151
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Tanabe T, Torres BA, Subramaniam PS, Johnson HM. V beta activation by HIV Nef protein: detection by a simple amplification procedure. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 230:509-13. [PMID: 9015351 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1996.5991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that Nef protein from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has superantigen properties. However, we were unable to consistently demonstrate V beta-specific expansion by Nef using flow cytometry, possibly due to its lower mitogenic activity compared to prototypic superantigens. Therefore, we developed a simple amplification detection method using immobilized anti-V beta antibodies. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from adult donors were treated for 24 h with Nef and restimulated with immobilized anti-V beta antibodies for an additional 72 h. Significant expansion of V beta 5.3 and V beta 18 T-cells were detected in Nef-treated cultures, with expansion of V beta 18 occurring with all donors tested, and V beta 5.3 expansion occurring in 50% of the donors. Variable responses were obtained with V beta 2, V beta 3, and V beta 9. These results were confirmed using the more time-consuming method of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Thus, this novel, reproducible, and relatively simple method can detect V beta-specific expansion by weak superantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tanabe
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, USA
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152
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Abstract
Superantigens comprise a large group of viral and bacterial proteins that stimulate T lymphocyte proliferation without regard for the antigenic specificity of the T cells but dependent on the composition of the variable part of the beta chain of the T cell receptor. Superantigens induce T cell proliferation dependent on class II MHC molecules on antigen presenting cells but do not require processing. Major subfamilies of superantigens include the viral superantigens, the bacterial pyrogenic toxin superantigens, and other bacterial superantigens. Two major approaches have been taken to identify superantigen association with human diseases: a) assessing V beta T cell receptor skewing in peripheral blood or tissues of patients with illnesses, b) recognition of toxic shock syndrome and related illnesses which are likely to be caused by superantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Schlievert
- Department of Microbiology Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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153
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Leung DY. Superantigens related to Kawasaki syndrome. SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1996; 17:385-96. [PMID: 8966663 DOI: 10.1007/bf01795136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Y Leung
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, Colorado, USA
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154
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Davies HD, Kirk V, Jadavji T, Kotzin BL. Simultaneous presentation of Kawasaki disease and toxic shock syndrome in an adolescent male. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1996; 15:1136-8. [PMID: 8970231 DOI: 10.1097/00006454-199612000-00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H D Davies
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Alberta Children's Hospital University of Calgary, Canada.
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155
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Ohmen JD, Modlin RL. Evidence for a superantigen in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1996; 17:375-84. [PMID: 8966662 DOI: 10.1007/bf01795135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J D Ohmen
- Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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156
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Tabarya D, Hoffman WL. Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in rheumatoid arthritis: antibody response to toxic shock syndrome toxin-1. Ann Rheum Dis 1996; 55:823-8. [PMID: 8976639 PMCID: PMC1010318 DOI: 10.1136/ard.55.11.823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage and to compare antibody responses to two superantigens, staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) and staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), in rheumatoid arthritis patients and normal subjects. METHODS 88 rheumatoid arthritis patients and 110 control subjects were cultured for nasal carriage of S aureus; 62 isolates were bacteriophage typed. Twenty five patients and 11 spouses were tested for antibodies to TSST-1, SEA, and sonicate extracts of Bacteroides fragilis and Escherichia coli; 19 patients were HLA-DR typed. RESULTS 50% of patients and 33% of normal subjects were S aureus carriers. Bacteriophage typing of isolates suggested significant differences between strains isolated from the two groups. Patients showed higher IgG (P = 0.0025) and IgA (P = 0.0372) antibody levels to TSST-1 than normal spouses and these responses were not related to rheumatoid factor titres or HLA-DR type. CONCLUSION When compared to normals, rheumatoid arthritis patients more often carry S aureus in their nasal vestibule, carry a distinct subpopulation of S aureus strains, and have higher average antibody levels to TSST-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Tabarya
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
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157
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Petit MD, Stashenko P. Extracts of periodontopathic microorganisms lack functional superantigenic activity for murine T cells. J Periodontal Res 1996; 31:517-24. [PMID: 8971649 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1996.tb00515.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Products of periodontopathic bacteria exert immunomodulatory effects on various lymphoid cell populations, some of which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. It has recently been suggested that some of these bacterial products may possess superantigenic (SAg) activity. SAg bind simultaneously to the V beta chain of T cell receptors and to class II major histocompatibility complex molecules, thereby activating as many as 35% of T cells to proliferate and produce cytokines. In order to examine this question, the proliferation of splenic and thymic T cells from immunologically naive, 3-6-wk-old Balb/c (H-2d), C57BL/6 (H-2b) and C3H/HeJ (H-2k) mice was assessed in response to sonic extracts of periodontopathogens. Laboratory and/or reference strains of a.o. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella nigrescens were used as stimulants. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), a known superantigen, was utilized as a positive control. Unfractionated spleen cells responded to several of the tested preparations of the different bacteria, as well as to SEB, Con A and Escherichia coli LPS. Thymocytes responded to Con A and SEB, but not to LPS or to any sonic extract. Spleen cells depleted of B cells by panning responded to SEB and Con A, but not to LPS and showed a reduced response to sonicates. The residual response of B cell-depleted spleen cells was reduced essentially to background by treatment with anti-Thy 1.2 + C'. Similar results were obtained in the presence of 5% added mitomycin-treated antigen presenting cells, indicating that these cells were not limiting. These results demonstrate that extracts of periodontopathic bacteria do not stimulate murine T cells in a manner consistent with superantigenic activation.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/analysis
- Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans/immunology
- Animals
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigens, Bacterial/analysis
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Cell Division
- Concanavalin A/immunology
- Cytokines/immunology
- Enterotoxins/analysis
- Enterotoxins/immunology
- Escherichia coli
- Gram-Negative Bacteria/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Lipopolysaccharides/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Periodontitis/microbiology
- Porphyromonas gingivalis/immunology
- Prevotella/immunology
- Prevotella intermedia/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Spleen/cytology
- Staphylococcus aureus/immunology
- Superantigens/analysis
- Superantigens/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Petit
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), The Netherlands
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158
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Silver RF, Crystal RG, Moller DR. Limited heterogeneity of biased T-cell receptor V beta gene usage in lung but not blood T cells in active pulmonary sarcoidosis. Immunol Suppl 1996; 88:516-23. [PMID: 8881751 PMCID: PMC1456627 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1996.d01-683.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disorder characterized by non-caseating granulomas and the accumulation of CD4+ T cells in involved tissues such as the lung. To evaluate the diversity of the CD4+ T-cell repertoire in this disorder, a detailed clonal analysis was performed in five individuals with active sarcoidosis who demonstrated preferential accumulation of T cells expressing the T-cell receptor variable gene family V beta 8 in either the lung or blood. In three individuals, analysis of unselected samples of nucleotide sequences derived from V beta 8+ lung T cells demonstrated degrees of clonality ranging from 11% to 46%, indicating the expansion of limited numbers of V beta 8+ T-cell clones in the lung. Analysis of the corresponding deduced amino acid sequences demonstrated common VDJ junctional amino acid residues in the dominant V beta 8+ T-cell clones derived from two oligoclonal V beta 8+ lung T-cell populations, consistent with an antigen-specific T-cell response. In contrast, analysis of V beta 8+ CD4+ T cells from the blood of an individual with a marked bias for peripheral blood V beta 8+ T cells demonstrated no evidence of oligoclonality, suggesting that the stimulus for circulating biased V beta-specific T cells in sarcoidosis may derive from a different, perhaps superantigenic, origin. Clinical improvement in the disease either in response to treatment with corticosteroids or as a result of spontaneous resolution was associated with a decrease in the proportion of V beta 8-specific T cells in the biased lung and/or blood T-cell compartments. Together, these observations are consistent with a role for this T-cell subset in the clinical manifestations of active granulomatous disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Silver
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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159
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Abbott WG, Skinner MA, Voss L, Lennon D, Tan PL, Fraser JD, Simpson IJ, Ameratunga R, Geursen A. Repertoire of transcribed peripheral blood T-cell receptor beta chain variable-region genes in acute rheumatic fever. Infect Immun 1996; 64:2842-5. [PMID: 8698521 PMCID: PMC174152 DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.7.2842-2845.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with severe group A streptococcal infections have abnormalities in the Vbeta repertoire of peripheral blood T cells that are consistent with superantigen stimulation by cytoplasmic membrane proteins. The purpose of this study was to determine whether similar changes in Vbeta repertoire could be found for patients with acute rheumatic fever (ARF). The mean Vbeta repertoire of peripheral blood T cells in nine hospitalized ARF patients was similar to that of 34 controls and did not change during 6 months of follow-up in 6 of the ARF subjects. We were unable to detect changes in the Vbeta repertoire of peripheral blood T cells from patients with ARF that could be attributed to the influence of a superantigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Abbott
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Auckland Medical School, New Zealand
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160
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Balfanz J, Rautenberg P, Ullmann U. Molecular mechanisms of action of bacterial exotoxins. ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1996; 284:170-206. [PMID: 8837380 DOI: 10.1016/s0934-8840(96)80095-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Toxins are one of the inventive strategies that bacteria have developed in order to survive. As virulence factors, they play a major role in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Recent discoveries have once more highlighted the effectiveness of these precisely adjusted bacterial weapons. Furthermore, toxins have become an invaluable tool in the investigation of fundamental cell processes, including regulation of cellular functions by various G proteins, cytoskeletal dynamics and neural transmission. In this review, the bacterial toxins are presented in a rational classification based on the molecular mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Balfanz
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Virologie, Klinikum der Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany
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161
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Makida R, Hofer MF, Takase K, Cambier JC, Leung DY. Bacterial superantigens induce V beta-specific T cell receptor internalization. Mol Immunol 1996; 33:891-900. [PMID: 8845021 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(96)84615-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxins can cause toxic shock syndrome and autoimmune diseases. Circulating T cells from these diseases have a very wide range of expression in particular T cell receptor (TCR) beta chain variable regions (V beta). One possibility for this wide range of TCR V beta expression is that during acute infection with organisms secreting superantigens (SAg) these potent molecules might modulate TCR expression. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the potential effects of SAg on TCR V beta cell surface expression. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy donors were incubated with staphylococcal SAg. Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) induced downregulation of V beta 2 expression, whereas staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) B induced V beta 3-and V beta 12-specific downregulation. TSST-1 did not interfere with anti-V beta 2 mAb binding. Therefore, this downregulation was not due to steric hindrance of Ab binding by TSST-1. TSST-1 induced V beta 2 downregulation was time-, dose- and temperature-dependent. CD3 expression decreased in parallel with reduction of V beta expression. CD4 and CD8 expression were only slightly decreased. CD2, CD25 and HLA-DR expression were upregulated following TSST-1 stimulation of T cell lines. To investigate the fate of TCR after toxin stimulation, V beta 8+ Jurkat T cells were incubated with SEE which is known to stimulate V beta 8+ T cells, and analysed with fluoresence microscopy, and immunoprecipitation and Western blotting. After SEE stimulation, there was an increase in V beta 8 molecules found in the cytoplasm which correlated with loss of cell surface V beta 8 molecules, suggesting internalization of cell surface V beta 8 molecules was induced by SEE stimulation. Shedding of V beta 8 molecules into the culture supernatant was not detected. These data demonstrate that SAg mediated downregulation of TCR expression occurs primarily as the result of TCR internalization. This downregulation phenomenon may have physiological and pathological consequences in patients infected with Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Makida
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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162
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Saha B, Harlan DM, Lee KP, June CH, Abe R. Protection against lethal toxic shock by targeted disruption of the CD28 gene. J Exp Med 1996; 183:2675-80. [PMID: 8676089 PMCID: PMC2192617 DOI: 10.1084/jem.183.6.2675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a multi system disorder resulting from superantigen-mediated cytokine production. Nearly 90% of the clinical cases of TSS arise due to an exotoxin, toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1), elaborated by toxigenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus. It is clearly established that besides antigen-specific signals a variety of costimulatory signals are required for full T cell activation. However, the nature and potential redundancy of costimulatory signals are incompletely understood, particularly with regards to superantigen-mediated T cell activation in vivo. Here we report that CD28-deficient mice (CD28-/-) are completely resistant to TSST-1-induced lethal TSS while CD28 (+/-) littermate mice were partially resistant to TSST-1. The mechanism for the resistance of the CD28 (-/-) mice was a complete abrogation of TNF-alpha accumulation in the serum and a nearly complete (90%) impairment of IFN-gamma secretion in response to TSST-1 injection. In contrast, the serum level of IL-2 was only moderately influenced by the variation of CD28 expression. CD28 (-/-) mice retained sensitivity to TNF-alpha as demonstrated by equivalent lethality after cytokine injection. These findings establish an essential requirement for CD28 costimulatory signals in TSST-1-induced TSS. The hierarchy of TSST-1 resistance among CD28 wild-type (CD28+/+), CD28 heterozygous (CD28+/-), and CD28-/- mice suggests a gene-dose effect, implying that the levels of T cell surface CD28 expression critically regulate superantigen-mediated costimulation. Finally, as these results demonstrate the primary and non-redundant role of CD28 receptors in the initiation of the in vivo cytokine cascade, they suggest therapeutic approaches for superantigen-mediated immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Saha
- Naval Medical Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20889, USA
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163
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Lowell GH, Kaminski RW, Grate S, Hunt RE, Charney C, Zimmer S, Colleton C. Intranasal and intramuscular proteosome-staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) toxoid vaccines: immunogenicity and efficacy against lethal SEB intoxication in mice. Infect Immun 1996; 64:1706-13. [PMID: 8613381 PMCID: PMC173982 DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.5.1706-1713.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Intranasal or intramuscular (i.m.) immunization of mice and i.m. immunization of rabbits with formalinized staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) toxoid in saline elicited higher anti-SEB serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers when the toxoid was formulated with proteosomes. In addition, intranasal immunization of mice with this proteosome-toxoid vaccine elicited high levels of anti-SEB IgA in lung and intestinal secretions, whereas the toxoid without proteosomes did not. Two i.m. immunizations with proteosome-toxoid plus alum also induced higher murine serum responses than alum-adjuvanted toxoid without proteosomes. Furthermore, proteosome-toxoid delivered intranasally in saline or i.m. with either saline or alum afforded significant protection against lethal SEB challenge in two D-galactosamine-sensitized murine models of SEB intoxication, i.e., the previously described i.m. challenge model and a new respiratory challenge model of mucosal SEB exposure. Efficacy correlated with the induction of high serum levels of anti-SEB IgG. In contrast, intranasal or i.m. immunization with toxoid in saline without proteosomes was not significantly protective in either challenge model. Proteosome-toxoid plus alum given i.m. also elicited more significant protection against respiratory challenge than the alum-adjuvanted toxoid alone. The capacity of proteosomes to enhance both i.m. and intranasal immunogenicity and efficacy of SEB toxoid indicates that testing such proteosome-SEB toxoid vaccines in the nonhuman primate aerosol challenge model of SEB intoxication prior to immunogenicity trials in humans is warranted. These data expand the applicability of the proteosome mucosal vaccine delivery system to protein toxoids and suggest that respiratory delivery of proteosome vaccines may be practical for enhancement of both mucosal and systemic immunity against toxic or infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Lowell
- Division of Pathology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC 20307, USA
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164
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Reda KB, Kapur V, Goela D, Lamphear JG, Musser JM, Rich R R. Phylogenetic distribution of streptococcal superantigen SSA allelic variants provides evidence for horizontal transfer of ssa within Streptococcus pyogenes. Infect Immun 1996; 64:1161-5. [PMID: 8606073 PMCID: PMC173898 DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.4.1161-1165.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetic analyses recently found the gene encoding the streptococcal superantigen SSA of Streptococcus pyogenes to occur in several well-differentiated clones comprising 10 (12.5%) of 80 clonal lineages examined. To determine if distinct clonal lineages carried the same ssa coding sequence or harbored a group of allelic variants, ssa was sequenced from 23 S. pyogenes strains representing the 10 clones identified by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. Three alleles of ssa were found in natural populations of S. pyogenes. ssa-1 and ssa-3 differed by a single synonymous substitution in codon 94; both encoded SSA-1. Each of these alleles was present in phylogenetically diverse clones that had not shared a recent common ancestor. ssa-2 was present in a single clonal lineage. It was identical to ssa-3 at codon 94 but had a nonsynonymous substitution at codon 28 that changed the second amino acid of the mature protein from serine to arginine. This substitution altered the predicted isoelectric point and affected the apparent molecular mass during sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Despite sequence variation both upstream of and within the ssa locus, all ssa-positive lineages expressed either SSA-1 or SSA-2. The observed patterns of ssa allele-clone distribution provide evidence for individual incidences of horizontal transfer and recombination of ssa among distinct group A streptococcal lineages. Although the extensive homology of SSA to the staphylococcal superantigen SEB raises the possibility of intergeneric gene transfer, a search for ssa in 68 genetically diverse clones of Staphylococcus aureus did not identify the gene. Moreover, the absence of ssa among 119 representative strains of Lancefield group B, C, or G streptococci suggests that ssa is confined to S. pyogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Reda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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165
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Zadeh HH, Kreutzer DL. Evidence for involvement of superantigens in human periodontal diseases: skewed expression of T cell receptor variable regions by gingival T cells. ORAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 1996; 11:88-95. [PMID: 8941759 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.1996.tb00341.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Immunomodulation by periodontopathic bacteria has been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory periodontal diseases. A novel class of microbial-derived T cell mitogens, referred to as superantigens, has recently been described. Superantigens are unique in that they induce a tremendous activation and expansion of specific subsets of T cells in an antigen-independent manner, thereby causing immune dysfunction. Subsets of superantigen-expanded T cells can be identified with reagents that discriminate among different families of the variable domains of the T cell antigen receptor beta-chain (V beta). Since superantigens expand one or a few of these T cell antigen receptor V beta families, T cell subsets that have been expanded by superantigens have restricted expression of one or a few V beta families. In the present study, we investigated the presence of putative superantigen-stimulated T cells in periodontitis sites, utilizing a panel monoclonal antibodies to T cell antigen receptor V beta families. Leukocytes were isolated from gingival tissues obtained from 8 periodontitis and 4 non-periodontitis patients by collagenase digestion. Three-color flow cytometric analysis of these gingival cells demonstrated that in most periodontitis patients examined, patterns of V beta expression among T cells are characteristic of superantigen stimulation, i.e., there is an elevation in the proportion of one or a few V beta families. Specifically, these analyses revealed that T cell subsets expressing V beta 5a and V beta 5b, V beta 6, V beta 8 and V beta 12 were each elevated greater than 2 standard deviations in at least one periodontitis patient compared with the mean of the non-periodontitis subjects. In some periodontitis patients, a less marked elevation of T cells that express V beta 3, V beta 5a, V beta 5b, V beta 6, V beta 8, V beta 12, and V beta 13 was noted (greater than 1 standard deviation higher than the mean of the V beta families in non-periodontics subjects). Interestingly, V beta 8+ T cells were elevated to some degree in all periodontitis patients examined. In contrast, T cells expressing V beta 2, V beta 17 and V beta 19 were not significantly different in any of the subjects studied. In most periodontitis but not non-periodontitis patients, up to 50% of all gingival T cells expressed one or a few T cell antigen receptor V beta families, suggesting that superantigens constitute a major pathway of T cell activation and expansion. Hence, our data support the hypothesis that a large proportion of T cells in periodontitis sites have been stimulated and expanded by superantigens, presumably produced by periodontitis-associated bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Zadeh
- Department of Periodontology, University of Southern California, School of Dentistry, Los Angeles 90089-0641, USA
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166
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Barton BE, Shortall J, Jackson JV. Interleukins 6 and 11 protect mice from mortality in a staphylococcal enterotoxin-induced toxic shock model. Infect Immun 1996; 64:714-8. [PMID: 8641771 PMCID: PMC173827 DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.3.714-718.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BALB/By mice given doses of D-galactosamine plus Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B die within 48 h of administration. The cause of death is a syndrome much like toxic shock syndrome in humans. We used this model to investigate the role of two cytokines, interleukin 6 and interleukin 11, which share the signal transducing subunit, gp130, of their respective receptors. We observed that pretreatment of mice with antibody to interleukin 6 increased mortality from 55% to nearly 90% (P < 0.001), while pretreatment with either cytokine reduced death. The protection was dose dependent; however, interleukin 6 was about 10-fold more potent that interleukin 11. These data indicate that endogenous interleukin 6 plays a protective role in attenuating acute inflammatory responses; furthermore, interleukin 6 and interleukin 11 can abrogate T-cell activation due to triggering by superantigen. A possible clinical role for these cytokines in the treatment of toxic shock merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Barton
- Department of Immunology, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA
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167
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Ericson ML, Mooney NA, Charron DJ. Prokaryotic production of the human T cell receptor Vbeta2 chain and binding to toxic-shock syndrome toxin-1. Gene 1996; 168:257-60. [PMID: 8654955 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(95)00689-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The human T-cell receptor Vbeta2-, D- and J-encoding domains were PCR-amplified from MOLT-4 total cDNA and subcloned in Escherichia coli. The V/D/J fragment was subsequently transferred to a prokaryotic expression vector in frame with a polyhistidine-encoding prosequence which enabled us to affinity-purify the fusion protein with IMAC (immobilized metal-ion affinity chromatography [correction of chromatorgraphy]). Since the recombinant (re-) human T-cell receptor Vbeta2 fusion protein (Vbeta2 sol) produced in E.coli was found to be insoluble, purification was carried out under denaturating conditions. The purified and renatured re-protein, Vbeta2 sol, was immunoreactive with an anti-Vbeta2 monoclonal antibody in an ELISA assay. The specificity of Vbeta2 sol was shown by its binding in vitro to the staphylococcal superantigen TSST-1, but not to the Staphylococcus aureus exotoxin-1 (SEA).
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MESH Headings
- Bacterial Toxins
- Base Sequence
- Cell Line
- Cloning, Molecular/methods
- DNA Primers
- DNA, Complementary
- Enterotoxins/metabolism
- Escherichia coli
- Humans
- Kinetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/isolation & purification
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/isolation & purification
- Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Proteins/isolation & purification
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Superantigens/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Ericson
- Laboratoire d'Immunogénétique Humaine, INSERM U396, Institut des Cordeliers, Paris, France
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168
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Kuwahata M, Imanaka H, Takei S, Masuda K. Age-related occurrence of inhibitory antibodies to streptococcal pyrogenic superantigens. ACTA PAEDIATRICA JAPONICA : OVERSEAS EDITION 1996; 38:1-7. [PMID: 8992850 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-200x.1996.tb03425.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Several bacteria, such as staphylococci and streptococci, can produce superantigens (SA) that induce the activation of T cells in humans. Although these organisms are the major causes of infection in children, the evidence that T cells are vigorously activated by SA produced by such organisms has not been reported except for toxic shock syndrome. In a previous paper, we demonstrated that inhibitory IgG antibodies (Ab) to SA in humans may protect against SA stimulation. In the present study, we investigated the occurrence of these inhibitory Ab to SA in 94 healthy children by the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay technique and the suppressive effect on T cell stimulation by SA. The positivity of Ab to streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin (SPE)-A, SPE-C and staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) increased with age. The age at which more than 50% of children exhibited Ab to SA was 1 year for SEB, 6 years for SPE-C and 11 years for SPE-A. Sera from these children were inhibitory to T cell proliferation elicited by SA in proportion to the concentration of IgG Ab to each SA. Sera supplemented with IgG Ab to SA by gamma-globulin therapy became inhibitory to T cell proliferation by SA. We conclude that, as children grow, they can develop Ab to SA that may play a role in protecting them against vigorous T cell activation by SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kuwahata
- Department of Pediatrics, Kagoshima University, Japan
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169
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Barnes PF, Modlin RL. Human cellular immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1996; 215:197-219. [PMID: 8791715 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-80166-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P F Barnes
- University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033, USA
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170
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Tumang JR, Zhou JL, Gietl D, Crow MK, Elkon KB, Friedman SM. T helper cell-dependent, microbial superantigen-mediated B cell activation in vivo. Autoimmunity 1996; 24:247-55. [PMID: 9147583 DOI: 10.3109/08916939608994717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We have utilized a severe combined immune-deficient (SCID) mouse adoptive transfer model to explore the in vivo immunostimulatory effects of bacterial superantigens (SAg). B cell reconstituted SCID recipients were treated with the Staphylococcus aureus-derived toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1) alone or in conjunction with syngeneic L3T4+ TSST-1-reactive Th cells. Over several months of study, the repetitive administration of TSST-1 resulted in a prompt, transient increase in serum IgG levels. This response required both biologically active TSST-1 and Th cells. These findings demonstrate that certain bacterial SAgs can promote Th cell-dependent B cell activation and differentiation in vivo. These studies strengthen the analogy between SAg-mediated and allospecific Th-B cell interactions responsible for the autoimmune sequelae of graft-versus-host disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Tumang
- Department of Medicine, Hospital For Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
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171
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Mahlknecht U, Herter M, Hoffmann MK, Niethammer D, Dannecker GE. The toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 induces anergy in human T cells in vivo. Hum Immunol 1996; 45:42-5. [PMID: 8655359 DOI: 10.1016/0198-8859(95)00145-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
TSST-1 is a Staphylococcus aureus-derived superantigen which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of toxic shock syndrome. In mice, superantigen-induced proliferation is followed by deletion or anergy of reactive T cells. So far, superantigen-induced T-cell anergy has not been observed in humans. We therefore examined PBMCs derived from a 15-year-old patient suffering from severe toxic shock syndrome. Markedly elevated levels of circulating TSST-1-reactive T cells were found by cytofluorometric analysis. Upon in vitro restimulation with TSST-1, hyporesponsiveness of TSST-1-responsive V beta 2+ T cells was detected, thus confirming results obtained in the murine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Mahlknecht
- Children's University Hospital, Department of Oncology/Hematology, Tübingen, Germany
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172
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Walser-Kuntz DR, Weyand CM, Fulbright JW, Moore SB, Goronzy JJ. HLA-DRB1 molecules and antigenic experience shape the repertoire of CD4 T cells. Hum Immunol 1995; 44:203-9. [PMID: 8770633 DOI: 10.1016/0198-8859(95)00109-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Forces influencing the composition of the mature TCR repertoire have been well studied in the mouse. In particular, the contribution of MHC molecules in negative and positive selection events of T lymphocytes has been established. To understand whether the allelic polymorphism of HLA-DRB1 molecules can shape the human TCR repertoire, we compared the usage of TCR V beta segments in two cohorts of unrelated individuals who were selected for the expression of HLA-DRB1 alleles. To investigate the potential role of antigenic experience in shaping the TCR repertoire, we compared the usage of V beta gene elements in CD45RO- CD4+ (naive) T cells versus CD45RO+ CD4+ (memory) T cells. A correlation between V beta gene segment usage and HLA-DRB1 alleles could be demonstrated for the repertoire of the naive CD4+ T cells, suggesting a shaping force of the HLA-DRB1 allele on the peripheral TCR repertoire. While the HLA-DRB1 imposed profile in V beta distribution was maintained in CD45RO+ CD4+ T cells, it was less pronounced, indicating that antigenic experience modulates the functional TCR repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Walser-Kuntz
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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173
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Bouffard P, Gagnon C, Cloutier D, MacLean SJ, Souleimani A, Nallainathan D, Home WA, Pilon N, Gibson DM. Analysis of T cell receptor beta chain expression by isoelectric focusing following gene amplification and in vitro translation. J Immunol Methods 1995; 187:9-21. [PMID: 7490462 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(95)00161-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We describe a new approach to analysis of T cell receptor diversity based on isoelectric focusing of in vitro translation products of amplified V region genes. The method is illustrated by analysis of V beta 2 profiles in peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal donors. The primers used for V beta 2 analysis spanned the V-(D-)J junction and included the segment from amino acid residue position 53 in the variable region to residue 132 of the constant region. The isoelectric focusing patterns display approximately 13-14 bands of varying intensity. Differences in expression of V beta 2-derived peptides were detected in comparisons of the isoelectric focusing profiles from different individuals, suggesting that the method may be useful for detecting genetically determined, immune response related or disease associated differences in Tcr V region expression. The major isoelectric focusing bands have been interpreted as representing groups of V beta 2 sequences sharing J beta region and NDN region charge similarity. Quantitative differences were detected in V beta 2 profiles of CD4 and CD8 T cell subpopulations indicating there may be selection for different charge characteristics in NDNJ sequences in the two T cell subsets. The method provides a new dimension for the detection of perturbations in the T cell repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bouffard
- Département de Biochimie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Qc., Canada
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174
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Posnett DN, Kabak S, Dobrescu D, Hodtsev AS. The HIV-1 reservoir in distinct V beta subsets of CD4 T cells: evidence for a putative superantigen. J Clin Immunol 1995; 15:18S-21S. [PMID: 8613487 DOI: 10.1007/bf01540889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) replicates more efficiently in T cells expressing T-cell receptors using certain V beta genes, V beta 12 in particular. This V beta specificity was consistent with an HIV-1-associated superantigen. In addition, T cell-depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-positive donors potently stimulated V beta 12 cell lines to proliferate in culture, but not control B beta 6.7a cell lines, thus indicating the presence of a V beta-selective mitogen. The targeted V beta subsets were not deleted. It was therefore possible that these subsets might represent a viral reservoir in vivo. Viral load was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (with HIV-1 gag primers) and with an infectivity assay to measure competent virus. It was shown that the tiny V beta 12 subset (1-2% of T cells) has a higher viral load than other V beta subsets in about 65% of infected individuals. Selective HIV-1 replication in V beta 12 cells was also observed 6-9 days after in vitro infection of peripheral blood T cells from several normal HIV-1-negative donors. In summary, a superantigen-like activity appears to promote V beta-selective HIV-1 replication in vitro and in vivo in patients infected with HIV-1. New therapeutic approaches are suggested based on these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Posnett
- Department of Medicine, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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175
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Leung DY, Meissner C, Fulton D, Schlievert PM. The potential role of bacterial superantigens in the pathogenesis of Kawasaki syndrome. J Clin Immunol 1995; 15:11S-17S. [PMID: 8613483 DOI: 10.1007/bf01540888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Kawasaki syndrome is an acute multisystem vasculitis of infancy and early childhood associated with high fever, mucocutaneous inflammation, and the development of coronary artery abnormalities. Despite the widely held belief that Kawasaki syndrome is an infectious disease, investigations have failed to identify a causal organism. Previous studies have demonstrated that this illness is associated with marked activation of monocyte/macrophages and the selective expansion of V beta 2-, less so, of V beta 8.1/8.2-expressing T cells in the peripheral blood from Kawasaki syndrome patients during the acute phase of their illness. These immunologic features are characteristic of diseases that are caused by bacterial toxins which act as superantigens. Staphylococcal enterotoxins and streptococcal exotoxins are prototypic superantigens which stimulate large populations of T cells expressing particular T-cell receptor beta-chain variable (V beta) gene segments. Using the V beta 2+ T-cell expansion as an "immunologic footprint" for a superantigen, we have extended these observations to the identification and isolation of a novel clone of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1-producing Staphylococcus aureus in the majority of patients with Kawasaki syndrome and streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B/streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin C-producing streptococci in a minority of Kawasaki syndrome patients. Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1, streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B, and streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin C are known to stimulate V beta 2+ T cells. These observations support the hypothesis that the activation of V beta 2+ T cells during the acute phase of Kawasaki syndrome is caused by bacterial superantigen(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- D Y Leung
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
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176
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Schlievert PM, Bohach GA, Ohlendorf DH, Stauffacher CV, Leung DY, Murray DL, Prasad GS, Earhart CA, Jablonski LM, Hoffmann ML, Chi YI. Molecular structure of staphylococcus and streptococcus superantigens. J Clin Immunol 1995; 15:4S-10S. [PMID: 8613491 DOI: 10.1007/bf01540887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus and streptococci, notably those belonging to group A, make up a large family of true exotoxins referred to as pyrogenic toxin superantigens. These toxins cause toxic shock-like syndromes and have been implicated in several allergic and autoimmune diseases. Included within this group of proteins are the staphylococcal enterotoxins, designated serotypes A, B, Cn, D, E, and G; two forms of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 also made by Staphylococcus aureus; the group A streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins, serotypes A, B, and C; and recently described toxins associated with groups B, C, F, and G streptococci. The nucleotide sequences of the genes for all of the toxins except those from the groups B, C, F, and G streptococcal strains have been sequenced. The sequencing studies indicate that staphylococcal enterotoxins B and C and streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A share highly significant sequence similarity; staphylococcal enterotoxins A, D, and E share highly significant sequence similarity; and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 and streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B and C share little, if any, sequence similarity with any of the toxins. Despite the dissimilarities seen in primary amino acid sequence among some members of the toxin family, it was hypothesized that there was likely to be significant three-dimensional structure similarity among all the toxins. The three-dimensional structures of three of the pyrogenic toxin superantigens have been determined recently. The structural features of two of these, toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 and enterotoxin C3, are presented. Toxic shock syndrome-1 exists as a protein with two major domains, referred to as A and B. The molecule begins with a short N-terminal alpha-helix that then leads into a clawshaped structure in domain B that is made up of beta strands.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Schlievert
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, 55455-0312, USA
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177
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Dobrescu D, Ursea B, Pope M, Asch AS, Posnett DN. Enhanced HIV-1 replication in V beta 12 T cells due to human cytomegalovirus in monocytes: evidence for a putative herpesvirus superantigen. Cell 1995; 82:753-63. [PMID: 7671303 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90472-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 replicates more efficiently in cultured IL-2-dependent CD4 T cells expressing V beta 12 T cell receptors (TCRs) rather than other TCRs (Laurence et al., 1992). A viral reservoir is frequently established in V beta 12 T cells in HIV-1-infected patients. Here we show that cytomegalovirus (CMV) is responsible for V beta 12-selective HIV-1 replication that is indistinguishable from the effect of known superantigens (SAGs). This effect is dependent on direct contact of T cells with CMV-infected monocytes. CMV infection, but not ie1 or ie2 transfection, reproduces this effect in a monocytoid cell line (U937). In HIV-infected patients, the presence of CMV antibodies correlates with an HIV-1 viral load preferentially skewed to the V beta 12 subset. Together, these data suggest that a CMV gene product is responsible for a SAG-driven V beta 12-selective HIV-1 reservoir in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dobrescu
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York 10021, USA
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178
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Maślanka K, Piatek T, Gorski J, Yassai M, Gorski J. Molecular analysis of T cell repertoires. Spectratypes generated by multiplex polymerase chain reaction and evaluated by radioactivity or fluorescence. Hum Immunol 1995; 44:28-34. [PMID: 8522452 DOI: 10.1016/0198-8859(95)00056-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of T-cell repertoires has been facilitated by the introduction of methods in which the length heterogeneity of the third complementarity region (CDR3) is used to further refine V-family-specific PCR. We call our implementation of this technique T-cell spectratyping. This method is especially important in analysis of specific expansion or retention of T cells in human immune system function. Current methodologies are cumbersome in the number of PCR reactions and gels needed for complete analysis of TCR BV repertoires. We describe here the optimized conditions for using 11 TCR BV primer pairs in multiplex PCR which allow for a more compact analysis. In addition, the two primers act as controls for each other in the PCR. The use of these primers is shown using either fluorescent or radiolabeled constant primers. The two labeling methods give comparable results. Fluorescent primers avoid the difficulties associated with use of radioactivity. Autoradiography with 32P-labeled primers is simpler, requiring less instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Maślanka
- Immunogenetic Research Section, Blood Center of Southeastern Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53233, USA
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179
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Castellani C, Bonizzato A, Cazzola GA, Amalfitano G, Mastella G. Burkholderia cepacia and delta F508 homozygosity in cystic fibrosis. Arch Dis Child 1995; 73:276. [PMID: 7492181 PMCID: PMC1511309 DOI: 10.1136/adc.73.3.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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180
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Abstract
Superantigens are potent immunostimulatory molecules that activate both T cells and antigen presenting cells. The consequences of superantigen exposure range from induction of T cell proliferation, massive cytokine release and systemic shock to immunosuppression and tolerance. Superantigens have been directly implicated in a number of human conditions including food poisoning and toxic shock. In addition, there is evidence to suggest that superantigens are involved in the initiation of autoimmunity, and the immune dysfunction associated with HIV infection. Because of their possible role in human disease, and their potential use in immune therapy, it is important that we more completely understand the in vivo effects of superantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Blackman
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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181
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Simpson IJ, Skinner MA, Geursen A, Peake JS, Abbott WG, Fraser JD, Lockwood CM, Tan PL. Peripheral blood T lymphocytes in systemic vasculitis: increased T cell receptor V beta 2 gene usage in microscopic polyarteritis. Clin Exp Immunol 1995; 101:220-6. [PMID: 7544245 PMCID: PMC1553271 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1995.tb08342.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen recognition by T lymphocytes is mediated by cell surface receptors T cell specificity depends on the variable, diversity and junctional (VDJ) regions of the alpha and beta polypeptide chains of the T cell receptor (TCR). The expression of the variable region genes of the beta chain (V beta) has been analysed to study the involvement of peripheral blood T cells in systemic vasculitis. RNA was extracted from peripheral blood lymphocytes of 12 patients with microscopic polyarteritis, 10 with Wegener's granulomatosis, six with unclassified vasculitis, and 28 healthy age- and sex-matched individuals. Complementary DNA was made from RNA and amplified by the anchored polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using redundant oligonucleotide primers for the TCR V beta genes. To determine if the dominant usage of a V beta gene family reflected the presence of particular T cell clones, cDNA was amplified with primers for the specific V beta gene family. The product was screened for sequence homogeneity by single-stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) and cloned to sequence the adjoining TCR (D beta) J beta region. A significant increase in the mean percentage expression of the V beta 2.1 gene was seen in vasculitis patients (11.4 + 1.0% (mean + s.e.m.)) compared with controls (6.6 + 0.6%; P < 0.003). The most marked increase was seen in microscopic polyarteritis (13.9 + 1.7%; P < 0.0001). There were also increases in the expression of V beta 3, 13 and 14 in peripheral blood of vasculitis patients compared with controls. SSCP analysis of V beta 2.1 amplified products indicated the presence of oligoclonal bands in a smaller proportion of patients (8/27) than controls (12/28). There was no strong evidence for the conservation of the TCR V beta 2.1 junctional region sequence data from a sample group of three patients with oligoclonal bands. Thus, a subset of patients with systemic vasculitis, particularly those with microscopic polyarteritis, have increased TCR V beta 2.1 gene expression in their peripheral blood T cell repertoire. As superantigens binding V beta 2.1 are postulated to activate T cells with diverse CDR3 sequences, it is proposed that a superantigen is involved in the immunopathogenesis of vasculitis.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Epitopes
- Female
- Gene Amplification
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Macromolecular Substances
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Sequence Data
- RNA/blood
- RNA/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes/ultrastructure
- Vasculitis/blood
- Vasculitis/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- I J Simpson
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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182
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183
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Giscombe R, Grunewald J, Nityanand S, Lefvert AK. T cell receptor (TCR) V gene usage in patients with systemic necrotizing vasculitis. Clin Exp Immunol 1995; 101:213-9. [PMID: 7648706 PMCID: PMC1553259 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1995.tb08341.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) and polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) are systemic necrotizing vasculitides of unknown etiology. These disorders run a fatal course if untreated. T lymphocytes are implicated in the pathogenesis of WG, since they have been found to infiltrate affected organs, and sIL-2R correlates with disease activity. To elucidate further the role of T cells in necrotizing vasculitis, we have used a panel of 12 TCR V-specific MoAbs to investigate the number of cells expressing certain V alpha and V beta gene segments in the CD4+ and CD8+ subsets of altogether 11 patients with WG or PAN. In the group of patients, we found abnormal expansions of T cells using particular TCR V alpha or V beta gene products. These T cell expansions were more numerous, of a dramatically higher magnitude, and frequently more often found in the CD4 subset, compared with T cell expansions identified in healthy individuals. In long-term studies of the T cell expansions for up to 18 months, a heterogeneous pattern was revealed, with no obvious correlation to clinical features such as disease activity or treatment. Studies of TCR V gene usage in this group of patients may help in understanding the pathogenesis of necrotizing vasculitis, and in the identification of unknown antigens, and may open the possibility to a highly selective immunotherapy by targeting disease-mediating T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Giscombe
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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184
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Zhang J, Vandevyver C, Stinissen P, Mertens N, van den Berg-Loonen E, Raus J. Activation and clonal expansion of human myelin basic protein-reactive T cells by bacterial superantigens. J Autoimmun 1995; 8:615-32. [PMID: 7492354 DOI: 10.1016/0896-8411(95)90012-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Autoreactive T cells specific for myelin basic protein (MBP) are part of the normal T cell repertoire and are present both in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and healthy individuals. There is evidence suggesting in vivo activation and persistent clonal expansion of MBP-reactive T cells in MS. This study was undertaken to investigate the potential role of bacterial superantigens (SA) in the activation of MBP-reactive T cells. Twenty-seven MBP-reactive T cell clones generated from 10 MS patients and one normal individual were examined for reactivity to SA, in association with their T cell receptor V beta gene usage. The majority of the clones responded to at least one of the SA tested, staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEA and SEB) and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1). The clones reactive to SEA and SEB expressed various V beta genes while T cell reactivity to TSST-1 correlated with the V beta 2 expression. Furthermore, circulating MBP-reactive T cells could be expanded from lymphocyte cultures primarily exposed to respective SA in more than 50% of MS patients and normal individuals tested. However, activation and expansion of circulating MBP-reactive T cells by SA was not directly associated with the disease. This study lends support to the potential role of SA in the activation of MBP-reactive T cells and suggests that an altered regulatory mechanism may account for further expansion and persistence of MBP-reactive T cells in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhang
- Multiple Sclerosis Research and Immunology Unit, Dr. Willems Instituut, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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185
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Wucherpfennig KW, Hafler DA. A review of T-cell receptors in multiple sclerosis: clonal expansion and persistence of human T-cells specific for an immunodominant myelin basic protein peptide. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1995; 756:241-58. [PMID: 7544075 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb44522.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the immune response to myelin antigens in regard to the peptide/MHC/TCR complex is important in defining pathogenesis of demyelinating autoimmune diseases and in developing antigen-specific therapies. We previously reported that individual multiple sclerosis patients may use certain dominant TCR V beta chains to recognize immunodominant MBP peptides. In examining the TCR beta chain usage, we observed repeated TCR VDJ sequences among different T-cell lines isolated from the same patient. This suggested that a few expanded T-cell clones may dominate the immune response to immunodominant MBP peptides. Here, we report experiments where TCR rearrangements were used as a probe for the clonal origin of MBP specific T-cells cultured from blood lymphocytes of MS patients and normal subjects. In two patients with the DR2 haplotype that were analyzed in detail, the T-cell response to MBP was focused on the MBP (84-102) peptide and in vivo expanded population(s) dominated the response to the MBP (84-102) peptide. Two MBP (84-102) specific T-cell clones from a normal subject with the DR2 haplotype were also found to have identical TCR sequences. Clonality was proven by demonstrating that independent clones had identical TCR alpha and beta chain sequences as well as identical sequences of a TCR gamma chain or of a second TCR alpha chain rearrangement. These data suggest that the response to human MBP is dominated in at least some subjects by expanded clones that may persist in vivo for relatively long periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Wucherpfennig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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186
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Abstract
Both environmental and genetic factors combine to shape the TCR repertoire as measured by V gene usage. These factors may result in dramatic shifts in normal subjects, which cannot be discounted when studies are performed in patients with disease. Future studies need to explore further examples of genetic and environmental factors that shape the TCR repertoire to understand the full extent of variation in a normal population and the mechanisms involved. Some of these mechanisms may also apply to TCRG, TCRD, and immunoglobulin loci. Certainly variations in the efficiency of V(D)J rearrangement could affect any rearranging multigene locus. Eventually such studies will lead to better designed clinical studies of the repertoire in disease, through the selection of control populations matched for environmental exposure and genetic background. In this respect, family studies will be most useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Posnett
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York 10021, USA
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187
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Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus and streptococci secrete a large family of exotoxins involved in the pathogenesis of toxic-shock-like syndromes and have been implicated in several autoimmune disorders. These toxins act as prototypic superantigens capable of binding to major histocompatibility complex proteins on antigen-presenting cells outside the antigen peptide-binding groove and can thereby stimulate cytokine release from macrophages. The superantigen-major histocompatibility complex unit is recognized primarily by the variable region of the T-cell receptor beta chain, and by engaging this region, can activate a large portion of the T-cell repertoire. It is thought that the capacity of these toxins to cause the massive stimulation of T cells and accessory cells such as macrophages, Langerhans cells, and activated keratinocytes accounts for most of their pathologic effects. The current review examines the evidence that implicates a role for these superantigens in the pathogenesis of certain skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Y Leung
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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188
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Abstract
The recent discovery of the mode of interaction between a group of microbial proteins known as superantigens and the immune system has opened a wide area of investigation into the possible role of these molecules in human diseases. Superantigens produced by certain viruses and bacteria, including Mycoplasma species, are either secreted or membrane-bound proteins. A unique feature of these proteins is that they can interact simultaneously with distinct receptors on different types of cells, resulting in enhanced cell-cell interaction and triggering a series of biochemical reactions that can lead to excessive cell proliferation and the release of inflammatory cytokines. However, although superantigens share many features, they can have very different biological effects that are potentiated by host genetic and environmental factors. This review focuses on a group of secreted pyrogenic toxins that belong to the superantigen family and highlights some of their structural-functional features and their roles in diseases such as toxic shock and autoimmunity. Deciphering the biological activities of the various superantigens and understanding their role in the pathogenesis of microbial infections and their sequelae will enable us to devise means by which we can intervene with their activity and/or manipulate them to our advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kotb
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee, Memphis, USA
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189
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Dobrescu D, Kabak S, Mehta K, Suh CH, Asch A, Cameron PU, Hodtsev AS, Posnett DN. Human immunodeficiency virus 1 reservoir in CD4+ T cells is restricted to certain V beta subsets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:5563-7. [PMID: 7777548 PMCID: PMC41736 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.12.5563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) replicates more efficiently in T-cell lines expressing T-cell receptors derived from certain V beta genes, V beta 12 in particular, suggesting the effects of a superantigen. The targeted V beta 12 subset was not deleted in HIV-1-infected patients. It was therefore possible that it might represent an in vivo viral reservoir. Viral load was assessed by quantitative PCR with gag primers and with an infectivity assay to measure competent virus. It was shown that the tiny V beta 12 subset (1-2% of T cells) often has a higher viral load than other V beta subsets in infected patients. Selective HIV-1 replication in V beta 12 cells was also observed 6-8 days after in vitro infection of peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal, HIV-1 negative donors. Viral replication in targeted V beta subsets may serve to promote a biologically relevant viral reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dobrescu
- Department of Medicine, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
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190
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Hurley JM, Shimonkevitz R, Hanagan A, Enney K, Boen E, Malmstrom S, Kotzin BL, Matsumura M. Identification of class II major histocompatibility complex and T cell receptor binding sites in the superantigen toxic shock syndrome toxin 1. J Exp Med 1995; 181:2229-35. [PMID: 7760008 PMCID: PMC2192066 DOI: 10.1084/jem.181.6.2229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Superantigens, in association with class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, activate T cells bearing particular beta chain variable domains of the T cell receptor (TCR). Unlike conventional peptide antigens, superantigens bind as intact proteins to TCR and MHC molecules outside their peptide binding sites. To characterize these interactions at the molecular level, random point mutations were generated in the gene encoding toxic shock syndrome toxin 1, a bacterial superantigen associated with toxic shock syndrome. Functionally impaired mutants were identified based on their lack of murine and human T cell stimulatory activities, and experiments analyzing binding to human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen-DR molecules differentiated residues involved in MHC from TCR binding. The results showed that the great majority of mutations are clustered in two distinct regions of the toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 molecule. The class II MHC binding site is located in the hydrophobic region of the NH2-terminal domain, and the TCR binding site is primarily in the major central groove of the COOH-terminal domain. These studies provide insight into the interactions necessary for superantigen-mediated disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Hurley
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
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191
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Foster S, Beverley P, Aspinall R. gp120-induced programmed cell death in recently activated T cells without subsequent ligation of the T cell receptor. Eur J Immunol 1995; 25:1778-82. [PMID: 7615007 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830250644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In most individuals, HIV infection is characterized by a progressive decline in the number of peripheral blood CD4+ T lymphocytes, and while the number of CD4+ cells is within the normal range, defects in immune function are detectable. To date neither the decline in function nor the decline in cell number have been satisfactorily explained. Here we describe a mechanism which may contribute to the immunodeficiency and decline in CD4+ cell numbers in HIV-infected individuals. We show that recently activated T cells are susceptible to apoptosis when exposed to HIV gp120 in the presence of anti-gp120 antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Foster
- Department of Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, London, GB
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192
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Smiley JD, Talbert MG. Southwestern Internal Medicine Conference: high-dose intravenous gamma globulin therapy: how does it work? Am J Med Sci 1995; 309:295-303. [PMID: 7733144 DOI: 10.1097/00000441-199530950-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In the past, IgG replacement has been used primarily to treat patients with hypoglobulinemia or agammaglobulinemia. With the availability of preparations of IgG suitable for intravenous use (IVIG), much higher doses may now be given safely. Surprisingly, administration of very high doses of IVIG in several immunologically related diseases have produced improvement not achieved by other means of therapy. The mechanisms by which IVIG causes these diseases to improve vary with the immunopathogenesis of each disease. Provision of antibodies otherwise unavailable to a given patient, IgG-Fc-receptor blockade, modification of complement activation and modulation of the immune response by anti-idiotypic antibodies are discussed as mechanisms of action of IVIG. Because of the expense and relative scarcity of large amounts of purified, pooled normal IgG, this form of therapy should be used only for selected illnesses for which other treatment is ineffective.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Smiley
- University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas 75231, USA
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193
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Burns J, Bartholomew B, Littlefield K. Gamma delta T cells participate in the immune response against activated, myelin basic protein-specific, human T cells. J Neuroimmunol 1995; 58:177-82. [PMID: 7759606 DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(95)00012-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
gamma delta T cells are over-represented in some multiple sclerosis (MS) parenchymal lesions and in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of individuals with early MS. In this investigation we studied the T cell-T cell interactions between human, myelin basic protein-reactive T cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolated from MS and control subjects. We detected brisk proliferation by PBMC in response to activated, but not resting, MBP-specific T cells. The magnitude of proliferation approached that induced by superantigens and was distinctly greater than the response to standard recall antigens. Examination of the responding T cells revealed predominant expansion of T cells using gamma delta rather than alpha beta T cell receptors. This finding suggests that the accumulation of gamma delta T cells noted in some MS parenchymal lesions may represent recruitment by activation markers expressed by other T cells in these lesions. The response to activated but not resting MBP-specific T cells may parallel observations that protective T cell vaccination in experimental encephalomyelitis is more effective using activated rather than resting, myelin-specific T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Burns
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Neurovirology Research, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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194
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Wood AC, Todd I. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B toxicity in BALB/c mice: effect on T-cells, plasma cytokine levels and biochemical markers. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1995; 11:91-7. [PMID: 7640677 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.1995.tb00094.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Groups of BALB/c mice were treated with a sub-lethal dose (60 micrograms) of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) intraperitoneally and were sacrificed at 2, 5, 8, or 10 h post-injection. Organ, blood plasma and lymph node samples from these mice were analyzed. Plasma levels of urea, creatinine and alanine aminotransferase were significantly raised above normal by 5 h post-injection. However, alkaline phosphatase levels showed an erratic increase after toxin administration and, after administration of 10-40 microgramS SEB per mouse, were consistently at least 30% below normal levels at 24 h post-injection. Weight change was also monitored but found to be inconsistent. Lung, spleen and kidney samples appeared normal on histopathological examination, but liver samples showed minor polymorph infiltration and congestion. TNF-alpha, and IL-1 alpha levels in the plasma were raised by 8 h to picogram levels per ml of plasma, whereas IFN-gamma and IL-2 were raised by 2 h to nanogram levels per ml of plasma. Lymph node cells taken from mice treated with toxin were given a secondary stimulation with toxin in vitro. Although the response of the cells was lower than normal on assay at four days, a time response curve showed a peak in cell responsiveness to secondary stimulation with toxin at three days. These data indicate that biochemical markers and cytokine levels are affected by the administration of SEB to mice and may be used as indicators of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Wood
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University Hospital, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
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195
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Stiles BG, Krakauer T, Bonventre PF. Biological activity of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 and a site-directed mutant, H135A, in a lipopolysaccharide-potentiated mouse lethality model. Infect Immun 1995; 63:1229-34. [PMID: 7890377 PMCID: PMC173139 DOI: 10.1128/iai.63.4.1229-1234.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A recombinant of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) which contains a single histidine-to-alanine mutation at residue 135 (H135A) was analyzed for toxicity and vaccine potential in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-potentiated mouse lethality model. The 50% lethal dose (LD50) of TSST-1 in BALB/c mice was 47.2 micrograms/kg, but H135A was not lethal when tested at a dose equivalent to 10 LD50s of TSST-1. Levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) in serum were, respectively, 10- and 50-fold higher in LPS-potentiated mice injected with 15 LD50s of TSST-1 than in mice given H135A. Mice injected with only TSST-1 did not have elevated levels of TNF or IFN-gamma in serum, while H135A plus LPS or LPS alone elicited identical, yet very low, levels of TNF and IFN-gamma. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of H135A and TSST-1 with anti-TSST-1 serum yielded very similar dose-response curves, which strongly suggests that H135A serologically and conformationally resembles the native toxin. Mice immunized with H135A developed antibodies that recognized TSST-1 in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and afforded protection against a 15-LD50 challenge of TSST-1 plus LPS. The pooled sera of mice immunized with either TSST-1 or H135A also prevented lymphocyte proliferation due to TSST-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Stiles
- Division of Toxinology, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland 21702-5011
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196
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197
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Sakaguchi M, Kato H, Nishiyori A, Sagawa K, Itoh K. Characterization of CD4+ T helper cells in patients with Kawasaki disease (KD): preferential production of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) by V beta 2- or V beta 8- CD4+ T helper cells. Clin Exp Immunol 1995; 99:276-82. [PMID: 7851022 PMCID: PMC1534294 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1995.tb05545.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
KD is an acute febrile illness in children characterized by coronary arteritis accompanied by aneurysm and thrombotic occlusion. The etiology of KD is unknown. It has been recently reported that KD is associated with the selective expansion of V beta 2+ and V beta 8.1+ T cells in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), by studying the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire of in vitro activated T cells. KD may therefore be caused by a superantigen [1-3]. To understand better the immunopathology of KD, we investigated TCR V beta 2 and V beta 8.1 expression on both the T cells of freshly isolated PBL and T cell clones (TCC) from patients with KD. Cytokine production by TCC was also studied. Blood samples were obtained from patients with acute (n = 20) and convalescent (n = 20) KD, age-matched children with non-infectious diseases (n = 18), and healthy adults (n = 20). Among these four groups, there were no significant differences in the percentages of either V beta 2+ or V beta 8.1+ T cells of freshly isolated PBL. The same was true for the CD4+ or CD8+ T cell subsets. One hundred and five TCC (98 CD3+ CD4+ CD8- and seven CD3+ CD4- CD8+) established from the affected skin, lymph node or PBL of six patients with KD were also negative for either V beta 2 or V beta 8.1 TCR. Sixty-eight of 105 TCC (65%) produced detectable levels (> 5 pg/ml) of TNF-alpha (6-1016 pg/ml), in the absence of any stimuli. In contrast, only 11 (10%) of 105 TCC or 7 (7%) of 97 TCC produced detectable levels of IL-2 or IL-6, respectively, in the absence of any stimuli. Stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) induced most TCC to produce higher amounts of TNF-alpha, IL-2 and IL-6. These results suggest that CD4+ T helper cells expressing TCR-beta other than V beta 2 or V beta 8 receptor, primarily through TNF-alpha production, are involved in the immunopathology of KD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sakaguchi
- Department of Paediatrics, Kurume University School of Medicine, Japan
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198
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Leung DY, Gately M, Trumble A, Ferguson-Darnell B, Schlievert PM, Picker LJ. Bacterial superantigens induce T cell expression of the skin-selective homing receptor, the cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen, via stimulation of interleukin 12 production. J Exp Med 1995; 181:747-53. [PMID: 7836926 PMCID: PMC2191866 DOI: 10.1084/jem.181.2.747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
T lymphocyte infiltration is a prominent feature of the skin inflammation associated with infections by toxin (superantigen)-secreting Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus bacteria. The cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen (CLA) has been hypothesized to be a homing receptor (HR) involved in selective migration of memory/effector T cells to the skin. Since the expression of this putative skin-selective HR is known to be under strict microenvironmental control, we sought to determine the effect of staphylococcal and streptococcal toxins on T cell expression of CLA. After in vitro stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with staphylococcal enterotoxin B, toxic shock syndrome toxin-1, and streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins A and C, there was a significant increase in the numbers of CLA+ T cell blasts (p < 0.01), but not blasts bearing the mucosa-associated adhesion molecule alpha e beta 7-integrin, compared with T cells stimulated with phytohemaglutinin (PHA) or anti-CD3. Bacterial toxins were also found to specifically induce interleukin (IL) 12 production. More importantly, induction of toxin-induced CLA expression was blocked by anti-IL-12, and the addition of IL-12 to PHA-stimulated T cells induced CLA, but not alpha e beta 7-integrin, expression. These data suggest that bacterial toxins induce the expansion of skin-homing CLA+ T cells in an IL-12-dependent manner, and thus may contribute to the development of skin rashes in superantigen-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Y Leung
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, Colorado 80206
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199
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Cossarizza A, Barbieri D, Londei M. T cell repertoire usage in humans, from newborns to centenarians. Int Rev Immunol 1995; 12:41-55. [PMID: 7595013 DOI: 10.3109/08830189509056701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Cossarizza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena School of Medicine, Italy
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200
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Koyama A, Kobayashi M, Yamaguchi N, Yamagata K, Takano K, Nakajima M, Irie F, Goto M, Igarashi M, Iitsuka T. Glomerulonephritis associated with MRSA infection: a possible role of bacterial superantigen. Kidney Int 1995; 47:207-16. [PMID: 7731148 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1995.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We report 10 cases of glomerulonephritis following methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection. The clinical features of this syndrome were an abrupt or insidious onset of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) with nephrotic syndrome and occasionally purpura, following MRSA infection. The renal histologic findings showed a variety of types of proliferative glomerulonephritis with varying degrees of crescent formation; immunofluorescence revealed of glomerular deposition of IgA, IgG, and C3. Laboratory findings showed polyclonal increases of serum IgA and IgG, with high levels of circulating immune complexes (ICs). Increased numbers of DR+CD4+, and DR+CD8+T cells were observed in the peripheral circulation, with a high frequency of T cell receptor (TCR) V beta + cells. MRSA produced enterotoxins C and A and toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST)-1, all of which are known to act as superantigens. From the above observations, we speculate that post-MRSA glomerulonephritis may be induced by superantigens causing production of high levels of cytokines, and polyclonal activation of IgG and IgA. The formation of ICs containing IgA and IgG in the circulation result in development of glomerulonephritis and vasculitis. Accordingly, microbial superantigens may play an important role in the pathogenesis of this unique syndrome of nephritis and vasculitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Koyama
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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