151
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Morita A, Ariizumi K, Ritter R, Jester JV, Kumamoto T, Johnston SA, Takashima A. Development of a Langerhans cell-targeted gene therapy format using a dendritic cell-specific promoter. Gene Ther 2001; 8:1729-37. [PMID: 11892841 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LC), which are a skin-specific member of the dendritic cell (DC) family of antigen presenting cells, play critical roles in the initiation of cellular immune responses in the skin. We developed a LC-targeted gene therapy format in this study, aimed at the establishment of in situ protocols for genetic manipulation of LC function. Dectin-2 is a unique C-type lectin that is expressed selectively by DC, including epidermal LC. A 3.2 kb 5' flanking fragment isolated from the mouse dectin-2 gene, termed the dectin-2 promoter (pDec2), exhibited significant transcriptional activities in epidermal-derived DC lines of the XS series, but not in any of the tested non-DC lines. When pDec2-driven luciferase gene (pDec2-Luc) or enhanced green fluorescence protein gene (pDec2-EGFP) was delivered to mouse skin using the gene gun, expression of the corresponding gene product was observed in the epidermal compartment almost exclusively by the IA+ population (ie LC). LC in the gene gun-treated sites showed features of mature DC and they migrated to the draining lymph node, suggesting that LC-targeted gene expression may lead to the development of immune responses. In fact, EGFP-specific cellular immune responses became detectable after gene gun-mediated delivery of pDec2-EGFP plasmid. These results introduce a new concept that LC function can be genetically manipulated in situ by the combination of gene gun-mediated DNA delivery and a DC-specific promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Morita
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75390, USA
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152
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Al-Mariri A, Tibor A, Mertens P, De Bolle X, Michel P, Godfroid J, Walravens K, Letesson JJ. Induction of immune response in BALB/c mice with a DNA vaccine encoding bacterioferritin or P39 of Brucella spp. Infect Immun 2001; 69:6264-70. [PMID: 11553569 PMCID: PMC98760 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.10.6264-6270.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the ability of DNA vaccines encoding the bacterioferritin (BFR) or P39 proteins of Brucella spp. to induce cellular and humoral immune responses and to protect BALB/c mice against a challenge with B. abortus 544. We constructed eukaryotic expression vectors called pCIBFR and pCIP39, encoding BFR or P39 antigens, respectively, and we verified that these proteins were produced after transfection of COS-7 cells. PCIBFR or pCIP39 was injected intramuscularly three times, at 3-week intervals. pCIP39 induced higher antibody responses than did the DNA vector encoding BFR. Both vectors elicited a T-cell-proliferative response and also induced a strong gamma interferon production upon restimulation with either the specific antigens or Brucella extract. In this report, we also demonstrate that animals immunized with these plasmids elicited a strong and long-lived memory immune response which persisted at least 3 months after the third vaccination. Furthermore, pCIBFR and pCIP39 induced a typical T-helper 1-dominated immune response in mice, as determined by cytokine or immunoglobulin G isotype analysis. The pCIP39 delivered by intramuscular injection (but not the pCIBFR or control vectors) induced a moderate protection in BALB/c mice challenged with B. abortus 544 compared to that observed in positive control mice vaccinated with S19.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Al-Mariri
- Unité de Recherche en Biologie Moléculaire, Laboratoire d'Immunologie et de Microbiologie, Facultés Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
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153
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Wei YQ, Huang MJ, Yang L, Zhao X, Tian L, Lu Y, Shu JM, Lu CJ, Niu T, Kang B, Mao YQ, Liu F, Wen YJ, Lei S, Luo F, Zhou LQ, Peng F, Jiang Y, Liu JY, Zhou H, Wang QR, He QM, Xiao F, Lou YY, Xie XJ, Li Q, Wu Y, Ding ZY, Hu B, Hu M, Zhang W. Immunogene therapy of tumors with vaccine based on Xenopus homologous vascular endothelial growth factor as a model antigen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:11545-50. [PMID: 11553767 PMCID: PMC58766 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.191112198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Overcoming immune tolerance of the growth factors associated with tumor growth should be a useful approach to cancer therapy by active immunity. We used vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as a model antigen to explore the feasibility of the immunogene tumor therapy with a vaccine based on a single xenogeneic homologous gene, targeting the growth factors associated with angiogenesis. To test this concept, we constructed a plasmid DNA encoding Xenopus homologous VEGF (XVEGF-p) and control vectors. We found that immunogene tumor therapy with a vaccine based on XVEGF was effective at both protective and therapeutic antitumor immunity in several tumor models in mice. VEGF-specific autoantibodies in sera of mice immunized with XVEGF-p could be found in Western blotting analysis and ELISA assay. The purified immunoglobulins were effective at the inhibition of VEGF-mediated endothelial cell proliferation in vitro, and at antitumor activity and the inhibition of angiogenesis by adoptive transfer in vivo. The elevation of VEGF in the sera of the tumor-bearing mice could be abrogated with XVEGF-p immunization. The antitumor activity and production of VEGF-specific autoantibodies, significantly elevated IgG1 and IgG2b, could be abrogated by the depletion of CD4(+) T lymphocytes. The observations may provide a vaccine strategy for cancer therapy through the induction of autoimmunity against the growth factors associated with tumor growth in a cross reaction with single xenogeneic homologous gene and may be of importance in the further exploration of the applications of other xenogeneic homologous genes identified in human and other animal genome sequence projects in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Q Wei
- Center for Biotherapy of Cancer and Cancer Research Center, First University Hospital, HuaXi Medical School, Sichuan University, Guo Xue Xiang, People's Republic of China.
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154
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Coombes BK, Mahony JB. Dendritic cell discoveries provide new insight into the cellular immunobiology of DNA vaccines. Immunol Lett 2001; 78:103-11. [PMID: 11672594 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(01)00242-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of increasingly virulent human pathogens, together with the rapid onset of antimicrobial resistance has created a need for new vaccination strategies. Nucleic acid vaccines, based on recombinant DNA technology are a promising new vaccine formulation capable of eliciting both humoral and cellular immune responses. This technology has been experimentally validated in animal models of pathogen challenge and tumor protection following administration of a DNA vaccine and has led to extensive research into the mechanisms of protective immunity. We focus here on the cellular and molecular mechanisms leading to cell-mediated immune responses to DNA vaccines and discuss these mechanisms in light of recent advances in the field of dendritic cell immunobiology. In particular, the potential involvement of: (i) the CpG pattern-recognition receptor, toll-like receptor-9; (ii) the dendritic cell-specific surface adhesion molecule, DC-SIGN; and (iii) the molecular interactions between CD40 and CD154 in the evolution of protective cell-mediated immunity to DNA vaccines are discussed. An improved understanding of the precise mechanisms leading to protective cellular immunity following DNA vaccination may help in the design of novel DNA constructs containing immunostimulatory features that target one or more of these mechanisms, with the aim of increasing the immunogenic potential and protective efficacy of DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Coombes
- Department of Medical Sciences, Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Centre, St. Joseph's Hospital, McMaster University, 50 Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 4A6.
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155
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Mumper RJ, Ledebur HC. Dendritic cell delivery of plasmid DNA. Applications for controlled genetic immunization. Mol Biotechnol 2001; 19:79-95. [PMID: 11697222 DOI: 10.1385/mb:19:1:079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Positive human clinical data using biolistic-mediated gene transfer (i.e., gene gun) to administer a nucleic acid-based Hepatitis B vaccine has validated genetic immunization as an effective clinical vaccine modality. Although the precise mechanism of action has yet to be determined, preclinical studies using jet injection have indicated that direct targeting of resident antigen presenting cells (Langerhan's cells) in the skin as the primary immunological driving force for the potent and long-lived immune response. Moreover, positive results with topical delivery of genetic vaccines and ex vivo loading of dendritic cells with antigen has strengthened the movement toward directly targeting antigen presenting cells as a means to amplify, control, and mediate the immunological consequences of prophylactic and/or therapeutic genetic vaccines. Despite these encouraging results with the gene gun, it is unclear whether this technology will translate into commercially available vaccines due to potential product development barriers such as cost and convenience. It is clear that safety concerns in using genetic approaches to treat and prevent disease have highlighted the need for strict product requirements for genetic vaccines. A plausible strategy to meet these requirements is to combine controlled plasmid delivery systems with tissue-specific gene expression systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Mumper
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0082, USA.
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156
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Fischer D, Bieber T, Brüsselbach S, Elsässer H, Kissel T. Cationized human serum albumin as a non-viral vector system for gene delivery? Characterization of complex formation with plasmid DNA and transfection efficiency. Int J Pharm 2001; 225:97-111. [PMID: 11489558 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(01)00765-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cationized human serum albumin (cHSA) could serve as a potential non-viral vector system for gene delivery. Native human serum albumin was cationized by covalent coupling of hexamethylenediamine to the carboxyl groups resulting in a shift of the isoelectric point from pH 4-5 to 7-9. The cationized albumin underwent spontaneous self-assembly with DNA as demonstrated by retardation of CMV-nlacZ plasmid in agarose gel electrophoresis. Photon correlation spectroscopy showed a decrease of complex size with increasing cHSA/plasmid ratios. Under optimized conditions complexes were formed with 230-260 nm mean diameter and a homogenous, narrow size distribution. At room temperature complexes were stable in 0.9% sodium chloride solution pH 7.4 for 1 h without aggregation. Process parameters such as albumin concentration, incubation time, temperature, pH, order of reagent addition, the presence of bivalent ions and the ionic strength of the complexation medium all influenced the complex size. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed interactions of a Texas Red labeled cationized albumin with cell membranes of ECV 304 cells and an enhanced endocytic uptake compared to native albumin. The potential for introducing exogeneous DNA into cells was shown using NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. Successful, albeit low reporter gene expression could be achieved in the presence of chloroquine. Under in vitro conditions no toxic effect could be observed. In conclusion, cationized albumin may have promise as a non-toxic vector for gene delivery, especially for DNA vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Fischer
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmacy, University of Marburg, Ketzerbach 63, 35032, Marburg, Germany
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157
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Hervé M, Dupré L, Ban E, Schacht AM, Capron A, Riveau G. Features of the antibody response attributable to plasmid backbone adjuvanticity after DNA immunization. Vaccine 2001; 19:4549-56. [PMID: 11483283 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00174-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccination induces antigen-specific immune responses with characteristics distinct from other vaccination modes. In the present study, the contribution of the plasmid backbone adjuvant effect to the quality of the DNA-raised antibody response was investigated. For this purpose, three intradermal primings were compared in mice using: (1) the recombinant Schistosoma haematobium glutathione S-transferase antigen (rSh28GST): (2) rSh28GST supplemented with a non-coding plasmid; and (3) a Sh28GST-encoding plasmid. In contrast to immunization with the protein, DNA immunization elicited a very stable antibody (Ab) response over a prolonged period of time. This feature was attributed to the plasmid backbone, because co-administration of the non-coding plasmid with rSh28GST allowed the maintenance of the specific Ab response. A strong anamnestic Ab response was induced after intradermal boost with rSh28GST only in the mice primed with pMSh. This indicated that the selective ability of DNA vaccination to induce memory humoral response was independent of the plasmid backbone. In contrast the plasmid backbone was found to strongly participate in the preferential IgG2a Ab production observed. These results suggest that, following DNA immunization, the Th1-biased profile and the maintenance of the long-lived Ab response could be attributed to an adjuvant effect of the plasmid backbone during priming, whereas the strength of B-cell memory was independent of this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hervé
- Relations Hôte-Parasite et Stratégies Vaccinales, INSERM U 167, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 Rue du professeur Calmette, BP-245, F-59019, Cedex, Lille, France.
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158
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Abstract
Numerous studies have reported the prophylactic and therapeutic use of genetic vaccines for combating a variety of infectious diseases in animal models. Recent human clinical studies with the gene gun have validated the concept of direct targeting of dendritic cells (Langerhan's cells) in the viable epidermis of the skin. However, it is unclear whether the gene gun technology or other needle-free devices will become commercially viable. The objective of our studies was to investigate the topical application of chitosan-based nanoparticles containing plasmid DNA (pDNA) as a potential approach to genetic immunization. Two types of nanoparticles were investigated: (i) pDNA-condensed chitosan nanoparticles, and (ii) pDNA-coated on pre-formed cationic chitosan/carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) nanoparticles. These studies showed that both chitosan and a chitosan oligomer can complex CMC to form stable cationic nanoparticles for subsequent pDNA coating. Selected pDNA-coated nanoparticles (with pDNA up to 400 microg/ml) were stable to challenge with serum. Several different chitosan-based nanoparticles containing pDNA resulted in both detectable and quantifiable levels of luciferase expression in mouse skin 24 h after topical application, and significant antigen-specific IgG titer to expressed beta-galactosidase at 28 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Cui
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0082, USA
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159
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den Haan JM, Bevan MJ. Antigen presentation to CD8+ T cells: cross-priming in infectious diseases. Curr Opin Immunol 2001; 13:437-41. [PMID: 11498299 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-7915(00)00238-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that, in most types of infections, antigen presentation by 'professional' bone-marrow-derived cells is essential for priming pathogen-specific CD8+ T cells. This is true even in the absence of direct infection of these cells, which indicates that cross-priming is an essential component of the immune response against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M den Haan
- Department of Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Box 357370, Seattle, WA 98195-7370, USA.
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160
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Scheerlinck JP, Casey G, McWaters P, Kelly J, Woollard D, Lightowlers MW, Tennent JM, Chaplin PJ. The immune response to a DNA vaccine can be modulated by co-delivery of cytokine genes using a DNA prime-protein boost strategy. Vaccine 2001; 19:4053-60. [PMID: 11427282 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00133-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A large-scale DNA vaccination trial was performed in sheep to investigate whether co-delivery of the cytokine genes IL-4, IL-5, IL-15, GM-CSF or IFN-gamma could modulate the immune response generated to an antigen, in a DNA prime-recombinant protein boost regime. Vaccination with the recombinant EG95 protein has been shown to induce protection in sheep from Echinococcus granulosus infection, the causative agent of hydatid disease. Here we demonstrate that vaccination with DNA encoding EG95 effectively primed the humoral response, as judged by high IgG anti-EG95 titres detected one-week after a boost with the recombinant protein. However, by two weeks after protein-boost the titres in the control group had reached levels similar to the groups primed with EG95 DNA. Priming with two doses of DNA vaccine followed by boosting with recombinant protein induced a predominantly IgG1 response. In contrast, priming and boosting with the protein vaccine generated a strong IgG2 response. Co-delivery of the EG95 DNA vaccine with DNA encoding GM-CSF enhanced the antibody titre to EG95 while co-delivery of IFN-gamma or IL-4 encoding DNA appeared to reduce the ability of the DNA vaccine to prime an IgG antibody response. This study has demonstrated the efficacy of the co-delivery of cytokines to modulate immune responses generated in a DNA prime-protein boost strategy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Helminth/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Helminth/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Helminth/genetics
- Base Sequence
- COS Cells
- Cytokines/genetics
- DNA Primers/genetics
- Echinococcosis/immunology
- Echinococcosis/prevention & control
- Echinococcosis/veterinary
- Echinococcus/genetics
- Echinococcus/immunology
- Female
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics
- Helminth Proteins/administration & dosage
- Helminth Proteins/genetics
- Helminth Proteins/immunology
- Immunization, Secondary
- Immunoglobulin Isotypes/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interleukin-15/genetics
- Interleukin-4/genetics
- Interleukin-5/genetics
- Sheep
- Sheep Diseases/immunology
- Sheep Diseases/prevention & control
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Scheerlinck
- Cooperative Research Centre for Vaccine Technology Unit, CSIRO Livestock Industries, Private Bag 24, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
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161
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Robinson
- Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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162
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Chastain M, Simon AJ, Soper KA, Holder DJ, Montgomery DL, Sagar SL, Casimiro DR, Middaugh CR. Antigen levels and antibody titers after DNA vaccination. J Pharm Sci 2001; 90:474-84. [PMID: 11170037 DOI: 10.1002/1520-6017(200104)90:4<474::aid-jps1005>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccination generates strong cellular and humoral immunity in animal models. The mechanisms by which plasmid DNA uptake and expression after intramuscular injection lead to immune responses are not well understood. In particular, the importance of antigen expression levels on subsequent antibody immune responses has not been established. We found that a chemiluminescent assay for alkaline phosphatase allows measurement of antigen levels of secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) in vivo after intramuscular injection of a wide range of plasmid doses. The mice produced antibodies to the alkaline phosphatase reporter gene and both antigen levels and antibody titers were measured over time. We found that the correlation between initial antigen level and antibody response was high (r = 0.74, p < 0.001) and remained high even after accounting for the dose of plasmid injected (r = 0.61, p < 0.001). The correlation between DNA dose and antibody titer was statistically significant (r = 0.53, p < 0.001) but was reduced to almost zero after we accounted for initial antigen levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chastain
- Department of Virus and Cell Biology, Merck Research Laboratories, Sumneytown Pike, WP26-145, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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163
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Mollenkopf H, Dietrich G, Kaufmann SH. Intracellular bacteria as targets and carriers for vaccination. Biol Chem 2001; 382:521-32. [PMID: 11405217 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2001.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this review we discuss intracellular bacteria as targets and carriers for vaccines. For clarity and ease of comprehension, we focus on three microbes, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella, with an emphasis on tuberculosis, one of the leading causes of death from infectious disease. Novel vaccination strategies against these pathogens are currently being considered. One approach favors the use of live attenuated vaccines and vaccine carrier strains thereof, either for heterologous antigen presentation or DNA vaccine delivery. This strategy includes both the improvement of attenuated vaccine strains as well as the 'de novo' generation of attenuated variants of virulent pathogens. An alternative strategy relies on the application of subunit immunizations, either as nucleic acid vaccines or protein antigens of the pathogen. Finally, we present a short summary of the vaccination strategies against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mollenkopf
- Max-Planck-Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, Berlin, Germany
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164
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Larregina AT, Watkins SC, Erdos G, Spencer LA, Storkus WJ, Beer Stolz D, Falo LD. Direct transfection and activation of human cutaneous dendritic cells. Gene Ther 2001; 8:608-17. [PMID: 11320407 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2000] [Accepted: 12/08/2000] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy techniques can be important tools for the induction and control of immune responses. Antigen delivery is a critical challenge in vaccine design, and DNA-based immunization offers an attractive method to deliver encoded transgenic protein antigens. In the present study, we used a gene gun to transfect human skin organ cultures with a particular goal of expressing transgenic antigens in resident cutaneous dendritic cells. Our studies demonstrate that when delivered to human skin, gold particles are observed primarily in the epidermis, even when high helium delivery pressures are used. We demonstrate that Langerhans cells resident in the basal epidermis can be transfected, and that biolistic gene delivery is sufficient to stimulate the activation and migration of skin dendritic cells. RT-PCR analysis of dendritic cells, which have migrated from transfected skin, demonstrates the presence of transgenic mRNA, indicating direct transfection of cutaneous dendritic cells. Importantly, transfected epidermal Langerhans cells can efficiently present a peptide derived from the transgenic melanoma antigen MART-1 to a MART-1-specific CTL. Taken together, our results demonstrate direct transfection, activation, and antigen-specific stimulatory function of in situ transduced human Langerhans cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Larregina
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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165
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Paliard X, Doe B, Selby MJ, Hartog K, Lee AY, Burke RL, Walker CM. Induction of herpes simplex virus gB-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in TAP1-deficient mice by genetic immunization but not HSV infection. Virology 2001; 282:56-64. [PMID: 11259190 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Loading of most endogenous peptides on major histocompatibility complex class I molecules is conditional on their transport into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by the peptide transporter TAP. We describe an HSV-2/1 cross-reactive cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) epitope that is processed in a TAP1-independent manner in vivo following immunization of TAP1-/- mice with naked DNA or a recombinant vaccinia virus. These data indicated that TAP1-independent processing of endogenous proteins is sufficient to prime CTLs in vivo. TAP1-independent processing of this epitope was not due to ER targeting by signal sequences and exogenous loading of MHC-I molecules and was not influenced by the amino acids flanking this epitope. In contrast, TAP1-/- mice infected with HSV-2 or HSV-2 mutants did not mount a CTL response against this epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Paliard
- Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, California 94608, USA.
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166
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van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S, Loehr BI, Babiuk LA. Immunization of livestock with DNA vaccines: current studies and future prospects. Vaccine 2001; 19:2474-9. [PMID: 11257380 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00476-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Early studies using DNA immunization suggest the potential benefits of this form of immunization including: long-lived immunity, a broad spectrum of immune responses (both cell-mediated immunity and humoral responses) and the simultaneous induction of immunity to a variety of pathogens through the use of multivalent vaccines. Using marine and cow models, we studied methods to enhance and direct the immune response to polynucleotide vaccines. We demonstrated the ability to modulate the magnitude and direction of the immune response by co-administration of plasmid encoded cytokines and antigen. Also, we clearly demonstrated that the cellular components (cytosolic, membrane-anchored, or extracellular) to which the expressed antigen is delivered determines the types of immune responses induced. Since induction of immunity at mucosal surfaces (route of entry for many pathogens) is critical to prevent infection, various methods of delivering polynucleotide vaccines to animals including mucosal surfaces have been attempted and are described as future prospects for improving immune responses by DNA vaccination.
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167
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Maloy KJ, Erdmann I, Basch V, Sierro S, Kramps TA, Zinkernagel RM, Oehen S, Kündig TM. Intralymphatic immunization enhances DNA vaccination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:3299-303. [PMID: 11248073 PMCID: PMC30648 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.051630798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although DNA vaccines have been shown to elicit potent immune responses in animal models, initial clinical trials in humans have been disappointing, highlighting a need to optimize their immunogenicity. Naked DNA vaccines are usually administered either i.m. or intradermally. The current study shows that immunization with naked DNA by direct injection into a peripheral lymph node enhances immunogenicity by 100- to 1,000-fold, inducing strong and biologically relevant CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses. Because injection directly into a lymph node is a rapid and easy procedure in humans, these results have important clinical implications for DNA vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Maloy
- Department of Dermatology, and Institute of Experimental Immunology, Universitätsspital Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
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168
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Chan K, Lee DJ, Schubert A, Tang CM, Crain B, Schoenberger SP, Corr M. The roles of MHC class II, CD40, and B7 costimulation in CTL induction by plasmid DNA. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:3061-6. [PMID: 11207256 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.5.3061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
DNA-based vaccines generate potent CTL responses. The mechanism of T cell stimulation has been attributed to plasmid-transfected dendritic cells. These cells have also been shown to express plasmid-encoded proteins and to become activated by surface marker up-regulation. However, the increased surface expression of CD40 and B7 on these dendritic cells is insufficient to overcome the need for MHC class II-restricted CD4(+) T cell help in the priming of a CTL response. In this study, MHC class II(-/-) mice were unable to generate a CTL response following DNA immunization. This deficit in CTL stimulation by MHC class II-deficient mice was only modestly restored with CD40-activating Ab, suggesting that there were other elements provided by MHC class II-restricted T cell help for CTL induction. CTL activity was also augmented by coinjection with a vector encoding the costimulatory ligand B7.1, but not B7.2. These data indicate that dendritic cells in plasmid DNA-injected mice require conditioning signals from MHC class II-restricted T cells that are both CD40 dependent and independent and that there are different roles for costimulatory molecules that may be involved in inducing optimal CTL activity.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/genetics
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- B7-1 Antigen/biosynthesis
- B7-1 Antigen/genetics
- B7-1 Antigen/physiology
- B7-2 Antigen
- CD4 Antigens/genetics
- CD40 Antigens/immunology
- CD40 Antigens/metabolism
- CD40 Antigens/physiology
- CD40 Ligand/genetics
- CD40 Ligand/immunology
- CD40 Ligand/metabolism
- CD40 Ligand/physiology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- DNA, Bacterial/administration & dosage
- DNA, Bacterial/biosynthesis
- DNA, Bacterial/immunology
- Drug Synergism
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/physiology
- Injections, Intradermal
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Plasmids/administration & dosage
- Plasmids/immunology
- Plasmids/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/metabolism
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/biosynthesis
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- K Chan
- Department of Medicine and The Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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169
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Burger JA, Mendoza RB, Kipps TJ. Plasmids encoding granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and CD154 enhance the immune response to genetic vaccines. Vaccine 2001; 19:2181-9. [PMID: 11228391 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00382-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We examined whether plasmids encoding granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (pGM-CSF) or CD40-ligand (pCD40L) could modify the immune response to antigen encoded by co-injected plasmid DNA. For this we used as antigen Escherichia coli beta galactosidase (beta-gal), encoded by the plasmid pLacZ. We found that intradermal co-injection of pLacZ with both pGM-CSF and pCD40L enhanced the anti-beta-gal IgG response by approximately two orders of magnitude compared to injections of pLacZ alone. Co-injection of both pGM-CSF and pCD40L with pLacZ significantly enhanced antigen-specific IgG, and in particular IgG(2a), over that of animals co-injected with pLacZ and either pGM-CSF or pCD40L. We found that co-injection of pGM-CSF and pCD40L with pLacZ enhanced the generation of beta-gal-specific cytotoxic T cells, and allowed for a significant expansion of CD8(+) T cells from splenocytes co-cultured with beta-gal expressing stimulator cells. The immunostimulatory effects induced by pGM-CSF or pCD40L required injection of these plasmids to the same site that received pLacZ. 'Priming' experiments, where the site of injection was pre-injected with either plasmid adjuvant, showed that pGM-CSF, but not pCD40L, could enhance the anti-beta-gal immune response induced by subsequently administered plasmid antigen. We conclude that plasmids encoding GM-CSF and CD154 are particularly effective genetic adjuvants when used together to enhance the humoral and cellular immune response to a plasmid-encoded antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Burger
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine and UCSD Gene Therapy Program, University of California San Diego (UCSD) School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093-0663, USA
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170
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Hess J, Schaible U, Raupach B, Kaufmann SH. Exploiting the immune system: toward new vaccines against intracellular bacteria. Adv Immunol 2001; 75:1-88. [PMID: 10879281 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(00)75001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Hess
- Department of Immunology, Max-Planck-Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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171
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Spack EG, Sorgi FL. Developing non-viral DNA delivery systems for cancer and infectious disease. Drug Discov Today 2001; 6:186-197. [PMID: 11173266 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(00)01633-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to deliver therapeutic genes are frequently rebuffed by the body's adaptive immune response against viral delivery vectors. Attempts to circumvent this problem using non-viral delivery systems have encountered problems with transient expression and inflammatory responses induced by reaction of the innate immune system reacting against bacterial DNA. However, within the past decade, these barriers to non-viral DNA delivery have been recognized as potential allies in the development of novel vaccines for cancer and infectious disease. This review summarizes preclinical and current clinical studies testing the formulation, delivery route and adjuvant options in the development of novel DNA-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G. Spack
- InterMune Pharmaceuticals, CA-94010, Burlingame, USA
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172
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Uwiera RR, Rankin R, Adams GP, Pontarollo R, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S, Middleton DM, Babiuk LA, Griebel PJ. Effects of intradermally administered plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid on ovine popliteal lymph node morphology. THE ANATOMICAL RECORD 2001; 262:186-92. [PMID: 11169913 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0185(20010201)262:2<186::aid-ar1024>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade it has become apparent that bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is recognized as a "danger signal" by the mammalian immune system. To investigate this interaction, sheep were injected intradermally two centimeters distal to the lateral prominence of the fibular head with 400 microg of purified plasmid DNA. Over a 28-day period ultrasound measurements indicated a progressive increase in size of both plasmid and saline (controls) treated popliteal lymph nodes and at Day 30 macroscopic and histological measurements of the lymph nodes were determined. Compared with the contralateral control lymph nodes, plasmid exposed lymph nodes were heavier (2.8 +/- 0.1g vs. 2.0 +/- 0.6 g) and displayed prominent histological changes in the cortex and medulla. Average medullary cord thickness (114.2 +/- 25.2 microm) and the average distance across medullary sinuses (64.4 +/- 2.5 microm) were significantly greater after plasmid exposure relative to contralateral controls (62.7 +/- 14.9 microm and 36.5 +/- 1.0 microm, respectively). Total number of germinal centers (71.4 +/- 17.7) and the total area of germinal centers (4.0 +/- 1.3 mm(2)) within the cortex of popliteal lymph nodes exposed to plasmid were also significantly greater than the controls (40.4 +/- 11.4 and 1.6 +/- 0.5 mm(2), respectively). Our results demonstrate that a single exposure to plasmid DNA has long term effects on regional lymph node weight and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Uwiera
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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173
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Stan AC, Casares S, Brumeanu TD, Klinman DM, Bona CA. CpG motifs of DNA vaccines induce the expression of chemokines and MHC class II molecules on myocytes. Eur J Immunol 2001; 31:301-10. [PMID: 11265647 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200101)31:1<301::aid-immu301>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Determining how an immune response is initiated after in vivo transfection of myocytes with plasmids encoding foreign antigens is essential to understand the mechanisms of intramuscular (i. m.) genetic immunization. Since myocytes are facultative antigen-presenting cells lacking MHC class II and co-stimulatory molecules, it was assumed that their unique role upon DNA vaccination is to synthesize and secrete the protein encoded by the plasmid. Here we describe that i. m. injection of unmethylated CpG motifs induced the expression of chemokines (monocyte chemotactic protein-1) and MHC class II molecules on myocytes. Our results indicate that immunostimulatory DNA sequences (CpG motifs) of DNA vaccines augment synthesis of chemokine by myocytes with subsequent recruitment of inflammatory cells secreting IFN-gamma, a potent cytokine that up-regulates the expression of MHC class II molecules on myocytes. A myoblast cell line triple transfected with plasmids encoding MHC class II molecules and an immunodominant CD4 T cell epitope of influenza virus presented the endogenously synthesized peptide and activated specific T cells. These findings suggest that one mechanism for the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines consists in the presentation of peptides to CD4 T cells by in vivo plasmid-transfected myocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Stan
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, USA
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174
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Shedlock DJ, Weiner DB. DNA vaccination: antigen presentation and the induction of immunity. J Leukoc Biol 2000. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.68.6.793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Devon J. Shedlock
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David B. Weiner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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175
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Tucker C, Endo M, Hirono I, Aoki T. Assessment of DNA vaccine potential for juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus, through the introduction of reporter genes by particle bombardment and histopathology. Vaccine 2000; 19:801-9. [PMID: 11115702 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00233-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Genetic immunisation potential, following DNA bombardment for juvenile Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus was examined. GFP plasmids bombarded at two pressures, 150 and 300psi were sampled at 1, 7, 14 and 28 days, greater immunofluorescence was observed at the higher bombardment pressure. Histopathology, at 3 h post bombardment showed considerable damage to fish epithelial and dermal tissues when bombarded at pressures greater than 200 psi, with many DNA-coated gold particles present. At 150psi there was little pathology and no DNA-coated particles. Histopathology, up to 28 days again showed little pathology at 150 psi with few DNA-coated particles, whereas at 300 psi there was significant pathology observed with many DNA-coated particles seen in conjunction with the cytoplasm of inflammatory cells. By day 28 epithelial coverage was observed with tissue damage restricted to the dermal layer. Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) assay showed long term and stable expression of the CAT protein from day 1 to day 60. The transcription activity of two promoters; pCMV-CAT and pSV2-CAT showed greater activity in the former. It was concluded that DNA vaccination potential for juvenile flounder is a viable option.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tucker
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biochemistry, Tokyo University of Fisheries, Konan 4-5-7, Minato-ku, 108-8477, Tokyo, Japan
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176
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Immunotherapy for Breast Cancer: Promises, Promises …. Breast J 2000; 6:363-365. [PMID: 11348393 DOI: 10.1046/j.1524-4741.2000.99101.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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177
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Larregina AT, Falo LD. Generating and regulating immune responses through cutaneous gene delivery. Hum Gene Ther 2000; 11:2301-5. [PMID: 11084690 DOI: 10.1089/104303400750035852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of immunization strategies with gene therapy methods constitutes a powerful tool for the purpose of genetic immunization. The cutaneous microenvironment, rich in professional antigen-presenting cells and accessory cells capable of initiating and controlling the intensity of specific immune responses, makes the skin a unique target for the expression of transgenic antigens. The fact that epidermal and dermal dendritic cells can be directly transfected using genetically engineered vectors allows in vivo manipulation of immune responses by modifying the function of these distinctive antigen-presenting cell populations. Importantly, coexpression of antigenic proteins together with immunostimulatory molecules, and/or adjuvant or leader sequences, makes possible the engineering of antigen-specific immune responses. Even though most of the mechanisms related to DNA immunization remain to be explored, the skin has emerged as an ideal target for evolving genetic vaccination techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Larregina
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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178
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Corbeil S, Kurath G, LaPatra SE. Fish DNA vaccine against infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus: efficacy of various routes of immunisation. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2000; 10:711-23. [PMID: 11185755 DOI: 10.1006/fsim.2000.0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The DNA vaccine, pIHNVw-G, contains the gene for the glycoprotein (G) of the rhabdovirus infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), a major pathogen of salmon and trout. The relative efficacy of various routes of immunisation with pIHNVw-G was evaluated using 1.8 g rainbow trout fry vaccinated via intramuscular injection, scarification of the skin, intraperitoneal injection, intrabuccal administration, cutaneous particle bombardment using a gene gun, or immersion in water containing DNA vaccine-coated beads. Twenty-seven days after vaccination neutralising antibody titres were determined, and 2 days later groups of vaccinated and control unvaccinated fish were subjected to an IHNV immersion challenge. Results of the virus challenge showed that the intramuscular injection and the gene gun immunisation induced protective immunity in fry, while intraperitoneal injection provided partial protection. Neutralising antibodies were not detected in sera of vaccinated fish regardless of the route of immunisation used, suggesting that cell mediated immunity may be at least partially responsible for the observed protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Corbeil
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-7238, USA
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179
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Paul L, Porgador A. DNA-based vaccines: role of dendritic cells in antigen presentation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2000; 479:175-84. [PMID: 10897419 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-46831-x_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Paul
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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180
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Lenz LL, Butz EA, Bevan MJ. Requirements for bone marrow-derived antigen-presenting cells in priming cytotoxic T cell responses to intracellular pathogens. J Exp Med 2000; 192:1135-42. [PMID: 11034603 PMCID: PMC2195866 DOI: 10.1084/jem.192.8.1135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow (BM)-derived antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are potent stimulators of T cell immune responses. We investigated the requirements for antigen presentation by these cells in priming cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses to intracellular bacterial and viral pathogens. [Parent-->F(1)] radiation BM chimeras were constructed using C57BL/6 donors and (C57BL/6 x BALB/c)F(1) recipients. Infection of chimeric mice with either Listeria monocytogenes or vaccinia virus expressing the nucleoprotein (NP) antigen from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) primed H2-D(b)-restricted, but not H2-K(d)-restricted CTL responses, demonstrating the requirement for BM-derived APCs for successful priming of CTL responses to these pathogens. Surprisingly, this did not hold true for chimeric mice infected with LCMV itself. LCMV-infected animals developed strong CTL responses specific for both H2-D(b)- and H2-L(d)-restricted NP epitopes. These findings indicate that in vivo priming of CTL responses to LCMV is remarkably insensitive to deficiencies in antigen presentation by professional BM-derived APCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Lenz
- Department of Immunology and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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181
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Dietrich G, Spreng S, Gentschev I, Goebel W. Bacterial systems for the delivery of eukaryotic antigen expression vectors. ANTISENSE & NUCLEIC ACID DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2000; 10:391-9. [PMID: 11079578 DOI: 10.1089/oli.1.2000.10.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Attenuated bacterial strains allow the administration of recombinant vaccines via the mucosal surfaces. Whereas attenuated bacteria are generally engineered to express heterologous antigens, a novel approach employs intracellular bacteria for the delivery of eukaryotic antigen expression vectors (so-called DNA vaccines). This strategy allows a direct delivery of DNA to professional antigen-presenting cells (APC), such as macrophages and dendritic cells (DC), through bacterial infection. The bacteria used for DNA vaccine delivery either enter the host cell cytosol after phagocytosis by the APC, for example, Shigella and Listeria, or they remain in the phagosomal compartment, such as Salmonella. Both intracellular localizations of the bacterial carriers seem to be suitable for successful delivery of DNA vaccine vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dietrich
- University of Würzburg, Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Germany
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182
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Abstract
There is reasonable evidence that both cross-priming and direct transfection of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) play a role in induction of immune responses by DNA vaccines. It is not known which mode is more important for priming cytotoxic T cell responses, but both are sufficient and neither alone is necessary. Hence, a rational strategy for increasing DNA vaccine potency would be to facilitate both pathways. With regard to cross-priming, a better understanding of the nature of the antigen transferred and the molecules/cells involved may suggest ways to design DNA vaccines to enhance this pathway. With respect to transfection of APCs, certain DNA formulations or delivery systems may be able to target APCs for increased DNA uptake. Other considerations include recruitment of APCs to the site of DNA injection and manipulation of these cells to ensure the proper activation state for priming immune responses. The burgeoning scientific literature in these areas indicates that much effort is currently being directed toward these goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Donnelly
- Department of Vaccines and Gene Therapy Research, Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, California, USA
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183
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Dupuis M, Denis-Mize K, Woo C, Goldbeck C, Selby MJ, Chen M, Otten GR, Ulmer JB, Donnelly JJ, Ott G, McDonald DM. Distribution of DNA vaccines determines their immunogenicity after intramuscular injection in mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:2850-8. [PMID: 10946318 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.5.2850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Intramuscular injection of DNA vaccines elicits potent humoral and cellular immune responses in mice. However, DNA vaccines are less efficient in larger animal models and humans. To gain a better understanding of the factors limiting the efficacy of DNA vaccines, we used fluorescence-labeled plasmid DNA in mice to 1) define the macroscopic and microscopic distribution of DNA after injection into the tibialis anterior muscle, 2) characterize cellular uptake and expression of DNA in muscle and draining lymph nodes, and 3) determine the effect of modifying DNA distribution and cellular uptake by volume changes or electroporation on the magnitude of the immune response. Injection of a standard 50-microl dose resulted in the rapid dispersion of labeled DNA throughout the muscle. DNA was internalized within 5 min by muscle cells near the injection site and over several hours by cells that were located along muscle fibers and in the draining lymph nodes. Histochemical staining and analysis of mRNA expression in isolated cells by RT-PCR showed that the transgene was detectably expressed only by muscle cells, despite substantial DNA uptake by non-muscle cells. Reduction of the injection volume to 5 microl resulted in substantially less uptake and expression of DNA by muscle cells, and correspondingly lower immune responses against the transgene product. However, expression and immunogenicity were restored when the 5-microl injection was followed by electroporation in vivo. These findings indicate that distribution and cellular uptake significantly affect the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/administration & dosage
- AIDS Vaccines/genetics
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- AIDS Vaccines/pharmacokinetics
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- DNA, Viral/metabolism
- Electroporation
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Gene Products, gag/biosynthesis
- Gene Products, gag/genetics
- Gene Products, gag/immunology
- HIV Antibodies/biosynthesis
- HIV Antibodies/blood
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Luciferases/genetics
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Transgenic
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/enzymology
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Plasmids/administration & dosage
- Plasmids/immunology
- Transgenes/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/pharmacokinetics
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dupuis
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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184
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Braun S, Thioudellet C, Rodriguez P, Ali-Hadji D, Perraud F, Accart N, Balloul JM, Halluard C, Acres B, Cavallini B, Pavirani A. Immune rejection of human dystrophin following intramuscular injections of naked DNA in mdx mice. Gene Ther 2000; 7:1447-57. [PMID: 11001364 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Intramuscular administration of plasmid expressing full-length human dystrophin in dystrophin-deficient adult mdx mice resulted in humoral and weak specific T cell responses against the human dystrophin protein. Following plasmid injection, human dystrophin was detected in the injected muscles at 7 days, but decreased thereafter. Anti-dystrophin antibodies were found 21 days following plasmid injection, which coincided with transient myositis. This immune rejection prevented the mice from expressing human dystrophin after a second plasmid injection. No anti-DNA antibodies were found. Anti-dystrophin antibodies were seen in a smaller proportion of plasmid-injected dystrophin-competent C57BL/10 mice, suggesting that the immune rejection of dystrophin may be explained partially by species differences in the dystrophin protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Braun
- Transgène S.A., Strasbourg, France
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185
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Leachman SA, Tigelaar RE, Shlyankevich M, Slade MD, Irwin M, Chang E, Wu TC, Xiao W, Pazhani S, Zelterman D, Brandsma JL. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor priming plus papillomavirus E6 DNA vaccination: effects on papilloma formation and regression in the cottontail rabbit papillomavirus--rabbit model. J Virol 2000; 74:8700-8. [PMID: 10954571 PMCID: PMC116381 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.18.8700-8708.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) E6 DNA vaccine that induces significant protection against CRPV challenge was used in a superior vaccination regimen in which the cutaneous sites of vaccination were primed with an expression vector encoding granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), a cytokine that induces differentiation and local recruitment of professional antigen-presenting cells. This treatment induced a massive influx of major histocompatibility complex class II-positive cells. In a vaccination-challenge experiment, rabbit groups were treated by E6 DNA vaccination, GM-CSF DNA inoculation, or a combination of both treatments. After two immunizations, rabbits were challenged with CRPV at low, moderate, and high stringencies and monitored for papilloma formation. As expected, all clinical outcomes were monotonically related to the stringency of the viral challenge. The results demonstrate that GM-CSF priming greatly augmented the effects of CRPV E6 vaccination. First, challenge sites in control rabbits (at the moderate challenge stringency) had a 0% probability of remaining disease free, versus a 50% probability in E6-vaccinated rabbits, and whereas GM-CSF alone had no effect, the interaction between GM-CSF priming and E6 vaccination increased disease-free survival to 67%. Second, the incubation period before papilloma onset was lengthened by E6 DNA vaccination alone or to some extent by GM-CSF DNA inoculation alone, and the combination of treatments induced additive effects. Third, the rate of papilloma growth was reduced by E6 vaccination and, to a lesser extent, by GM-CSF treatment. In addition, the interaction between the E6 and GM-CSF treatments was synergistic and yielded more than a 99% reduction in papilloma volume. Finally, regression occurred among the papillomas that formed in rabbits treated with the E6 vaccine and/or with GM-CSF, with the highest regression frequency occurring in rabbits that received the combination treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Leachman
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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186
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Abstract
Polynucleotide immunization has captured the imagination of numerous researchers and commercial companies around the world as a novel approach for inducing immunity in animals. Clearly, the 'proof-of-principle' has been demonstrated both in rodents and various animal species. However, to date, no commercial veterinary vaccine has been developed, or to our knowledge, is in the licensing phase. The present review summarizes the types of pathogens and host species for which polynucleotide immunization has been tried. We have tried to identify possible barriers to commercialization of this technology and areas that need attention if this promising technology is ever to become a reality in the commercial arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Babiuk
- University of Saskatchewan, Veterinary Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Sask., Canada S7N 5E3.
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187
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Gurunathan S, Wu CY, Freidag BL, Seder RA. DNA vaccines: a key for inducing long-term cellular immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2000; 12:442-7. [PMID: 10899026 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-7915(00)00118-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few years, major advances in several areas of immunology have provided a foundation for the rational design of vaccines against diseases requiring cellular immunity. Among these advances are the cellular mechanisms by which DNA vaccines can sustain long-term humoral and cellular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gurunathan
- Clinical Immunology Section, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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188
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Abstract
The development and widespread use of vaccines against infectious agents have been a great triumph of medical science. One reason for the success of currently available vaccines is that they are capable of inducing long-lived antibody responses, which are the principal agents of immune protection against most viruses and bacteria. Despite these successes, vaccination against intracellular organisms that require cell-mediated immunity, such as the agents of tuberculosis, malaria, leishmaniasis, and human immunodeficiency virus infection, are either not available or not uniformly effective. Owing to the substantial morbidity and mortality associated with these diseases worldwide, an understanding of the mechanisms involved in generating long-lived cellular immune responses has tremendous practical importance. For these reasons, a new form of vaccination, using DNA that contains the gene for the antigen of interest, is under intensive investigation, because it can engender both humoral and cellular immune responses. This review focuses on the mechanisms by which DNA vaccines elicit immune responses. In addition, a list of potential applications in a variety of preclinical models is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gurunathan
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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189
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Abstract
Neonates often respond poorly to conventional vaccines or microbial infections. Immaturity of the immune system has been considered to play a role in this regard. However, accumulating evidence shows that in certain conditions, neonatal inoculation of antigens leads to protective immunity. In the particular case of DNA vaccines administered to neonates, the rule is immunity rather than tolerance. Exceptions to the rule give opportunities to further understand the neonatal responsiveness and the mechanism of DNA vaccination. Due to the very nature of the vaccine vector, inhibition of neonatal DNA vaccination by maternal antibodies may be limited to the humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bot
- Department of Exploratory Biological Research, Alliance Pharmaceutical Corp., San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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190
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Tanghe A, Denis O, Lambrecht B, Motte V, van den Berg T, Huygen K. Tuberculosis DNA vaccine encoding Ag85A is immunogenic and protective when administered by intramuscular needle injection but not by epidermal gene gun bombardment. Infect Immun 2000; 68:3854-60. [PMID: 10858194 PMCID: PMC101658 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.7.3854-3860.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a DNA vaccine encoding Ag85A from Mycobacterium tuberculosis were compared in BALB/c and C57BL (B6 and B10) mice immunized by intramuscular (i.m.) needle injection or epidermal gene gun (gg) bombardment. In BALB/c mice, gg immunization could induce elevated antibody and cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses with plasmid doses 50-fold lower than those required for i.m. immunization. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) secretion, however, was much lower in gg-immunized than in i.m.-immunized BALB/c mice. On the other hand, C57BL mice reacted only very weakly to gg immunization, whereas elevated Ag85A-specific antibody, IL-2, and IFN-gamma responses (significantly higher than in BALB/c mice) were detected following vaccination by the i.m. route. Antibody isotypes were indicative of Th2 activation following gg injection of BALB/c and of Th1 activation following i.m. injection of C57BL mice. Finally, C57BL but not BALB/c mice were protected by i.m. Ag85A DNA immunization against intravenous M. tuberculosis challenge, as measured by reduced numbers of CFU in spleen and lungs, compared to animals vaccinated with control DNA. Gene gun immunization was not effective in either BALB/c or C57BL mice. These results indicate that i.m. DNA vaccination is the method of choice for the induction of protective Th1 type immune responses with the Ag85A tuberculosis DNA vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tanghe
- Mycobacterial Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Brussels, B 1180 Brussels, Belgium
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191
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Vignes C, Chiffoleau E, Douillard P, Josien R, Pêche H, Heslan JM, Usal C, Soulillou JP, Cuturi MC. Anti-TCR-specific DNA vaccination demonstrates a role for a CD8+ T cell clone in the induction of allograft tolerance by donor-specific blood transfusion. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:96-101. [PMID: 10861040 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.1.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Donor-specific allograft tolerance can be induced in the adult rat by pregraft donor-specific blood transfusion (DST). This tolerance appeared to be mediated by regulatory cells and to the production of the suppressive cytokine TGF-beta1. A potential immunoregulatory CD8+ clone bearing a Vbeta18-Dbeta1-Jbeta2.7 TCR gene rearrangement was previously identified in DST-treated recipients. To assess the functional role of this T cell clone in the induction of tolerance by DST, we have vaccinated DST-treated recipients with a plasmid construct encoding for the Vbeta18-Dbeta1-Jbeta2.7 TCR beta-chain. DST-induced allograft tolerance was abolished by anti-TCR Vbeta18-Dbeta1-Jbeta2.7 DNA vaccination in six of seven recipients, whereas vaccination with the vector alone, or with the construct encoding a TCR Vbeta13 beta-chain, had no effect. However, the transcript number of the Vbeta18-Dbeta1-Jbeta2.7 chain was unchanged in allografts from vaccinated DST-treated rats, suggesting that this clone was not depleted by vaccination, but rather was altered in its function. Moreover, TCR Vbeta18-Dbeta1-Jbeta2.7 DNA vaccination restored the anti-donor alloantibody production, partially restore the capacity of spleen cells from tolerized recipients to proliferate in vitro against donor cells, and decreased the inhibitory effect of TGF-beta1, seen in DST-treated recipients, in spleen cells from vaccinated DST-treated ones. This study strongly suggests that this CD8+ TCR Vbeta18-Dbeta1-Jbeta2.7 T cell clone has an effective immunoregulatory function in allograft tolerance induced by DST.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blood Transfusion
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Clonal Deletion/genetics
- Clone Cells
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytomegalovirus/genetics
- Cytomegalovirus/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta/immunology
- Graft Rejection/genetics
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Heart Transplantation/immunology
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Isoantibodies/biosynthesis
- Male
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- Transplantation, Heterotopic
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vignes
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 437 "Immunointervention dans les allo-et xeno-transplantations" and Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Transplantation, Nantes, France
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192
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Lunsford L, McKeever U, Eckstein V, Hedley ML. Tissue distribution and persistence in mice of plasmid DNA encapsulated in a PLGA-based microsphere delivery vehicle. J Drug Target 2000; 8:39-50. [PMID: 10761644 DOI: 10.3109/10611860009009208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Information regarding the distribution and persistence of DNA encapsulated in poly-(lactide co-glycolide) microspheres was collected to provide additional information regarding the safety of DNA vaccines and to support the clinical testing of this new delivery system for DNA. Plasmid DNA was encapsulated in poly(lactide co-glycolide) microspheres and the distribution and persistence of plasmid in murine tissues resulting from parenteral administration were examined by a sensitive PCR assay. Encapsulated DNA delivered by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection can be detected for 100 days post-injection and is distributed primarily at the site of injection and the lymphoid organs. Intravenous administration results in more widespread dissemination with long term persistence limited to the lymphoid organs and those of the reticuloendothelial system. Specific cellular uptake of DNA by professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) following injection suggests the utility of microspheres as DNA delivery agents. Distribution and persistence studies support the safety of encapsulated DNA and the specific cellular uptake of DNA by professional APCs following injection suggests the utility of microspheres as DNA delivery agents.
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193
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Abstract
Genetic immunization refers to treatment strategies where gene transfer methods are used to generate immune responses against cancer. Our growing knowledge of the mechanisms regulating the initiation and maintenance of cytotoxic immune responses has provided the rationale for the design of several genetic immunization strategies. Tumor cells have been gene-modified to express immune stimulatory genes and are then administered as tumor vaccines, in an attempt to overcome tumor cell ignorance by the immune system. With the description of well-characterized tumor antigens, multiple strategies have been proposed mainly aimed at optimal tumor antigen presentation by antigen-presenting cells (APC). Among APC, the dendritic cells have been recognized as the most powerful cells in this class, and have become the target for introducing tumor antigen genes to initiate antitumor immune responses. The detailed knowledge of how the immune system can be activated to specifically recognize tumor antigens, and the mechanisms involved in the control of this immune response, provide the basis for modern genetic immunization strategies for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ribas
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, USA
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194
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Deliyannis G, Boyle JS, Brady JL, Brown LE, Lew AM. A fusion DNA vaccine that targets antigen-presenting cells increases protection from viral challenge. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:6676-80. [PMID: 10823919 PMCID: PMC18699 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.120162497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving the immunological potency, particularly the Ab response, is a serious hurdle for the protective efficacy and hence broad application of DNA vaccines. We examined the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a hemagglutinin-based influenza DNA vaccine that was targeted to antigen-presenting cells (APCs) by fusion to CTLA4. The targeted vaccine was shown to induce an accelerated and increased Ab response (as compared with those receiving the nontargeted control) that was predominated by IgG1 and recognized conformationally dependent viral epitopes. Moreover, mice receiving the APC-targeted DNA vaccine had significantly reduced viral titers (100-fold) after a nonlethal virus challenge. The increased protective efficacy was most likely because of increased Ab responses, as cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses were not enhanced. Targeting was demonstrated by direct binding studies of CTLA4 fusion proteins to the cognate ligand (B7; expressed on APCs in vivo). In addition, a targeted protein was detected at 4-fold higher levels in draining lymph nodes within 2-24 h of administration. Therefore, this study demonstrates that targeting DNA-encoded antigen to APCs results in enhanced immunity and strongly suggests that this approach may be useful in improving the protective efficacy of DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Deliyannis
- Cooperative Research Center for Vaccine Technology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3052, Australia
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195
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Singh-Jasuja H, Toes RE, Spee P, Münz C, Hilf N, Schoenberger SP, Ricciardi-Castagnoli P, Neefjes J, Rammensee HG, Arnold-Schild D, Schild H. Cross-presentation of glycoprotein 96-associated antigens on major histocompatibility complex class I molecules requires receptor-mediated endocytosis. J Exp Med 2000; 191:1965-74. [PMID: 10839811 PMCID: PMC2213530 DOI: 10.1084/jem.191.11.1965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) like glycoprotein (gp)96 (glucose-regulated protein 94 [grp94]) are able to induce specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses against cells from which they originate. Here, we demonstrate that for CTL activation by gp96-chaperoned peptides, specific receptor-mediated uptake of gp96 by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) is required. Moreover, we show that in both humans and mice, only professional APCs like dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, and B cells, but not T cells, are able to bind gp96. The binding is saturable and can be inhibited using unlabeled gp96 molecules. Receptor binding by APCs leads to a rapid internalization of gp96, which colocalizes with endocytosed major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II molecules in endosomal compartments. Incubation of gp96 molecules isolated from cells expressing an adenovirus type 5 E1B epitope with the DC line D1 results in the activation of E1B-specific CTLs. This CTL activation can be specifically inhibited by the addition of irrelevant gp96 molecules not associated with E1B peptides. Our results demonstrate that only receptor-mediated endocytosis of gp96 molecules leads to MHC class I-restricted re-presentation of gp96-associated peptides and CTL activation; non-receptor-mediated, nonspecific endocytosis is not able to do so. Thus, we provide evidence on the mechanisms by which gp96 is participating in the cross-presentation of antigens from cellular origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harpreet Singh-Jasuja
- Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - René E.M. Toes
- Department of Immunohematology and Transfusion Bank, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Spee
- Division of Tumor Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Münz
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021
| | - Norbert Hilf
- Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephen P. Schoenberger
- Department of Immunohematology and Transfusion Bank, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jacques Neefjes
- Division of Tumor Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans-Georg Rammensee
- Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Danièle Arnold-Schild
- Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hansjörg Schild
- Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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196
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Abstract
Vaccination by intramuscular or intradermal injection of antigen-encoding DNA is a promising new approach leading to strong cellular and humoral immune responses. Since bone-marrow derived antigen presenting cells (APC) seem to induce these immune responses after migration to the spleen, it is desirable to deliver DNA vaccines directly to splenic APC. Recently, attenuated intracellular bacteria have been exploited for the introduction of DNA vaccine vectors into different cell types in vitro as well as in vivo and offer an attractive alternative to the direct inoculation of naked plasmid DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dietrich
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Theodor-Boveri-Institut für Biowissenschaften, Universitat Würzburg, Germany
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197
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Bot A, Stan AC, Inaba K, Steinman R, Bona C. Dendritic cells at a DNA vaccination site express the encoded influenza nucleoprotein and prime MHC class I-restricted cytolytic lymphocytes upon adoptive transfer. Int Immunol 2000; 12:825-32. [PMID: 10837410 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/12.6.825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intradermal inoculation of plasmids expressing antigens that contain MHC class I-restricted epitopes leads to the induction of specific CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). The role of in situ transfected antigen-presenting cells (APC) in the priming of specific CTL subsequent to intradermal DNA immunization was investigated using a plasmid (NPV1) expressing the nucleoprotein (NP) of influenza virus that contains a nuclear targeting signal and a dominant class I/K(d)-restricted epitope. Inoculation of NPV1 leads to in situ transfection of MHC class II(+) and class II(-) cells, as revealed by the nuclear localization of NP. Between 2 and 3% of MHC class II(+) and class II(-) cells with the ability to migrate out of the epidermis expressed NP. Upon adoptive transfer into naive recipients, class II(+) migratory cells recovered from the area inoculated with NP-expressing plasmid were significantly superior regarding the ability to prime virus-specific CTL as compared to MHC class II(-) cells. Together, these results are consistent with the role of local dendritic cells loaded with antigen in the priming of CTL by intradermal DNA immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bot
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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198
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Liu
- Department of Vaccines and Gene Therapy Research, Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, California 94608, USA
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199
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Tsuboi A, Oka Y, Ogawa H, Elisseeva OA, Li H, Kawasaki K, Aozasa K, Kishimoto T, Udaka K, Sugiyama H. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses elicited to Wilms' tumor gene WT1 product by DNA vaccination. J Clin Immunol 2000; 20:195-202. [PMID: 10941827 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006637529995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We recently have reported that Wilms' tumor gene WT1 is highly expressed not only in leukemias but also in various types of solid tumors and that WT1 protein is a novel tumor antigen against which cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) can be elicited by immunization with 9-mer WT1 peptides capable of binding to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. In the present study, plasmid DNA encoding murine full-length WT1 protein was injected intramuscularly into C57BL/6 mice. The mice vaccinated with the WT1 plasmid DNA elicited CTLs against the WT1 protein, and the CTLs specifically killed WT1-expressing tumor cells in a MHC class I-restricted manner. Furthermore, the vaccinated mice rejected the challenges of WT1-expressing tumor cells and survived with no signs of autoimmunity caused by the CTLs. These results demonstrated that vaccination with the WT1 plasmid DNA can elicit CTL responses specific for the WT1 protein, resulting in the acquisition of rejection activity against challenges of WT1-expressing tumor cells. This WT1 DNA vaccination may find clinical application for various types of solid tumors as well as leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tsuboi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Osaka University Medical School, Suita City, Japan
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200
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Kim JJ, Yang JS, Dentchev T, Dang K, Weiner DB. Chemokine gene adjuvants can modulate immune responses induced by DNA vaccines. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2000; 20:487-98. [PMID: 10841077 DOI: 10.1089/10799900050023906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid immunization has been shown to induce both antigen-specific cellular and humoral immune responses in vivo. Moreover, immune responses induced by DNA immunization can be enhanced by the use of molecular adjuvants. For example, coadministration of costimulatory molecules (CD80 and CD86), proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1alpha [IL-1alpha], tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-alpha, and TNF-beta), Th1 cytokines (interleukin-2 [IL-2], IL-12, IL-15, and IL-18), Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10), and granulocytes-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) with DNA vaccine constructs leads to modulation of the magnitude and direction (humoral or cellular) of the immune responses. To further engineer the immune response in vivo, we compared the induction and regulation of immune responses from the codelivery of chemokine (IL-8, interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10 [gammaIP-10], macrophage inhibitory protein-1alpha [MIP-1alpha], and RANTES) genes with codelivery of cytokine genes. We found that as in cytokine gene codelivery, coimmunization with chemokine genes along with DNA immunogen constructs can modulate the direction and magnitude of induced immune responses. We observed that coimmunization with IL-8, gammaIP-10, and MIP-1alpha genes increased the antibody response. We also found that coinjection with IL-8, gammaIP-10, and RANTES resulted in a dramatic enhancement of T helper (Th) proliferation response. Furthermore, among all coinjection combinations, we found that RANTES coinjection caused a high level of cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) enhancement. This enhancement of CTL responses observed from the coinjection with RANTES was CD8+ T cell dependent. Together with earlier reports on the utility of coimmunizing immunologically important molecules with DNA immunogens, we demonstrate the potential of this strategy as an important tool for the development of more rationally designed vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104-6100, USA
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