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Carey CM, Govande AA, Cooper JM, Hartley MK, Kranzusch PJ, Elde NC. Recurrent Loss-of-Function Mutations Reveal Costs to OAS1 Antiviral Activity in Primates. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 25:336-343.e4. [PMID: 30713099 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immune responses counteract infections but also cause collateral damage to hosts. Oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OAS1) binds double-stranded RNA from invading viruses and produces 2'-5' linked oligoadenylate (2-5A) to activate ribonuclease L (RNase L), which cleaves RNA to inhibit virus replication. OAS1 can also undergo autoactivation by host RNAs, a potential trade-off to antiviral activity. We investigated functional variation in primate OAS1 as a model for how immune pathways evolve to mitigate costs and observed a surprising frequency of loss-of-function variation. In gorillas, we identified a polymorphism that severely decreases catalytic function, mirroring a common variant in humans that impairs 2-5A synthesis through alternative splicing. OAS1 loss-of-function variation is also common in monkeys, including complete loss of 2-5A synthesis in tamarins. The frequency of loss-of-function alleles suggests that costs associated with OAS1 activation can be so detrimental to host fitness that pathogen-protective effects are repeatedly forfeited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton M Carey
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Apurva A Govande
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Juliane M Cooper
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Melissa K Hartley
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Philip J Kranzusch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nels C Elde
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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152
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Abstract
Detection of double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) is a central mechanism of innate immune defense in many organisms. We here discuss several families of dsRNA-binding proteins involved in mammalian antiviral innate immunity. These include RIG-I-like receptors, protein kinase R, oligoadenylate synthases, adenosine deaminases acting on RNA, RNA interference systems, and other proteins containing dsRNA-binding domains and helicase domains. Studies suggest that their functions are highly interdependent and that their interdependence could offer keys to understanding the complex regulatory mechanisms for cellular dsRNA homeostasis and antiviral immunity. This review aims to highlight their interconnectivity, as well as their commonalities and differences in their dsRNA recognition mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Hur
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; .,Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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153
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Real-time 2-5A kinetics suggest that interferons β and λ evade global arrest of translation by RNase L. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:2103-2111. [PMID: 30655338 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818363116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells of all mammals recognize double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) as a foreign material. In response, they release interferons (IFNs) and activate a ubiquitously expressed pseudokinase/endoribonuclease RNase L. RNase L executes regulated RNA decay and halts global translation. Here, we developed a biosensor for 2',5'-oligoadenylate (2-5A), the natural activator of RNase L. Using this biosensor, we found that 2-5A was acutely synthesized by cells in response to dsRNA sensing, which immediately triggered cellular RNA cleavage by RNase L and arrested host protein synthesis. However, translation-arrested cells still transcribed IFN-stimulated genes and secreted IFNs of types I and III (IFN-β and IFN-λ). Our data suggest that IFNs escape from the action of RNase L on translation. We propose that the 2-5A/RNase L pathway serves to rapidly and accurately suppress basal protein synthesis, preserving privileged production of defense proteins of the innate immune system.
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154
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Ghosh A, Shao L, Sampath P, Zhao B, Patel NV, Zhu J, Behl B, Parise RA, Beumer JH, O'Sullivan RJ, DeLuca NA, Thorne SH, Rathinam VAK, Li P, Sarkar SN. Oligoadenylate-Synthetase-Family Protein OASL Inhibits Activity of the DNA Sensor cGAS during DNA Virus Infection to Limit Interferon Production. Immunity 2019; 50:51-63.e5. [PMID: 30635239 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Interferon-inducible human oligoadenylate synthetase-like (OASL) and its mouse ortholog, Oasl2, enhance RNA-sensor RIG-I-mediated type I interferon (IFN) induction and inhibit RNA virus replication. Here, we show that OASL and Oasl2 have the opposite effect in the context of DNA virus infection. In Oasl2-/- mice and OASL-deficient human cells, DNA viruses such as vaccinia, herpes simplex, and adenovirus induced increased IFN production, which resulted in reduced virus replication and pathology. Correspondingly, ectopic expression of OASL in human cells inhibited IFN induction through the cGAS-STING DNA-sensing pathway. cGAS was necessary for the reduced DNA virus replication observed in OASL-deficient cells. OASL directly and specifically bound to cGAS independently of double-stranded DNA, resulting in a non-competitive inhibition of the second messenger cyclic GMP-AMP production. Our findings define distinct mechanisms by which OASL differentially regulates host IFN responses during RNA and DNA virus infection and identify OASL as a negative-feedback regulator of cGAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arundhati Ghosh
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Lulu Shao
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Padmavathi Sampath
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Baoyu Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Nidhi V Patel
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Bharat Behl
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Robert A Parise
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jan H Beumer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Roderick J O'Sullivan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Neal A DeLuca
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Stephen H Thorne
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Vijay A K Rathinam
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Pingwei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Saumendra N Sarkar
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
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155
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Badolo A, Burt F, Daniel S, Fearns R, Gudo ES, Kielian M, Lescar J, Shi Y, von Brunn A, Weiss SR, Hilgenfeld R. Third Tofo Advanced Study Week on Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, 2018. Antiviral Res 2018; 162:142-150. [PMID: 30597184 PMCID: PMC7132404 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Third Tofo Advanced Study Week on Emerging and Re-Emerging Viruses (3rd TASW) was held in Praia do Tofo, Mozambique, from September 02 to 06, 2018. It brought together 55 participants from 10 African countries as well as from Belgium, China, Germany, Singapore, and the USA. Meeting sessions covered aspects of the epidemiology, diagnosis, molecular and structural biology, vaccine development, and antiviral drug discovery for emerging RNA viruses that are current threats in Africa and included flaviviruses (dengue and Zika), alphaviruses (chikungunya), coronaviruses, filoviruses (Ebola), influenza viruses, Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Rift Valley fever Virus, Lassa virus, and others. Data were presented on recent flavivirus and/or chikungunyavirus outbreaks in Angola, Burkina Faso, and Mozambique. In addition, these viruses are endemic in many sub-Saharan countries. The TASW series on emerging viruses is unique in Africa and successful in promoting collaborations between researchers in Africa and other parts of the world, as well as among African scientists. This report summarizes the lectures held at the meeting and highlights advances in the field. The 3rd Tofo Advanced Study Week on Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses took place from September 2–6, 2018. African attendees came from Angola, Botswana, Burkina Faso, the CAR, Mozambique, Nigeria, S Africa, Tanzania and Zimbabwe. Other participants were from Europe, China, Singapore, and the USA. This unique meeting enabled scientists from Africa and elsewhere to discuss problems and initiate new collaborations. Presentations covered dengue virus, Zika, chikungunya, coronaviruses, Ebola, influenza, Rift Valley fever, CCHF, and RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanase Badolo
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Entomology, University Ouaga, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Felicity Burt
- Division of Virology, National Health Laboratory Services and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
| | - Susan Daniel
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Rachel Fearns
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | - Margaret Kielian
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Julien Lescar
- Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| | - Yi Shi
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Albrecht von Brunn
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Site, Munich, Germany.
| | - Susan R Weiss
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Rolf Hilgenfeld
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg - Lübeck - Borstel - Riems Site, Lübeck, Germany.
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156
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Hu J, Wang X, Xing Y, Rong E, Ning M, Smith J, Huang Y. Origin and development of oligoadenylate synthetase immune system. BMC Evol Biol 2018; 18:201. [PMID: 30587119 PMCID: PMC6307210 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1315-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oligoadenylate synthetases (OASs) are widely distributed in Metazoa including sponges, fish, reptiles, birds and mammals and show large variation, with one to twelve members in any given species. Upon double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) binding, avian and mammalian OASs generate the second messenger 2'-5'-linked oligoadenylate (2-5A), which activates ribonuclease L (RNaseL) and blocks viral replication. However, how Metazoa shape their OAS repertoires to keep evolutionary balance to virus infection is largely unknown. We performed comprehensive phylogenetic and functional analyses of OAS genes from evolutionarily lower to higher Metazoa to demonstrate how the OAS repertoires have developed anti-viral activity and diversified their functions. Results Ancient Metazoa harbor OAS genes, but lack both upstream and downstream genes of the OAS-related pathways, indicating that ancient OASs are not interferon-induced genes involved in the innate immune system. Compared to OASs of ancient Metazoa (i.e. sponge), the corresponding ones of higher Metazoa present an increasing number of basic residues on the OAS/dsRNA interaction interface. Such an increase of basic residues might improve their binding affinity to dsRNA. Moreover, mutations of functional residues in the active pocket might lead to the fact that higher Metazoan OASs lose the ability to produce 3'-5'-linked oligoadenylate (3-5A) and turn into specific 2-5A synthetases. In addition, we found that multiple rounds of gene duplication and domain coupling events occurred in the OAS family and mutations at functionally critical sites were observed in most new OAS members. Conclusions We propose a model for the expansion of OAS members and provide comprehensive evidence of subsequent neo-functionalization and sub-functionalization. Our observations lay the foundation for interrogating the evolutionary transition of ancient OAS genes to host defense genes and provide important information for exploring the unknown function of the OAS gene family. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-018-1315-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaoxue Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yanling Xing
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Enguang Rong
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mengfei Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jacqueline Smith
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Yinhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100193, China.
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157
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Molecular cloning of porcine 2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase-like protein and its role in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection. Microb Pathog 2018; 125:281-289. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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158
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Wu S, Wang Y, Chen G, Zhang M, Wang M, He JQ. 2'-5'-Oligoadenylate synthetase 1 polymorphisms are associated with tuberculosis: a case-control study. BMC Pulm Med 2018; 18:180. [PMID: 30497421 PMCID: PMC6267069 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-018-0746-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background 2′-5′-Oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OAS1) plays an important role in inflammatory immune reactions. OAS1 polymorphisms have been associated with increased susceptibility to various diseases. We investigated the association of polymorphisms in OAS1 with tuberculosis (TB). Methods A total of 1215 TB cases and 1114 healthy controls were enrolled from two independent studies. Genotyping was conducted using the improved multiplex ligase detection reaction (iMLDR) method. Associations between OAS1 polymorphisms (rs2240190, rs1131454, 10,774,671 and 11,066,453) and TB risk were established based on distributions of allelic frequencies using different genetic models. Results Significant association was observed between rs10774671, rs1131454 and TB. In the initial study, the G allele of rs10774671 was a significantly protective factor against TB (P = 0.006) and the genotype of GG differed significantly between TB patients and controls under the codominant model (P = 0.008) after Bonferroni correction. In the validation study, we also observed that the rs10774671 G allele (P = 0.001) and GG genotype (P = 0.001) were associated with TB. In addition, we found that the rs1131454 G allele (P = 0.004) and GG genotype (P = 0.001) were protective against TB in the Chinese Han population. Conclusions We report novel associations of polymorphisms in OAS1 with TB in the Chinese Tibetan and Han populations. Similar studies in different populations and functional studies are warranted to confirm our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouquan Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,Division of Geriatrics, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Minggui Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Qing He
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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159
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Starbæk SMR, Brogaard L, Dawson HD, Smith AD, Heegaard PMH, Larsen LE, Jungersen G, Skovgaard K. Animal Models for Influenza A Virus Infection Incorporating the Involvement of Innate Host Defenses: Enhanced Translational Value of the Porcine Model. ILAR J 2018; 59:323-337. [DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ily009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Influenza is a viral respiratory disease having a major impact on public health. Influenza A virus (IAV) usually causes mild transitory disease in humans. However, in specific groups of individuals such as severely obese, the elderly, and individuals with underlying inflammatory conditions, IAV can cause severe illness or death. In this review, relevant small and large animal models for human IAV infection, including the pig, ferret, and mouse, are discussed. The focus is on the pig as a large animal model for human IAV infection as well as on the associated innate immune response. Pigs are natural hosts for the same IAV subtypes as humans, they develop clinical disease mirroring human symptoms, they have similar lung anatomy, and their respiratory physiology and immune responses to IAV infection are remarkably similar to what is observed in humans. The pig model shows high face and target validity for human IAV infection, making it suitable for modeling many aspects of influenza, including increased risk of severe disease and impaired vaccine response due to underlying pathologies such as low-grade inflammation. Comparative analysis of proteins involved in viral pattern recognition, interferon responses, and regulation of interferon-stimulated genes reveals a significantly higher degree of similarity between pig, ferret, and human compared with mice. It is concluded that the pig is a promising animal model displaying substantial human translational value with the ability to provide essential insights into IAV infection, pathogenesis, and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie M R Starbæk
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Louise Brogaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Harry D Dawson
- Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Allen D Smith
- Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Peter M H Heegaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lars E Larsen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gregers Jungersen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kerstin Skovgaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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160
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Park S, Liu M, Kang S. Alcohol Intake Interacts with CDKAL1, HHEX, and OAS3 Genetic Variants, Associated with the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes by Lowering Insulin Secretion in Korean Adults. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:2326-2336. [PMID: 30207601 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since alcohol intake increases the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in Koreans, we tested the hypothesis that the interactions of genetic variants involved in β-cell function and mass with alcohol intake increase the T2DM risk. METHODS The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected by genome-wide association study for insulin secretion after adjusting for age, gender, area of residence, body mass index, and alcohol intake (p < 1 × 10-4 ) in 8,842 middle-aged adults in the Ansan/Ansung cohort. Genetic risk scores (GRSs) were calculated by summing the risk alleles of 4 selected SNPs, CDKAL1 rs7754840 and rs9460546, HHEX rs5015480, and OAS3 rs2072134. The GRSs were categorized into 3 groups by tertiles, and the association between GRS and insulin secretion was measured using logistic regression after adjusting for confounding factors in the Ansan/Ansung cohort. The results were confirmed by the Rural cohort. RESULTS HOMA-IR was higher and HOMA-B was much lower in the High-GRS than the Low-GRS in both cohorts. T2DM risk was higher by approximately 1.5-fold in the High-GRS than in the Low-GRS in both cohorts. In the High-GRS group, HOMA-B decreased by 0.89- and 0.62-fold in comparison with the Low-GRS in the Ansan/Ansung cohort and Rural cohort. The GRS interacted with alcohol intake to increase the risk of developing T2DM in the Ansan/Ansung cohort (p = 0.036) and Rural cohort (p = 0.071). The risk of T2DM increased in the High-GRS group with high alcohol intake and it was associated with decreased HOMA-B. High alcohol intake decreased HOMA-B regardless of GRS, and HOMA-B was lower in the descending order of Medium-GRS, Low-GRS, and High-GRS. However, HOMA-IR was not altered by alcohol intake, but was elevated in the High-GRS more than in the other groups. CONCLUSIONS Subjects with a High-GRS had an elevated risk of T2DM even with moderate alcohol intakes due to lower HOMA-B. High alcohol intake appears to be a risk factor for all Asians regardless of alcohol intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunmin Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Research Center, Hoseo University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Meiling Liu
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Research Center, Hoseo University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Suna Kang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Research Center, Hoseo University, Asan, South Korea
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161
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Matveeva OV, Chumakov PM. Defects in interferon pathways as potential biomarkers of sensitivity to oncolytic viruses. Rev Med Virol 2018; 28:e2008. [PMID: 30209859 PMCID: PMC6906582 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Increased sensitivity of cancer cells to viruses is a prerequisite for the success of oncolytic virotherapy. One of the major causes of such a phenotype is the disruption of innate antiviral defenses associated with dysfunction of type 1 interferons (IFNs) that permits unlimited replication of viruses in cancer cells. Defects in IFN pathways help cancer progression by providing additional advantages to tumor cells. However, while these defects promote the survival and accelerated proliferation of malignant cells, they facilitate viral replication and thus enhance the efficiency of viral oncolysis. This review describes a broad spectrum of defects in genes that participate in IFN induction and IFN response pathways. Expression levels and/or functional activities of these genes are frequently low or absent in cancer cells, making them sensitive to virus infection. Therefore, certain specific defects in IFN signaling cascades might serve as potential biomarkers to help in identifying individual cancer patients who are likely to benefit from oncolytic virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter M Chumakov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Moscow, Russia.,Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products, Moscow, Russia
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162
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Transposable element dysregulation in systemic lupus erythematosus and regulation by histone conformation and Hsp90. Clin Immunol 2018; 197:6-18. [PMID: 30149120 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) represents an autoimmune disease in which activation of the type I interferon pathway leads to dysregulation of tolerance and the generation of autoantibodies directed against nuclear constituents. The mechanisms driving the activation of the interferon pathway in SLE have been the subject of intense investigation but are still incompletely understood. Transposable elements represent an enormous source of RNA that could potentially stimulate the cell intrinsic RNA-recognition pathway, leading to upregulation of interferons. We used RNA-seq to define transposable element families and subfamilies in three cell types in SLE and found diverse effects on transposable element expression in the three cell types and even within a given family of transposable elements. When potential mechanisms were examined, we found that Hsp90 inhibition could drive increased expression of multiple type of transposable elements. Both direct inhibition and the delivery of a heat shock itself, which redirects heat shock regulators (including Hsp90) off of basal expression promoters and onto heat shock-responsive promoters, led to increased transposable element expression. This effect was amplified by the concurrent delivery of a histone deacetylase inhibitor. We conclude that transposable elements are dysregulated in SLE and there are tissue-specific effects and locus-specific effects. The magnitude of RNAs attributable to transposable elements makes their dysregulation of critical interest in SLE where transposable element RNA complexed with proteins has been shown to drive interferon expression.
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163
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Calderon BM, Conn GL. A human cellular noncoding RNA activates the antiviral protein 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:16115-16124. [PMID: 30126839 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) family of enzymes sense cytosolic dsRNA, a potent signal of viral infection. In response to dsRNA binding, OAS proteins synthesize the second messenger 2'-5'-linked oligoadenylate that activates the latent ribonuclease L (RNase L). RNase L-mediated degradation of viral and cellular RNAs effectively halts viral replication and further stimulates innate immune responses by inducing type I interferon. The OAS/RNase L pathway is therefore central in innate immune recognition and promotion of antiviral host responses. However, the potential for specific RNA sequences or structures to drive OAS1 activation and the molecular mechanisms by which they act are not currently fully understood. Moreover, the cellular regulators of OAS activity are not well defined. Here, we demonstrate that the human cellular noncoding RNA 886 (nc886) activates OAS1 both in vitro and in human A549 cells. We show that a unique structure present only in one of the two structural conformers adopted by nc886 drives potent OAS1 activation. In contrast, the conformer lacking this unique structure activated OAS1 only very weakly. We also found that formation of this OAS1-activating structural motif depends on the nucleotides in the apical-most loop of nc886 and the adjacent helix. These findings identify a cellular RNA capable of activating the OAS/RNase L pathway in human cells and illustrate the importance of structural elements, and their context, in potentiating OAS1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda M Calderon
- From the Department of Biochemistry and.,Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell and Developmental Biology (BCDB), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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164
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Lnc-ISG20 Inhibits Influenza A Virus Replication by Enhancing ISG20 Expression. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00539-18. [PMID: 29899085 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00539-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in many aspects of cellular processes, including the antiviral immune response. To identify influenza A virus (IAV)-related lncRNAs, we performed RNA deep sequencing to compare the profiles of lncRNAs in A549 and HEK293T cells with or without IAV infection. We identified an IAV-upregulated lncRNA named lnc-ISG20 because it shares most of its sequence with ISG20. We found that lnc-ISG20 is an interferon-stimulated gene similar to ISG20. Overexpression of lnc-ISG20 inhibited IAV replication, while lnc-ISG20 knockdown favored viral replication, suggesting that lnc-ISG20 is inhibitory to IAV replication. Further study indicated that overexpression of lnc-ISG20 enhances ISG20 protein levels, while knockdown of lnc-ISG20 reduces ISG20 protein levels in A549 cells induced with poly(I·C) and Sendai virus. We demonstrated that lnc-ISG20 inhibits IAV replication in an ISG20-dependent manner. As lnc-ISG20 did not affect the mRNA level of ISG20, we postulated that lnc-ISG20 may function as endogenous RNA competing with ISG20 to enhance its translation. Indeed, we identified that microRNA 326 (miR-326) is a mutual microRNA for both ISG20 and lnc-ISG20 that targets the 3' untranslated region of ISG20 mRNA to inhibit its translation. We confirmed that lnc-ISG20 can bind miR-326, which in turn decreased the amount of miR-326 bound to ISG20 mRNA. In conclusion, we identified that the IAV-upregulated lnc-ISG20 is a novel interferon-stimulated gene that elicits its inhibitory effect on IAV replication by enhancing ISG20 expression. We demonstrated that lnc-ISG20 functions as a competitive endogenous RNA to bind miR-326 to reduce its inhibition of ISG20 translation. Our results revealed the mechanism by which lnc-ISG20 inhibits IAV replication.IMPORTANCE The replication of influenza A virus is regulated by host factors. However, the mechanisms by which lncRNAs regulate IAV infection are not well understood. We identified that lnc-ISG20 is upregulated during IAV infection and is also an interferon-stimulated gene. We demonstrated that lnc-ISG20 can enhance ISG20 expression, which in turn inhibits IAV replication. Our studies indicate that lnc-ISG20 functions as a competing endogenous RNA that binds miR-326 and reduces its inhibitory effect on ISG20. Taken together, our findings reveal the mechanistic details of lnc-ISG20 negatively regulating IAV replication. These findings indicate that lnc-ISG20 plays an important role during the host antiviral immune response.
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165
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Malakar S, Sreelatha L, Dechtawewat T, Noisakran S, Yenchitsomanus PT, Chu JJH, Limjindaporn T. Drug repurposing of quinine as antiviral against dengue virus infection. Virus Res 2018; 255:171-178. [PMID: 30055216 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) disease outbreaks continue to develop across the globe with significant associated mortality and economic burden, yet no treatment has been approved to combat this virus. In an attempt to identify novel drug candidates as therapeutics for DENV infection, we evaluated four US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drugs including aminolevullic acid, azelaic acid, mitoxantrone hydrochloride, and quinine sulfate, and tested their ability to inhibit DENV replication using focus-forming unit assay to quantify virus production. Of the four investigated compounds, quinine was found to have the most pronounced anti-DENV activity. Quinine inhibited DENV production of DENV by about 80% compared to untreated controls, while the other three drugs decreased virus production by only about 50%. Moreover, quinine inhibited DENV production of all four serotypes of DENV. Reduction in virus production was documented in three different cell lines of human origin. Quinine significantly inhibited DENV replication by reducing DENV RNA and viral protein synthesis in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, quinine ameliorated expression of genes related to innate immune response. These findings suggest the efficacy of quinine for stimulating antiviral genes to reduce DENV replication. The antiviral activity of quinine observed in this study may have applicability in the development of new drug therapies against DENV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilu Malakar
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Liji Sreelatha
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanyaporn Dechtawewat
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sansanee Noisakran
- Medical Biotechnology Unit, National Cancer Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Pa-Thai Yenchitsomanus
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thawornchai Limjindaporn
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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166
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Rong E, Wang X, Chen H, Yang C, Hu J, Liu W, Wang Z, Chen X, Zheng H, Pu J, Sun H, Smith J, Burt DW, Liu J, Li N, Huang Y. Molecular Mechanisms for the Adaptive Switching Between the OAS/RNase L and OASL/RIG-I Pathways in Birds and Mammals. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1398. [PMID: 29973937 PMCID: PMC6019448 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Host cells develop the OAS/RNase L [2′–5′–oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS)/ribonuclease L] system to degrade cellular and viral RNA, and/or the OASL/RIG-I (2′–5′–OAS like/retinoic acid inducible protein I) system to enhance RIG-I-mediated IFN induction, thus providing the first line of defense against viral infection. The 2′–5′–OAS-like (OASL) protein may activate the OAS/RNase L system using its typical OAS-like domain (OLD) or mimic the K63-linked pUb to enhance antiviral activity of the OASL/RIG-I system using its two tandem ubiquitin-like domains (UBLs). We first describe that divergent avian (duck and ostrich) OASL inhibit the replication of a broad range of RNA viruses by activating and magnifying the OAS/RNase L pathway in a UBL-dependent manner. This is in sharp contrast to mammalian enzymatic OASL, which activates and magnifies the OAS/RNase L pathway in a UBL-independent manner, similar to 2′–5′–oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OAS1). We further show that both avian and mammalian OASL can reversibly exchange to activate and magnify the OAS/RNase L and OASL/RIG-I system by introducing only three key residues, suggesting that ancient OASL possess 2–5A [px5′A(2′p5′A)n; x = 1-3; n ≥ 2] activity and has functionally switched to the OASL/RIG-I pathway recently. Our findings indicate the molecular mechanisms involved in the switching of avian and mammalian OASL molecules to activate and enhance the OAS/RNase L and OASL/RIG-I pathways in response to infection by RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enguang Rong
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxue Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hualan Chen
- Animal Influenza Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Chenghuai Yang
- China Institute of Veterinary Drugs Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjie Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zeng Wang
- Animal Influenza Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoyun Chen
- China Institute of Veterinary Drugs Control, Beijing, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Juan Pu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Honglei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jacqueline Smith
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David W Burt
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yinhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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167
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Kimura S, Matsumiya T, Shiba Y, Nakanishi M, Hayakari R, Kawaguchi S, Yoshida H, Imaizumi T. The Essential Role of Double-Stranded RNA-Dependent Antiviral Signaling in the Degradation of Nonself Single-Stranded RNA in Nonimmune Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:1044-1052. [PMID: 29925678 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The recognition of nonself dsRNA by retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) leads to the engagement of RIG-I-like receptor signaling. In addition, nonself dsRNA triggers a robust latent RNase (RNase L) activation and leads to the degradation of ribosomal structures and cell death. In contrast, nonself ssRNA is known to be recognized by TLR 7/8 in immune cells such as plasmacytoid dendritic cells and B cells, but little is known regarding the involvement of nonself ssRNA in antiviral signaling in nonimmune cells, including epithelial cells. Moreover, the fate of intracellular nonself ssRNA remains unknown. To address this issue, we developed a quantitative RT-PCR-based approach that monitors the kinetics of nonself ssRNA cleavage following the transfection of HeLa human cervical carcinoma cells, using model nonself ssRNA. We discovered that the degradation of ssRNA is independent of RIG-I and type I IFN signaling because ssRNA did not trigger RIG-I-mediated antiviral signaling. We also found that the kinetics of self (5'-capped) and nonself ssRNA decay were unaltered, suggesting that nonself ssRNA is not recognized by nonimmune cells. We further demonstrated that the cleavage of nonself ssRNA is accelerated when nonself dsRNA is also introduced into cells. In addition, the cleavage of nonself ssRNA is completely abolished by knockdown of RNase L. Overall, our data demonstrate the important role of dsRNA-RNase L in nonself ssRNA degradation and may partly explain the positive regulation of the antiviral responses in nonimmune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Kimura
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan; and
| | - Tomoh Matsumiya
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan; and
| | - Yuko Shiba
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan; and
| | - Michi Nakanishi
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan; and
| | - Ryo Hayakari
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan; and
| | - Shogo Kawaguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Hidemi Yoshida
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan; and
| | - Tadaatsu Imaizumi
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan; and
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168
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Leisching G, Wiid I, Baker B. OAS1, 2, and 3: Significance During Active Tuberculosis? J Infect Dis 2018; 217:1517-1521. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gina Leisching
- South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University
| | - Ian Wiid
- South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University
| | - Bienyameen Baker
- South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University
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169
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Liu Y, Liu P, Liu S, Guo Y, He H, Yang C, Song J, Zhang N, Cheng J, Chen Z. Oligoadenylate synthetase 3 S381R gene polymorphism is associated with severity of EV71 infection in Chinese children. J Clin Virol 2018; 101:29-33. [PMID: 29414184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oligoadenylate synthetase 3 (OAS3) is interferon-induced antiviral enzyme, playing a significant role in the innate immune response. Genetic polymorphism in OAS3 gene has been reported to be a susceptibility factor in many infected diseases, but evidence of its effect on enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection is still lacking. OBJECTIVES An attempt study was made to investigate whether genetic polymorphism of OAS3 S381R is associated with the severity of EV71 infection in Chinese children. STUDY DESIGN Retrospectively sumed up the clinical onsets and experimental results for 249 cases with EV71 infection (including 151 mild cases and 98 severe cases) and 243 controls. An improved multiplex ligation detection reaction (iMLDR) technique was carried out to analyze polymorphism in OAS3 S381R G/C gene for genetic association analyses. The plasma levels of IFN-γ were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS The distribution of OAS3 S381R CC genotype (73.47%) and C allele (85.20%) in severe cases was markedly higher than in mild cases (45.70%, P < .01; 67.88%, P < .01). The blood IFN-γ levels of severe cases were significantly lower in CC genotype (131.66 ± 10.84 pg/mL) compared to GG (183.37 ± 24.50 pg/mL, p < .01) and GC genotype (168.48 ± 26.57 pg/mL, p < .01). CONCLUSIONS Carrying the C allele of the OAS3 S381R gene could be a susceptibility factor in the development of severe EV71 infection in Chinese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yedan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, NO. 16, Jiangsu Road, Qingdao 266000, China.
| | - Peipei Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, NO. 16, Jiangsu Road, Qingdao 266000, China.
| | - Shihai Liu
- Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, NO. 1677, Wutaishan Road, Qingdao, 266000, China.
| | - Ya Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, NO. 16, Jiangsu Road, Qingdao 266000, China.
| | - Hongfang He
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, NO. 16, Jiangsu Road, Qingdao 266000, China.
| | - Chengqing Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, NO. 16, Jiangsu Road, Qingdao 266000, China.
| | - Jie Song
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, NO. 16, Jiangsu Road, Qingdao 266000, China.
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, NO. 16, Jiangsu Road, Qingdao 266000, China.
| | - Jianguo Cheng
- Departments of Pain Management and Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - Zongbo Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, NO. 16, Jiangsu Road, Qingdao 266000, China.
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170
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Ingle H, Peterson ST, Baldridge MT. Distinct Effects of Type I and III Interferons on Enteric Viruses. Viruses 2018; 10:E46. [PMID: 29361691 PMCID: PMC5795459 DOI: 10.3390/v10010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are key host cytokines in the innate immune response to viral infection, and recent work has identified unique roles for IFN subtypes in regulating different aspects of infection. Currently emerging is a common theme that type III IFNs are critical in localized control of infection at mucosal barrier sites, while type I IFNs are important for broad systemic control of infections. The intestine is a particular site of interest for exploring these effects, as in addition to being the port of entry for a multitude of pathogens, it is a complex tissue with a variety of cell types as well as the presence of the intestinal microbiota. Here we focus on the roles of type I and III IFNs in control of enteric viruses, discussing what is known about signaling downstream from these cytokines, including induction of specific IFN-stimulated genes. We review viral strategies to evade IFN responses, effects of IFNs on the intestine, interactions between IFNs and the microbiota, and briefly discuss the role of IFNs in controlling viral infections at other barrier sites. Enhanced understanding of the coordinate roles of IFNs in control of viral infections may facilitate development of antiviral therapeutic strategies; here we highlight potential avenues for future exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshad Ingle
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Stefan T Peterson
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Megan T Baldridge
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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171
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Differential Ability of Pandemic and Seasonal H1N1 Influenza A Viruses To Alter the Function of Human Neutrophils. mSphere 2018; 3:mSphere00567-17. [PMID: 29299535 PMCID: PMC5750393 DOI: 10.1128/mspheredirect.00567-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A long-standing notion is that IAV inhibits normal neutrophil function and thereby predisposes individuals to secondary bacterial infections. Here we report that seasonal H1N1 IAV primes human neutrophils for enhanced killing of Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, we provide a comprehensive view of the changes in neutrophil gene expression during interaction with seasonal or pandemic IAV and report how these changes relate to functions such as bactericidal activity. This study expands our knowledge of IAV interactions with human neutrophils. Neutrophils are essential cells of host innate immunity. Although the role of neutrophils in defense against bacterial and fungal infections is well characterized, there is a relative paucity of information about their role against viral infections. Influenza A virus (IAV) infection can be associated with secondary bacterial coinfection, and it has long been posited that the ability of IAV to alter normal neutrophil function predisposes individuals to secondary bacterial infections. To better understand this phenomenon, we evaluated the interaction of pandemic or seasonal H1N1 IAV with human neutrophils isolated from healthy persons. These viruses were ingested by human neutrophils and elicited changes in neutrophil gene expression that are consistent with an interferon-mediated immune response. The viability of neutrophils following coculture with either pandemic or seasonal H1N1 IAV was similar for up to 18 h of culture. Notably, neutrophil exposure to seasonal (but not pandemic) IAV primed these leukocytes for enhanced functions, including production of reactive oxygen species and bactericidal activity. Taken together, our results are at variance with the universal idea that IAV impairs neutrophil function directly to predispose individuals to secondary bacterial infections. Rather, we suggest that some strains of IAV prime neutrophils for enhanced bacterial clearance. IMPORTANCE A long-standing notion is that IAV inhibits normal neutrophil function and thereby predisposes individuals to secondary bacterial infections. Here we report that seasonal H1N1 IAV primes human neutrophils for enhanced killing of Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, we provide a comprehensive view of the changes in neutrophil gene expression during interaction with seasonal or pandemic IAV and report how these changes relate to functions such as bactericidal activity. This study expands our knowledge of IAV interactions with human neutrophils.
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172
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Villalón-Letelier F, Brooks AG, Saunders PM, Londrigan SL, Reading PC. Host Cell Restriction Factors that Limit Influenza A Infection. Viruses 2017; 9:v9120376. [PMID: 29215570 PMCID: PMC5744151 DOI: 10.3390/v9120376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infection of different cell types induces a unique spectrum of host defence genes, including interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and genes encoding other proteins with antiviral potential. Although hundreds of ISGs have been described, the vast majority have not been functionally characterised. Cellular proteins with putative antiviral activity (hereafter referred to as “restriction factors”) can target various steps in the virus life-cycle. In the context of influenza virus infection, restriction factors have been described that target virus entry, genomic replication, translation and virus release. Genome wide analyses, in combination with ectopic overexpression and/or gene silencing studies, have accelerated the identification of restriction factors that are active against influenza and other viruses, as well as providing important insights regarding mechanisms of antiviral activity. Herein, we review current knowledge regarding restriction factors that mediate anti-influenza virus activity and consider the viral countermeasures that are known to limit their impact. Moreover, we consider the strengths and limitations of experimental approaches to study restriction factors, discrepancies between in vitro and in vivo studies, and the potential to exploit restriction factors to limit disease caused by influenza and other respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Villalón-Letelier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Andrew G Brooks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Philippa M Saunders
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Sarah L Londrigan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Patrick C Reading
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
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173
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De La Cruz-Rivera PC, Kanchwala M, Liang H, Kumar A, Wang LF, Xing C, Schoggins JW. The IFN Response in Bats Displays Distinctive IFN-Stimulated Gene Expression Kinetics with Atypical RNASEL Induction. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:209-217. [PMID: 29180486 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bats host a large number of zoonotic viruses, including several viruses that are highly pathogenic to other mammals. The mechanisms underlying this rich viral diversity are unknown, but they may be linked to unique immunological features that allow bats to act as asymptomatic viral reservoirs. Vertebrates respond to viral infection by inducing IFNs, which trigger antiviral defenses through IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) expression. Although the IFN system of several bats is characterized at the genomic level, less is known about bat IFN-mediated transcriptional responses. In this article, we show that IFN signaling in bat cells from the black flying fox (Pteropus alecto) consists of conserved and unique ISG expression profiles. In IFN-stimulated cells, bat ISGs comprise two unique temporal subclusters with similar early induction kinetics but distinct late-phase declines. In contrast, human ISGs lack this decline phase and remained elevated for longer periods. Notably, in unstimulated cells, bat ISGs were expressed more highly than their human counterparts. We also found that the antiviral effector 2-5A-dependent endoribonuclease, which is not an ISG in humans, is highly IFN inducible in black flying fox cells and contributes to cell-intrinsic control of viral infection. These studies reveal distinctive innate immune features that may underlie a unique virus-host relationship in bats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammed Kanchwala
- McDermott Center Bioinformatics Core, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Hanquan Liang
- McDermott Center Bioinformatics Core, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- McDermott Center Bioinformatics Core, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Chao Xing
- McDermott Center Bioinformatics Core, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390.,Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390; and.,Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - John W Schoggins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390;
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174
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Carpentier KS, Morrison TE. Innate immune control of alphavirus infection. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 28:53-60. [PMID: 29175515 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alphaviruses are important human pathogens that cause diseases ranging from acute and chronic polyarthralgia to encephalitis. Transmitted by mosquito vectors, alphaviruses have high potential for emergence and have initiated several recent epidemics. The innate immune response is critical for controlling the acute phase of alphavirus disease, and the induction of type I interferon (IFN) is essential in this response. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of innate host sensors that initiate antiviral responses following alphavirus infection, and the IFN-induced effector proteins that limit alphavirus replication and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn S Carpentier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Thomas E Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
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175
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Donovan J, Rath S, Kolet-Mandrikov D, Korennykh A. Rapid RNase L-driven arrest of protein synthesis in the dsRNA response without degradation of translation machinery. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 23:1660-1671. [PMID: 28808124 PMCID: PMC5648034 DOI: 10.1261/rna.062000.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cells respond to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) by activating a translation-inhibiting endoribonuclease, RNase L. Consensus in the field indicates that RNase L arrests protein synthesis by degrading ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) and messenger RNAs (mRNAs). However, here we provide evidence for a different and far more efficient mechanism. By sequencing abundant RNA fragments generated by RNase L in human cells, we identify site-specific cleavage of two groups of noncoding RNAs: Y-RNAs, whose function is poorly understood, and cytosolic tRNAs, which are essential for translation. Quantitative analysis of human RNA cleavage versus nascent protein synthesis in lung carcinoma cells shows that RNase L stops global translation when tRNAs, as well as rRNAs and mRNAs, are still intact. Therefore, RNase L does not have to degrade the translation machinery to stop protein synthesis. Our data point to a rapid mechanism that transforms a subtle RNA cleavage into a cell-wide translation arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Donovan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Sneha Rath
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - David Kolet-Mandrikov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Alexei Korennykh
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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176
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Xu J, Sun Y, Li Y, Ruthel G, Weiss SR, Raj A, Beiting D, López CB. Replication defective viral genomes exploit a cellular pro-survival mechanism to establish paramyxovirus persistence. Nat Commun 2017; 8:799. [PMID: 28986577 PMCID: PMC5630589 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00909-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Replication defective viral genomes (DVGs) generated during virus replication are the primary triggers of antiviral immunity in many RNA virus infections. However, DVGs can also facilitate viral persistence. Why and how these two opposing functions of DVGs are achieved remain unknown. Here we report that during Sendai and respiratory syncytial virus infections DVGs selectively protect a subpopulation of cells from death, thereby promoting the establishment of persistent infections. We find that during Sendai virus infection this phenotype results from DVGs stimulating a mitochondrial antiviral-signaling (MAVS)-mediated TNF response that drives apoptosis of highly infected cells while extending the survival of cells enriched in DVGs. The pro-survival effect of TNF depends on the activity of the TNFR2/TRAF1 pathway that is regulated by MAVS signaling. These results identify TNF as a pivotal factor in determining cell fate during a viral infection and delineate a MAVS/TNFR2-mediated mechanism that drives the persistence of otherwise acute viruses. Replication defective viral genomes (DVGs) can facilitate persistence of paramyxoviruses, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Using FISH, Xu et al. here analyze the cellular response to DVGs on a single cell level and show that a MAVS-mediated TNF response specifically extends survival of cells enriched in DVGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yize Li
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Gordon Ruthel
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Susan R Weiss
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Arjun Raj
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Daniel Beiting
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Carolina B López
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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177
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Case-Control Comparison of Enteric Viromes in Captive Rhesus Macaques with Acute or Idiopathic Chronic Diarrhea. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00952-17. [PMID: 28659484 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00952-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea is the major cause of non-research-associated morbidity and mortality affecting the supply of rhesus macaques and, potentially, their responses to experimental treatments. Idiopathic chronic diarrhea (ICD) in rhesus macaques also resembles ulcerative colitis, one form of human inflammatory bowel disease. To test for viral etiologies, we characterized and compared the fecal viromes from 32 healthy animals, 31 animals with acute diarrhea, and 29 animals with ICD. The overall fractions of eukaryotic viral reads were 0.063% for the healthy group, 0.131% for the acute-diarrhea group, and 0.297% for the chronic-diarrhea group. Eukaryotic viruses belonging to 6 viral families, as well as numerous circular Rep-encoding single-stranded DNA (CRESS DNA) viral genomes, were identified. The most commonly detected sequences were from picornaviruses, making up 59 to 88% of all viral reads, followed by 9 to 17% for CRESS DNA virus sequences. The remaining 5 virus families, Adenoviridae, Astroviridae, Anelloviridae, Picobirnaviridae, and Parvoviridae, collectively made up 1 to 3% of the viral reads, except for parvoviruses, which made up 23% of the viral reads in the healthy group. Detected members of the families Picornaviridae and Parvoviridae were highly diverse, consisting of multiple genera, species, and genotypes. Coinfections with members of up to six viral families were detected. Complete and partial viral genomes were assembled and used to measure the number of matching short sequence reads in feces from the 92 animals in the two clinical and the healthy control groups. Several enterovirus genotypes and CRESS DNA genomes were associated with ICD relative to healthy animals. Conversely, higher read numbers from different parvoviruses were associated with healthy animals. Our study reveals a high level of enteric coinfections with diverse viruses in a captive rhesus macaque colony and identifies several viruses positively or negatively associated with ICD.
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178
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Oas1b-dependent Immune Transcriptional Profiles of West Nile Virus Infection in the Collaborative Cross. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2017; 7:1665-1682. [PMID: 28592649 PMCID: PMC5473748 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.041624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The oligoadenylate-synthetase (Oas) gene locus provides innate immune resistance to virus infection. In mouse models, variation in the Oas1b gene influences host susceptibility to flavivirus infection. However, the impact of Oas variation on overall innate immune programming and global gene expression among tissues and in different genetic backgrounds has not been defined. We examined how Oas1b acts in spleen and brain tissue to limit West Nile virus (WNV) susceptibility and disease across a range of genetic backgrounds. The laboratory founder strains of the mouse Collaborative Cross (CC) (A/J, C57BL/6J, 129S1/SvImJ, NOD/ShiLtJ, and NZO/HlLtJ) all encode a truncated, defective Oas1b, whereas the three wild-derived inbred founder strains (CAST/EiJ, PWK/PhJ, and WSB/EiJ) encode a full-length OAS1B protein. We assessed disease profiles and transcriptional signatures of F1 hybrids derived from these founder strains. F1 hybrids included wild-type Oas1b (F/F), homozygous null Oas1b (N/N), and heterozygous offspring of both parental combinations (F/N and N/F). These mice were challenged with WNV, and brain and spleen samples were harvested for global gene expression analysis. We found that the Oas1b haplotype played a role in WNV susceptibility and disease metrics, but the presence of a functional Oas1b allele in heterozygous offspring did not absolutely predict protection against disease. Our results indicate that Oas1b status as wild-type or truncated, and overall Oas1b gene dosage, link with novel innate immune gene signatures that impact specific biological pathways for the control of flavivirus infection and immunity through both Oas1b-dependent and independent processes.
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179
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Leisching G, Wiid I, Baker B. The Association of OASL and Type I Interferons in the Pathogenesis and Survival of Intracellular Replicating Bacterial Species. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:196. [PMID: 28580319 PMCID: PMC5437694 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The type I IFN response quickly became associated with its role in the innate immune response to viral infection. The past few years have seen the significance of IFNs expand in breadth to include non-viral pathogens. Previous work has identified that following viral infection, type I IFN signaling induces the production of the 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) family, which include OAS1, OAS2, OAS3, and OAS-like (OASL) protein. OASL was identified to be strongly induced following viral infection through engaging the RNA sensor RIG-I and increasing signaling through this pathway to enhance the anti-viral type I IFN response. Surprisingly, infection with viral dsDNA revealed an IFN inhibitory role and therefore pro-viral function of OASL through the inhibition of the cGAS cytosolic DNA sensing mechanism. Intracellular bacteria are able to activate the cytosolic DNA sensing pathway, however the role of OASL during bacterial infection is largely unknown. Vacuolar pathogenic microbes such as mycobacteria induce OASL early post infection, where it functions in a prosurvival fashion by inhibiting autophagic mechanisms and antimicrobial peptide expression. This suggests an underestimated role of OASL in the innate immune response to infection with a variety of pathogens and points to OASL-associated modulation of the type I IFN response. OASL may therefore play a critical role in defining the outcome of infection. We provide a brief update on the recent developments of the OAS family of proteins in response to DNA and RNA virus infections, as well as discuss evidence of Oasl expression in response to a number of cytosolic and vacuolar replicating bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Leisching
- SAMRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch UniversityCape Town, South Africa
| | - Ian Wiid
- SAMRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch UniversityCape Town, South Africa
| | - Bienyameen Baker
- SAMRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch UniversityCape Town, South Africa
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180
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Yang Y, Xiong S, Cai B, Luo H, Dong E, Li Q, Ji G, Zhao C, Wen Y, Wei Y, Yang H. Mitochondrial C11orf83 is a potent Antiviral Protein Independent of interferon production. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44303. [PMID: 28418037 PMCID: PMC5394693 DOI: 10.1038/srep44303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria have a central position in innate immune response via the adaptor protein MAVS in mitochondrial outer membrane to limit viral replication by inducing interferon production. Here, we reported that C11orf83, a component of complex III of electronic transfer chain in mitochondrial inner membrane, was a potent antiviral protein independent of interferon production. C11orf83 expression significantly increased in response to viral infection, and endows cells with stronger capability of inhibiting viral replication. Deletion of C11orf83 permits viral replication easier and cells were more vulnerable to viral killing. These effects mainly were mediated by triggering OAS3-RNase L system. C11orf83 overexpression induced higher transcription of OAS3, and knockdown either OAS3 or RNase L impaired the antiviral capability of C11orf83. Interestingly, the signaling from C11orf83 to OAS3-RNase L was independent of interferon production. Thus, our findings suggested a new antiviral mechanism by bridging cell metabolic machinery component with antiviral effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaoquan Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oncology, Affilicated Hospital of ChengDu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Bei Cai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine/Research Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - E Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Gaili Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Chengjian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanjun Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Hanshuo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
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181
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Li Y, Banerjee S, Goldstein SA, Dong B, Gaughan C, Rath S, Donovan J, Korennykh A, Silverman RH, Weiss SR. Ribonuclease L mediates the cell-lethal phenotype of double-stranded RNA editing enzyme ADAR1 deficiency in a human cell line. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28362255 PMCID: PMC5404912 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ADAR1 isoforms are adenosine deaminases that edit and destabilize double-stranded RNA reducing its immunostimulatory activities. Mutation of ADAR1 leads to a severe neurodevelopmental and inflammatory disease of children, Aicardi-Goutiéres syndrome. In mice, Adar1 mutations are embryonic lethal but are rescued by mutation of the Mda5 or Mavs genes, which function in IFN induction. However, the specific IFN regulated proteins responsible for the pathogenic effects of ADAR1 mutation are unknown. We show that the cell-lethal phenotype of ADAR1 deletion in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells is rescued by CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis of the RNASEL gene or by expression of the RNase L antagonist, murine coronavirus NS2 accessory protein. Our result demonstrate that ablation of RNase L activity promotes survival of ADAR1 deficient cells even in the presence of MDA5 and MAVS, suggesting that the RNase L system is the primary sensor pathway for endogenous dsRNA that leads to cell death. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25687.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Yize Li
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Shuvojit Banerjee
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States
| | - Stephen A Goldstein
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Beihua Dong
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States
| | - Christina Gaughan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States
| | - Sneha Rath
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Jesse Donovan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Alexei Korennykh
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Robert H Silverman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States
| | - Susan R Weiss
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
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182
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Kindler E, Gil-Cruz C, Spanier J, Li Y, Wilhelm J, Rabouw HH, Züst R, Hwang M, V’kovski P, Stalder H, Marti S, Habjan M, Cervantes-Barragan L, Elliot R, Karl N, Gaughan C, van Kuppeveld FJM, Silverman RH, Keller M, Ludewig B, Bergmann CC, Ziebuhr J, Weiss SR, Kalinke U, Thiel V. Early endonuclease-mediated evasion of RNA sensing ensures efficient coronavirus replication. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006195. [PMID: 28158275 PMCID: PMC5310923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are of veterinary and medical importance and include highly pathogenic zoonotic viruses, such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. They are known to efficiently evade early innate immune responses, manifesting in almost negligible expression of type-I interferons (IFN-I). This evasion strategy suggests an evolutionary conserved viral function that has evolved to prevent RNA-based sensing of infection in vertebrate hosts. Here we show that the coronavirus endonuclease (EndoU) activity is key to prevent early induction of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) host cell responses. Replication of EndoU-deficient coronaviruses is greatly attenuated in vivo and severely restricted in primary cells even during the early phase of the infection. In macrophages we found immediate induction of IFN-I expression and RNase L-mediated breakdown of ribosomal RNA. Accordingly, EndoU-deficient viruses can retain replication only in cells that are deficient in IFN-I expression or sensing, and in cells lacking both RNase L and PKR. Collectively our results demonstrate that the coronavirus EndoU efficiently prevents simultaneous activation of host cell dsRNA sensors, such as Mda5, OAS and PKR. The localization of the EndoU activity at the site of viral RNA synthesis-within the replicase complex-suggests that coronaviruses have evolved a viral RNA decay pathway to evade early innate and intrinsic antiviral host cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Kindler
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Federal Department of Home Affairs, Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern and Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Gil-Cruz
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, St.Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Julia Spanier
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Yize Li
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Jochen Wilhelm
- Universities Giessen & Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Huib H. Rabouw
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mihyun Hwang
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Philip V’kovski
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Federal Department of Home Affairs, Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern and Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Biomedical Science, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hanspeter Stalder
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Federal Department of Home Affairs, Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern and Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Marti
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Federal Department of Home Affairs, Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern and Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Ruth Elliot
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Nadja Karl
- Institute for Medical Virology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christina Gaughan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Frank J. M. van Kuppeveld
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert H. Silverman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Markus Keller
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, St.Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia C. Bergmann
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - John Ziebuhr
- Institute for Medical Virology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Susan R. Weiss
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Volker Thiel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Federal Department of Home Affairs, Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern and Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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183
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Antagonism of RNase L Is Required for Murine Coronavirus Replication in Kupffer Cells and Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells but Not in Hepatocytes. J Virol 2016; 90:9826-9832. [PMID: 27558415 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01423-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse hepatitis virus strain A59 infection of mice is a useful tool for studying virus-host interaction during hepatitis development. The NS2H126R mutant is attenuated in liver replication due to loss of phosphodiesterase activity, which the wild-type (WT) virus uses to block the 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS)-RNase L (RNase L) antiviral pathway. The activation of RNase L by NS2H126R is cell type dependent and correlates with high basal expression levels of OAS, as found in myeloid cells. We tested the hypothesis that the resident liver macrophages, Kupffer cells (KC), represent the cell type most likely to restrict NS2H126R and prevent hepatitis. As found previously, A59 and NS2H126R replicate similarly in hepatocytes and neither activates RNase L, as assessed by an rRNA degradation assay. In contrast, in KC, A59 exhibited a 100-fold-higher titer than NS2H126R and NS2H126R induced rRNA degradation. Interestingly, in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC), the cells that form a barrier between blood and liver parenchymal cells, NS2H126R activates RNase L, which limits viral replication. Similar growth kinetics were observed for the two viruses in KC and LSEC from RNase L-/- mice, demonstrating that both use RNase L to limit NS2H126R replication. Depletion of KC by gadolinium(III) chloride or of LSEC by cyclophosphamide partially restores liver replication of NS2H126R, leading to hepatitis. Thus, during mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) infection, hepatitis, which damages the parenchyma, is prevented by RNase L activity in both KC and LSEC but not in hepatocytes. This may be explained by the undetectable levels of RNase L as well as by the OASs expressed in hepatocytes. IMPORTANCE Mouse hepatitis virus infection of mice provides a useful tool for studying virus-host interactions during hepatitis development. The NS2H126R mutant is attenuated in liver replication due to loss of phosphodiesterase activity, by which the wild-type virus blocks the potent OAS-RNase L antiviral pathway. RNase L activation by NS2H126R is cell type dependent and correlates with high basal expression levels of OAS, as found in myeloid cells. We showed that the hepatocytes that comprise the liver parenchyma do not activate RNase L when infected with NS2H126R or restrict replication. However, both Kupffer cells (KC) (i.e., the liver-resident macrophages) and the liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) which line the sinusoids activate RNase L in response to NS2H126R These data suggest that KC and LSEC prevent viral spread into the parenchyma, preventing hepatitis. Furthermore, hepatocytes express undetectable levels of OASs and RNase L, which likely explains the lack of RNase L activation during NS2H126R infection.
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184
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Gusho E, Baskar D, Banerjee S. New advances in our understanding of the "unique" RNase L in host pathogen interaction and immune signaling. Cytokine 2016; 133:153847. [PMID: 27595182 PMCID: PMC7128181 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ever since the discovery of the existence of an interferon (IFN)-regulated ribonuclease, significant advances have been made in understanding the mechanism and associated regulatory effects of its action. What had been studied initially as a "unique" endoribonuclease is currently known as ribonuclease L (RNase L where "L" stands for latent). Some of the key developments include discovery of the RNase L signaling pathway, its structural characterization, and its molecular cloning. RNase L has been implicated in antiviral and antibacterial defense, as well as in hereditary prostate cancer. RNase L is activated by 2'-5' linked oligoadenylates (2-5A), which are synthesized by the oligoadenylate synthetases (OASs), a family of IFN-regulated pathogen recognition receptors that sense double-stranded RNAs. Activated RNase L cleaves single stranded RNAs, including viral RNAs and cellular RNAs. The catalytic activity of RNase L has been found to lead into the activation of several cellular signaling pathways, including those involved in autophagy, apoptosis, IFN-β production, NLRP3 inflammasome activation leading to IL-1β secretion, inhibition of cell migration, and cell adhesion. In this review, we will highlight the newest advances in our understanding of the catalytic role of RNase L in the context of different cellular pathways and extend the scope of these findings to discussion of potential therapeutic targets for antimicrobial drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elona Gusho
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Danika Baskar
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Pediatrics Division Office, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA(1)
| | - Shuvojit Banerjee
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Two interferon-independent double-stranded RNA-induced host defense strategies suppress the common cold virus at warm temperature. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:8496-501. [PMID: 27402752 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1601942113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Most strains of rhinovirus (RV), the common cold virus, replicate better at cool temperatures found in the nasal cavity (33-35 °C) than at lung temperature (37 °C). Recent studies found that although 37 °C temperature suppressed RV growth largely by engaging the type 1 IFN response in infected epithelial cells, a significant temperature dependence to viral replication remained in cells devoid of IFN induction or signaling. To gain insight into IFN-independent mechanisms limiting RV replication at 37 °C, we studied RV infection in human bronchial epithelial cells and H1-HeLa cells. During the single replication cycle, RV exhibited temperature-dependent replication in both cell types in the absence of IFN induction. At 37 °C, earlier signs of apoptosis in RV-infected cells were accompanied by reduced virus production. Furthermore, apoptosis of epithelial cells was enhanced at 37 °C in response to diverse stimuli. Dynamic mathematical modeling and B cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) overexpression revealed that temperature-dependent host cell death could partially account for the temperature-dependent growth observed during RV amplification, but also suggested additional mechanisms of virus control. In search of a redundant antiviral pathway, we identified a role for the RNA-degrading enzyme RNAseL. Simultaneous antagonism of apoptosis and RNAseL increased viral replication and dramatically reduced temperature dependence. These findings reveal two IFN-independent mechanisms active in innate defense against RV, and demonstrate that even in the absence of IFNs, temperature-dependent RV amplification is largely a result of host cell antiviral restriction mechanisms operating more effectively at 37 °C than at 33 °C.
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