151
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Yousefzadeh MJ, Melos KI, Angelini L, Burd CE, Robbins PD, Niedernhofer LJ. Mouse Models of Accelerated Cellular Senescence. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1896:203-230. [PMID: 30474850 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8931-7_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Senescent cells accumulate in multiple tissues as virtually all vertebrate organisms age. Senescence is a highly conserved response to many forms of cellular stress intended to block the propagation of damaged cells. Senescent cells have been demonstrated to play a causal role in aging via their senescence-associated secretory phenotype and by impeding tissue regeneration. Depletion of senescent cells either through genetic or pharmacologic methods has been demonstrated to extend murine lifespan and delay the onset of age-related diseases. Measuring the burden and location of senescent cells in vivo remains challenging, as there is no marker unique to senescent cells. Here, we describe multiple methods to detect the presence and extent of cellular senescence in preclinical models, with a special emphasis on murine models of accelerated aging that exhibit a more rapid onset of cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Yousefzadeh
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Kendra I Melos
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Luise Angelini
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Christin E Burd
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Paul D Robbins
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Laura J Niedernhofer
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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152
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Hambright WS, Niedernhofer LJ, Huard J, Robbins PD. Murine models of accelerated aging and musculoskeletal disease. Bone 2019; 125:122-127. [PMID: 30844492 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The primary risk factor for most musculoskeletal diseases, including osteoarthritis, osteoporosis and sarcopenia, is aging. To treat the diverse types of musculoskeletal diseases and pathologies, targeting their root cause, the aging process itself, has the potential to slow or prevent multiple age-related musculoskeletal conditions simultaneously. However, the development of approaches to delay onset of age related diseases, including musculoskeletal pathologies, has been slowed by the relatively long lifespan of rodent models of aging. Thus, to expedite the development of therapeutic approaches for age-related musculoskeletal disease, the implementation of mouse models of accelerated musculoskeletal aging are of great utility. Currently there are multiple genetically diverse mouse models that mirror certain aspects of normal human and mouse aging. Here, we provide a review of some of the most relevant murine models of accelerated aging that mimic many aspects of natural musculoskeletal aging, highlighting their relative strengths and weaknesses. Importantly, these murine models of accelerated aging recapitulate phenotypes of musculoskeletal age-related decline observed in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Hambright
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Laura J Niedernhofer
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Johnny Huard
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America; Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO, United States of America.
| | - Paul D Robbins
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America.
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153
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Wang Y, Shin JY, Nakanishi K, Homma S, Kim GJ, Tanji K, Joseph LC, Morrow JP, Stewart CL, Dauer WT, Worman HJ. Postnatal development of mice with combined genetic depletions of lamin A/C, emerin and lamina-associated polypeptide 1. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:2486-2500. [PMID: 31009944 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in LMNA encoding lamin A/C and EMD encoding emerin cause cardiomyopathy and muscular dystrophy. Lmna null mice develop these disorders and have a lifespan of 7-8 weeks. Emd null mice show no overt pathology and have normal skeletal muscle but with regeneration defects. We generated mice with germline deletions of both Lmna and Emd to determine the effects of combined loss of the encoded proteins. Mice without lamin A/C and emerin are born at the expected Mendelian ratio, are grossly normal at birth but have shorter lifespans than those lacking only lamin A/C. However, there are no major differences between these mice with regards to left ventricular function, heart ultrastructure or electrocardiographic parameters except for slower heart rates in the mice lacking both lamin A/C and emerin. Skeletal muscle is similarly affected in both of these mice. Lmna+/- mice also lacking emerin live to at least 1 year and have no significant differences in growth, heart or skeletal muscle compared to Lmna+/- mice. Deletion of the mouse gene encoding lamina-associated protein 1 leads to prenatal death; however, mice with heterozygous deletion of this gene lacking both lamin A/C and emerin are born at the expected Mendelian ratio but had a shorter lifespan than those only lacking lamin A/C and emerin. These results show that mice with combined deficiencies of three interacting nuclear envelope proteins have normal embryonic development and that early postnatal defects are primarily driven by loss of lamin A/C or lamina-associated polypeptide 1 rather than emerin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexia Wang
- Department of Medicine and.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ji-Yeon Shin
- Department of Medicine and.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kurenai Tanji
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Colin L Stewart
- Development and Regenerative Biology Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Immunos, Singapore
| | - Willian T Dauer
- Department of Neurology.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Howard J Worman
- Department of Medicine and.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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154
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Ankrd2 in Mechanotransduction and Oxidative Stress Response in Skeletal Muscle: New Cues for the Pathogenesis of Muscular Laminopathies. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:7318796. [PMID: 31428229 PMCID: PMC6681624 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7318796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ankrd2 (ankyrin repeats containing domain 2) or Arpp (ankyrin repeat, PEST sequence, and proline-rich region) is a member of the muscle ankyrin repeat protein family. Ankrd2 is mostly expressed in skeletal muscle, where it plays an intriguing role in the transcriptional response to stress induced by mechanical stimulation as well as by cellular reactive oxygen species. Our studies in myoblasts from Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 2, a LMNA-linked disease affecting skeletal and cardiac muscles, demonstrated that Ankrd2 is a lamin A-binding protein and that mutated lamins found in Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy change the dynamics of Ankrd2 nuclear import, thus affecting oxidative stress response. In this review, besides describing the latest advances related to Ankrd2 studies, including novel discoveries on Ankrd2 isoform-specific functions, we report the main findings on the relationship of Ankrd2 with A-type lamins and discuss known and potential mechanisms involving defective Ankrd2-lamin A interplay in the pathogenesis of muscular laminopathies.
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155
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Östlund C, Chang W, Gundersen GG, Worman HJ. Pathogenic mutations in genes encoding nuclear envelope proteins and defective nucleocytoplasmic connections. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 244:1333-1344. [PMID: 31299860 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219862243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in genes encoding nuclear lamins and associated nuclear envelope proteins have been linked to a broad range of inherited diseases affecting different tissues and organs. These diseases are often referred to as laminopathies. Scientists have yet to elucidate exactly how pathogenic mutations leading to alteration of a nuclear envelope protein cause disease. Our relatively recent research has shown that pathogenic mutations in genes encoding nuclear envelope proteins lead to defective nucleocytoplasmic connections that disrupt proper functioning of the linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton complex in the establishment of cell polarity. These defects may explain, at least in part, pathogenic mechanisms underlying laminopathies.Impact statementMutations in genes encoding nuclear lamins and associated nuclear envelope proteins have been linked to several diseases affecting different tissues and organs. The pathogenic mechanisms underlying these diseases, often called laminopathies, remain poorly understood. Increased knowledge of the functions of different nuclear envelope proteins and the interactions between them is crucial to elucidate these disease mechanisms. Our research has shown that pathogenic mutations in genes encoding nuclear envelope proteins lead to defective nucleocytoplasmic connections that disrupt proper functioning of the linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex in the establishment of cell polarity. These defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of laminopathies and provide novel targets for therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Östlund
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Wakam Chang
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Gregg G Gundersen
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Howard J Worman
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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156
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Polyzos SA, Perakakis N, Mantzoros CS. Fatty liver in lipodystrophy: A review with a focus on therapeutic perspectives of adiponectin and/or leptin replacement. Metabolism 2019; 96:66-82. [PMID: 31071311 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Lipodystrophy is a group of clinically heterogeneous, inherited or acquired, disorders characterized by complete or partial absence of subcutaneous adipose tissue that may occur simultaneously with the pathological, ectopic, accumulation of fat in other regions of the body, including the liver. Fatty liver adds significantly to hepatic and extra-hepatic morbidity in patients with lipodystrophy. Lipodystrophy is strongly associated with severe insulin resistance and related comorbidities, such as hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), but other hepatic diseases may co-exist in some types of lipodystrophy, including autoimmune hepatitis in acquired lipodystrophies, or viral hepatitis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated lipodystrophy. The aim of this review is to summarize evidence linking lipodystrophy with hepatic disease and to provide a special focus on potential therapeutic perspectives of leptin replacement therapy and adiponectin upregulation in lipodystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stergios A Polyzos
- First Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Nikolaos Perakakis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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157
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An Emerin LEM-Domain Mutation Impairs Cell Response to Mechanical Stress. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060570. [PMID: 31185657 PMCID: PMC6628311 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerin is a nuclear envelope protein that contributes to genome organization and cell mechanics. Through its N-terminal LAP2-emerin-MAN1 (LEM)-domain, emerin interacts with the DNA-binding protein barrier-to-autointegration (BAF). Emerin also binds to members of the linker of the nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex. Mutations in the gene encoding emerin are responsible for the majority of cases of X-linked Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (X-EDMD). Most of these mutations lead to an absence of emerin. A few missense and short deletion mutations in the disordered region of emerin are also associated with X-EDMD. More recently, missense and short deletion mutations P22L, ∆K37 and T43I were discovered in emerin LEM-domain, associated with isolated atrial cardiac defects (ACD). Here we reveal which defects, at both the molecular and cellular levels, are elicited by these LEM-domain mutations. Whereas K37 mutation impaired the correct folding of the LEM-domain, P22L and T43I had no impact on the 3D structure of emerin. Surprisingly, all three mutants bound to BAF, albeit with a weaker affinity in the case of K37. In human myofibroblasts derived from a patient's fibroblasts, emerin ∆K37 was correctly localized at the inner nuclear membrane, but was present at a significantly lower level, indicating that this mutant is abnormally degraded. Moreover, SUN2 was reduced, and these cells were defective in producing actin stress fibers when grown on a stiff substrate and after cyclic stretches. Altogether, our data suggest that the main effect of mutation K37 is to perturb emerin function within the LINC complex in response to mechanical stress.
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158
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Chin IL, Hool L, Choi YS. A Review of in vitro Platforms for Understanding Cardiomyocyte Mechanobiology. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:133. [PMID: 31231644 PMCID: PMC6560053 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanobiology—a cell's interaction with its physical environment—can influence a myriad of cellular processes including how cells migrate, differentiate and proliferate. In many diseases, remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is observed such as tissue stiffening in rigid scar formation after myocardial infarct. Utilizing knowledge of cell mechanobiology in relation to ECM remodeling during pathogenesis, elucidating the role of the ECM in the progression—and perhaps regression—of disease is a primary focus of the field. Although the importance of mechanical signaling in the cardiac cell is well-appreciated, our understanding of how these signals are sensed and transduced by cardiomyocytes is limited. To overcome this limitation, recently developed tools and resources have provided exciting opportunities to further our understandings by better recapitulating pathological spatiotemporal ECM stiffness changes in an in vitro setting. In this review, we provide an overview of a conventional model of mechanotransduction and present understandings of cardiomyocyte mechanobiology, followed by a review of emerging tools and resources that can be used to expand our knowledge of cardiomyocyte mechanobiology toward more clinically relevant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian L Chin
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Livia Hool
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yu Suk Choi
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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159
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Abstract
Cellular behavior is continuously affected by microenvironmental forces through the process of mechanotransduction, in which mechanical stimuli are rapidly converted to biochemical responses. Mounting evidence suggests that the nucleus itself is a mechanoresponsive element, reacting to cytoskeletal forces and mediating downstream biochemical responses. The nucleus responds through a host of mechanisms, including partial unfolding, conformational changes, and phosphorylation of nuclear envelope proteins; modulation of nuclear import/export; and altered chromatin organization, resulting in transcriptional changes. It is unclear which of these events present direct mechanotransduction processes and which are downstream of other mechanotransduction pathways. We critically review and discuss the current evidence for nuclear mechanotransduction, particularly in the context of stem cell fate, a largely unexplored topic, and in disease, where an improved understanding of nuclear mechanotransduction is beginning to open new treatment avenues. Finally, we discuss innovative technological developments that will allow outstanding questions in the rapidly growing field of nuclear mechanotransduction to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Maurer
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering and Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; ,
| | - Jan Lammerding
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering and Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; ,
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160
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Jia Y, Vong JSL, Asafova A, Garvalov BK, Caputo L, Cordero J, Singh A, Boettger T, Günther S, Fink L, Acker T, Barreto G, Seeger W, Braun T, Savai R, Dobreva G. Lamin B1 loss promotes lung cancer development and metastasis by epigenetic derepression of RET. J Exp Med 2019; 216:1377-1395. [PMID: 31015297 PMCID: PMC6547854 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although abnormal nuclear structure is an important criterion for cancer diagnostics, remarkably little is known about its relationship to tumor development. Here we report that loss of lamin B1, a determinant of nuclear architecture, plays a key role in lung cancer. We found that lamin B1 levels were reduced in lung cancer patients. Lamin B1 silencing in lung epithelial cells promoted epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cell migration, tumor growth, and metastasis. Mechanistically, we show that lamin B1 recruits the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) to alter the H3K27me3 landscape and repress genes involved in cell migration and signaling. In particular, epigenetic derepression of the RET proto-oncogene by loss of PRC2 recruitment, and activation of the RET/p38 signaling axis, play a crucial role in mediating the malignant phenotype upon lamin B1 disruption. Importantly, loss of a single lamin B1 allele induced spontaneous lung tumor formation and RET activation. Thus, lamin B1 acts as a tumor suppressor in lung cancer, linking aberrant nuclear structure and epigenetic patterning with malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhan Jia
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM) and European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Joaquim Si-Long Vong
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Alina Asafova
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Boyan K Garvalov
- Microvascular Biology and Pathobiology, European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Institute of Neuropathology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Luca Caputo
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Julio Cordero
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM) and European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Anshu Singh
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM) and European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Boettger
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Stefan Günther
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Ludger Fink
- Institute of Pathology and Cytology, Überregionale Gemeinschaftspraxis für Pathologie (ÜGP), Wetzlar, Germany
| | - Till Acker
- Institute of Neuropathology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Guillermo Barreto
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Braun
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Rajkumar Savai
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Gergana Dobreva
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim (CBTM) and European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Medical Faculty, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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161
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Fišerová J, Maninová M, Sieger T, Uhlířová J, Šebestová L, Efenberková M, Čapek M, Fišer K, Hozák P. Nuclear pore protein TPR associates with lamin B1 and affects nuclear lamina organization and nuclear pore distribution. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:2199-2216. [PMID: 30762072 PMCID: PMC11105453 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03037-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The organization of the nuclear periphery is crucial for many nuclear functions. Nuclear lamins form dense network at the nuclear periphery and play a substantial role in chromatin organization, transcription regulation and in organization of nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). Here, we show that TPR, the protein located preferentially within the nuclear baskets of NPCs, associates with lamin B1. The depletion of TPR affects the organization of lamin B1 but not lamin A/C within the nuclear lamina as shown by stimulated emission depletion microscopy. Finally, reduction of TPR affects the distribution of NPCs within the nuclear envelope and the effect can be reversed by simultaneous knock-down of lamin A/C or the overexpression of lamin B1. Our work suggests a novel role for the TPR at the nuclear periphery: the TPR contributes to the organization of the nuclear lamina and in cooperation with lamins guards the interphase assembly of nuclear pore complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindřiška Fišerová
- Department of Biology of the Cell Nucleus, Institute of Molecular Genetics CAS, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 00, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Miloslava Maninová
- Department of Biology of the Cell Nucleus, Institute of Molecular Genetics CAS, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Sieger
- Department of Cybernetics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Uhlířová
- Department of Biology of the Cell Nucleus, Institute of Molecular Genetics CAS, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Šebestová
- Department of Biology of the Cell Nucleus, Institute of Molecular Genetics CAS, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Efenberková
- Microscopy Centre-LM and EM, Institute of Molecular Genetics CAS, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Čapek
- Microscopy Centre-LM and EM, Institute of Molecular Genetics CAS, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Fišer
- CLIP Laboratories, Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol Prague, V Úvalu 84, 150 06, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Hozák
- Department of Biology of the Cell Nucleus, Institute of Molecular Genetics CAS, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 00, Prague, Czech Republic
- Microscopy Centre-LM and EM, Institute of Molecular Genetics CAS, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 00, Prague, Czech Republic
- Division BIOCEV, Institute of Molecular Genetics CAS, v.v.i., Průmyslová 595, Vestec, 252 50, Prague, Czech Republic
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162
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Kawakami Y, Hambright WS, Takayama K, Mu X, Lu A, Cummins JH, Matsumoto T, Yurube T, Kuroda R, Kurosaka M, Fu FH, Robbins PD, Niedernhofer LJ, Huard J. Rapamycin Rescues Age-Related Changes in Muscle-Derived Stem/Progenitor Cells from Progeroid Mice. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 14:64-76. [PMID: 31312666 PMCID: PMC6610712 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aging-related loss of adult stem cell function contributes to impaired tissue regeneration. Mice deficient in zinc metalloproteinase STE24 (Zmpste24−/−) exhibit premature age-related musculoskeletal pathologies similar to those observed in children with Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS). We have reported that muscle-derived stem/progenitor cells (MDSPCs) isolated from Zmpste24−/− mice are defective in their proliferation and differentiation capabilities in culture and during tissue regeneration. The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) regulates cell growth, and inhibition of the mTORC1 pathway extends the lifespan of several animal species. We therefore hypothesized that inhibition of mTORC1 signaling would rescue the differentiation defects observed in progeroid MDSPCs. MDSPCs were isolated from Zmpste24−/− mice, and the effects of mTORC1 on MDSPC differentiation and function were examined. We found that mTORC1 signaling was increased in senescent Zmpste24−/− MDSPCs, along with impaired chondrogenic, osteogenic, and myogenic differentiation capacity versus wild-type MDSPCs. Interestingly, we observed that mTORC1 inhibition with rapamycin improved myogenic and chondrogenic differentiation and reduced levels of apoptosis and senescence in Zmpste24−/− MDSPCs. Our results demonstrate that age-related adult stem/progenitor cell dysfunction contributes to impaired regenerative capacities and that mTORC1 inhibition may represent a potential therapeutic strategy for improving differentiation capacities of senescent stem and muscle progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Kawakami
- Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - William S Hambright
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA.,Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO 81657, USA
| | - Koji Takayama
- Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Xiaodong Mu
- Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA.,Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO 81657, USA
| | - Aiping Lu
- Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA.,Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO 81657, USA
| | - James H Cummins
- Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Tomoyuki Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Takashi Yurube
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kuroda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kurosaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Freddie H Fu
- Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Paul D Robbins
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Institute on Biology of Aging and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Laura J Niedernhofer
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Institute on Biology of Aging and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Johnny Huard
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO 81657, USA
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163
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Li J, Zou Y, Li Z, Jiu Y. Joining actions: crosstalk between intermediate filaments and actin orchestrates cellular physical dynamics and signaling. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2019; 62:1368-1374. [PMID: 31098891 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-018-9488-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many key cellular functions are regulated by the interplay of three distinct cytoskeletal networks, made of actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments (IFs), which is a hitherto poorly investigated area of research. However, there are growing evidence in the last few years showing that the IFs cooperate with actin filaments to exhibit strongly coupled functions. This review recapitulates our current knowledge on how the crosstalk between IFs and actin filaments modulates the migration properties, mechano-responsiveness and signaling transduction of cells, from both biophysical and biochemical point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yun Zou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhifang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yaming Jiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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164
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Clements CS, Bikkul MU, Ofosu W, Eskiw C, Tree D, Makarov E, Kill IR, Bridger JM. Presence and distribution of progerin in HGPS cells is ameliorated by drugs that impact on the mevalonate and mTOR pathways. Biogerontology 2019; 20:337-358. [PMID: 31041622 PMCID: PMC6535420 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-019-09807-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is a rare, premature ageing syndrome in children. HGPS is normally caused by a mutation in the LMNA gene, encoding nuclear lamin A. The classical mutation in HGPS leads to the production of a toxic truncated version of lamin A, progerin, which retains a farnesyl group. Farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTI), pravastatin and zoledronic acid have been used in clinical trials to target the mevalonate pathway in HGPS patients to inhibit farnesylation of progerin, in order to reduce its toxicity. Some other compounds that have been suggested as treatments include rapamycin, IGF1 and N-acetyl cysteine (NAC). We have analysed the distribution of prelamin A, lamin A, lamin A/C, progerin, lamin B1 and B2 in nuclei of HGPS cells before and after treatments with these drugs, an FTI and a geranylgeranyltransferase inhibitor (GGTI) and FTI with pravastatin and zoledronic acid in combination. Confirming other studies prelamin A, lamin A, progerin and lamin B2 staining was different between control and HGPS fibroblasts. The drugs that reduced progerin staining were FTI, pravastatin, zoledronic acid and rapamycin. However, drugs affecting the mevalonate pathway increased prelamin A, with only FTI reducing internal prelamin A foci. The distribution of lamin A in HGPS cells was improved with treatments of FTI, pravastatin and FTI + GGTI. All treatments reduced the number of cells displaying internal speckles of lamin A/C and lamin B2. Drugs targeting the mevalonate pathway worked best for progerin reduction, with zoledronic acid removing internal progerin speckles. Rapamycin and NAC, which impact on the MTOR pathway, both reduced both pools of progerin without increasing prelamin A in HGPS cell nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S Clements
- Progeria Research Team, Ageing Studies Theme, Institute for Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Mehmet U Bikkul
- Progeria Research Team, Ageing Studies Theme, Institute for Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Wendy Ofosu
- Progeria Research Team, Ageing Studies Theme, Institute for Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Christopher Eskiw
- Food and Bioproduct Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7B 5A8, Canada
| | - David Tree
- Progeria Research Team, Ageing Studies Theme, Institute for Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Evgeny Makarov
- Progeria Research Team, Ageing Studies Theme, Institute for Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Ian R Kill
- Progeria Research Team, Ageing Studies Theme, Institute for Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Joanna M Bridger
- Progeria Research Team, Ageing Studies Theme, Institute for Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK. .,Genome Engineering and Maintenance Network, Ageing Studies Theme, Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK.
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165
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Cellular and Animal Models of Striated Muscle Laminopathies. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040291. [PMID: 30934932 PMCID: PMC6523539 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The lamin A/C (LMNA) gene codes for nuclear intermediate filaments constitutive of the nuclear lamina. LMNA has 12 exons and alternative splicing of exon 10 results in two major isoforms—lamins A and C. Mutations found throughout the LMNA gene cause a group of diseases collectively known as laminopathies, of which the type, diversity, penetrance and severity of phenotypes can vary from one individual to the other, even between individuals carrying the same mutation. The majority of the laminopathies affect cardiac and/or skeletal muscles. The underlying molecular mechanisms contributing to such tissue-specific phenotypes caused by mutations in a ubiquitously expressed gene are not yet well elucidated. This review will explore the different phenotypes observed in established models of striated muscle laminopathies and their respective contributions to advancing our understanding of cardiac and skeletal muscle-related laminopathies. Potential future directions for developing effective treatments for patients with lamin A/C mutation-associated cardiac and/or skeletal muscle conditions will be discussed.
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166
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Lamina Associated Domains and Gene Regulation in Development and Cancer. Cells 2019; 8:cells8030271. [PMID: 30901978 PMCID: PMC6468596 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear lamina (NL) is a thin meshwork of filaments that lines the inner nuclear membrane, thereby providing a platform for chromatin binding and supporting genome organization. Genomic regions contacting the NL are lamina associated domains (LADs), which contain thousands of genes that are lowly transcribed, and enriched for repressive histone modifications. LADs are dynamic structures that shift spatial positioning in accordance with cell-type specific gene expression changes during differentiation and development. Furthermore, recent studies have linked the disruption of LADs and alterations in the epigenome with the onset of diseases such as cancer. Here we focus on the role of LADs and the NL in gene regulation during development and cancer.
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167
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Perepelina K, Klauzen P, Kostareva A, Malashicheva A. Tissue-Specific Influence of Lamin A Mutations on Notch Signaling and Osteogenic Phenotype of Primary Human Mesenchymal Cells. Cells 2019; 8:cells8030266. [PMID: 30901896 PMCID: PMC6468400 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lamin A is involved in many cellular functions due to its ability to bind chromatin and transcription factors and affect their properties. Mutations of LMNA gene encoding lamin A affect the differentiation capacity of stem cells, but the mechanisms of this influence remain largely unclear. We and others have reported recently an interaction of lamin A with Notch pathway, which is among the main developmental regulators of cellular identity. The aim of this study was to explore the influence of LMNA mutations on the proosteogenic response of human cells of mesenchymal origin and to further explore the interaction of LMNA with Notch pathway. Mutations R527C and R471C in LMNA are associated with mandibuloacral dysplasia type A, a highly penetrant disease with a variety of abnormalities involving bone development. We used lentiviral constructs bearing mutations R527C and R471C and explored its influence on proosteogenic phenotype expression and Notch pathway activity in four types of human cells: umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), cardiac mesenchymal cells (HCMC), aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMC), and aortic valve interstitial cells (HAVIC). The proosteogenic response of the cells was induced by the addition of either LPS or specific effectors of osteogenic differentiation to the culture medium; phenotype was estimated by the expression of osteogenic markers by qPCR; activation of Notch was assessed by expression of Notch-related and Notch-responsive genes by qPCR and by activation of a luciferase CSL-reporter construct. Overall, we observed different reactivity of all four cell lineages to the stimulation with either LPS or osteogenic factors. R527C had a stronger influence on the proosteogenic phenotype. We observed the inhibiting action of LMNA R527C on osteogenic differentiation in HCMC in the presence of activated Notch signaling, while LMNA R527C caused the activation of osteogenic differentiation in HAVIC in the presence of activated Notch signaling. Our results suggest that the effect of a LMNA mutation is strongly dependent not only on a specific mutation itself, but also might be influenced by the intrinsic molecular context of a cell lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniya Perepelina
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 2 Akkuratova Str., St-Petersburg 197341, Russia.
- St-Petersburg State University, 7-9, Universitetskaya nab., St-Petersburg 199034, Russia.
| | - Polina Klauzen
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 2 Akkuratova Str., St-Petersburg 197341, Russia.
- St-Petersburg State University, 7-9, Universitetskaya nab., St-Petersburg 199034, Russia.
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky Ave., St-Petersburg 194064, Russia.
| | - Anna Kostareva
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 2 Akkuratova Str., St-Petersburg 197341, Russia.
- St-Petersburg State University, 7-9, Universitetskaya nab., St-Petersburg 199034, Russia.
| | - Anna Malashicheva
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 2 Akkuratova Str., St-Petersburg 197341, Russia.
- St-Petersburg State University, 7-9, Universitetskaya nab., St-Petersburg 199034, Russia.
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky Ave., St-Petersburg 194064, Russia.
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168
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Hah J, Kim DH. Deciphering Nuclear Mechanobiology in Laminopathy. Cells 2019; 8:E231. [PMID: 30862117 PMCID: PMC6468464 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular mechanical stimuli are translated into biochemical signals inside the cell via mechanotransduction. The nucleus plays a critical role in mechanoregulation, which encompasses mechanosensing and mechanotransduction. The nuclear lamina underlying the inner nuclear membrane not only maintains the structural integrity, but also connects the cytoskeleton to the nuclear envelope. Lamin mutations, therefore, dysregulate the nuclear response, resulting in abnormal mechanoregulations, and ultimately, disease progression. Impaired mechanoregulations even induce malfunction in nuclear positioning, cell migration, mechanosensation, as well as differentiation. To know how to overcome laminopathies, we need to understand the mechanisms of laminopathies in a mechanobiological way. Recently, emerging studies have demonstrated the varying defects from lamin mutation in cellular homeostasis within mechanical surroundings. Therefore, this review summarizes recent findings highlighting the role of lamins, the architecture of nuclear lamina, and their disease relevance in the context of nuclear mechanobiology. We will also provide an overview of the differentiation of cellular mechanics in laminopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungwon Hah
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
| | - Dong-Hwee Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
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169
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Nmezi B, Xu J, Fu R, Armiger TJ, Rodriguez-Bey G, Powell JS, Ma H, Sullivan M, Tu Y, Chen NY, Young SG, Stolz DB, Dahl KN, Liu Y, Padiath QS. Concentric organization of A- and B-type lamins predicts their distinct roles in the spatial organization and stability of the nuclear lamina. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:4307-4315. [PMID: 30765529 PMCID: PMC6410836 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1810070116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear lamina is an intermediate filament meshwork adjacent to the inner nuclear membrane (INM) that plays a critical role in maintaining nuclear shape and regulating gene expression through chromatin interactions. Studies have demonstrated that A- and B-type lamins, the filamentous proteins that make up the nuclear lamina, form independent but interacting networks. However, whether these lamin subtypes exhibit a distinct spatial organization or whether their organization has any functional consequences is unknown. Using stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) our studies reveal that lamin B1 and lamin A/C form concentric but overlapping networks, with lamin B1 forming the outer concentric ring located adjacent to the INM. The more peripheral localization of lamin B1 is mediated by its carboxyl-terminal farnesyl group. Lamin B1 localization is also curvature- and strain-dependent, while the localization of lamin A/C is not. We also show that lamin B1's outer-facing localization stabilizes nuclear shape by restraining outward protrusions of the lamin A/C network. These two findings, that lamin B1 forms an outer concentric ring and that its localization is energy-dependent, are significant as they suggest a distinct model for the nuclear lamina-one that is able to predict its behavior and clarifies the distinct roles of individual nuclear lamin proteins and the consequences of their perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Nmezi
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Jianquan Xu
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Rao Fu
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- College of Chemical Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin Province, China 132012
| | - Travis J Armiger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | | | - Juliana S Powell
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Hongqiang Ma
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Mara Sullivan
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Yiping Tu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Natalie Y Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Stephen G Young
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Kris Noel Dahl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213;
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213;
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Quasar S Padiath
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261;
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170
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Choi JC, Wu W, Phillips E, Plevin R, Sera F, Homma S, Worman HJ. Elevated dual specificity protein phosphatase 4 in cardiomyopathy caused by lamin A/C gene mutation is primarily ERK1/2-dependent and its depletion improves cardiac function and survival. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:2290-2305. [PMID: 29668927 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the lamin A/C gene (LMNA) encoding the nuclear intermediate filament proteins lamins A and C cause a group of tissue-selective diseases, the most common of which is dilated cardiomyopathy (herein referred to as LMNA cardiomyopathy) with variable skeletal muscle involvement. We previously showed that cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of dual specificity protein phosphatase 4 (DUSP4) is involved in the pathogenesis of LMNA cardiomyopathy. However, how mutations in LMNA activate Dusp4 expression and whether it is necessary for the development of LMNA cardiomyopathy are currently unknown. We now show that female LmnaH222P/H222P mice, a model for LMNA cardiomyopathy, have increased Dusp4 expression and hyperactivation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 with delayed kinetics relative to male mice, consistent with the sex-dependent delay in the onset and progression of disease. Mechanistically, we show that the H222P amino acid substitution in lamin A enhances its binding to ERK1/2 and increases sequestration at the nuclear envelope. Finally, we show that genetic deletion of Dusp4 has beneficial effects on heart function and prolongs survival in LmnaH222P/H222P mice. These results further establish Dusp4 as a key contributor to the pathogenesis of LMNA cardiomyopathy and a potential target for drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Choi
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Elizabeth Phillips
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Robin Plevin
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Fusako Sera
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Shunichi Homma
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Howard J Worman
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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171
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Sui T, Liu D, Liu T, Deng J, Chen M, Xu Y, Song Y, Ouyang H, Lai L, Li Z. LMNA-mutated Rabbits: A Model of Premature Aging Syndrome with Muscular Dystrophy and Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Aging Dis 2019; 10:102-115. [PMID: 30705772 PMCID: PMC6345340 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2018.0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Premature aging syndromes are rare genetic disorders mimicking clinical and molecular features of aging. Products of the LMNA gene, primarily lamin A and C, are major components of the nuclear lamina. A recently identified group of premature aging syndromes was related to mutations of the LMNA gene. Although LMNA disorders have been identified in premature aging syndromes, affect specifically the skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles, and lipodystrophy, understanding the pathogenic mechanisms still need to be elucidated. Here, to establish a rabbit knockout (KO) model of premature aging syndromes, we performed precise LMNA targeting in rabbits via co-injection of Cas9/sgRNA mRNA into zygotes. The LMNA-KO rabbits exhibited reduced locomotion activity with abnormal stiff walking posture and a shortened stature, all of them died within 22 days. In addition, cardiomyopathy, muscular dystrophy, bone and joint abnormalities, as well as lipodystrophy were observed in LMNA-KO rabbits. In conclusion, the novel rabbit LMNA-KO model, displayed typical features of histopathological defects that are observed in premature aging syndromes, and may be utilized as a valuable resource for understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of premature aging syndromes and elucidating mysteries of the normal process of aging in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Sui
- 1Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Di Liu
- 1Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Tingjun Liu
- 1Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jichao Deng
- 1Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Mao Chen
- 1Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- 1Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yuning Song
- 1Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- 1Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Liangxue Lai
- 1Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.,2Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530, China
| | - Zhanjun Li
- 1Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
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172
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Dutta S, Bhattacharyya M, Sengupta K. Changes in the Nuclear Envelope in Laminopathies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1112:31-38. [PMID: 30637688 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-3065-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Double-membrane-bound nucleus is the major organelle of every metazoan cell, which controls various nuclear processes like chromatin maintenance, DNA replication, transcription and nucleoskeleton-cytoskeleton coupling. Nuclear homeostasis depends on the integrity of nuclear membrane and associated proteins. Lamins, underlying the inner nuclear membrane (INM), play a crucial role in maintaining nuclear homeostasis. In this review, we have focussed on the disruption of nuclear homeostasis due to lamin A/C mutation which produces a plethora of diseases, termed as laminopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subarna Dutta
- Biophysics & Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Kaushik Sengupta
- Biophysics & Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
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173
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Pappas SS, Liang CC, Kim S, Rivera CO, Dauer WT. TorsinA dysfunction causes persistent neuronal nuclear pore defects. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:407-420. [PMID: 29186574 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A critical challenge to deciphering the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental disease is identifying which of the myriad abnormalities that emerge during CNS maturation persist to contribute to long-term brain dysfunction. Childhood-onset dystonia caused by a loss-of-function mutation in the AAA+ protein torsinA exemplifies this challenge. Neurons lacking torsinA develop transient nuclear envelope (NE) malformations during CNS maturation, but no NE defects are described in mature torsinA null neurons. We find that during postnatal CNS maturation torsinA null neurons develop mislocalized and dysfunctional nuclear pore complexes (NPC) that lack NUP358, normally added late in NPC biogenesis. SUN1, a torsinA-related molecule implicated in interphase NPC biogenesis, also exhibits localization abnormalities. Whereas SUN1 and associated nuclear membrane abnormalities resolve in juvenile mice, NPC defects persist into adulthood. These findings support a role for torsinA function in NPC biogenesis during neuronal maturation and implicate altered NPC function in dystonia pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sumin Kim
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program
| | | | - William T Dauer
- Department of Neurology.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Program.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology.,VA Ann Arbor Health System, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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174
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Abstract
Structural links from the nucleus to the cytoskeleton and to the extracellular environment play a role in direct mechanosensing by nuclear factors. Here, we highlight recent studies that illustrate nuclear mechanosensation processes ranging from DNA repair and nuclear protein phospho-modulation to chromatin reorganization, lipase activation by dilation, and reversible rupture with the release of nuclear factors. Recent progresses demonstrate that these mechanosensing processes lead to modulation of gene expression such as those involved in the regulation of cytoskeletal programs and introduce copy number variations. The nuclear lamina protein lamin A has a recurring role, and various biophysical analyses prove helpful in clarifying mechanisms. The various recent observations provide further motivation to understand the regulation of nuclear mechanosensing pathways in both physiological and pathological contexts.
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175
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Crasto S, Di Pasquale E. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Study Mechanisms of Laminopathies: Focus on Epigenetics. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:172. [PMID: 30619852 PMCID: PMC6306496 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Laminopathies are a group of rare degenerative disorders that manifest with a wide spectrum of clinical phenotypes, including both systemic multi-organ disorders, such as the Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS), and tissue-restricted diseases, such as Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, dilated cardiomyopathy and lipodystrophies, often overlapping. Despite their clinical heterogeneity, which remains an open question, laminopathies are commonly caused by mutations in the LMNA gene, encoding the nuclear proteins Lamin A and C. These two proteins are main components of the nuclear lamina and are involved in several biological processes. Besides the well-known structural function in the nucleus, their role in regulating chromatin organization and transcription has emerged in the last decade, supporting the hypothesis that the disruption of this layer of regulation may be mechanism underlying the disease. Indeed, recent studies that show various epigenetic defects in cells carrying LMNA mutations, such as loss of heterochromatin, changes in gene expression and chromatin remodeling, strongly support this view. However, those findings are restricted to few cell types in humans, mainly because of the limited accessibility of primary cells and the difficulties to culture them ex-vivo. On the other hand, animal models might fail to recapitulate phenotypic hallmarks of the disease as of humans. To fill this gap, models based on induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSCs) technology have been recently generated that allowed investigations on diverse cells types, such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), vascular and smooth muscle cells and cardiomyocytes, and provided a platform for investigating mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of laminopathies in a cell-type specific human context. Nevertheless, studies on iPSC-based models of laminopathy have expanded only in the last few years and, with the advancement of reprogramming and differentiation protocols, their number is expecting to further increase over time. This review will give an overview of models developed thus far, with a focus on the novel insights on epigenetic mechanisms underlying the disease in different human cellular contexts. Perspectives and future directions of the field will be also given, highlighting the potential of those models for preclinical studies for identifying molecular targets and their translational impact on patients' cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Crasto
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council of Italy, UOS of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Di Pasquale
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council of Italy, UOS of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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176
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Dilsaver MR, Chen P, Thompson TA, Reusser T, Mukherjee RN, Oakey J, Levy DL. Emerin induces nuclear breakage in Xenopus extract and early embryos. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:3155-3167. [PMID: 30332321 PMCID: PMC6340207 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-05-0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerin is an inner nuclear membrane protein often mutated in Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy. Because emerin has diverse roles in nuclear mechanics, cytoskeletal organization, and gene expression, it has been difficult to elucidate its contribution to nuclear structure and disease pathology. In this study, we investigated emerin’s impact on nuclei assembled in Xenopus laevis egg extract, a simplified biochemical system that lacks potentially confounding cellular factors and activities. Notably, these extracts are transcriptionally inert and lack endogenous emerin and filamentous actin. Strikingly, emerin caused rupture of egg extract nuclei, dependent on the application of shear force. In egg extract, emerin localized to nonnuclear cytoplasmic membranes, and nuclear rupture was rescued by targeting emerin to the nucleus, disrupting its membrane association, or assembling nuclei with lamin A. Furthermore, emerin induced breakage of nuclei in early-stage X. laevis embryo extracts, and embryos microinjected with emerin were inviable, with ruptured nuclei. We propose that cytoplasmic membrane localization of emerin leads to rupture of nuclei that are more sensitive to mechanical perturbation, findings that may be relevant to early development and certain laminopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Dilsaver
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071
| | - Pan Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071
| | - Trey A Thompson
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071
| | - Traci Reusser
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071
| | - Richik N Mukherjee
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071
| | - John Oakey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071
| | - Daniel L Levy
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071
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177
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Smith ER, Capo-Chichi CD, Xu XX. Defective Nuclear Lamina in Aneuploidy and Carcinogenesis. Front Oncol 2018; 8:529. [PMID: 30524960 PMCID: PMC6256246 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aneuploidy, loss or gain of whole chromosomes, is a prominent feature of carcinomas, and is generally considered to play an important role in the initiation and progression of cancer. In high-grade serous ovarian cancer, the only common gene aberration is the p53 point mutation, though extensive genomic perturbation is common due to severe aneuploidy, which presents as a deviant karyotype. Several mechanisms for the development of aneuploidy in cancer cells have been recognized, including chromosomal non-disjunction during mitosis, centrosome amplification, and more recently, nuclear envelope rupture at interphase. Many cancer types including ovarian cancer have lost or reduced expression of Lamin A/C, a structural component of the lamina matrix that underlies the nuclear envelope in differentiated cells. Several recent studies suggest that a nuclear lamina defect caused by the loss or reduction of Lamin A/C leads to failure in cytokinesis and formation of tetraploid cells, transient nuclear envelope rupture, and formation of nuclear protrusions and micronuclei during the cell cycle gap phase. Thus, loss and reduction of Lamin A/C underlies the two common features of cancer—aberrations in nuclear morphology and aneuploidy. We discuss here and emphasize the newly recognized mechanism of chromosomal instability due to the rupture of a defective nuclear lamina, which may account for the rapid genomic changes in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Smith
- Department of Cell Biology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Callinice D Capo-Chichi
- Department of Cell Biology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey Calavi, Benin
| | - Xiang-Xi Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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178
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van Tienen FHJ, Lindsey PJ, Kamps MAF, Krapels IP, Ramaekers FCS, Brunner HG, van den Wijngaard A, Broers JLV. Assessment of fibroblast nuclear morphology aids interpretation of LMNA variants. Eur J Hum Genet 2018; 27:389-399. [PMID: 30420677 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-018-0294-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The phenotypic heterogeneity of Lamin A/C (LMNA) variants renders it difficult to classify them. As a consequence, many LMNA variants are classified as variant of unknown significance (VUS). A number of studies reported different types of visible nuclear abnormalities in LMNA-variant carriers, such as herniations, honeycomb-like structures and irregular Lamin staining. In this study, we used lamin A/C immunostaining and nuclear DAPI staining to assess the number and type of nuclear abnormalities in primary dermal fibroblast cultures of laminopathy patients and healthy controls. The total number of abnormal nuclei, which includes herniations, honeycomb-structures, and donut-like nuclei, was found to be the most discriminating parameter between laminopathy and control cell cultures. The percentage abnormal nuclei was subsequently scored in fibroblasts of 28 LMNA variant carriers, ranging from (likely) benign to (likely) pathogenic variant. Using this method, 27 out of 28 fibroblast cell cultures could be classified as either normal (n = 14) or laminopathy (n = 13) and no false positive results were obtained. The obtained specificity was 100% (CI 40-100%) and sensitivity 77% (46-95%). We conclude that assessing the percentage of abnormal nuclei is a quick and reliable method, which aids classification or confirms pathogenicity of identified LMNA variants causing formation of aberrant lamin A/C protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence H J van Tienen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands. .,GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Patrick J Lindsey
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Miriam A F Kamps
- GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid P Krapels
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frans C S Ramaekers
- GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Han G Brunner
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur van den Wijngaard
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos L V Broers
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,CARIM-School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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179
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Bártová E, Legartová S, Krejčí J, Řezníčková P, Kovaříková AS, Suchánková J, Fedr R, Smirnov E, Hornáček M, Raška I. Depletion of A-type lamins and Lap2α reduces 53BP1 accumulation at UV-induced DNA lesions and Lap2α protein is responsible for compactness of irradiated chromatin. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:8146-8162. [PMID: 29923310 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We studied how deficiency in lamins A/C and lamina-associated polypeptide 2α (Lap2α) affects DNA repair after irradiation. A-type lamins and Lap2α were not recruited to local DNA lesions and did not accumulate to γ-irradiation-induced foci (IRIF), as it is generally observed for well-known marker of DNA lesions, 53BP1 protein. At micro-irradiated chromatin of lmna double knockout (dn) and Lap2α dn cells, 53BP1 protein levels were reduced, compared to locally irradiated wild-type counterpart. Decreased levels of 53BP1 we also observed in whole populations of lmna dn and Lap2α dn cells, irradiated by UV light. We also studied distribution pattern of 53BP1 protein in a genome outside micro-irradiated region. In Lap2α deficient cells, identical fluorescence of mCherry-tagged 53BP1 protein was found at both microirradiated region and surrounding chromatin. However, a well-known marker of double strand breaks, γH2AX, was highly abundant in the lesion-surrounding genome of Lap2α deficient cells. Described changes, induced by irradiation in Lap2α dn cells, were not accompanied by cell cycle changes. In Lap2α dn cells, we additionally performed analysis by FLIM (Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy) that showed different dynamic behavior of mCherry-tagged 53BP1 protein pools when it was compared with wild-type (wt) fibroblasts. This analysis revealed three different fractions of mCherry-53BP1 protein. Two of them showed identical exponential decay times (τ1 and τ3), but the decay rate of τ2 and amplitudes of fluorescence decays (A1-A3) were statistically different in wt and Lap2α dn fibroblasts. Moreover, γ-irradiation weakened an interaction between A-type lamins and Lap2α. Together, our results demonstrate how depletion of Lap2α affects DNA damage response (DDR) and how chromatin compactness is changed in Lap2α deficient cells exposed to radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bártová
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Soňa Legartová
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Krejčí
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Řezníčková
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jana Suchánková
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Fedr
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Evgeny Smirnov
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Matúš Hornáček
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Raška
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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180
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Brull A, Morales Rodriguez B, Bonne G, Muchir A, Bertrand AT. The Pathogenesis and Therapies of Striated Muscle Laminopathies. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1533. [PMID: 30425656 PMCID: PMC6218675 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) is a genetic condition characterized by early contractures, skeletal muscle weakness, and cardiomyopathy. During the last 20 years, various genetic approaches led to the identification of causal genes of EDMD and related disorders, all encoding nuclear envelope proteins. By their respective localization either at the inner nuclear membrane or the outer nuclear membrane, these proteins interact with each other and establish a connection between the nucleus and the cytoskeleton. Beside this physical link, these proteins are also involved in mechanotransduction, responding to environmental cues, such as increased tension of the cytoskeleton, by the activation or repression of specific sets of genes. This ability of cells to adapt to environmental conditions is altered in EDMD. Increased knowledge on the pathophysiology of EDMD has led to the development of drug or gene therapies that have been tested on mouse models. This review proposed an overview of the functions played by the different proteins involved in EDMD and related disorders and the current therapeutic approaches tested so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Brull
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut de Myologie, Center of Research in Myology, UMRS 974, Paris, France
| | - Blanca Morales Rodriguez
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut de Myologie, Center of Research in Myology, UMRS 974, Paris, France.,Sanofi R&D, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Gisèle Bonne
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut de Myologie, Center of Research in Myology, UMRS 974, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Muchir
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut de Myologie, Center of Research in Myology, UMRS 974, Paris, France
| | - Anne T Bertrand
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut de Myologie, Center of Research in Myology, UMRS 974, Paris, France
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181
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Kang SM, Yoon MH, Park BJ. Laminopathies; Mutations on single gene and various human genetic diseases. BMB Rep 2018; 51:327-337. [PMID: 29764566 PMCID: PMC6089866 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2018.51.7.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lamin A and its alternative splicing product Lamin C are the key intermediate filaments (IFs) of the inner nuclear membrane intermediate filament. Lamin A/C forms the inner nuclear mesh with Lamin B and works as a frame with a nuclear shape. In addition to supporting the function of nucleus, nuclear lamins perform important roles such as holding the nuclear pore complex and chromatin. However, mutations on the Lamin A or Lamin B related proteins induce various types of human genetic disorders and diseases including premature aging syndromes, muscular dystrophy, lipodystrophy and neuropathy. In this review, we briefly overview the relevance of genetic mutations of Lamin A, human disorders and laminopathies. We also discuss a mouse model for genetic diseases. Finally, we describe the current treatment for laminopathies. [BMB Reports 2018; 51(7): 327-337].
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Mi Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Min-Ho Yoon
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Bum-Joon Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
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182
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Ho R, Hegele RA. Complex effects of laminopathy mutations on nuclear structure and function. Clin Genet 2018; 95:199-209. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.13455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosettia Ho
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, and Robarts Research Institute; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University; London Ontario Canada
| | - Robert A. Hegele
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, and Robarts Research Institute; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University; London Ontario Canada
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183
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Levy Y, Ross JA, Niglas M, Snetkov VA, Lynham S, Liao CY, Puckelwartz MJ, Hsu YM, McNally EM, Alsheimer M, Harridge SD, Young SG, Fong LG, Español Y, Lopez-Otin C, Kennedy BK, Lowe DA, Ochala J. Prelamin A causes aberrant myonuclear arrangement and results in muscle fiber weakness. JCI Insight 2018; 3:120920. [PMID: 30282816 PMCID: PMC6237469 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.120920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Physiological and premature aging are frequently associated with an accumulation of prelamin A, a precursor of lamin A, in the nuclear envelope of various cell types. Here, we aimed to underpin the hitherto unknown mechanisms by which prelamin A alters myonuclear organization and muscle fiber function. By experimentally studying membrane-permeabilized myofibers from various transgenic mouse lines, our results indicate that, in the presence of prelamin A, the abundance of nuclei and myosin content is markedly reduced within muscle fibers. This leads to a concept by which the remaining myonuclei are very distant from each other and are pushed to function beyond their maximum cytoplasmic capacity, ultimately inducing muscle fiber weakness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yotam Levy
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, and
| | - Jacob A Ross
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, and
| | - Marili Niglas
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, and
| | - Vladimir A Snetkov
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, and
| | - Steven Lynham
- Proteomics Facility, Centre of Excellence for Mass Spectrometry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chen-Yu Liao
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, USA
| | - Megan J Puckelwartz
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yueh-Mei Hsu
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth M McNally
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Manfred Alsheimer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stephen Dr Harridge
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, and
| | - Stephen G Young
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Loren G Fong
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yaiza Español
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Carlos Lopez-Otin
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Spain
| | - Brian K Kennedy
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California, USA.,Departments of Biochemistry and Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Centre for Healthy Ageing, National University Health System, Singapore.,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore
| | - Dawn A Lowe
- Divisions of Rehabilitation Science and Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Julien Ochala
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, and
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184
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Kim PH, Luu J, Heizer P, Tu Y, Weston TA, Chen N, Lim C, Li RL, Lin PY, Dunn JCY, Hodzic D, Young SG, Fong LG. Disrupting the LINC complex in smooth muscle cells reduces aortic disease in a mouse model of Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. Sci Transl Med 2018; 10:eaat7163. [PMID: 30257952 PMCID: PMC6166472 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aat7163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome is a disorder of premature aging in children caused by de novo mutations in LMNA that lead to the synthesis of an internally truncated form of prelamin A (commonly called progerin). The production of progerin causes multiple disease phenotypes, including an unusual vascular phenotype characterized by the loss of smooth muscle cells in the arterial media and fibrosis of the adventitia. We show that progerin expression, combined with mechanical stress, promotes smooth muscle cell death. Disrupting the linker of the nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex in smooth muscle cells ameliorates the toxic effects of progerin on smooth muscle cells and limits the accompanying adventitial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul H Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jennings Luu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Patrick Heizer
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yiping Tu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Thomas A Weston
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Natalie Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Christopher Lim
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Robert L Li
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Po-Yu Lin
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - James C Y Dunn
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Didier Hodzic
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Stephen G Young
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Loren G Fong
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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185
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Gerbino A, Procino G, Svelto M, Carmosino M. Role of Lamin A/C Gene Mutations in the Signaling Defects Leading to Cardiomyopathies. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1356. [PMID: 30319452 PMCID: PMC6167438 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear lamin A/C are crucial components of the intricate protein mesh that underlies the inner nuclear membrane and confers mainly nuclear and cytosolic rigidity. However, throughout the years a number of other key physiological processes have been associated with lamins such as modulation of both genes expression and the activity of signaling mediators. To further solidify its importance in cell physiology, mutations in the lamin A/C gene (LMNA) have been associated to diverse pathological phenotypes with skeletal muscles and the heart being the most affected systems. When affected, the heart develops a wide array of phenotypes spanning from dilated cardiomyopathy with conduction defects to arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. The surprising large number of cardiac phenotypes reflects the equally large number of specific mutations identified in the LMNA gene. In this review, we underlie how mutations in LMNA can impact the activity and the spatial/temporal organization of signaling mediators and transcription factors. We analyzed the ever-increasing amount of findings collected in LmnaH222P/H222P mice whose cardiomyopathy resemble the most important features of the disease in humans and a number of key evidences from other experimental models. With this mini review, we attempt to combine the newest insights regarding both the pathogenic effects of LMNA mutations in terms of signaling abnormalities and cardiac laminopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gerbino
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Procino
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Svelto
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Monica Carmosino
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
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186
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Abstract
Nuclear lamins are intermediate filament proteins that represent important structural components of metazoan nuclear envelopes (NEs). By combining proteomics and superresolution microscopy, we recently reported that both A- and B-type nuclear lamins form spatially distinct filament networks at the nuclear periphery of mouse fibroblasts. In particular, A-type lamins exhibit differential association with nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). Our studies reveal that the nuclear lamina network in mammalian somatic cells is less ordered and more complex than that of amphibian oocytes, the only other system in which the lamina has been visualized at high resolution. In addition, the NPC component Tpr likely links NPCs to the A-type lamin network, an association that appears to be regulated by C-terminal modification of various A-type lamin isoforms. Many questions remain, however, concerning the structure and assembly of lamin filaments, as well as with their mode of association with other nuclear components such as peripheral chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xie
- a Laboratory of Nuclear Dynamics and Architecture, Institute of Medical Biology , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , Immunos , Singapore
| | - Brian Burke
- a Laboratory of Nuclear Dynamics and Architecture, Institute of Medical Biology , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , Immunos , Singapore
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187
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Sztacho M, Sobol M, Balaban C, Escudeiro Lopes SE, Hozák P. Nuclear phosphoinositides and phase separation: Important players in nuclear compartmentalization. Adv Biol Regul 2018; 71:111-117. [PMID: 30249540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear phosphoinositides are recognized as regulators of many nuclear processes including chromatin remodeling, splicing, transcription, DNA repair and epigenetics. These processes are spatially organized in different nuclear compartments. Phase separation is involved in the formation of various nuclear compartments and molecular condensates separated from surrounding environment. The surface of such structures spatiotemporally coordinates formation of protein complexes. PI(4,5)P2 (PIP2) integration into phase-separated structures might provide an additional step in their spatial diversification by attracting certain proteins with affinity to PIP2. Our laboratory has recently identified novel membrane-free PIP2-containing structures, so called Nuclear Lipid Islets (NLIs). We provide an evidence that these structures are evolutionary conserved in different organisms. We hypothesize that NLIs serve as a scaffolding platform which facilitates the formation of transcription factories, thus participating in the formation of nuclear architecture competent for transcription. In this review we speculate on a possible role of NLIs in the integration of various processes linked to RNAPII transcription, chromatin remodeling, actin-myosin interaction, alternative splicing and lamin structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Sztacho
- Department of Biology of the Cell Nucleus, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Margarita Sobol
- Department of Biology of the Cell Nucleus, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Can Balaban
- Department of Biology of the Cell Nucleus, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sara Eliana Escudeiro Lopes
- Department of Biology of the Cell Nucleus, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Hozák
- Department of Biology of the Cell Nucleus, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Epigenetics of the Cell Nucleus, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., division BIOCEV, 25250, Vestec, Czech Republic; Microscopy Centre, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic.
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188
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Ulicna L, Rohozkova J, Hozak P. Multiple Aspects of PIP2 Involvement in C. elegans Gametogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092679. [PMID: 30201859 PMCID: PMC6163852 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most studied phosphoinositides is phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), which localizes to the plasma membrane, nuclear speckles, small foci in the nucleoplasm, and to the nucleolus in mammalian cells. Here, we show that PIP2 also localizes to the nucleus in prophase I, during the gametogenesis of C. elegans hermaphrodite. The depletion of PIP2 by type I PIP kinase (PPK-1) kinase RNA interference results in an altered chromosome structure and leads to various defects during meiotic progression. We observed a decreased brood size and aneuploidy in progeny, defects in synapsis, and crossover formation. The altered chromosome structure is reflected in the increased transcription activity of a tightly regulated process in prophase I. To elucidate the involvement of PIP2 in the processes during the C. elegans development, we identified the PIP2-binding partners, leucine-rich repeat (LRR-1) protein and proteasome subunit beta 4 (PBS-4), pointing to its involvement in the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Ulicna
- Department of Biology of the Cell Nucleus, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Prague 142 20, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Rohozkova
- Department of Epigenetics of the Cell Nucleus, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Division BIOCEV, Vestec 252 50, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Hozak
- Department of Biology of the Cell Nucleus, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Prague 142 20, Czech Republic.
- Department of Epigenetics of the Cell Nucleus, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Division BIOCEV, Vestec 252 50, Czech Republic.
- Microscopy Centre, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Prague 142 20, Czech Republic.
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189
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Lin XF, Luo JW, Liu G, Zhu YB, Jin Z, Lin X. Genetic mutation of familial dilated cardiomyopathy based on next‑generation semiconductor sequencing. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:4271-4280. [PMID: 30221713 PMCID: PMC6172371 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a complex myocardial disease of multifactorial etiologies, including enlarged cardiac chambers and contractile dysfunction. It has been suggested that the inheritance of DCM‑associated mutations predominates its onset. Therefore, the present study investigated the pathogenesis of DCM via pedigree analysis and genetic diagnosis by massive whole‑exome screening, and targeted exon capture. To study the familial gene‑phenotype association, the exon and splice sites of 325 hereditary disease‑associated genes in the proband with familial dilated cardiomyopathy (FDC), including 61 cardiac disease‑associated genes, such as the lamins A/C (LMNA), were analyzed by ultra‑high multiplex polymerase chain reaction and the Ion AmpliSeq™ Inherited Disease Panel. The present study also conducted Sanger DNA Sequencing for family members with global minor allele frequencies <1% to verify potential pathogenic mutation sites. A total of three rare missense mutations were detected, including heterozygous c.244G>A in LMNA, c.546C>G in potassium voltage‑gated channel subfamily KQT (KCNQ4) and c.1276G>A in EYA transcriptional coactivator and phosphatase 1 (EYA1), indicating a glutamic acid to lysine substitution at amino acid 82 (p.E82K) in LMNA, a p.F182L in KCNQ4 (a mutation associated with pathogenic deafness) and p.G426S in EYA1 (associated with Branchiootorenal syndrome 1 and Branchiootic syndrome 1 pathogenesis). In the present study, a carrier with slight hearing impairment was detected in the family analyzed; however, no patients with deafness or branchiootorenal syndrome were observed. LMNA p.E82K revealed SIFT and PolyPhen‑2 scores of 0 and 1, respectively. In the second generation, 3 patients with DCM underwent permanent pacemaker implantation due to sick sinus syndrome, atrioventricular block and unstable cardiac electrophysiology. The present study suggested that LMNA p.E82K may contribute to the pathogenesis of FDC and concomitant atrioventricular block. At present, only three families with DCM resulting from similar mutations have been reported. The present study demonstrated the strong pathogenic effects of LMNA p.E82K on DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Fu Lin
- Provincial Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Jie-Wei Luo
- Provincial Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Gui Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Yao-Bin Zhu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
| | - Zhao Jin
- Provincial Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Xing Lin
- Provincial Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
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190
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E3 ubiquitin ligase HECW2 mediates the proteasomal degradation of HP1 isoforms. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:2478-2484. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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191
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Jokhun DS, Shang Y, Shivashankar GV. Actin Dynamics Couples Extracellular Signals to the Mobility and Molecular Stability of Telomeres. Biophys J 2018; 115:1166-1179. [PMID: 30224051 PMCID: PMC6170704 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome regulatory programs such as telomere functioning require extracellular signals to be transmitted from the microenvironment to the nucleus and chromatin. Although the cytoskeleton has been shown to directly transmit stresses, we show that the intrinsically dynamic nature of the actin cytoskeleton is important in relaying extracellular signals to telomeres. Interestingly, this mechanical pathway not only transmits physical stimuli but also chemical stimuli. The cytoskeletal network continuously reorganizes and applies dynamic forces on the nucleus and feeds into the regulation of telomere dynamics. We further found that distal telomeres are mechanically coupled in a length- and timescale-dependent manner and identified nesprin 2G as well as lamin A/C as being essential to regulate their translational dynamics. Finally, we demonstrated that such mechanotransduction events impinge on the binding dynamics of critical telomere binding proteins. Our results highlight an overarching physical pathway that regulates positional and molecular stability of telomeres.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuqing Shang
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - G V Shivashankar
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Institute of Molecular Oncology, Italian Foundation for Cancer Research, Milan, Italy.
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192
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Direct Force Probe for Nuclear Mechanics. Methods Mol Biol 2018. [PMID: 30141040 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8691-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
We describe a recently reported method for directly applying a known, nanonewton-scale force to the nucleus in a living, intact cell. First, a suction seal is applied on the nuclear surface using a micropipette. Then, the micropipette is translated away from the nucleus. The nucleus deforms and translates with the moving micropipette and then eventually detaches from the micropipette and recovers (roughly) its original shape and position. At the point of detachment, the resisting force (from the deformed nucleus and connected cytoskeleton) balances the suction force. Because the suction force is precisely known and reproducibly applied, this method therefore allows comparisons of nuclear response across disruptions to the cytoskeleton, nucleus, or cell. This method is useful for quantifying nuclear elastic properties in its native, integrated environment.
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193
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Krishnamoorthy V, Khanna R, Parnaik VK. E3 ubiquitin ligase HECW2 targets PCNA and lamin B1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:1088-1104. [PMID: 29753763 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lamins constitute the major architectural proteins of the nuclear lamina that help in maintaining nuclear organization. Mutations in lamins are associated with diverse degenerative diseases, collectively termed laminopathies. HECW2, a HECT-type E3 ubiquitin ligase, is transcriptionally upregulated in HeLa cells expressing Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy-causing-lamin A mutants. However, the role of HECW2 upregulation in mediating downstream effects in lamin mutant-expressing cells was previously unexplored. Here, we show that HECW2 interacts with two lamin A-binding proteins, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), via a canonical PCNA-interacting protein (PIP) motif, and lamin B1. HECW2 mediates their ubiquitination and targets them for proteasomal degradation. Cells expressing lamin A mutants G232E and Q294P, in which HECW2 is upregulated, show increased proteasomal degradation of PCNA and lamin B1 most likely mediated by HECW2. Our findings establish HECW2 as an E3 ubiquitin ligase for PCNA and lamin B1 which regulates their levels in laminopathic cells. We also found that HECW2 interacts with wild-type lamin A and ubiquitinates it and this interaction is reduced in case of lamin mutants G232E and Q294P. Our findings suggest that interplay among HECW2, lamin A, PCNA, and lamin B1 determines their respective homeostatic levels in the cell and dysregulation of these interactions may contribute to the pathogenicity of laminopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richa Khanna
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Veena K Parnaik
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India.
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194
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Spanu F, Saba L. Obesity and pericallosal lipoma in X-linked emery-dreifuss muscular dystrophy: A case report - Does Emerin play a role in adipocyte differentiation? World J Radiol 2018; 10:78-82. [PMID: 30079154 PMCID: PMC6068725 DOI: 10.4329/wjr.v10.i7.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Emery dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) is a rare genetic syndrome consisting of tendon retractions, progressive muscle atrophy and cardiac involvement. We report a case of an obese patient affected by the familial X-linked form in which a pericallosal lipoma was found during investigation for a suspected acute vasculopathy. To date, EDMD has never been associated with cerebral lipomas and the X-linked form was never considered to be involved in lipodystrophic syndromes or non-muscular conditions. Our case confirms the variable expressivity of the disease and suggests a possible role of Emerin in the intranuclear regulation of signals for adipocyte cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Spanu
- Department of Radiology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria, Cagliari 09045, Italy
| | - Luca Saba
- Department of Radiology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria, Cagliari 09045, Italy
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195
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Assessment of the Aging of the Brown Adipose Tissue by 18F-FDG PET/CT Imaging in the Progeria Mouse Model Lmna -/. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2018; 2018:8327089. [PMID: 30116163 PMCID: PMC6079616 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8327089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is an important energy metabolic organ that is highly implicated in obesity, type 2 diabetes, and atherosclerosis. Aging is one of the most important determinants of BAT activity. In this study, we used 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging to assess BAT aging in Lmna−/− mice. The maximum standardized uptake value (SUVMax) of the BAT was measured, and the target/nontarget (T/NT) values of BAT were calculated. The transcription and the protein expression levels of the uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), beta3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR), and the PR domain-containing 16 (PRDM16) were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting or immunohistochemical analysis. Apoptosis and cell senescence rates in the BAT of WT and Lmna−/− mice were determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and by CDKN2A/p16INK4a immunohistochemical staining, respectively. At 14 weeks of age, the BAT SUVMax and the expression levels of UCP1, β3-AR, and PRDM16 in Lmna−/− mice were significantly reduced relative to WT mice. At the same time, the number of p16INK4a and TUNEL positively stained cells (%) increased in Lmna−/− mice. Collectively, our results indicate that the aging characteristics and the aging regulatory mechanism in the BAT of Lmna−/− mice can mimic the normal BAT aging process.
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196
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Martino F, Perestrelo AR, Vinarský V, Pagliari S, Forte G. Cellular Mechanotransduction: From Tension to Function. Front Physiol 2018; 9:824. [PMID: 30026699 PMCID: PMC6041413 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 511] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Living cells are constantly exposed to mechanical stimuli arising from the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) or from neighboring cells. The intracellular molecular processes through which such physical cues are transformed into a biological response are collectively dubbed as mechanotransduction and are of fundamental importance to help the cell timely adapt to the continuous dynamic modifications of the microenvironment. Local changes in ECM composition and mechanics are driven by a feed forward interplay between the cell and the matrix itself, with the first depositing ECM proteins that in turn will impact on the surrounding cells. As such, these changes occur regularly during tissue development and are a hallmark of the pathologies of aging. Only lately, though, the importance of mechanical cues in controlling cell function (e.g., proliferation, differentiation, migration) has been acknowledged. Here we provide a critical review of the recent insights into the molecular basis of cellular mechanotransduction, by analyzing how mechanical stimuli get transformed into a given biological response through the activation of a peculiar genetic program. Specifically, by recapitulating the processes involved in the interpretation of ECM remodeling by Focal Adhesions at cell-matrix interphase, we revise the role of cytoskeleton tension as the second messenger of the mechanotransduction process and the action of mechano-responsive shuttling proteins converging on stage and cell-specific transcription factors. Finally, we give few paradigmatic examples highlighting the emerging role of malfunctions in cell mechanosensing apparatus in the onset and progression of pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Martino
- Center for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Competence Center for Mechanobiology in Regenerative Medicine, INTERREG ATCZ133, Brno, Czechia
| | - Ana R. Perestrelo
- Center for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Vladimír Vinarský
- Center for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
- Competence Center for Mechanobiology in Regenerative Medicine, INTERREG ATCZ133, Brno, Czechia
| | - Stefania Pagliari
- Center for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Giancarlo Forte
- Center for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
- Competence Center for Mechanobiology in Regenerative Medicine, INTERREG ATCZ133, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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197
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Linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton complex proteins in cardiomyopathy. Biophys Rev 2018; 10:1033-1051. [PMID: 29869195 PMCID: PMC6082319 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-018-0431-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex couples the nuclear lamina to the cytoskeleton. The LINC complex and its associated proteins play diverse roles in cells, ranging from genome organization, nuclear morphology, gene expression, to mechanical stability. The importance of a functional LINC complex is highlighted by the large number of mutations in genes encoding LINC complex proteins that lead to skeletal and cardiac myopathies. In this review, the structure, function, and interactions between components of the LINC complex will be described. Mutations that are known to cause cardiomyopathy in patients will be discussed alongside their respective mouse models. Furthermore, future challenges for the field and emerging technologies to investigate LINC complex function will be discussed.
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198
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Smith ER, George SH, Kobetz E, Xu XX. New biological research and understanding of Papanicolaou's test. Diagn Cytopathol 2018; 46:507-515. [PMID: 29663734 PMCID: PMC5949091 DOI: 10.1002/dc.23941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of the Papanicolaou smear test by Dr. George Nicholas Papanicolaou (1883-1962) is one of the most significant achievements in screening for disease and cancer prevention in history. The Papanicolaou smear has been used for screening of cervical cancer since the 1950s. The test is technically straightforward and practical and based on a simple scientific observation: malignant cells have an aberrant nuclear morphology that can be distinguished from benign cells. Here, we review the scientific understanding that has been achieved and continues to be made on the causes and consequences of abnormal nuclear morphology, the basis of Dr. Papanicolaou's invention. The deformed nuclear shape is caused by the loss of lamina and nuclear envelope structural proteins. The consequences of a nuclear envelope defect include chromosomal numerical instability, altered chromatin organization and gene expression, and increased cell mobility because of a malleable nuclear envelope. HPV (Human Papilloma Virus) infection is recognized as the key etiology in the development of cervical cancer. Persistent HPV infection causes disruption of the nuclear lamina, which presents as a change in nuclear morphology detectable by a Papanicolaou smear. Thus, the causes and consequences of nuclear deformation are now linked to the mechanisms of viral carcinogenesis, and are still undergoing active investigation to reveal the details. Recently a statue was installed in front of the Papanicolaou's Cancer Research Building to honor the inventor. Remarkably, the invention nearly 60 years ago by Dr. Papanicolaou still exerts clinical impacts and inspires scientific inquiries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R. Smith
- Department of Cell Biology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Sophia H. George
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Erin Kobetz
- Department of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Xiang-Xi Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
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199
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Ankam S, Teo BKK, Pohan G, Ho SWL, Lim CK, Yim EKF. Temporal Changes in Nucleus Morphology, Lamin A/C and Histone Methylation During Nanotopography-Induced Neuronal Differentiation of Stem Cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:69. [PMID: 29904629 PMCID: PMC5990852 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell differentiation can be regulated by biophysical cues such as nanotopography. It involves sensing and integration of these biophysical cues into their transcriptome with a mechanism that is yet to be discovered. In addition to the cytoskeletal and focal adhesion remodeling, nanotopography has also been shown to modulate nucleus morphology. Here, we studied the effect of nanotopography on the temporal changes in nuclei of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Using a high throughput Multi-architecture (MARC) chip analysis, the circularity of the stem cell nuclei changed significantly on different patterns. Human ESCs and MSCs showed different temporal changes in nucleus morphology, lamin A/C expression and histone methylation during topography-induced neuronal differentiation. In hESCs, the expression of nuclear matrix protein, lamin A/C during neuronal differentiation of hESCs on PDMS samples were weakly detected in the first 7 days of differentiation. The histone 3 trimethylation on Lysine 9 (H3K9me3) decreased after differentiation initiated and showed temporal changes in their expression and organization during neuronal differentiation. In hMSCs, the expression of lamin A/C was significantly increased after the first 24 h of cell culture. The quantitative analysis of histone methylation also showed a significant increase in hMSCs histone methylation on 250 nm anisotropic nanogratings within the first 24 h of seeding. This reiterates the importance of cell-substrate sensing within the first 24 h for adult stem cells. The lamin A/C expression and histone methylation shows a correlation of epigenetic changes in early events of differentiation, giving an insight on how extracellular nanotopographical cues are transduced into nuclear biochemical signals. Collectively, these results provide more understanding into the nuclear regulation of the mechanotransduction of nanotopographical cues in stem cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soneela Ankam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Benjamin K K Teo
- Mechanobiology Institute Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Grace Pohan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Shawn W L Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Choon K Lim
- Mechanobiology Institute Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Evelyn K F Yim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Mechanobiology Institute Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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200
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Random Motion of Chromatin Is Influenced by Lamin A Interconnections. Biophys J 2018; 114:2465-2472. [PMID: 29759373 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy in single-plane illumination microscopy, we investigated the dynamics of chromatin in interphase mouse adult fibroblast cell nuclei under the influence of the intermediate filament protein lamin A. We find that 1) lamin A-eGFP and histone H2A-mRFP show significant comobility, indicating that their motions are clearly interconnected in the nucleus, and 2) that the random motion of histones H2A within the chromatin network is subdiffusive, i.e., the effective diffusion coefficient decreases for slow timescales. Knocking out lamin A changes the diffusion back to normal. Thus, lamin A influences the dynamics of the entire chromatin network. Our conclusion is that lamin A plays a central role in determining the viscoelasticity of the chromatin network and helping to maintain local ordering of interphase chromosomes.
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