151
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Bonzelius F, Herman GA, Cardone MH, Mostov KE, Kelly RB. The polymeric immunoglobulin receptor accumulates in specialized endosomes but not synaptic vesicles within the neurites of transfected neuroendocrine PC12 cells. J Cell Biol 1994; 127:1603-16. [PMID: 7798315 PMCID: PMC2120272 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.127.6.1603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We have expressed in neuroendocrine PC12 cells the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), which is normally targeted from the basolateral to the apical surface of epithelial cells. In the presence of nerve growth factor, PC12 cells extend neurites which contain synaptic vesicle-like structures and regulated secretory granules. By immunofluorescence microscopy, pIgR, like the synaptic vesicle protein synaptophysin, accumulates in both the cell body and the neurites. On the other hand, the transferrin receptor, which normally recycles at the basolateral surface in epithelial cells, and the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor, a marker of late endosomes, are largely restricted to the cell body. pIgR internalizes ligand into endosomes within the cell body and the neurites, while uptake of ligand by the low density lipoprotein receptor occurs primarily into endosomes within the cell body. We conclude that transport of membrane proteins to PC12 neurites as well as to specialized endosomes within these processes is selective and appears to be governed by similar mechanisms that dictate sorting in epithelial cells. Additionally, two types of endosomes can be identified in polarized PC12 cells by the differential uptake of ligand, a housekeeping type in the cell bodies and a specialized endosome in the neurites. Recent findings suggest that specialized axonal endosomes in neurons are likely to give rise to synaptic vesicles (Mundigl, O., M. Matteoli, L. Daniell, A. Thomas-Reetz, A. Metcalf, R. Jahn, and P. De Camilli. 1993. J. Cell Biol. 122:1207-1221). Although pIgR reaches the specialized endosomes in the neurites of PC12 cells, we find by subcellular fractionation that under a variety of conditions it is efficiently excluded from synaptic vesicle-like structures as well as from secretory granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bonzelius
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Hormone Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
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152
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Miettinen HM, Edwards SN, Jalkanen M. Analysis of transport and targeting of syndecan-1: effect of cytoplasmic tail deletions. Mol Biol Cell 1994; 5:1325-39. [PMID: 7696713 PMCID: PMC301161 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.5.12.1325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were transfected with wild-type and cytoplasmic deletion mutants of mouse syndecan-1 to study the requirements for transport and polarized expression of this proteoglycan. Expression in MDCK cells revealed that wild-type syndecan-1 is directed to the basolateral surface via a brefeldin A-insensitive route. A deletion of the last 12 amino acids of the syndecan-1 cytoplasmic tail (CT22) was sufficient to result in the appearance of mutant proteoglycans at both the basolateral and apical cell surfaces. Treatment with brefeldin A was able to prevent apical transport of the mutants. We thus propose that the C-terminal part of the cytoplasmic tail is required for steady-state basolateral distribution of syndecan-1. In CHO cells a deletion of the last 25 or 33 amino acids of the 34-residue cytoplasmic domain (CT9 and CT1, respectively) resulted in partial retention of the mutants in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). A deletion mutant lacking the last 12 amino acids (CT22) was not retained. Interestingly, the unglycosylated core proteins of the CT9 and CT1 mutants showed a significantly lower apparent molecular weight when analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis than wild-type syndecan-1. However, when CHO transfectants expressing the CT1 mutant were incubated with brefeldin A, causing fusion of the ER and Golgi, CT1 ran with an almost equally high apparent molecular weight as the wild-type molecule. This would suggest that syndecan-1 undergoes extensive posttranslational modifications or forms an SDS-resistant dimer/complex after transit from the ER.
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153
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Firsov D, Mandon B, Morel A, Merot J, Le Maout S, Bellanger AC, de Rouffignac C, Elalouf JM, Buhler JM. Molecular analysis of vasopressin receptors in the rat nephron. Evidence for alternative splicing of the V2 receptor. Pflugers Arch 1994; 429:79-89. [PMID: 7708485 DOI: 10.1007/bf02584033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Expression and regulation of vasopressin V2 and V1a receptors were studied at the mRNA level in the rat kidney. Two V2 mRNA variants were identified and shown to arise from a single gene by alternative splicing using one donor and two different acceptor sites. The long (V2L) form encodes the adenylyl cyclase-coupled receptor. The short (V2S) form lacks the nucleotide sequence encoding the putative seventh transmembrane domain and undergoes a frame shift in its 3'end coding region; it is inactive on the cyclase pathway in transfected cells. Measurement of mRNAs, carried out by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on microdissected nephrons, demonstrated that neither V2L, V2S nor V1A mRNAs are expressed in glomeruli and proximal tubules (< 100 mRNA copies/glomerulus or mm of tubular length), whereas they are present in the ascending limb of Henle's loop and in the collecting tubule. The V2L mRNA, which is always predominant in these structures, is expressed throughout the collecting tubule at 10 times higher levels (30,000 copies/mm) than in the thin and thick ascending limbs. The ratio of the V2S over V2L mRNA is constant (15%) in all nephron segments; hence high V2S levels are only observed in the collecting tubule. The V1A mRNA is slightly expressed in the thin ascending limb, absent in the thick ascending limb and reaches its maximum in the cortical collecting duct (4,000 copies/mm), before gradually decreasing to undetectable levels in the terminal collecting duct. Finally, in vivo administration of a vasopressin V2 agonist decreased by 50% V2L and V2S mRNAs, but did not alter the V1A mRNA level. We conclude that this study provides the quantitation, on a molar basis, of vasopressin receptor mRNAs in kidney tubules and demonstrates the occurrence of two V2 mRNA spliced variants which are similarly down-regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Firsov
- Départment de Biologie Cellulaire, CEA Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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154
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Almond BD, Eidels L. The cytoplasmic domain of the diphtheria toxin receptor (HB-EGF precursor) is not required for receptor-mediated endocytosis. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)47066-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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155
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Rajasekaran AK, Humphrey JS, Wagner M, Miesenböck G, Le Bivic A, Bonifacino JS, Rodriguez-Boulan E. TGN38 recycles basolaterally in polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Mol Biol Cell 1994; 5:1093-103. [PMID: 7865877 PMCID: PMC301133 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.5.10.1093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sorting of newly synthesized plasma membrane proteins to the apical or basolateral surface domains of polarized cells is currently thought to take place within the trans-Golgi network (TGN). To explore the relationship between protein localization to the TGN and sorting to the plasma membrane in polarized epithelial cells, we have expressed constructs encoding the TGN marker, TGN38, in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. We report that TGN38 is predominantly localized to the TGN of these cells and recycles via the basolateral membrane. Analyses of the distribution of Tac-TGN38 chimeric proteins in MDCK cells suggest that the cytoplasmic domain of TGN38 has information leading to both TGN localization and cycling through the basolateral surface. Mutations of the cytoplasmic domain that disrupt TGN localization also lead to nonpolarized delivery of the chimeric proteins to both surface domains. These results demonstrate an apparent equivalence of basolateral and TGN localization determinants and support an evolutionary relationship between TGN and plasma membrane sorting processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Rajasekaran
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York 10021
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156
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Roush DL, Gottardi CJ, Caplan MJ. Sorting of the gastric H,K-ATPase in endocrine and epithelial cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994; 733:212-22. [PMID: 7978870 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb17271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D L Roush
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
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157
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Zurcher T, Luo G, Palese P. Mutations at palmitylation sites of the influenza virus hemagglutinin affect virus formation. J Virol 1994; 68:5748-54. [PMID: 8057456 PMCID: PMC236978 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.9.5748-5754.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The carboxy terminus of the hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza A viruses contains three cysteine residues which are highly conserved among HA subtypes. It has previously been shown for the H2, H3, and H7 subtypes of HA that these cysteine residues are modified by the covalent attachment of palmitic acid. In order to study the role of the acylated cysteines in the formation of infectious influenza viruses, we introduced mutations into the HA of influenza A/WSN/33 virus (H1 subtype) by reverse-genetics techniques. We found that the cysteine at position 563 of the cytoplasmic tail is required for infectious-particle formation. The cysteine at position 560 can be changed to alanine or tyrosine to yield virus strains that are attenuated in cell cultures. The change from cysteine at position 553 to serine or alanine does not significantly alter the phenotype of the virus. The requirement for a cysteine at position 563 suggests a functional role for palmitylation of the cytoplasmic tail. This interpretation is further supported by experiments in which two or more of the cysteine residues were mutated, eliminating potential palmitylation sites. None of these double or triple mutations resulted in infectious virus. Selection of revertants of the attenuated cysteine-to-tyrosine mutant (mutation at position 560) always resulted in reversion to cysteine rather than to other amino acids. Although our data indicate a biological role for the conserved cysteine residues in the cytoplasmic tail of the HA of influenza viruses, we cannot exclude the possibility that structural constraints in the cytoplasmic tail of the HA--rather than altered palmitylation--are the determining factors for infectious-particle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Zurcher
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
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158
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Matter K, Yamamoto EM, Mellman I. Structural requirements and sequence motifs for polarized sorting and endocytosis of LDL and Fc receptors in MDCK cells. J Cell Biol 1994; 126:991-1004. [PMID: 8051216 PMCID: PMC2120116 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.126.4.991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In MDCK cells, basolateral sorting of most membrane proteins has been shown to depend on distinct cytoplasmic domain determinants. These signals can be divided into those which are related to signals for localization at clathrin-coated pits and those which are unrelated. The LDL receptor bears two tyrosine-containing signals, one of each class, that can independently target receptors from the Golgi complex and from endosomes to the basolateral plasma membrane. We have now investigated the other structural features required for the activity of both determinants. We find that both depend, at least in part, on clusters of 1-3 acidic amino acids located on the COOH-terminal side of each tyrosine. While single residues adjacent to each tyrosine were also found to be critical, the two signals differed in that only the coated pit-unrelated signal could tolerate a phenylalanine in place of its tyrosine residue. We also found that the structural requirements for basolateral targeting of the "coated pit-related" signal were distinct from those required for rapid endocytosis. Apart from sharing a common tyrosine residue, no feature of the NPXY motif for coated pit localization was required for basolateral targeting. We also investigated basolateral targeting of the mouse macrophage Fc receptor (FcRII-B2) which contains a tyrosine-independent coated pit localization signal. Basolateral transport and endocytosis were found to depend on a common dileucine-type motif. Thus, basolateral targeting determinants, like coated pit domains, can contain either tyrosine- or di-leucine-containing signals. The amino acids in the vicinity of these motifs determine whether they function as determinants for endocytosis, basolateral targeting, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Matter
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8002
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159
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Abstract
The recent discovery of widely distributed targeting determinants, which govern the polarized cell-surface distribution of plasma membrane proteins in epithelial cells, has significantly changed our view of how polarized cells generate functionally distinct membrane domains. Together with the surprising finding that the same determinants are recognized on both the biosynthetic and the endocytic pathways, it now appears likely that a common epigenetic code may exist that controls molecular sorting of membrane proteins in a wide variety of polarized, and perhaps even non-polarized, cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Matter
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8002
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160
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Bradbury NA, Bridges RJ. Role of membrane trafficking in plasma membrane solute transport. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1994; 267:C1-24. [PMID: 7519393 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1994.267.1.c1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cells can rapidly and reversibly alter solute transport rates by changing the kinetics of transport proteins resident within the plasma membrane. Most notably, this can be brought about by reversible phosphorylation of the transporter. An additional mechanism for acute regulation of plasma membrane transport rates is by the regulated exocytic insertion of transport proteins from intracellular vesicles into the plasma membrane and their subsequent regulated endocytic retrieval. Over the past few years, the number of transporters undergoing this regulated trafficking has increased dramatically, such that what was once an interesting translocation of a few transporters has now become a widespread modality for regulating plasma membrane solute permeabilities. The aim of this article is to review the models proposed for the regulated trafficking of transport proteins and what lines of evidence should be obtained to document regulated exocytic insertion and endocytic retrieval of transport proteins. We highlight four transporters, the insulin-responsive glucose transporter, the antidiuretic hormone-responsive water channel, the urinary bladder H(+)-ATPase, and the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator Cl- channel, and discuss the various approaches taken to document their regulated trafficking. Finally, we discuss areas of uncertainty that remain to be investigated concerning the molecular mechanisms involved in regulating the trafficking of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Bradbury
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294
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161
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Keefer J, Kennedy M, Limbird L. Unique structural features important for stabilization versus polarization of the alpha 2A-adrenergic receptor on the basolateral membrane of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)34024-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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162
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Thomas D, Roth M. The basolateral targeting signal in the cytoplasmic domain of glycoprotein G from vesicular stomatitis virus resembles a variety of intracellular targeting motifs related by primary sequence but having diverse targeting activities. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)40742-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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163
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Okamoto C, Song W, Bomsel M, Mostov K. Rapid internalization of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor requires phosphorylated serine 726. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)40734-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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164
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Dempsey P, Coffey R. Basolateral targeting and efficient consumption of transforming growth factor-alpha when expressed in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)89472-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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165
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Wentworth DE, Thompson BL, Xu X, Regnery HL, Cooley AJ, McGregor MW, Cox NJ, Hinshaw VS. An influenza A (H1N1) virus, closely related to swine influenza virus, responsible for a fatal case of human influenza. J Virol 1994; 68:2051-8. [PMID: 8138990 PMCID: PMC236678 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.4.2051-2058.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In July 1991, an influenza A virus, designated A/Maryland/12/91 (A/MD), was isolated from the bronchial secretions of a 27-year-old animal caretaker. He had been admitted to the hospital with bilateral pneumonia and died of acute respiratory distress syndrome 13 days later. Antigenic analyses with postinfection ferret antisera and monoclonal antibodies to recent H1 swine hemagglutinins indicated that the hemagglutinin of this virus was antigenically related to, but distinguishable from, those of other influenza A (H1N1) viruses currently circulating in swine. Oligonucleotide mapping of total viral RNAs revealed differences between A/MD and other contemporary swine viruses. However, partial sequencing of each RNA segment of A/MD demonstrated that all segments were related to those of currently circulating swine viruses. Sequence analysis of the entire hemagglutinin, nucleoprotein, and matrix genes of A/MD revealed a high level of identity with other contemporary swine viruses. Our studies on A/MD emphasize that H1N1 viruses in pigs obviously continue to cross species barriers and infect humans.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Adult
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Bronchi/microbiology
- Cross Reactions
- Genes, Viral/genetics
- Genome, Viral
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/immunology
- Influenza A virus/pathogenicity
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/microbiology
- Influenza, Human/mortality
- Male
- Maryland/epidemiology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nucleotide Mapping
- Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology
- Pneumonia, Viral/microbiology
- Pneumonia, Viral/mortality
- Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Swine
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Wentworth
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Veterinary Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706
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166
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Xu JC, Lytle C, Zhu TT, Payne JA, Benz E, Forbush B. Molecular cloning and functional expression of the bumetanide-sensitive Na-K-Cl cotransporter. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:2201-5. [PMID: 8134373 PMCID: PMC43338 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.6.2201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
By mediating the coupled movement of Na, K, and Cl ions across the plasma membrane of most animal cells, the bumetanide-sensitive Na-K-Cl cotransporter (NKCC) plays a vital role in the regulation of ionic balance and cell volume. The transporter is a central element in the process of vectorial salt transport in secretory and absorptive epithelia. A cDNA encoding a Na-K-Cl cotransport protein was isolated from a shark rectal gland library by screening with monoclonal antibodies to the native shark cotransporter. The 1191-residue protein predicted from the cDNA sequence has 12 putative transmembrane domains flanked by large cytoplasmic N and C termini. Regulatory phosphoacceptor residues in isolated peptides are identified as Thr-189 and Thr-1114 in the predicted sequence. Northern blot analysis identified a 7.4-kb mRNA in rectal gland and most other shark tissues; a 5.2-kb mRNA was restricted to shark kidney. Homology with an uncharacterized gene from Caenorhabditis elegans and with the thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter of flounder urinary bladder was found over most of the coding region; shorter stretches of homology were found with a C. elegans cDNA and with an uncharacterized gene of cyanobacterium. Human HEK-293 cells have been stably transfected with the shark cDNA and shown to express Na-K-Cl cotransport activity with the bumetanide sensitivity of the shark protein. The expressed transporter is functionally quiescent in the host cells and can be activated by depleting the cells of chloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Xu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
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167
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Kundu A, Nayak DP. Analysis of the signals for polarized transport of influenza virus (A/WSN/33) neuraminidase and human transferrin receptor, type II transmembrane proteins. J Virol 1994; 68:1812-8. [PMID: 8107243 PMCID: PMC236643 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.3.1812-1818.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In polarized MDCK cells influenza virus (A/WSN/33) neuraminidase (NA) and human transferrin receptor (TR), type II glycoproteins, when expressed from cloned cDNAs, were transported and accumulated preferentially on the apical and basolateral surfaces, respectively. We have investigated the signals for polarized sorting by constructing chimeras between NA and TR and by making deletion mutants. NATR delta 90, which contains the cytoplasmic tail and transmembrane domain of NA and the ectodomain of TR, was found to be localized predominantly on the apical membrane, whereas TRNA delta 35, containing the cytoplasmic and transmembrane domains of TR and the ectodomain of NA, was expressed preferentially on the basolateral membrane. TR delta 57, a TR deletion mutant lacking 57 amino acids in the TR cytoplasmic tail, did not exhibit any polarized expression and was present on both apical and basolateral surfaces, whereas a deletion mutant (NA delta 28-35) lacking amino acid residues from 28 to 35 in the transmembrane domain of NA resulted in secretion of the NA ectodomain predominantly from the apical side. These results taken together indicate that the cytoplasmic tail of TR was sufficient for basolateral transport, but influenza virus NA possesses two sorting signals, one in the cytoplasmic or transmembrane domain and the other within the ectodomain, both of which are independently able to transport the protein to the apical plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kundu
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Los Angeles 90024-1747
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168
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Kappeler F, Itin C, Schindler R, Hauri H. A dual role for COOH-terminal lysine residues in pre-Golgi retention and endocytosis of ERGIC-53. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)37367-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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169
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Green SA, Setiadi H, McEver RP, Kelly RB. The cytoplasmic domain of P-selectin contains a sorting determinant that mediates rapid degradation in lysosomes. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1994; 124:435-48. [PMID: 7508941 PMCID: PMC2119925 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.124.4.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
P-selectin is a cell adhesion molecule required transiently on the surface of activated platelets and endothelial cells as a receptor for leukocytes. It is stored in secretory granules in platelets, endothelial cells, and transfected neuroendocrine cells and is rapidly delivered to the plasma membrane upon exocytosis of the secretory granules. It is then rapidly internalized in endothelial cells and transfected cells. We find that in transfected neuroendocrine PC12 cells, the fraction of P-selectin that is not targeted to secretory granules is rapidly degraded. In transfected CHO fibroblasts, which lack secretory granules, P-selectin was degraded with a half time of 2.3 h in plated cells, while low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) had a half life of 9 h. In cells cultured in ammonium chloride to inhibit lysosomal proteinases, P-selectin was protected from degradation and rapidly accumulated in vesicles enriched in lgp-B, a resident lysosomal membrane protein. The cytoplasmic domain of P-selectin was sufficient to confer rapid turnover on LDL-R. Deletion of 10 amino acids from the cytoplasmic domain of P-selectin extended the half life to 9.5 h and abrogated rapid lysosomal targeting in the presence of ammonium chloride, implicating this sequence as a necessary element of a novel lysosomal targeting signal. The rate limiting step in degradation occurred after internalization from the cell surface, indicating that sorting of P-selectin away from efficiently recycled proteins occurs in endosomes. We propose that this sorting event represents a constitutive equivalent of receptor down regulation, and may function to regulate the expression of P-selectin at the surface of activated endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Green
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0534
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170
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Naim H, Roth M. Characteristics of the internalization signal in the Y543 influenza virus hemagglutinin suggest a model for recognition of internalization signals containing tyrosine. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)41722-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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171
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Pietrini G, Suh Y, Edelmann L, Rudnick G, Caplan M. The axonal gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter GAT-1 is sorted to the apical membranes of polarized epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)41828-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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172
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Fuhrer C, Geffen I, Huggel K, Spiess M. The two subunits of the asialoglycoprotein receptor contain different sorting information. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)41859-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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173
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Mays RW, Beck KA, Nelson WJ. Organization and function of the cytoskeleton in polarized epithelial cells: a component of the protein sorting machinery. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1994; 6:16-24. [PMID: 8167021 DOI: 10.1016/0955-0674(94)90111-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Development and maintenance of cell-surface polarity in epithelial cells requires specialized localization of proteins to functionally and structurally distinct plasma membrane domains. The organization of these domains is dependent upon targeted delivery of transport vesicles between different membrane compartments, and upon protein sorting in the membranes of the Golgi complex and cell surface. Increasing evidence has been gathered in recent years that cytoskeletal components facilitate these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Mays
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305-5426
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174
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Abstract
This chapter focuses on the contributions that studies with viruses have made to current concepts in cell biology. Among the important advantages that viruses provide in such studies is their structural and genetic simplicity. The chapter describes the methods for growth, assay, and purification of viruses and infection of cells by several viruses that have been widely utilized for studies of cellular processes. Most investigations of virus replication at the cellular level are carried out using animal cells in culture. For the events in individual cells to occur with a high level of synchrony, single cycle growth conditions are used. Cells are infected using a high multiplicity of infectious virus particles in a low volume of medium to enhance the efficiency of virus adsorption to cell surfaces. After the adsorption period, the residual inoculum is removed and replaced with an appropriate culture medium. During further incubation, each individual cell in the culture is at a similar temporal stage in the viral replication process. Therefore, experimental procedures carried out on the entire culture reflect the replicative events occurring within an individual cell. The length of a single cycle of virus growth can range from a few hours to several days, depending on the virus type.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Compans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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175
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Transport, function, and sorting of lactase-phlorizin hydrolase in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)42002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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176
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Johnson LS, Dunn KW, Pytowski B, McGraw TE. Endosome acidification and receptor trafficking: bafilomycin A1 slows receptor externalization by a mechanism involving the receptor's internalization motif. Mol Biol Cell 1993; 4:1251-66. [PMID: 8167408 PMCID: PMC275762 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.4.12.1251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To examine the relationship between endosome acidification and receptor trafficking, transferrin receptor trafficking was characterized in Chinese hamster ovary cells in which endosome acidification was blocked by treatment with the specific inhibitor of the vacuolar H(+)-ATPase, bafilomycin A1. Elevating endosome pH slowed the receptor externalization rate to approximately one-half of control but did not affect receptor internalization kinetics. The slowed receptor externalization required the receptor's cytoplasmic domain and was largely eliminated by substitutions replacing either of two aromatic amino acids within the receptor's cytoplasmic YTRF internalization motif. These results confirm, using a specific inhibitor of the vacuolar proton pump, that proper endosome acidification is necessary to maintain rapid recycling of intracellular receptors back to the plasma membrane. Moreover, receptor return to the plasma membrane is slowed in the absence of proper endosome acidification by a signal-dependent mechanism involving the receptor's cytoplasmic tyrosine-containing internalization motif. These results, in conjunction with results from other studies, suggest that the mechanism for clustering receptors in plasma membrane clathrin-coated pits may be an example of a more general mechanism that determines the dynamic distribution of membrane proteins among various compartments with luminal acidification playing a crucial role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Johnson
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032
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177
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Aroeti B, Kosen PA, Kuntz ID, Cohen FE, Mostov KE. Mutational and secondary structural analysis of the basolateral sorting signal of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor. J Cell Biol 1993; 123:1149-60. [PMID: 8245123 PMCID: PMC2119873 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.123.5.1149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The 17-juxtamembrane cytoplasmic residues of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor contain an autonomous basolateral targeting signal that does not mediate rapid endocytosis (Casanova, J. E., G. Apodaca, and K. E. Mostov. Cell. 66:65-75). Alanine-scanning mutagenesis identifies three residues in this region, His656, Arg657, and Val660, that are most essential for basolateral sorting and two residues, Arg655 and Tyr668, that play a lesser role in this process. Progressive truncations suggested that Ser664 and Ile665 might also play a role in basolateral sorting. However, mutation of these residues to Ala or internal deletions of these residues did not affect basolateral sorting, indicating that these residues are probably not required for basolateral sorting. Two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy of a peptide corresponding to the 17-mer signal indicates that the sequence Arg658-Asn-Val-Asp661 has a propensity to adopt a beta-turn in solution. Residues COOH-terminal to the beta-turn (Arg662 to Arg669) seem to take up a nascent helix structure in solution. Substitution of Val660 with Ala destabilizes the turn, while mutation of Arg657 to Ala does not appear to affect the turn structure. Neither mutation detectably altered the stability of the nascent helix in the COOH-terminal portion of the peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Aroeti
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco 94143
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178
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Abstract
In the kidney, polarized epithelial cells play critical roles in ion, fluid and solute reabsorption from the ultrafiltrate to the blood supply. Detailed analysis of protein distributions has revealed that ion channels, transporters and pumps are restricted to distinct domains of the plasma membrane that face either the ultrafiltrate (apical membrane) or the blood supply (basal-lateral membrane). The importance of the development and maintenance of the polarized distributions of these proteins in renal epithelia for normal cell function is demonstrated by the fact that several disease states are characterized by abnormal distributions of proteins; for example in polycystic kidney disease, Na+/K(+)-ATPase has been detected in the apical and lateral membranes, compared with normal cells where Na+/K(+)-ATPase is localized in the basal-lateral membrane domain. Recent studies indicate that the development of restricted distributions of proteins at the cell surface of Madin Darby canine kidney epithelial cells is determined by direct sorting of proteins in the trans Golgi network into vesicles that are delivered vectorially to either the apical or basal-lateral membrane. Upon arrival at the plasma membrane, some proteins, such as Na+/K(+)-ATPase, may be selectively retained by binding to the membrane cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Nelson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305-5426
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179
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Wong S, Hong W. The SXYQRL sequence in the cytoplasmic domain of TGN38 plays a major role in trans-Golgi network localization. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)41606-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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180
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181
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Sumbilla C, Lu L, Lewis D, Inesi G, Ishii T, Takeyasu K, Feng Y, Fambrough D. Ca(2+)-dependent and thapsigargin-inhibited phosphorylation of Na+,K(+)-ATPase catalytic domain following chimeric recombination with Ca(2+)-ATPase. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)36908-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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182
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Tashiro M, Seto JT, Klenk HD, Rott R. Possible involvement of microtubule disruption in bipolar budding of a Sendai virus mutant, F1-R, in epithelial MDCK cells. J Virol 1993; 67:5902-10. [PMID: 8396659 PMCID: PMC238010 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.67.10.5902-5910.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Envelope glycoproteins F and HN of wild-type Sendai virus are transported to the apical plasma membrane domain of polarized epithelial MDCK cells, where budding of progeny virus occurs. On the other hand, a pantropic mutant, F1-R, buds bipolarly at both the apical and basolateral domains, and the viral glycoproteins have also been shown to be transported to both of these domains (M. Tashiro, M. Yamakawa, K. Tobita, H.-D. Klenk, R. Rott, and J.T. Seto, J. Virol. 64:4672-4677, 1990). MDCK cells were infected with wild-type virus and treated with the microtubule-depolymerizing drugs colchicine and nocodazole. Budding of the virus and surface expression of the glycoproteins were found to occur in a nonpolarized fashion similar to that found in cells infected with F1-R. In uninfected cells, the drugs were shown to interfere with apical transport of a secretory cellular glycoprotein, gp80, and basolateral uptake of [35S]methionine as well as to disrupt microtubule structure, indicating that cellular polarity of MDCK cells depends on the presence of intact microtubules. Infection by the F1-R mutant partially affected the transport of gp80, uptake of [35S]methionine, and the microtubule network, whereas wild-type virus had a marginal effect. These results suggest that apical transport of the glycoproteins of wild-type Sendai virus in MDCK cells depends on intact microtubules and that bipolar budding by F1-R is possibly due, at least in part, to the disruption of microtubules. Nucleotide sequence analyses of the viral genes suggest that the mutated M protein of F1-R might be involved in the alteration of microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tashiro
- Department of Virology, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi-ken, Japan
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183
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Matter K, Whitney JA, Yamamoto EM, Mellman I. Common signals control low density lipoprotein receptor sorting in endosomes and the Golgi complex of MDCK cells. Cell 1993; 74:1053-64. [PMID: 8402881 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90727-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The cytoplasmic domain of the LDL receptor bears two tyrosine-containing determinants that can independently target receptors from the Golgi to the basolateral plasma membrane of MDCK cells. We found that these determinants, localized to the membrane-proximal and -distal regions of the receptor's cytoplasmic domain, also control polarized sorting in endosomes. Inactivation of the distal determinant reduced receptors' ability to return to the basolateral domain following endocytosis, resulting instead in receptor transcytosis from basolateral endosomes to the apical plasma membrane. Similarly, receptors internalized from the apical surface were transported from apical endosomes to the basolateral surface, owing to the proximal basolateral targeting determinant. Thus, receptor recycling in endosomes is directed by the same signals as polarized sorting in the Golgi, indicating that sorting on the endocytic and biosynthetic pathways involves similar mechanisms. The observation that brefeldin A interfered with sorting but not transport in both endosomes and the Golgi further supports this.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Matter
- Department of Cell Biology, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
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184
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Cerneus DP, Strous GJ, van der Ende A. Bidirectional transcytosis determines the steady state distribution of the transferrin receptor at opposite plasma membrane domains of BeWo cells. J Cell Biol 1993; 122:1223-30. [PMID: 8376459 PMCID: PMC2119860 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.122.6.1223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Trophoblast-like BeWo cells form well-polarized epithelial monolayers, when cultured on permeable supports. Contrary to other polarized cell systems, in which the transferrin receptor is found predominantly on the basolateral cell surface, BeWo cells express the transferrin receptor at both apical and basolateral cell surfaces (Cerneus, D.P., and A. van der Ende. 1991. J. Cell Biol. 114: 1149-1158). In the present study we have addressed the question whether BeWo cells use a different sorting mechanism to target transferrin receptors to the cell surface, by examining the biosynthetic and transcytotic pathways of the transferrin receptor in BeWo cells. Using trypsin and antibodies to detect transferrin receptors at the cell surface of filter-grown BeWo cells, we show that at least 80% of newly synthesized transferrin receptor follows a direct pathway to the basolateral surface, demonstrating that the transferrin receptor is efficiently intracellularly sorted. After surface arrival, pulse-labeled transferrin receptor equilibrates between apical and basolateral cell surfaces, due to ongoing transcytotic transport in both directions. The subsequent redistribution takes over 120 min and results in a steady state distribution with 1.5-2.0 times more transferrin receptors at the basolateral surface than at the apical surface. By monitoring the fate of surface-bound 125I-transferrin, internalized either from the apical or basolateral surface transcytosis of the transferrin receptor was studied. About 15% of 125I-transferrin is transcytosed in the basolateral to apical direction, whereas 25% is transcytosed in the opposite direction, indicated that the fraction of receptors involved in transcytosis is roughly twofold higher for the apical receptor pool, as compared to the basolateral pool. Upon internalization, both apical and basolateral receptor pools become redistributed on both surfaces, resulting in a twofold higher number of transferrin receptors at the basolateral surface. Our results indicate that in BeWo cells bidirectional transcytosis is the main factor in surface distribution of transferrin receptors on apical and basolateral surfaces, which may represent a cell type-specific, post-endocytic, sorting mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Cerneus
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Medical School, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
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185
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Apodaca G, Aroeti B, Tang K, Mostov K. Brefeldin-A inhibits the delivery of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor to the basolateral surface of MDCK cells. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(20)80739-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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186
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Abstract
The ability of mutant or chimeric A/Japan hemagglutinins (HAs) to compete for space in the envelope of A/WSN influenza viruses was investigated with monkey kidney fibroblasts that were infected with recombinant simian virus 40 vectors expressing the Japan proteins and superinfected with A/WSN influenza virus. Wild-type Japan HA assembled into virions as well as WSN HA did. Japan HA lacking its cytoplasmic sequences, HAtail-, was incorporated into influenza virions at half the efficiency of wild-type Japan HA. Chimeric HAs containing the 11 cytoplasmic amino acids of the herpes simplex virus type 1gC glycoprotein or the 29 cytoplasmic amino acids of the vesicular stomatitis virus G protein were incorporated into virions at less than 1% the efficiency of HAtail-. Thus, the cytoplasmic domain of HA was not required for the selection process; however, foreign cytoplasmic sequences, even short ones, were excluded. A chimeric HA having the gC transmembrane domain and the HA cytoplasmic domain (HgCH) was incorporated at 4% the efficiency of HAtail-. When expressed from simian virus 40 recombinants in this system, vesicular stomatitis virus G protein with or without (Gtail-) its cytoplasmic domain was essentially excluded from influenza virions. Taken together, these data indicate that the HA transmembrane domain is required for incorporation of HA into influenza virions. The slightly more efficient incorporation of HgCH than G or Gtail- could indicate that the region important for assembling HA into virions extends into part of the cytoplasmic domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Naim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-9038
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187
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Schulze-Garg C, Böker C, Nadimpalli SK, von Figura K, Hille-Rehfeld A. Tail-specific antibodies that block return of 46,000 M(r) mannose 6-phosphate receptor to the trans-Golgi network. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1993; 122:541-51. [PMID: 7687604 PMCID: PMC2119672 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.122.3.541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Recycling of 46,000 M(r) mannose 6-phosphate receptor (MPR 46) was investigated by microinjection of Fab fragments against small epitopes within the cytoplasmic domain of the receptor. Fab fragments against the peptide 43-47 (Ala-Tyr-Arg-Gly-Val) efficiently blocked return of MPR 46 to the TGN. Antibody-induced redistribution resulted in accumulation of MPR 46 within an endosomal compartment, from which it recycled to the plasma membrane. Rab5 and rab7, markers for early and late endosomes, respectively, were not detectable in the compartment of redistributed MPR 46, suggesting that it represents a specialized endosomal subcompartment. The bulk of redistributed MPR 46 did not colocalize with endocytosed fluid-phase marker, suggesting that it accumulates at a site where MPR 46 has been segregated from endocytosed material, which is destined for transport to lysosomes. Peptide 43-47 contains a tyrosine (residue 44) which has been shown earlier to be part of an internalization signal for MPR 46 (Johnson, K. F., W. Chan, and S. Kornfeld. 1990. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 87:10010-10014). The role of tyrosine residue 44 as part of a putative multifunctional sorting signal is discussed.
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188
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Hirt RP, Hughes GJ, Frutiger S, Michetti P, Perregaux C, Poulain-Godefroy O, Jeanguenat N, Neutra MR, Kraehenbuhl JP. Transcytosis of the polymeric Ig receptor requires phosphorylation of serine 664 in the absence but not the presence of dimeric IgA. Cell 1993; 74:245-55. [PMID: 8343953 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90416-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
MDCK cells expressing the polymeric immunoglobulin (poly-Ig) receptor, cocultured with IgA-producing hybridoma cells, transported dimeric IgA (dIgA) from the basolateral into the lumenal compartment, where it was recovered as secretory component-dIgA complexes. The tail of the receptor was phosphorylated on serines 664 and 726. Each serine was mutated to alanine. Appearance of A726 receptor at the basolateral surface was reduced approximately 5-fold. This was accompanied by a approximately 5-fold reduction in dIgA transcytosis. Basolateral delivery of receptor was not affected by mutation A664, and in the absence of dIgA, the receptor accumulated in recycling basolateral endosomes. In coculture, however, dIgA transcytosis by A664 receptor was normal. Thus, entry of receptor into the transcytotic pathway requires Ser-664 phosphorylation only in the absence of dIgA.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Hirt
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges
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189
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Luo H, Tesfaye A, Schieren I, Chase HS. Expression of 5-HT1C receptors in transfected MDCK cells is functionally and anatomically asymmetric. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1993; 265:C193-200. [PMID: 8338130 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1993.265.1.c193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells were transfected with the cDNA for the rat 5-HT1C receptor (pMV7-SR1c) using electroporation. Cells that survived G418 selection medium were loaded with indo-1 and run through a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS); 10% responded to serotonin (5-HT) with an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). Responding cells were separated with the FACS, grown to confluence, and resorted two more times until a clone of 100% respondents was obtained (SR-MDCK). In SR-MDCK cells grown on porous filters, [Ca2+]i increased only when 5-HT was applied to the basolateral membrane (change in [Ca2+]i = 190 +/- 43 nM); there was no response of [Ca2+]i to apical application of 5-HT. The asymmetric response to 5-HT was likely due to targeting of 5-HT1C receptors exclusively to the basolateral membrane of SR-MDCK cells; 125I-labeled lysergic acid diethylamide binding sites, a marker of high-affinity 5-HT receptors, were located only in the basolateral membrane. These experiments demonstrate that epithelial cells can be stably transfected to express G protein-linked, calcium-mobilizing receptors and that the receptors may be targeted asymmetrically to specific domains of the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Luo
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032
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190
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Zurzolo C, Lisanti MP, Caras IW, Nitsch L, Rodriguez-Boulan E. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins are preferentially targeted to the basolateral surface in Fischer rat thyroid epithelial cells. J Cell Biol 1993; 121:1031-9. [PMID: 7684737 PMCID: PMC2119695 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.121.5.1031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) acts as an apical targeting signal in MDCK cells and other kidney and intestinal cell lines. In striking contrast with these model polarized cell lines, we show here that Fischer rat thyroid (FRT) epithelial cells do not display a preferential apical distribution of GPI-anchored proteins. Six out of nine detectable endogenous GPI-anchored proteins were localized on the basolateral surface, whereas two others were apical and one was not polarized. Transfection of several model GPI proteins, previously shown to be apically targeted in MDCK cells, also led to unexpected results. While the ectodomain of decay accelerating factor (DAF) was apically secreted, 50% of the native, GPI-anchored form, of this protein was basolateral. Addition of a GPI anchor to the ectodomain of Herpes simplex gD-1, secreted without polarity, led to basolateral localization of the fusion protein, gD1-DAF. Targeting experiments demonstrated that gD1-DAF was delivered vectorially from the Golgi apparatus to the basolateral surface. These results indicate that FRT cells have fundamental differences with MDCK cells with regard to the mechanisms for sorting GPI-anchored proteins: GPI is not an apical signal but, rather, it behaves as a basolateral signal. The "mutant" behavior of FRT cells may provide clues to the nature of the mechanisms that sort GPI-anchored proteins in epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zurzolo
- Department of Cell Biology, Cornell University Medical College, New York 10021
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191
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Gottardi CJ, Caplan MJ. An ion-transporting ATPase encodes multiple apical localization signals. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1993; 121:283-93. [PMID: 8385670 PMCID: PMC2200096 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.121.2.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells accumulate distinct populations of membrane proteins at their two plasmalemmal domains. We have examined the molecular signals which specify the differential subcellular distributions of two closely related ion pumps. The Na,K-ATPase is normally restricted to the basolateral membranes of numerous epithelial cell types, whereas the H,K-ATPase is a component of the apical surfaces of the parietal cells of the gastric epithelium. We have expressed full length and chimeric H,K-ATPase/Na,K-ATPase cDNAs in polarized renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (LLC-PK1). We find that both the alpha and beta subunits of the H,K-ATPase encode independent signals that specify apical localization. Furthermore, the H,K-ATPase beta-subunit possesses a sequence which mediates its participation in the endocytic pathway. The interrelationship between epithelial sorting and endocytosis signals suggested by these studies supports the redefinition of apical and basolateral as functional, rather than simply topographic domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Gottardi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
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192
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Abstract
Proteins of the exocytotic (secretory) pathway are initially targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and then translocated across and/or inserted into the membrane of the ER. During their anterograde transport with the bulk of the membrane flow along the exocytotic pathway, some proteins are selectively retained in various intracellular compartments, while others are sorted to different branches of the pathway. The signals or structural motifs that are involved in these selective targeting processes are being revealed and investigations into the mechanistic nature of these processes are actively underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Hong
- Membrane Biology Laboratory, National University of Singapore
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193
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Ricin-resistant Madin-Darby canine kidney cells missort a major endogenous apical sialoglycoprotein. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53126-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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194
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González A, Nicovani S, Juica F. Apical secretion of hepatitis B surface antigen from transfected Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53301-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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195
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Vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein contains a dominant cytoplasmic basolateral sorting signal critically dependent upon a tyrosine. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53695-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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196
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Hannan LA, Lisanti MP, Rodriguez-Boulan E, Edidin M. Correctly sorted molecules of a GPI-anchored protein are clustered and immobile when they arrive at the apical surface of MDCK cells. J Cell Biol 1993; 120:353-8. [PMID: 8380601 PMCID: PMC2119510 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.120.2.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins are sorted to the apical surface of many epithelial cell types. To better understand the mechanism for apical segregation of these proteins, we analyzed the lateral mobility and molecular associations of a model GPI-anchored protein, herpes simplex virus gD1 fused to human decay accelerating factor (gD1-DAF) (Lisanti, M. P., I. W. Caras, M. A. Davitz, and E. Rodriguez-Boulan. 1989. J. Cell Biol. 109:2145-2156) shortly after arrival and after long-term residence at the surface of confluent, polarized MDCK cells. FRAP measurements of lateral diffusion showed that the mobile fraction of newly arrived gD1-DAF molecules was much less than the mobile fraction of long-term resident molecules (40 vs. 80-90%). Fluorescence resonance energy transfer measurements showed that the newly arrived molecules were clustered, while resident molecules were not. Newly delivered gD1-DAF molecules were clustered but not immobilized in mutant, Concanavalin A-resistant MDCK cells that failed to sort gD1-DAF. Our results indicate that GPI-anchored proteins in MDCK cells are clustered before delivery to the surface. However, clustering alone does not target molecules for apical delivery. The immobilization observed when gD1-DAF is correctly sorted suggests that the clusters must associate some component of the cell's cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Hannan
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
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197
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Affiliation(s)
- I Geffen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Basel, Switzerland
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198
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Abstract
This chapter focuses on the interaction of viruses with epithelial cells. The role of specific pathways of virus entry and release in the pathogenesis of viral infection is examined together with the mechanisms utilized by viruses to circumvent the epithelial barrier. Polarized epithelial cells in culture, which can be grown on permeable supports, provide excellent systems for investigating the events in virus entry and release at the cellular level, and much information is being obtained using such systems. Much remains to be learned about the precise routes by which many viruses traverse the epithelial barrier to initiate their natural infection processes, although important information has been obtained in some systems. Another area of great interest for future investigation is the process of virus entry and release from other polarized cell types, including neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Tucker
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham 35294
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199
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Schell MJ, Maurice M, Stieger B, Hubbard AL. 5'nucleotidase is sorted to the apical domain of hepatocytes via an indirect route. J Cell Biol 1992; 119:1173-82. [PMID: 1447295 PMCID: PMC2289718 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.119.5.1173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In hepatocytes, all newly synthesized plasma membrane (PM) proteins so far studied arrive first at the basolateral domain; apically destined proteins are subsequently endocytosed and sorted to the apical domain via transcytosis. A mechanism for the sorting of newly synthesized glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked proteins has been proposed whereby they associate in lipid microdomains in the trans-Golgi network and then arrive at the apical domain directly. Such a mechanism poses a potential exception to the hepatocyte rule. We have used pulse-chase techniques in conjunction with subcellular fractionation to compare the trafficking of 5' nucleotidase (5NT), an endogenous GPI-anchored protein of hepatocytes, with two transmembrane proteins. Using a one-step fractionation technique to separate a highly enriched fraction of Golgi-derived membranes from ER and PM, we find that both 5NT and the polymeric IgA receptor (pIgAR) traverse the ER and Golgi apparatus with high efficiency. Using a method that resolves PM vesicles derived from the apical and basolateral domains, we find that 5NT first appears at the basolateral domain as early as 30 min of chase. However the subsequent redistribution to the apical domain requires > 3.5 h of chase to reach steady state. This rate of transcytosis is much slower than that observed for dipeptidylpeptidase IV, an apical protein anchored via a single transmembrane domain. We propose that the slow rate of transcytosis is related to the fact that GPI-linked proteins are excluded from clathrin-coated pits/vesicles, and instead must be endocytosed via a slower nonclathrin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Schell
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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Bok D, O'Day W, Rodriguez-Boulan E. Polarized budding of vesicular stomatitis and influenza virus from cultured human and bovine retinal pigment epithelium. Exp Eye Res 1992; 55:853-60. [PMID: 1336732 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4835(92)90011-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is able to perform a variety of functions because of its high degree of plasma membrane polarity. Some aspects of this polarity such as the localization of the majority of Na-K ATPase to the apical membrane distinguish the RPE from kidney cells and most other transporting epithelia. The polarized budding of enveloped viruses such as vesicular stomatitis and influenza from the basolateral and apical membrane, respectively, has been used to study mechanisms underlying the domain-specific sorting of membrane proteins in cultured epithelial cell lines. These processes also serve as a useful index of the degree of polarization in epithelial cell cultures. Viral budding from apical and basolateral RPE membranes was used in this study to determine whether the sorting of viral envelope membrane proteins by the RPE is reversed in polarity from that of kidney cells and, if so, whether this might predict a fundamental difference in membrane protein sorting for RPE. The results clearly indicate that the polarity of viral membrane sorting and subsequent viral budding is the same in RPE as in other polarized epithelial cell lines examined to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bok
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles 90024
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