cAMP levels. CONCLUSION 3DG attenuates high glucose-stimulated GLP-1 secretion by reducing STR subunit expression and downstream signaling components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- a Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine , Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Suzhou , P. R. China
| | - Xiudao Song
- a Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine , Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Suzhou , P. R. China
| | - Liang Zhou
- a Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine , Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Suzhou , P. R. China
| | - Guoqiang Liang
- a Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine , Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Suzhou , P. R. China
| | - Fei Huang
- a Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine , Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Suzhou , P. R. China
| | - Guorong Jiang
- a Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine , Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Suzhou , P. R. China
| | - Lurong Zhang
- a Suzhou Academy of Wumen Chinese Medicine , Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Suzhou , P. R. China
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181
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Dalesio NM, Barreto Ortiz SF, Pluznick JL, Berkowitz DE. Olfactory, Taste, and Photo Sensory Receptors in Non-sensory Organs: It Just Makes Sense. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1673. [PMID: 30542293 PMCID: PMC6278613 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory receptors that detect and respond to light, taste, and smell primarily belong to the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily. In addition to their established roles in the nose, tongue, and eyes, these sensory GPCRs have been found in many ‘non-sensory' organs where they respond to different physicochemical stimuli, initiating signaling cascades in these extrasensory systems. For example, taste receptors in the airway, and photoreceptors in vascular smooth muscle cells, both cause smooth muscle relaxation when activated. In addition, olfactory receptors are present within the vascular system, where they play roles in angiogenesis as well as in modulating vascular tone. By better understanding the physiological and pathophysiological roles of sensory receptors in non-sensory organs, novel therapeutic agents can be developed targeting these receptors, ultimately leading to treatments for pathological conditions and potential cures for various disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Dalesio
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sebastian F Barreto Ortiz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jennifer L Pluznick
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Dan E Berkowitz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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182
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Effects of sucralose on insulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion in healthy subjects: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Nutrition 2018; 55-56:125-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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183
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Andrade N, Silva C, Martel F. The effect of oxidative stress upon intestinal sugar transport: an in vitro study using human intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:1236-1246. [PMID: 30542607 PMCID: PMC6243649 DOI: 10.1039/c8tx00183a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of various gastrointestinal diseases, including gastrointestinal cancers and inflammatory bowel disease, is associated with increased oxidative stress levels. We aimed to investigate the effect of oxidative stress induced by tert-butylhydroperoxide (TBH) on the uptake of 3H-deoxy-d-glucose (3H-DG) and 14C-fructose by the human intestinal Caco-2 cell line. TBH (500 μM; 24 h) increased lipid peroxidation (TBARS) levels and was not cytotoxic. TBH (500 μM; 24 h) increased uptake of both low (SGLT1-mediated) and high concentrations (SGLT1- and GLUT2-mediated) of 3H-DG, but did not affect absorption of 14C-fructose (GLUT2- and GLUT5-mediated). The polyphenol chrysin abolished the increase in TBARS levels and the increase in uptake of both low and high concentrations of 3H-DG induced by TBH. On the other hand, TBH blocked the inhibitory effect of chrysin on 14C-fructose uptake. 3H-DG uptake, but not 14C-fructose uptake, was sensitive to sweet taste receptor (STRs) inhibition (with lactisole). The inhibitory effect of lactisole in relation to uptake of 3H-DG (10 nM) (SGLT1-mediated), but not in relation to uptake of 3H-DG (50 mM) (SGLT1- and GLUT2-mediated), was abolished in the presence of TBH. So, these results show that the stimulatory effect of STRs on SGLT1-mediated transport is dependent on oxidative stress levels. In conclusion, this work shows that uptake of both 3H-DG and 14C-fructose is sensitive to oxidative stress levels. Moreover, it suggests that the three distinct transporters involved in the intestinal absorption of glucose and fructose (SGLT1, GLUT2 and GLUT5) have different sensitivities to oxidative stress levels, SGLT1 being the most sensitive and GLUT5 the least.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Andrade
- Department of Biomedicine - Unit of Biochemistry , Faculty of Medicine of Porto , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal .
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S) , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Cláudia Silva
- Department of Biomedicine - Unit of Biochemistry , Faculty of Medicine of Porto , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal .
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S) , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Fátima Martel
- Department of Biomedicine - Unit of Biochemistry , Faculty of Medicine of Porto , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal .
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S) , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
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184
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Moran AW, Al-Rammahi MA, Batchelor DJ, Bravo DM, Shirazi-Beechey SP. Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 and the Enteric Nervous System Are Components of Cell-Cell Communication Pathway Regulating Intestinal Na +/Glucose Co-transport. Front Nutr 2018; 5:101. [PMID: 30416998 PMCID: PMC6212479 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2018.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Na+/glucose cotransporter 1, SGLT1 is the major route for transport of dietary glucose from the lumen of the intestine into absorptive enterocytes. Sensing of dietary sugars and artificial sweeteners by the sweet taste receptor, T1R2-T1R3, expressed in the enteroendocrine L-cell regulates SGLT1 expression in neighboring absorptive enterocytes. However, the mechanism by which sugar sensing by the enteroendocrine cell is communicated to the absorptive enterocytes is not known. Here, we show that glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) secreted from the enteroendocrine cell in response to luminal sugars regulates SGLT1 mRNA and protein expression in absorptive enterocytes, via the enteric neurons. Glucose and artificial sweeteners induced secretion of GLP-2 from mouse small intestine, which was inhibited by the sweet-taste receptor inhibitor, gurmarin. In wild type mice there was an increase in sugar-induced SGLT1 mRNA and protein abundance that was not observed in GLP-2 receptor knockout mice. GLP-2 receptor is expressed in enteric neurons, and not in absorptive enterocytes ruling out a paracrine effect of GLP-2. Electric field stimulation of the intestine resulted in upregulation of SGLT1 expression that was abolished by the nerve blocking agent tetrodotoxin. We conclude that GLP-2 and the enteric nervous system are components of the enteroendocrine-absorptive enterocyte communication pathway regulating intestinal glucose transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Moran
- Department of Functional and Comparative Genomics, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Miran A Al-Rammahi
- Department of Functional and Comparative Genomics, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq
| | - Daniel J Batchelor
- Department of Functional and Comparative Genomics, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Soraya P Shirazi-Beechey
- Department of Functional and Comparative Genomics, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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185
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Sylvetsky AC. Metabolic Effects of Low-Calorie Sweeteners: A Brief Review. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26 Suppl 3:S25-S31. [PMID: 30070039 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Low-calorie sweeteners (LCS) are found in a variety of foods and beverages, yet their role in diet, weight, and obesity-related chronic disease is controversial. This article summarizes proceedings from one of four presentations during a preconference session entitled "Low-Calorie Sweeteners and Weight Management," which took place at the 2017 Obesity Society Annual Meeting in Washington, District of Columbia. The objective of this brief review is to summarize findings of observational and interventional studies of LCS effects on weight and metabolic health and to provide potential explanations for their discrepant results. Key research priorities for advancing the understanding of the role of LCS in weight and chronic disease are also discussed. The existing literature suggests that LCS consumption is consistently associated with obesity, diabetes, and related cardiometabolic conditions in observational studies. Although several plausible mechanisms have been proposed to explain these associations and have received considerable support in cellular and rodent models, the relevance of these mechanisms to humans has yet to be confirmed. Meanwhile, randomized controlled trials demonstrate that NNS may benefit weight loss and weight maintenance. This is the case particularly when LCS are administered in the context of behavioral weight loss support and are consumed knowingly by habitual LCS consumers. Although these findings suggest that LCS may be useful for weight control among those cognitively engaged in weight loss and who are aware of their LCS consumption, LCS administration in these studies does not reflect typical consumption. Furthermore, few interventional studies have assessed the role of LCS on metabolic outcomes other than body weight. Additional factors must be considered before recommending LCS for weight management and chronic disease prevention and further study of LCS effects on a variety of cardiometabolic outcomes, including visceral adiposity and glucose homeostasis is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison C Sylvetsky
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, District of Columbia, Washington, USA
- Sumner M. Redstone Global Center for Prevention and Wellness, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, District of Columbia, Washington, USA
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186
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Glendinning JI. Oral Post-Oral Actions of Low-Calorie Sweeteners: A Tale of Contradictions and Controversies. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26 Suppl 3:S9-S17. [PMID: 30290077 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many scientists and laypeople alike have concerns about low-calorie sweeteners (LCSs). These concerns stem from both a dissatisfaction with the taste of LCSs and reports that they cause metabolic disruptions (e.g., weight gain, glucose intolerance). METHODS This article provides a critical review of the literature on LCSs from the standpoint of their taste, gastrointestinal, and metabolic effects; biological fate in the body; and impact on ingestion and glucose homeostasis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Mammals can readily discriminate between LCSs and sugars because both types of sweetener activate distinct oral and post-oral sensory pathways. LCSs differ in their ability to access post-oral tissues, but few studies have incorporated this observation into their design. It is difficult to extrapolate results between mice, rats, and humans because of interspecies differences in the taste and post-oral actions of LCSs and the fact that investigators often use different response measures in rodents and humans. There is confounding in the experimental design of some of the most widely cited studies of LCS-induced metabolic disruptions. The uncritical acceptance of these studies has generated considerable controversy. More work is needed to obtain a clearer understanding of the metabolic effects of LCSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John I Glendinning
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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187
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Romo-Romo A, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Brito-Córdova GX, Gómez-Díaz RA, Almeda-Valdes P. Sucralose decreases insulin sensitivity in healthy subjects: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 108:485-491. [PMID: 30535090 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, the absence of metabolic effects from nonnutritive sweeteners has been questioned. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of sucralose consumption on glucose metabolism variables. Design We performed a randomized controlled trial involving healthy subjects without comorbidities and with a low habitual consumption of nonnutritive sweeteners (n = 33/group). Methods The intervention consisted of sucralose consumption as 15% of Acceptable Daily Intake every day for 14 d using commercial sachets. The control group followed the same procedures without any intervention. The glucose metabolism variables (insulin sensitivity, acute insulin response to glucose, disposition index, and glucose effectiveness) were evaluated by using a 3-h modified intravenous-glucose-tolerance test before and after the intervention period. Results Individuals assigned to sucralose consumption showed a significant decrease in insulin sensitivity with a median (IQR) percentage change of -17.7% (-29.3% to -1.0%) in comparison to -2.8% (-30.7% to 40.6%) in the control group (P= 0.04). An increased acute insulin response to glucose from 577 mU · L-1· min (350-1040 mU · L-1· min) to 671 mU · L-1· min (376-1010 mU · L-1· min) (P = 0.04) was observed in the sucralose group for participants with adequate adherence. Conclusions Sucralose may have effects on glucose metabolism, and our study complements findings previously reported in other trials. Further studies are needed to confirm the decrease in insulin sensitivity and to explore the mechanisms for these metabolic alterations. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02589002.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos A Aguilar-Salinas
- Departamento de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, and.,Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.,Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Mexico
| | | | - Rita A Gómez-Díaz
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Epidemiología Clínica, UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paloma Almeda-Valdes
- Departamento de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, and.,Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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188
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Pepino MY. The not-so-sweet effects of sucralose on blood sugar control. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 108:431-432. [PMID: 30535110 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M Yanina Pepino
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition and Division of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
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189
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Smith K, Karimian Azari E, LaMoia TE, Hussain T, Vargova V, Karolyi K, Veldhuis PP, Arnoletti JP, de la Fuente SG, Pratley RE, Osborne TF, Kyriazis GA. T1R2 receptor-mediated glucose sensing in the upper intestine potentiates glucose absorption through activation of local regulatory pathways. Mol Metab 2018; 17:98-111. [PMID: 30201274 PMCID: PMC6197762 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Beyond the taste buds, sweet taste receptors (STRs; T1R2/T1R3) are also expressed on enteroendocrine cells, where they regulate gut peptide secretion but their regulatory function within the intestine is largely unknown. Methods Using T1R2-knock out (KO) mice we evaluated the role of STRs in the regulation of glucose absorption in vivo and in intact intestinal preparations ex vivo. Results STR signaling enhances the rate of intestinal glucose absorption specifically in response to the ingestion of a glucose-rich meal. These effects were mediated specifically by the regulation of GLUT2 transporter trafficking to the apical membrane of enterocytes. GLUT2 translocation and glucose transport was dependent and specific to glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) secretion and subsequent intestinal neuronal activation. Finally, high-sucrose feeding in wild-type mice induced rapid downregulation of STRs in the gut, leading to reduced glucose absorption. Conclusions Our studies demonstrate that STRs have evolved to modulate glucose absorption via the regulation of its transport and to prevent the development of exacerbated hyperglycemia due to the ingestion of high levels of sugars. The intestinal T1R2 receptor enhances glucose absorption in vivo and ex vivo. Pharmacological inhibition of STRs reduces glucose flux in human intestinal preparations. T1R2 regulates glucose absorption dependent on GLUT2 activity in enterocytes. GLP-2 mediates the effects of T1R2 signaling through activation of enteric neurons. High sucrose diet rapidly downregulates STRs leading to reduced glucose absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Smith
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Elnaz Karimian Azari
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Traci E LaMoia
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Tania Hussain
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Veronika Vargova
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Katalin Karolyi
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Paula P Veldhuis
- Institute for Surgical Advancement, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Richard E Pratley
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Timothy F Osborne
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - George A Kyriazis
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL, USA; Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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190
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Han P, Bagenna B, Fu M. The sweet taste signalling pathways in the oral cavity and the gastrointestinal tract affect human appetite and food intake: a review. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2018; 70:125-135. [PMID: 30058435 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2018.1492522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sweet taste is associated with food reward and energy source in the form of carbohydrate. Excessive sweet consumption is blamed for the prevalence of obesity. However, evidence for the potential of sweet taste to influence food intake and bodyweight regulation in humans remains unclear. The purpose of this review was to examine the physiological responses relevant to sweet taste mechanisms and the impact on appetite control. The literature was examined for studies that assessed the effects of non-nutritive sweeteners and natural sugars on hormonal secretions and neural activations via oral and gastrointestinal pathways. The findings indicated that a network of sweet taste signalling pathways in the oral cavity and the gut seem to mediate hormonal responses and some metabolism differences in neural circus that orchestrating the hunger-satiety cycle. Individual variations of sweet taste perception which is modulated by hormonal and genetic factors have been associated with dietary nutrient and sugar consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Han
- a Smell & Taste Clinic Department of Otorhinolaryngology , Technical University of Dresden , Dresden , Germany
| | - Bagenna Bagenna
- b College of Traditional Mongolian Medicine and Pharmacy , Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities , Tongliao , China
| | - Minghai Fu
- b College of Traditional Mongolian Medicine and Pharmacy , Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities , Tongliao , China
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191
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Emerging Concepts in Brain Glucose Metabolic Functions: From Glucose Sensing to How the Sweet Taste of Glucose Regulates Its Own Metabolism in Astrocytes and Neurons. Neuromolecular Med 2018; 20:281-300. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-018-8503-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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192
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Zopun M, Lieder B, Holik AK, Ley JP, Hans J, Somoza V. Noncaloric Sweeteners Induce Peripheral Serotonin Secretion via the T1R3-Dependent Pathway in Human Gastric Parietal Tumor Cells (HGT-1). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:7044-7053. [PMID: 29874909 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The role of sweet taste in energy intake and satiety regulation is still controversial. Noncaloric artificial sweeteners (NCSs) are thought to help reduce energy intake, although little is known about their impact on the satiating neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT). In the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, 5-HT regulates gastric acid secretion and gastric motility, both part of the complex network of mechanisms regulating food intake and satiety. This study demonstrated a stimulating impact compared to controls (100%) on 5-HT release in human gastric tumor cells (HGT-1) by the NCSs cyclamate (50 mM, 157% ± 6.3%), acesulfame potassium (Ace K, 50 mM, 197% ± 8.6%), saccharin (50 mM, 147% ± 6.7%), sucralose (50 mM, 194% ± 11%), and neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (NHDC, 1 mM, 201% ± 13%). Although these effects were not associated with the sweet taste intensity of the NCSs tested, involvement of the sweet receptor subunit T1R3 in the NCS-evoked response was demonstrated by mRNA expression of TAS1R3, co-incubation experiments using the T1R3 receptor antagonist lactisole, and a TAS1R3 siRNA knockdown approach. Analysis of the downstream signaling revealed activation of the cAMP/ERK/Ca2+ cascade. Co-treatment experiments with 10 mM glucose enhanced the 5-HT release induced by cyclamate, Ace K, saccharin, and sucralose, thereby supporting the enhancing effect of glucose on a NCS-mediated response. Overall, the results obtained identify NCSs as potent inducers of 5-HT release via T1R3 in human gastric parietal cells in culture and warrant in vivo studies to demonstrate their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammet Zopun
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , University of Vienna , Althanstraße 14 , Vienna 1090 , Austria
| | - Barbara Lieder
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , University of Vienna , Althanstraße 14 , Vienna 1090 , Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Taste Research, Faculty of Chemistry , University of Vienna , Althanstraße 14 , Vienna 1090 , Austria
| | - Ann-Katrin Holik
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , University of Vienna , Althanstraße 14 , Vienna 1090 , Austria
| | - Jakop P Ley
- Symrise AG , Mühlenfeldstraße 1 , 37603 Holzminden , Germany
| | - Joachim Hans
- Symrise AG , Mühlenfeldstraße 1 , 37603 Holzminden , Germany
| | - Veronika Somoza
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , University of Vienna , Althanstraße 14 , Vienna 1090 , Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Bioactive Aroma Compounds, Faculty of Chemistry , University of Vienna , Althanstraße 14 , Vienna 1090 , Austria
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193
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Jacquillet G, Debnam ES, Unwin RJ, Marks J. Acute saccharin infusion has no effect on renal glucose handling in normal rats in vivo. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13804. [PMID: 30009546 PMCID: PMC6046642 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial sweeteners are extensively used by the food industry to replace sugar in food and beverages and are widely considered to be a healthy alternative. However, recent data suggest that artificial sweeteners may impact intestinal glucose absorption and that they might lead to glucose intolerance. Moreover, chronic consumption of artificial sweeteners has also been linked to detrimental changes in renal function. Using an in vivo approach, our study aimed to determine if short-term infusion of the artificial sweetener saccharin can alter renal function and renal glucose absorption. We show that saccharin infusion does not induce any major change in GFR or urine flow rate at either the whole kidney or single nephron level, suggesting that any reported change in renal function with artificial sweeteners must depend on chronic consumption. As expected for a nondiabetic animal, glucose excretion was low; however, saccharin infusion caused a small, but significant, decrease in fractional glucose excretion. In contrast to the whole kidney data, our micropuncture results did not show any significant difference in fractional glucose reabsorption in either the proximal or distal tubules, indicating that saccharin does not influence renal glucose handling in vivo under euglycemic conditions. In keeping with this finding, protein levels of the renal glucose transporters SGLT1 and SGLT2 were also unchanged. In addition, saccharin infusion in rats undergoing a glucose tolerance test failed to induce a robust change in renal glucose excretion or renal glucose transporter expression. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that saccharin does not induce acute physiologically relevant changes in renal function or renal glucose handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Jacquillet
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & PharmacologyUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Edward S. Debnam
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & PharmacologyUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Robert J. Unwin
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & PharmacologyUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Centre for NephrologyUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Joanne Marks
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & PharmacologyUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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194
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Rother KI, Conway EM, Sylvetsky AC. How Non-nutritive Sweeteners Influence Hormones and Health. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2018; 29:455-467. [PMID: 29859661 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Non-nutritive sweeteners (NNSs) elicit a multitude of endocrine effects in vitro, in animal models, and in humans. The best-characterized consequences of NNS exposure are metabolic changes, which may be mediated by activation of sweet taste receptors in oral and extraoral tissues (e.g., intestine, pancreatic β cells, and brain), and alterations of the gut microbiome. These mechanisms are likely synergistic and may differ across species and chemically distinct NNSs. However, the extent to which these hormonal effects are clinically relevant in the context of human consumption is unclear. Further investigation following prolonged exposure is required to better understand the role of NNSs in human health, with careful consideration of genetic, dietary, anthropometric, and other interindividual differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina I Rother
- Section on Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolism, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 8C432A, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Ellen M Conway
- Section on Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolism, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 8C432A, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Allison C Sylvetsky
- Section on Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolism, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 8C432A, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, The George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Avenue NW, 2nd floor, Washington DC 20052, USA; Sumner M. Redstone Global Center for Prevention and Wellness, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Avenue NW, 3rd floor, Washington DC 20052, USA
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195
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López-Gambero AJ, Martínez F, Salazar K, Cifuentes M, Nualart F. Brain Glucose-Sensing Mechanism and Energy Homeostasis. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:769-796. [PMID: 29796992 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1099-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic and energy state of the organism depends largely on the availability of substrates, such as glucose for ATP production, necessary for maintaining physiological functions. Deregulation in glucose levels leads to the appearance of pathological signs that result in failures in the cardiovascular system and various diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Particularly, the brain relies on glucose as fuel for the normal development of neuronal activity. Regions adjacent to the cerebral ventricles, such as the hypothalamus and brainstem, exercise central control in energy homeostasis. These centers house nuclei of neurons whose excitatory activity is sensitive to changes in glucose levels. Determining the different detection mechanisms, the phenotype of neurosecretion, and neural connections involving glucose-sensitive neurons is essential to understanding the response to hypoglycemia through modulation of food intake, thermogenesis, and activation of sympathetic and parasympathetic branches, inducing glucagon and epinephrine secretion and other hypothalamic-pituitary axis-dependent counterregulatory hormones, such as glucocorticoids and growth hormone. The aim of this review focuses on integrating the current understanding of various glucose-sensing mechanisms described in the brain, thereby establishing a relationship between neuroanatomy and control of physiological processes involved in both metabolic and energy balance. This will advance the understanding of increasingly prevalent diseases in the modern world, especially diabetes, and emphasize patterns that regulate and stimulate intake, thermogenesis, and the overall synergistic effect of the neuroendocrine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J López-Gambero
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells NeuroCellT, Department of Cellular Biology, Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO BIO, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile.,Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, University of Malaga, IBIMA, BIONAND, Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology and Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Málaga, Spain
| | - F Martínez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells NeuroCellT, Department of Cellular Biology, Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO BIO, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - K Salazar
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells NeuroCellT, Department of Cellular Biology, Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO BIO, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - M Cifuentes
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, University of Malaga, IBIMA, BIONAND, Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology and Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Málaga, Spain.
| | - F Nualart
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells NeuroCellT, Department of Cellular Biology, Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO BIO, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile. .,Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile.
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196
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Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract plays a critical role in delivering carbohydrate and fluid during prolonged exercise and can therefore be a major determinant of performance. The incidence of GI problems in athletes participating in endurance events is high, indicating that GI function is not always optimal in those conditions. A substantial body of evidence suggests that the GI system is highly adaptable. Gastric emptying as well as stomach comfort can be “trained” and perceptions of fullness decreased; some studies have suggested that nutrient-specific increases in gastric emptying may occur. Evidence also shows that diet has an impact on the capacity of the intestine to absorb nutrients. Again, the adaptations that occur appear to be nutrient specific. For example, a high-carbohydrate diet will increase the density of sodium-dependent glucose-1 (SGLT1) transporters in the intestine as well as the activity of the transporter, allowing greater carbohydrate absorption and oxidation during exercise. It is also likely that, when such adaptations occur, the chances of developing GI distress are smaller. Future studies should include more human studies and focus on a number of areas, including the most effective methods to induce gut adaptations and the timeline of adaptations. To develop effective strategies, a better understanding of the exact mechanisms underlying these adaptations is important. It is clear that “nutritional training” can improve gastric emptying and absorption and likely reduce the chances and/or severity of GI problems, thereby improving endurance performance as well as providing a better experience for the athlete. The gut is an important organ for endurance athletes and should be trained for the conditions in which it will be required to function.
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197
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Effect of AceK (acesulfame potassium) on brain function under dietary restriction in mice. Physiol Behav 2018; 188:291-297. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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198
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O'Brien P, Hewett R, Corpe C. Sugar sensor genes in the murine gastrointestinal tract display a cephalocaudal axis of expression and a diurnal rhythm. Physiol Genomics 2018; 50:448-458. [PMID: 29625018 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00139.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Distributed along the length of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are nutrient sensing cells that release numerous signaling peptides influencing GI function, nutrient homeostasis and energy balance. Recent studies have shown a diurnal rhythm in GI nutrient sensing, but the mechanisms responsible for rhythmicity are poorly understood. In this report we studied murine GI sugar sensor gene and protein expression levels in the morning (7 AM) and evening (7 PM). Sweet taste receptor ( tas1r2/tas1r3/gnat3/gnat1) sugar transporter ( slc5a1, slc2a2, slc2a5) and putative sugar sensor ( slc5a4a and slc5a4b) gene expression levels were highest in tongue and proximal and distal small intestine, respectively. Clock gene ( cry2/arntl) activity was detected in all regions studied. Slc5a4a and slc5a4b gene expression showed clear diurnal rhythmicity in the small intestine and stomach, respectively, although no rhythmicity was detected in SGLT3 protein expression. Tas1r2, tas1r3, gnat1, and gcg displayed a limited rhythm in gene expression in proximal small intestine. Microarray analysis revealed a diurnal rhythm in gut peptide gene expression in tongue (7 AM vs. 7 PM) and in silico promoter analysis indicated intestinal sugar sensors and transporters possessed the canonical E box elements necessary for clock gene control over gene transcription. In this report we present evidence of a diurnal rhythm in genes that are responsible for intestinal nutrient sensing that is most likely controlled by clock gene activity. Disturbances in clock gene/nutrient sensing interactions may be important in the development of diet-related diseases, such as obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick O'Brien
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Medicine, King's College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Rhys Hewett
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Medicine, King's College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Corpe
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Medicine, King's College London , London , United Kingdom
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199
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Higgins KA, Considine RV, Mattes RD. Aspartame Consumption for 12 Weeks Does Not Affect Glycemia, Appetite, or Body Weight of Healthy, Lean Adults in a Randomized Controlled Trial. J Nutr 2018; 148:650-657. [PMID: 29659969 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Low-calorie sweeteners are often used to moderate energy intake and postprandial glycemia, but some evidence indicates that they may exacerbate these aims. Objective The trial's primary aim was to assess the effect of daily aspartame ingestion for 12 wk on glycemia. Effects on appetite and body weight were secondary aims. Methods One hundred lean [body mass index (kg/m2): 18-25] adults aged 18-60 y were randomly assigned to consume 0, 350, or 1050 mg aspartame/d (ASP groups) in a beverage for 12 wk in a parallel-arm design. At baseline, body weight and composition were determined, a 240-min oral-glucose-tolerance test (OGTT) was administered, and measurements were made of appetite and selected hormones. Participants also collected a 24-h urine sample. During the intervention, the 0-mg/d ASP group consumed capsules containing 680 mg dextrose and 80 mg para-amino benzoic acid. For the 350-mg/d ASP group, the beverage contained 350 mg aspartame and the 1050-mg/d ASP group consumed the same beverage plus capsules containing 680 mg dextrose and 700 mg aspartame. Body weight, blood pressure, heart rate, and waist circumference were measured weekly. At weeks 4, 8, and 12, participants collected 24-h urine samples and kept appetite logs. Baseline measurements were repeated at week 12. Results With the exception of the baseline OGTT glucose concentration at 60 min (and resulting area under the curve value), there were no group differences for glucose, insulin, resting leptin, glucagon-like peptide 1, or gastric inhibitory peptide at baseline or week 12. There also were no effects of aspartame ingestion on appetite, body weight, or body composition. Compliance with the beverage intervention was ∼95%. Conclusions Aspartame ingested at 2 doses for 12 wk had no effect on glycemia, appetite, or body weight among healthy, lean adults. These data do not support the view that aspartame is problematic for the management of glycemia, appetite, or body weight. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02999321.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Higgins
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Robert V Considine
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Richard D Mattes
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
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200
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Sylvetsky AC, Rother KI. Nonnutritive Sweeteners in Weight Management and Chronic Disease: A Review. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26:635-640. [PMID: 29570245 PMCID: PMC5868411 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this review was to critically review findings from recent studies evaluating the effects of nonnutritive sweeteners (NNSs) on metabolism, weight, and obesity-related chronic diseases. Biologic mechanisms that may explain NNS effects will also be addressed. METHODS A comprehensive review of the relevant scientific literature was conducted. RESULTS Most cross-sectional and prospective cohort studies report positive associations between NNS consumption, body weight, and health conditions, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Although findings in cellular and rodent models suggest that NNSs have harmful effects on metabolic health, most randomized controlled trials in humans demonstrate marginal benefits of NNS use on body weight, with little data available on other metabolic outcomes. CONCLUSIONS NNS consumption is associated with higher body weight and metabolic disease in observational studies. In contrast, randomized controlled trials demonstrate that NNSs may support weight loss, particularly when used alongside behavioral weight loss support. Additional long-term, well-controlled intervention studies in humans are needed to determine the effects of NNSs on weight, adiposity, and chronic disease under free-living conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison C. Sylvetsky
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20052
- Sumner M. Redstone Global Center for Prevention and Wellness, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20052
- Section on Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolism, NIDDK, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 8C432A, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Kristina I. Rother
- Section on Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolism, NIDDK, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 8C432A, Bethesda, MD 20892
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