151
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Sato K, Itoh T, Kato T, Kitamura Y, Kaul SC, Wadhwa R, Sato F, Ohneda O. Serum-free isolation and culture system to enhance the proliferation and bone regeneration of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2015; 51:515-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-014-9860-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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152
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Habibollah S, Forraz N, McGuckin CP. Application of Umbilical Cord and Cord Blood as Alternative Modes for Liver Therapy. Regen Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-6542-2_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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153
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Ge W, Ren C, Duan X, Geng D, Zhang C, Liu X, Chen H, Wan M, Geng R. Differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into neural stem cells using cerebrospinal fluid. Cell Biochem Biophys 2015; 71:449-55. [PMID: 25217067 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-0222-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Optimization of a methodology for mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) differentiation into neural stem cells (NSCs) using cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). MSCs were extracted from umbilical cord blood from healthy, full-term, newborn infants and from the bone marrow of patients. CSF was taken from healthy adult volunteers and patients. Four groups investigated were: A (n = 8) cord blood MSC induced with healthy volunteer CSF (control group); B (n = 7): patient MSCs induced with health volunteer CSF; Group C (n = 12): patient MSCs induced with their own CSF; group D (n = 6): cord blood MSCs induced with patient CSF. Following induction, cell differentiation state was examined using microscopy, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry. There were significantly more clinically applicable MSCs in Groups B and C than groups A and D (P < 0.05) and Group B had significantly more clinically applicable MSCs than group C (P < 0.05). The presence of NSCs was as with the MSCs. Group B had significantly more clinically applicable NSCs than all of the other groups. In addition, group B cells grew significantly faster than the other groups (P < 0.05). Upon CSF induction, MSCs differentiated into NSCs suitable for clinical treatment. The source of the MSCs and/or CSF influenced the number of NSCs produced and the NSC growth rate. Thus, the source of MSCs and CSF should be considered before initiating a stem cell clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ge
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, 99 Huaihai Road West, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, China,
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154
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Lee JC, Kim KC, Yang YS, Oh W, Choi SJ, Choe SY, Hong YM. Microarray analysis after umbilical cord blood derived mesenchymal stem cells injection in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary artery hypertension rats. Anat Cell Biol 2014; 47:217-26. [PMID: 25548719 PMCID: PMC4276895 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2014.47.4.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is associated with structural alterations of lung vasculature. PAH is still a devastating disease needing an aggressive therapeutic approach. Despite the therapeutic potential of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), the molecular parameters to define the stemness remain largely unknown. Using high-density oligonucleotide microarrays, the differential gene expression profiles between a fraction of mononuclear cells of human umbilical cord blood (UCB) and its MSC subpopulation were obtained. Of particular interest was a subset of 46 genes preferentially expressed at 7-fold or higher in the group treated with human UCB-MSCs. This subset contained numerous genes involved in the inflammatory response, immune response, lipid metabolism, cell adhesion, cell migration, cell differentiation, apoptosis, cell growth, transport, cell proliferation, transcription, and signal transduction. Our results provide a foundation for a more reproducible and reliable quality control using genotypic analysis for the definition of human UCB-MSCs. Therefore, our results will provide a basis for studies on molecular mechanisms controlling the core properties of human MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Chul Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. ; Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Kwan Chang Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Sun Yang
- Biomedical Research Institute, MEDIPOST, Co., Seoul, Korea
| | - Wonil Oh
- Biomedical Research Institute, MEDIPOST, Co., Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Jin Choi
- Biomedical Research Institute, MEDIPOST, Co., Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Young Choe
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Young Mi Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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155
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A novel view of the adult bone marrow stem cell hierarchy and stem cell trafficking. Leukemia 2014; 29:776-82. [PMID: 25486871 PMCID: PMC4396402 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This review presents a novel view and working hypothesis about the hierarchy within the adult bone marrow stem cell compartment and the still-intriguing question of whether adult bone marrow contains primitive stem cells from early embryonic development, such as cells derived from the epiblast, migrating primordial germ cells or yolk sac-derived hemangioblasts. It also presents a novel view of the mechanisms that govern stem cell mobilization and homing, with special emphasis on the role of the complement cascade as a trigger for egress of hematopoietic stem cells from bone marrow into blood as well as the emerging role of novel homing factors and priming mechanisms that support stromal-derived factor 1-mediated homing of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells after transplantation.
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156
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Kim Y, Jeong J, Kang H, Lim J, Heo J, Ratajczak J, Ratajczak MZ, Shin DM. The molecular nature of very small embryonic-like stem cells in adult tissues. Int J Stem Cells 2014; 7:55-62. [PMID: 25473442 PMCID: PMC4249904 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc.2014.7.2.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have been considered as the most important cells in regenerative medicine as they are able to differentiate into all types of cells in the human body. PSCs have been established from several sources of embryo tissue or by reprogramming of terminally differentiated adult tissue by transduction of so-called Yamanaka factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and cMyc). Interestingly, accumulating evidence has demonstrated the residence of PSCs in adult tissue and with the ability to differentiate into multiple types of tissue-committed stem cells (TCSCs). We also recently demonstrated that a population of pluripotent Oct4+ SSEA-1+Sca-1+Lin−CD45− very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) resides in the adult murine bone marrow (BM) and in other murine tissue. These very small (∼3–6 μm) cells express pluripotent markers such as Oct4, Nanog, and SSEA-1. VSELs could be specified into several tissue-residing TCSCs in response to tissue/organ injury, and thus suggesting that these cells have a physiological role in the rejuvenation of a pool of TCSCs under steady-state conditions. In this review article, we discuss the molecular nature of the rare population of VSELs which have a crucial role in regulating the pluripotency, proliferation, differentiation, and aging of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- YongHwan Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea ; Department of Physiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaeho Jeong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea ; Department of Physiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunsook Kang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea ; Department of Physiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jisun Lim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea ; Department of Physiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinbeom Heo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea ; Department of Physiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Janina Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute at the James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Mariusz Z Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute at the James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Dong-Myung Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea ; Department of Physiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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157
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Munoz J, Shah N, Rezvani K, Hosing C, Bollard CM, Oran B, Olson A, Popat U, Molldrem J, McNiece IK, Shpall EJ. Concise review: umbilical cord blood transplantation: past, present, and future. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:1435-43. [PMID: 25378655 PMCID: PMC4250219 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is an important treatment option for fit patients with poor-risk hematological malignancies; nevertheless, the lack of available fully matched donors limits the extent of its use. Umbilical cord blood has emerged as an effective alternate source of hematopoietic stem cell support. Transplantation with cord blood allows for faster availability of frozen sample and avoids invasive procedures for donors. In addition, this procedure has demonstrated reduced relapse rates and similar overall survival when compared with unrelated allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The limited dose of CD34-positive stem cells available with single-unit cord transplantation has been addressed by the development of double-unit cord transplantation. In combination with improved conditioning regimens, double-unit cord transplantation has allowed for the treatment of larger children, as well as adult patients with hematological malignancies. Current excitement in the field revolves around the development of safer techniques to improve homing, engraftment, and immune reconstitution after cord blood transplantation. Here the authors review the past, present, and future of cord transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Munoz
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Banner MD Anderson Cancer Center, Gilbert, Arizona, USA; Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA; Program for Cell Enhancement and Technologies for Immunotherapy, Children's National Hospital System, and Department of Pediatrics and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Nina Shah
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Banner MD Anderson Cancer Center, Gilbert, Arizona, USA; Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA; Program for Cell Enhancement and Technologies for Immunotherapy, Children's National Hospital System, and Department of Pediatrics and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Katayoun Rezvani
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Banner MD Anderson Cancer Center, Gilbert, Arizona, USA; Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA; Program for Cell Enhancement and Technologies for Immunotherapy, Children's National Hospital System, and Department of Pediatrics and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Chitra Hosing
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Banner MD Anderson Cancer Center, Gilbert, Arizona, USA; Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA; Program for Cell Enhancement and Technologies for Immunotherapy, Children's National Hospital System, and Department of Pediatrics and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Catherine M Bollard
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Banner MD Anderson Cancer Center, Gilbert, Arizona, USA; Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA; Program for Cell Enhancement and Technologies for Immunotherapy, Children's National Hospital System, and Department of Pediatrics and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Betul Oran
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Banner MD Anderson Cancer Center, Gilbert, Arizona, USA; Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA; Program for Cell Enhancement and Technologies for Immunotherapy, Children's National Hospital System, and Department of Pediatrics and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Amanda Olson
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Banner MD Anderson Cancer Center, Gilbert, Arizona, USA; Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA; Program for Cell Enhancement and Technologies for Immunotherapy, Children's National Hospital System, and Department of Pediatrics and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Uday Popat
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Banner MD Anderson Cancer Center, Gilbert, Arizona, USA; Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA; Program for Cell Enhancement and Technologies for Immunotherapy, Children's National Hospital System, and Department of Pediatrics and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Jeffrey Molldrem
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Banner MD Anderson Cancer Center, Gilbert, Arizona, USA; Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA; Program for Cell Enhancement and Technologies for Immunotherapy, Children's National Hospital System, and Department of Pediatrics and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Ian K McNiece
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Banner MD Anderson Cancer Center, Gilbert, Arizona, USA; Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA; Program for Cell Enhancement and Technologies for Immunotherapy, Children's National Hospital System, and Department of Pediatrics and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Elizabeth J Shpall
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Banner MD Anderson Cancer Center, Gilbert, Arizona, USA; Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA; Program for Cell Enhancement and Technologies for Immunotherapy, Children's National Hospital System, and Department of Pediatrics and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA
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158
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Matigian N, Brooke G, Zaibak F, Rossetti T, Kollar K, Pelekanos R, Heazlewood C, Mackay-Sim A, Wells CA, Atkinson K. Multipotent human stromal cells isolated from cord blood, term placenta and adult bone marrow show distinct differences in gene expression pattern. GENOMICS DATA 2014; 3:70-4. [PMID: 26484151 PMCID: PMC4535874 DOI: 10.1016/j.gdata.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells derived from human placenta (pMSCs), and unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSCs) derived from cord blood share many properties with human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (bmMSCs) and are currently in clinical trials for a wide range of clinical settings. Here we present gene expression profiles of human cord blood-derived unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSCs), human placental-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hpMSCs), and human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (bmMSCs), all derived from four different donors. The microarray data are available on the ArrayExpress database (www.ebi.ac.uk/arrayexpress) under accession number E-TABM-880. Additionally, the data has been integrated into a public portal, www.stemformatics.org. Our data provide a resource for understanding the differences in MSCs derived from different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Matigian
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia ; Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, National Centre for Adult Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, Australia
| | - Gary Brooke
- Mater Medical Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, 4102, Australia
| | - Faten Zaibak
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Tony Rossetti
- Mater Medical Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, 4102, Australia
| | - Katarina Kollar
- Mater Medical Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, 4102, Australia
| | - Rebecca Pelekanos
- Mater Medical Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, 4102, Australia
| | - Celena Heazlewood
- Mater Medical Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, 4102, Australia
| | - Alan Mackay-Sim
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, National Centre for Adult Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, Australia
| | - Christine A Wells
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia ; Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, National Centre for Adult Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, Australia ; The Institute for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, The University of Glasgow, Scotland, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Kerry Atkinson
- Mater Medical Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, 4102, Australia
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159
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Castaño J, Menendez P, Bruzos-Cidon C, Straccia M, Sousa A, Zabaleta L, Vazquez N, Zubiarrain A, Sonntag KC, Ugedo L, Carvajal-Vergara X, Canals JM, Torrecilla M, Sanchez-Pernaute R, Giorgetti A. Fast and efficient neural conversion of human hematopoietic cells. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 3:1118-31. [PMID: 25458894 PMCID: PMC4264063 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons obtained directly from human somatic cells hold great promise for disease modeling and drug screening. Available protocols rely on overexpression of transcription factors using integrative vectors and are often slow, complex, and inefficient. We report a fast and efficient approach for generating induced neural cells (iNCs) directly from human hematopoietic cells using Sendai virus. Upon SOX2 and c-MYC expression, CD133-positive cord blood cells rapidly adopt a neuroepithelial morphology and exhibit high expansion capacity. Under defined neurogenic culture conditions, they express mature neuronal markers and fire spontaneous action potentials that can be modulated with neurotransmitters. SOX2 and c-MYC are also sufficient to convert peripheral blood mononuclear cells into iNCs. However, the conversion process is less efficient and resulting iNCs have limited expansion capacity and electrophysiological activity upon differentiation. Our study demonstrates rapid and efficient generation of iNCs from hematopoietic cells while underscoring the impact of target cells on conversion efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Castaño
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Cell Therapy Program of the University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Pablo Menendez
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Cell Therapy Program of the University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Cristina Bruzos-Cidon
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Marco Straccia
- Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Amaia Sousa
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neural Repair, Inbiomed, San Sebastian 20009, Spain
| | - Lorea Zabaleta
- Cell Reprogramming and Differentiation Platform, Inbiomed, San Sebastian 20009, Spain
| | - Nerea Vazquez
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neural Repair, Inbiomed, San Sebastian 20009, Spain
| | - Amaia Zubiarrain
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neural Repair, Inbiomed, San Sebastian 20009, Spain; Cell Reprogramming and Differentiation Platform, Inbiomed, San Sebastian 20009, Spain
| | - Kai-Christian Sonntag
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Luisa Ugedo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa 48940, Spain
| | | | - Josep Maria Canals
- Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Maria Torrecilla
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa 48940, Spain
| | | | - Alessandra Giorgetti
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Cell Therapy Program of the University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain.
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160
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Khanghahi AM, Zeynali B, Akhlaghpoor A, Tafreshi AP, Krieglstein K. Activation of TGFβ1 signaling enhances early dopaminergic differentiation in unrestricted somatic stem cells. Neurosci Lett 2014; 583:60-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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161
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Amniotic membrane-derived mesenchymal cells and their conditioned media: potential candidates for uterine regenerative therapy in the horse. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111324. [PMID: 25360561 PMCID: PMC4216086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amniotic membrane-derived mesenchymal cells (AMCs) are considered suitable candidates for a variety of cell-based applications. In view of cell therapy application in uterine pathologies, we studied AMCs in comparison to cells isolated from the endometrium of mares at diestrus (EDCs) being the endometrium during diestrus and early pregnancy similar from a hormonal standpoint. In particular, we demonstrated that amnion tissue fragments (AM) shares the same transcriptional profile with endometrial tissue fragments (ED), expressing genes involved in early pregnancy (AbdB-like Hoxa genes), pre-implantantion conceptus development (Erα, PR, PGRMC1 and mPR) and their regulators (Wnt7a, Wnt4a). Soon after the isolation, only AMCs express Wnt4a and Wnt7a. Interestingly, the expression levels of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) were found greater in AM and AMCs than their endometrial counterparts thus confirming the role of AMCs as mediators of inflammation. The expression of nuclear progesterone receptor (PR), membrane-bound intracellular progesterone receptor component 1 (PGRMC1) and membrane-bound intracellular progesterone receptor (mPR), known to lead to improved endometrial receptivity, was maintained in AMCs over 5 passages in vitro when the media was supplemented with progesterone. To further explore the potential of AMCs in endometrial regeneration, their capacity to support resident cell proliferation was assessed by co-culturing them with EDCs in a transwell system or culturing in the presence of AMC-conditioned medium (AMC-CM). A significant increase in EDC proliferation rate exhibited the crucial role of soluble factors as mediators of stem cells action. The present investigation revealed that AMCs, as well as their derived conditioned media, have the potential to improve endometrial cell replenishment when low proliferation is associated to pregnancy failure. These findings make AMCs suitable candidates for the treatment of endometrosis in mares.
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162
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Peltzer J, Montespan F, Thepenier C, Boutin L, Uzan G, Rouas-Freiss N, Lataillade JJ. Heterogeneous functions of perinatal mesenchymal stromal cells require a preselection before their banking for clinical use. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 24:329-44. [PMID: 25203666 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal sources of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have raised growing interest because they are readily and widely available with minimal ethical/legal issues and can easily be stored for allogeneic settings. In addition, perinatal tissues are known to be important in mediating the fetomaternal tolerance of pregnancy, which confer upon perinatal-MSCs (P-MSCs) a particular interest in immunomodulation. It has been recently shown that it is possible to deeply modify the secreted factor profiles of MSCs with different cytokine stimuli such as interferon gamma or tumor necrosis factor alpha to license MSCs for a better immunosuppresive potential. Therefore, we aimed to compare adult bone marrow-MSCs with MSCs from perinatal tissues (cord blood, umbilical cord, amnion, and chorion) on their in vitro immunological and stromacytic efficiencies under different priming conditions. Our results showed that P-MSCs had a potential to modulate the in vitro immune response and be useful for hematopoietic progenitor cell ex vivo expansion. However, we showed contrasted effects of cytokine priming embedded in an important between-donor variability. In conclusion, our study highlights the importance to elaborate predicitive in vitro tests to screen between-donor variability of perinatal tissues for banking allogeneic standardized MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Peltzer
- 1 Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire et Réparation Tissulaire, Centre de Transfusion Sanguine des Armées "Jean Julliard", Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Clamart , France
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163
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Dorn I, Klich K, Arauzo-Bravo MJ, Radstaak M, Santourlidis S, Ghanjati F, Radke TF, Psathaki OE, Hargus G, Kramer J, Einhaus M, Kim JB, Kögler G, Wernet P, Schöler HR, Schlenke P, Zaehres H. Erythroid differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells is independent of donor cell type of origin. Haematologica 2014; 100:32-41. [PMID: 25326431 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2014.108068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic memory in induced pluripotent stem cells, which is related to the somatic cell type of origin of the stem cells, might lead to variations in the differentiation capacities of the pluripotent stem cells. In this context, induced pluripotent stem cells from human CD34(+) hematopoietic stem cells might be more suitable for hematopoietic differentiation than the commonly used fibroblast-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. To investigate the influence of an epigenetic memory on the ex vivo expansion of induced pluripotent stem cells into erythroid cells, we compared induced pluripotent stem cells from human neural stem cells and human cord blood-derived CD34(+) hematopoietic stem cells and evaluated their potential for differentiation into hematopoietic progenitor and mature red blood cells. Although genome-wide DNA methylation profiling at all promoter regions demonstrates that the epigenetic memory of induced pluripotent stem cells is influenced by the somatic cell type of origin of the stem cells, we found a similar hematopoietic induction potential and erythroid differentiation pattern of induced pluripotent stem cells of different somatic cell origin. All human induced pluripotent stem cell lines showed terminal maturation into normoblasts and enucleated reticulocytes, producing predominantly fetal hemoglobin. Differences were only observed in the growth rate of erythroid cells, which was slightly higher in the induced pluripotent stem cells derived from CD34(+) hematopoietic stem cells. More detailed methylation analysis of the hematopoietic and erythroid promoters identified similar CpG methylation levels in the induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from CD34(+) cells and those derived from neural stem cells, which confirms their comparable erythroid differentiation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Dorn
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Münster, Germany
| | - Katharina Klich
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Transplantation Immunology, University Hospital Münster, Germany
| | - Marcos J Arauzo-Bravo
- Group of Computational Biology and Systems Biomedicine, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Martina Radstaak
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Simeon Santourlidis
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Foued Ghanjati
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Teja F Radke
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Gunnar Hargus
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany Institute for Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, Germany
| | - Jan Kramer
- Medical Department I, University of Lübeck, Germany LADR GmbH, Geesthacht, Germany
| | | | - Jeong Beom Kim
- UNIST, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Gesine Kögler
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Wernet
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans R Schöler
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Peter Schlenke
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Transplantation Immunology, University Hospital Münster, Germany Clinics for Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University Graz, Austria
| | - Holm Zaehres
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
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164
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Effect of cultured medium of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells on melanogenic enzyme activity in mouse B16 melanoma cells. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13770-014-4042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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165
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Ragni E, Parazzi V, Crosti M, Moro M, Giordano R, Lazzari L. Diet composition transiently modulates proliferative and potency features of human cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 55:269-78. [PMID: 25256683 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) emerged in the last few years as a promise in regenerative medicine and have been actively tested in several clinical trials worldwide. However, the lack of common standards and a precise definition of MSC preparations remain a major obstacle in research and application. In this study, we compared the effects during culture of two different MSC commercial media (aMEM and SPE-IV) on the proliferative capacities, phenotypic and molecular features in human cord blood derived-MSC lines. Moreover, as miRNA are markers of stem cell multipotency and regulators of somatic cell reprogramming, we performed a miRNome analysis in both conditions. As a result, we observed that SPE-IV promoted a faster growth and modulated stemness and proliferation associated genes such as PDGFRB, p16 and p21. Notably, in aMEM miR-335 and miR-302b, both proposed as putative stemness markers, were upregulated together with miRNAs reported to decrease adipo- and osteogenesis confirming the observed reduced differentiation potential after growth in this condition. Intriguingly, phenotypic divergences were entirely due to culturing conditions and, most importantly, completely transitory since, after medium switch, the cells were able to revert their signatures. Thus, it emerges as crucial keeping constant the experimental settings, starting from culturing conditions, to avoid misleading characterization of stemness and/or potency markers when the eventual goal is unequivocal definition of such parameters for future clinical choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Ragni
- Cell Factory, Unit for Cellular Therapy and Cryobiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Valentina Parazzi
- Cell Factory, Unit for Cellular Therapy and Cryobiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Mariacristina Crosti
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" (INGM), Milano, Italy
| | - Monica Moro
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" (INGM), Milano, Italy
| | - Rosaria Giordano
- Cell Factory, Unit for Cellular Therapy and Cryobiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Lorenza Lazzari
- Cell Factory, Unit for Cellular Therapy and Cryobiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy.
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166
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Effects of dexamethasone, ascorbic acid and β-glycerophosphate on the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells in vitro. Stem Cell Res Ther 2014; 4:117. [PMID: 24073831 PMCID: PMC3854789 DOI: 10.1186/scrt328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The standard procedure for the osteogenic differentiation of multipotent stem cells is treatment of a confluent monolayer with a cocktail of dexamethasone (Dex), ascorbic acid (Asc) and β-glycerophosphate (β-Gly). This review describes the effects of these substances on intracellular signaling cascades that lead to osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stroma-derived stem cells. We conclude that Dex induces Runx2 expression by FHL2/β-catenin-mediated transcriptional activation and that Dex enhances Runx2 activity by upregulation of TAZ and MKP1. Asc leads to the increased secretion of collagen type I (Col1), which in turn leads to increased Col1/α2β1 integrin-mediated intracellular signaling. The phosphate from β-Gly serves as a source for the phosphate in hydroxylapatite and in addition influences intracellular signaling molecules. In this context we give special attention to the differences between dystrophic and bone-specific mineralization.
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167
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Ratajczak MZ, Marycz K, Poniewierska-Baran A, Fiedorowicz K, Zbucka-Kretowska M, Moniuszko M. Very small embryonic-like stem cells as a novel developmental concept and the hierarchy of the stem cell compartment. Adv Med Sci 2014; 59:273-80. [PMID: 25170822 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Our current understanding of stem cells suffers from a lack of precision, as the stem cell compartment is a broad continuum between early stages of development and adult postnatal tissues, and it is not fully understood how this transition occurs. The definition of stem cell pluripotency is adapted from embryology and excludes the possibility that some early-development stem cells with pluri- and/or multipotential differentiation potential may reside in postnatal tissues in a dormant state in which they are protected from uncontrolled proliferation and thus do not form teratomas or have the ability to complement blastocyst development. We will discuss the concept that a population of very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) could be a link between early-development stages and adult stem cell compartments and reside in a quiescent state in adult tissues. The epigenetic mechanism identified that changes expression of certain genes involved in insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS) in VSELs, on the one hand, keeps these cells quiescent in adult tissues and, on the other hand, provides a novel view of the stem cell compartment, IIS, tissue/organ rejuvenation, aging, and cancerogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Z Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Marycz
- University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Wroclaw, Poland; Wroclaw Research Centre EIT+, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agata Poniewierska-Baran
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Monika Zbucka-Kretowska
- Department of Reproduction and Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Marcin Moniuszko
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland; Department of Allergology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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168
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Magnetically Guided Recellularization of Decellularized Stented Porcine Pericardium-Derived Aortic Valve for TAVI. ASAIO J 2014; 60:582-6. [DOI: 10.1097/mat.0000000000000110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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169
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Regeneration of full-thickness skin defects using umbilical cord blood stem cells loaded into modified porous scaffolds. ASAIO J 2014; 60:106-14. [PMID: 24346243 DOI: 10.1097/mat.0000000000000025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we have demonstrated the ability of cord blood (CB)-derived unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSCs) and chitosan-modified poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) scaffold to promote skin regeneration. Afterward, the scaffolds were evaluated by structural, microscopic, physical, and mechanical assays and cell culture analyses. Results of structural, physical, and mechanical analyses also showed a good resilience and compliance with movement as a skin graft. Cellular experiments showed a better cell adhesion, growth, and proliferation inside the modified scaffolds compared with unmodified ones. In animal models with histological examinations, all groups, excluding the control group especially the groups treated with stem cells, exhibited the most pronounced effect on wound closure, with the statistically significant improvement in wound healing being seen at postoperative day 21. These data suggest that chitosan-modified PHBV scaffold loaded with CB-derived USSCs could significantly contribute to wound repair and be potentially used in the tissue engineering.
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170
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Adult stem cell as new advanced therapy for experimental neuropathic pain treatment. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:470983. [PMID: 25197647 PMCID: PMC4147203 DOI: 10.1155/2014/470983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain (NP) is a highly invalidating disease resulting as consequence of a lesion or disease affecting the somatosensory system. All the pharmacological treatments today in use give a long lasting pain relief only in a limited percentage of patients before pain reappears making NP an incurable disease. New approaches are therefore needed and research is testing stem cell usage. Several papers have been written on experimental neuropathic pain treatment using stem cells of different origin and species to treat experimental NP. The original idea was based on the capacity of stem cell to offer a totipotent cellular source for replacing injured neural cells and for delivering trophic factors to lesion site; soon the researchers agreed that the capacity of stem cells to contrast NP was not dependent upon their regenerative effect but was mostly linked to a bidirectional interaction between the stem cell and damaged microenvironment resident cells. In this paper we review the preclinical studies produced in the last years assessing the effects induced by several stem cells in different models of neuropathic pain. The overall positive results obtained on pain remission by using stem cells that are safe, of easy isolation, and which may allow an autologous transplant in patients may be encouraging for moving from bench to bedside, although there are several issues that still need to be solved.
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171
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Zeddou M, Relic B, Malaise MG. Umbilical cord fibroblasts: Could they be considered as mesenchymal stem cells? World J Stem Cells 2014; 6:367-370. [PMID: 25126385 PMCID: PMC4131277 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v6.i3.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In cell therapy protocols, many tissues were proposed as a source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) isolation. So far, bone marrow (BM) has been presented as the main source of MSC despite the invasive isolation procedure related to this source. During the last years, the umbilical cord (UC) matrix was cited in different studies as a reliable source from which long term ex vivo proliferating fibroblasts were isolated but with contradictory data about their immunophenotype, gene expression profile, and differentiation potential. Hence, an interesting question emerged: Are cells isolated from cord matrix (UC-MSC) different from other MSCs? In this review, we will summarize different studies that isolated and characterized UC-MSC. Considering BM-MSC as gold standard, we will discuss if UC-MSC fulfill different criteria that define MSC, and what remain to be done in this issue.
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172
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Yoo C, Vines JB, Alexander G, Murdock K, Hwang P, Jun HW. Adult stem cells and tissue engineering strategies for salivary gland regeneration: a review. Biomater Res 2014; 18:9. [PMID: 26331060 PMCID: PMC4549133 DOI: 10.1186/2055-7124-18-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Saliva is an important compound produced by the salivary glands and performs numerous functions. Hyposalivation (dry mouth syndrome) is a deleterious condition often resulting from radiotherapy for patients with head and neck cancer, Sjogren's Syndrome, or as a side effect of certain medications. Hyposalivation negatively affects speaking, mastication, and swallowing in afflicted patients, greatly reducing their quality of life. Current treatments for this pathology include modifying lifestyle, synthetic saliva supplementation, and the utilization of salivary gland stimulants and sialagogues. However, many of these treatments do not address the underlying issues and others are pervaded by numerous side effects. In order to address the shortcomings related to current treatment modalities, many groups have diverted their attention to utilizing tissue engineering and regenerative medicine approaches. Tissue engineering is defined as the application of life sciences and materials engineering toward the development of tissue substitutes that are capable of mimicking the structure and function of their natural analogues within the body. The general underlying strategy behind the development of tissue engineered organ substitutes is the utilization of a combination of cells, biomaterials, and biochemical cues intended to recreate the natural organ environment. The purpose of this review is to highlight current bioengineering approaches for salivary gland tissue engineering and the adult stem cell sources used for this purpose. Additionally, future considerations in regard to salivary gland tissue engineering strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chankee Yoo
- />Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Shelby Building 806, 1825 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
- />Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, 59 Yatap-ro, Gyeonggi-do, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, 463-712 South Korea
| | - Jeremy B Vines
- />Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Shelby Building 806, 1825 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
| | - Grant Alexander
- />Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Shelby Building 806, 1825 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
| | - Kyle Murdock
- />Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Shelby Building 806, 1825 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
| | - Patrick Hwang
- />Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Shelby Building 806, 1825 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
| | - Ho-Wook Jun
- />Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Shelby Building 806, 1825 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
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173
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Shoshani O, Zipori D. Stress as a fundamental theme in cell plasticity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1849:371-7. [PMID: 25038585 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Over a decade of intensive investigation of the possible plasticity of mammalian cells has eventually substantiated that mammalian species are endowed with a remarkable capacity to change mature cell fates. We review below the evidence for the occurrence of processes such as dedifferentiation and transdifferentiation within mammalian tissues in vivo, and in cells removed from their protective microenvironment and seeded in culture under conditions poorly resembling their physiological state in situ. Overall, these studies point to one major conclusion: stressful conditions, whether due to in vivo tissue damage or otherwise to isolation of cells from their in vivo restrictive niches, lead to extreme fate changes. Some examples of dedifferentiation are discussed in detail showing that rare cells within the population tend to turn back into less mature ones due to severe cell damage. It is proposed that cell stress, mechanistically sensed by isolation from neighboring cells, leads to dedifferentiation, in an attempt to build a new stem cell reservoir for subsequent regeneration of the damaged tissue. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Stress as a fundamental theme in cell plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofer Shoshani
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dov Zipori
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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174
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Cheng JW, Sadeghi Z, Levine AD, Penn MS, von Recum HA, Caplan AI, Hijaz A. The role of CXCL12 and CCL7 chemokines in immune regulation, embryonic development, and tissue regeneration. Cytokine 2014; 69:277-83. [PMID: 25034237 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chemotactic factors direct the migration of immune cells, multipotent stem cells, and progenitor cells under physiologic and pathologic conditions. Chemokine ligand 12 and chemokine ligand 7 have been identified and investigated in multiple studies for their role in cellular trafficking in the setting of tissue regeneration. Recent early phase clinical trials have suggested that these molecules may lead to clinical benefit in patients with chronic disease. Importantly, these two proteins may play additional significant roles in directing the migration of multipotent cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells and hematopoietic progenitor cells. This article reviews the functions of these two chemokines, focusing on recruitment to sites of injury, immune function modulation, and contributions to embryonic development. Additional research would provide valuable insight into the potential clinical application of these two proteins in stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie W Cheng
- Urology Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Zhina Sadeghi
- Urology Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Alan D Levine
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States; Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States; Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Marc S Penn
- Skirball Laboratory for Cardiovascular Cellular Therapeutics, Summa Cardiovascular Institute, Summa Health System, 525 East Market Street, Akron, OH 44304, United States
| | - Horst A von Recum
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Arnold I Caplan
- Skeletal Research Center, Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Adonis Hijaz
- Urology Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States.
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175
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Shafiee A, Seyedjafari E, Sadat Taherzadeh E, Dinarvand P, Soleimani M, Ai J. Enhanced chondrogenesis of human nasal septum derived progenitors on nanofibrous scaffolds. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 40:445-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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176
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Abstract
Human heart failure (HF) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Currently, heart transplantation and implantation of mechanical devices represent the only available treatments for advanced HF. Two alternative strategies have emerged to treat patients with HF. One approach relies on transplantation of exogenous stem cells (SCs) of non-cardiac or cardiac origin to induce cardiac regeneration and improve ventricular function. Another complementary strategy relies on stimulation of the endogenous regenerative capacity of uninjured cardiac progenitor cells to rebuild cardiac muscle and restore ventricular function. Various SC types and delivery strategies have been examined in the experimental and clinical settings; however, neither the ideal cell type nor the cell delivery method for cardiac cell therapy has yet emerged. Although the use of bone marrow (BM)-derived cells, most frequently exploited in clinical trials, appears to be safe, the results are controversial. Two recent randomized trials have failed to document any beneficial effects of intracardiac delivery of autologous BM mononuclear cells on cardiac function of patients with HF. The remarkable discovery that various populations of cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) are present in the adult human heart and that it possesses limited regeneration capacity has opened a new era in cardiac repair. Importantly, unlike BM-derived SCs, autologous CPCs from myocardial biopsies cultured and subsequently delivered by coronary injection to patients have given positive results. Although these data are promising, a better understanding of how to control proliferation and differentiation of CPCs, to enhance their recruitment and survival, is required before CPCs become clinically applicable therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T Akhmedov
- The Molecular Cardiology and Neuromuscular Institute, 75 Raritan Ave., Highland Park, NJ, 08904, USA
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177
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Paebst F, Piehler D, Brehm W, Heller S, Schroeck C, Tárnok A, Burk J. Comparative immunophenotyping of equine multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells: an approach toward a standardized definition. Cytometry A 2014; 85:678-87. [PMID: 24894974 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Horses are an approved large animal model for therapies of the musculoskeletal system. Especially for tendon disease where cell-based therapy is commonly used in equine patients, the translation of achieved results to human medicine would be a great accomplishment. Immunophenotyping of equine mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) remains the last obstacle to meet the criteria of the International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT) definition of human MSCs. Therefore, the surface antigen expression of CD 29, CD 44, CD 73, CD 90, CD 105, CD 14, CD 34, CD 45, CD 79α, and MHC II in equine MSCs from adipose tissue, bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, umbilical cord tissue, and tendon tissue was analyzed using flow cytometry. Isolated cells from the different sources and donors varied in their expression pattern of MSC-defining antigens. In particular, CD 90 and 105 showed most heterogeneity. However, cells from all samples were robustly positive for CD 29 and CD 44, while being mostly negative for CD 73 and the exclusion markers CD 14, CD 34, CD 45, CD 79α and MHC II. Furthermore, it was evident that enzymes used for cell detachment after in vitro-culture affected the detection of antigen expression. These results emphasize the need of standardization of MSC isolation, culturing, and harvesting techniques. As the equine MSCs did not meet all criteria the ISCT defined for human MSCs, further investigations for a better characterization of the cell type should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicitas Paebst
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Large Animal Clinic for Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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178
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Lee YH. Cord blood: from garbage to life-saving source. Int J Stem Cells 2014; 2:81-2. [PMID: 24855524 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc.2009.2.2.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Ho Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Blood and Marrow Transplantation Center, Hanyang University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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179
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Matsumoto T, Mugishima H. Non-hematopoietic stem cells in umbilical cord blood. Int J Stem Cells 2014; 2:83-9. [PMID: 24855525 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc.2009.2.2.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic umbilical cord blood (UCB) transplantation has been used to treat a variety of malignant and non-malignant diseases. Recent studies show convincing evidence that UCB contains not only hematopoietic progenitors, but also several types of stem and progenitor cells providing a high proliferative capacity and a variety of differentiation potentials. UCB-derived cells offer multiple advantages over adult stem cells from other sources like bone marrow (BM), because UCB can be collected without painful procedure, easily available in virtually unlimited supply, and has not been exposed to immunologic challenge. In addition, cord blood transplantation is now an established field with great potential and no serious ethical issue by establishment of public UCB banks throughout the world. Therefore UCB-derived non-hematopoietic stem cells may provide an attractive cell source for tissue repair and regeneration. It is generally accepted that UCB contains endothelial progenitor cells (EPC), mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC), unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSC), very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSEL), multilineage progenitor cells (MLPC), and neuronal progenitor cells. This review focuses on biological properties of these non-hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells derived from human UCB and their potential use in cell based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Matsumoto
- Division of Cell Regeneration and Transplantation, School of Medicine, Advanced Medical Research Center, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideo Mugishima
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
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180
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Mesenchymal stromal cells derived from human umbilical cord tissues: primitive cells with potential for clinical and tissue engineering applications. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 123:29-54. [PMID: 20012739 DOI: 10.1007/10_2009_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem or stromal cells (MSCs) have a high potential for cell-based therapies as well as for tissue engineering applications. Since Friedenstein first isolated stem or precursor cells from the human bone marrow (BM) stroma that were capable of osteogenesis, BM is currently the most common source for MSCs. However, BM presents several disadvantages, namely low frequency of MSCs, high donor-dependent variations in quality, and painful invasive intervention. Thus, tremendous research efforts have been observed during recent years to find alternative sources for MSCs.In this context, the human umbilical cord (UC) has gained more and more attention. Since the UC is discarded after birth, the cells are easily accessible without ethical concerns. This postnatal organ was found to be rich in primitive stromal cells showing typical characteristics of bone-marrow MSCs (BMSCs), e.g., they grow as plastic-adherent cells with a fibroblastic morphology, express a set of typical surface markers, and can be directly differentiated at least along mesodermal lineages. Compared to BM, the UC tissue bears a higher frequency of stromal cells with a higher in vitro expansion potential. Furthermore, immune-privileged and immune-modulatory properties are reported for UC-derived cells, which open highly interesting perspectives for clinical applications.
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181
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Biazar E, Keshel SH. Unrestricted Somatic Stem Cells Loaded in Nanofibrous Scaffolds as Potential Candidate for Skin Regeneration. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2013.879447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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182
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Human amniotic fluid stem cells: neural differentiation in vitro and in vivo. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 357:1-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1840-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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183
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van den Berk LCJ, Jansen BJH, Snowden S, Siebers-Vermeulen KGC, Gilissen C, Kögler G, Figdor CG, Wheelock CE, Torensma R. Cord blood mesenchymal stem cells suppress DC-T Cell proliferation via prostaglandin B2. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:1582-93. [PMID: 24649980 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune suppression is a very stable property of multipotent stromal cells also known as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). All cell lines tested showed robust immune suppression not affected by a long culture history. Several mechanisms were described to account for this capability. Since several of the described mechanisms were not causing the immune suppression, the expression pattern of cord-blood-derived MSCs by microarray experiments was determined. Dendritic cells cocultured with cord blood MSCs were compared with cord blood MSCs. Putative immune suppressive candidates were tested to explain this inhibition. We find that cord blood MSCs themselves are hardly immunogenic as tested with allogeneic T-cells. Dendritic cells cocultured with second-party T-cells evoked abundant proliferation that was inhibited by third-party cord blood MSCs. Optimal inhibition was seen with one cord blood MSC for every dendritic cell. Blocking human leukocyte antigen G only saw partial recovery of proliferation. Several cytokines, gangliosides, enzymes like arginase, NO synthase, and indole amine 2,3-dioxygenase as well as the induction of Treg were not involved in the inhibition. The inhibiting moiety was identified as prostaglandin B2 by lipid metabolite analysis of the culture supernatant and confirmed with purified prostaglandin B2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieke C J van den Berk
- 1 Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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184
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Ding Z, Burghoff S, Buchheiser A, Kögler G, Schrader J. Survival, integration, and differentiation of unrestricted somatic stem cells in the heart. Cell Transplant 2014; 22:15-27. [PMID: 23594819 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x640466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSCs) derived from human umbilical cord blood represent an attractive cell source to reconstitute the damaged heart. We have analyzed the cardiomyogenic potential and investigated the fate of USSCs after transplantation into rat heart in vivo. USSCs demonstrated cardiomyogenic differentiation properties characterized by the spontaneously beating activity and the robust expression of cardiac α-actinin and troponin T (cTnT) at protein and mRNA level after cocultivation with neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. To study the fate in vivo, eGFP⁺ USSCs were injected transcoronarily into immunosuppressed rats via a catheter-based technique. Nearly 80% USSCs were retained within the myocardium without altering cardiac hemodynamics. After 7 days, 20% of the transplanted cells survived in the host myocardium and showed elongated morphology with weak expression of cardiac-specific markers, while some eGFP⁺ USSCs were found to integrate into the vascular wall. After 21 days, only a small fraction of USSCs were found in the myocardium (0.13%); however, the remaining cells clearly exhibited a sarcomeric structure similar to mature cardiomyocytes. Identical results were also obtained in nude rats. In addition, we found some cells stained positively for activated caspase 3 paralleled by the massive infiltration of CD11b⁺ cells into the myocardium. In summary, USSCs can differentiate into beating cardiomyocytes by cocultivation in vitro. After coronary transplantation in vivo, however, long-term survival of differentiated USSCs was rather low despite a high initial fraction of trapped cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoping Ding
- Institut für Herz- und Kreislaufphysiologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Germany
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185
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Jamshidi-Adegani F, Langroudi L, Shafiee A, Mohammadi-Sangcheshmeh A, Ardeshirylajimi A, Barzegar M, Azadmanesh K, Naderi M, Arefian E, Soleimani M. Mir-302 cluster exhibits tumor suppressor properties on human unrestricted somatic stem cells. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:6657-64. [PMID: 24705778 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1844-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies have reported that miR-302-367 cluster acts in different ways in various cell types. For instance, this cluster is shown to have a potential role in stemness regulation in embryonic stem cells (ESCs). On the other hand, this cluster inhibits the tumorigenicity of human pluripotent stem cells by coordinated suppression of CDK2 and CDK4/6 cell cycle pathways. Indeed, this cluster has a significant posttranscriptional impact on cell cycle progression. Previous reports have shown the participation of miR-302-367 cluster in cell cycle regulation of hESCs, MCF7, HepG2, and Teta-2 embryonal teratocarcinoma cells, but its effect on unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSCs) as a new source of human somatic stem cells from the umbilical cord blood remains to be elucidated. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of miR-302-367 cluster on cell proliferation by MTT assay, cell cycle analysis, and colony formation assay. In addition, the expression of candidate cell cycle regulatory performance and tumor suppressor genes was determined. In this study, for the first time, we found that miR-302-367 cluster not only did not reprogram human USSCs into a pluripotent ESC-like state, but also inhibited the proliferation of human USSCs. Moreover, analyzing the cell cycle curve revealed a significant apoptotic phase upon viral introduction of miR-302-367. Our gene expression study revealed the overexpression of candidate genes after transduction of USSCs with miR-302-367 cluster. In conclusion, the controversial role of miR-302-367 in different cell types may provide better understanding for its role in stemness level and its antitumorigenicity potential in different contexts.
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186
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Murray IR, West CC, Hardy WR, James AW, Park TS, Nguyen A, Tawonsawatruk T, Lazzari L, Soo C, Péault B. Natural history of mesenchymal stem cells, from vessel walls to culture vessels. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:1353-74. [PMID: 24158496 PMCID: PMC11113613 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1462-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) can regenerate tissues by direct differentiation or indirectly by stimulating angiogenesis, limiting inflammation, and recruiting tissue-specific progenitor cells. MSCs emerge and multiply in long-term cultures of total cells from the bone marrow or multiple other organs. Such a derivation in vitro is simple and convenient, hence popular, but has long precluded understanding of the native identity, tissue distribution, frequency, and natural role of MSCs, which have been defined and validated exclusively in terms of surface marker expression and developmental potential in culture into bone, cartilage, and fat. Such simple, widely accepted criteria uniformly typify MSCs, even though some differences in potential exist, depending on tissue sources. Combined immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and cell culture have allowed tracking the artifactual cultured mesenchymal stem/stromal cells back to perivascular anatomical regions. Presently, both pericytes enveloping microvessels and adventitial cells surrounding larger arteries and veins have been described as possible MSC forerunners. While such a vascular association would explain why MSCs have been isolated from virtually all tissues tested, the origin of the MSCs grown from umbilical cord blood remains unknown. In fact, most aspects of the biology of perivascular MSCs are still obscure, from the emergence of these cells in the embryo to the molecular control of their activity in adult tissues. Such dark areas have not compromised intents to use these cells in clinical settings though, in which purified perivascular cells already exhibit decisive advantages over conventional MSCs, including purity, thorough characterization and, principally, total independence from in vitro culture. A growing body of experimental data is currently paving the way to the medical usage of autologous sorted perivascular cells for indications in which MSCs have been previously contemplated or actually used, such as bone regeneration and cardiovascular tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain R. Murray
- MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- BHF Center for Cardiovascular Science, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Orthopedic Hospital Research Center and Broad Stem Cell Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Christopher C. West
- MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- BHF Center for Cardiovascular Science, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Winters R. Hardy
- Orthopedic Hospital Research Center and Broad Stem Cell Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Aaron W. James
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Tea Soon Park
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Alan Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Tulyapruek Tawonsawatruk
- MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- BHF Center for Cardiovascular Science, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lorenza Lazzari
- Cell Factory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Chia Soo
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Departments of Surgery and Orthopedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Bruno Péault
- MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- BHF Center for Cardiovascular Science, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Orthopedic Hospital Research Center and Broad Stem Cell Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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187
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Demerdash Z, El Baz H, Mahmoud F, Mohamed S, Maher K, Gaafar T, Shawky S, Hassan M, Abdelhady D, Taha T. Enhancing ex vivo expansion of cord blood-derived unrestricted somatic stem cells for clinical applications. Cell Prolif 2014; 46:628-36. [PMID: 24460716 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study effects of serum-containing medium (SCM) versus serum-free medium (SFM) and influence of seeding density, on rate of expansion of cord blood (CB) unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSCs), as a prerequisite for evaluating their therapeutic potential in ongoing clinical trials. MATERIAL AND METHODS Isolation, propagation and characterization of USSCs from CB samples were performed and followed by their passage 3 culture in SCM and SFM, at cell densities of 5, 50, 500 and 5000 cells/cm(2) . RESULTS The cells were CD44(+) , CD90(+) , CD73(+) , CD105(+) , CD34(-) , CD45(-) , and HLA-DR, with Oct4 & Sox2 gene expression; they were differentiated into osteoblasts and adipocytes. USSCs cultured in SCM had significantly higher population doubling levels (P < 0.01) than those cultured in SFM. Those cultured in SCM at 5 cells/cm(2) and those cultured in SFM at 50 cells/cm(2) had significantly higher population doubling (P < 0.01) levels than those cultured at higher cell densities. CONCLUSIONS For scaling up of USSCs from 106 (?) to 1012 (?) in 6 weeks, culturing of CB-derived cells of early passage (≤P3) in SCM at low cell seeding density (5 cells/cm(2) ) is suggested for increasing cell count with lower passaging frequency, followed by culture of expanded USSCs at 50 cells/cm(2) in SFM, to avoid undesirable effects of bovine serum in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Demerdash
- Immunology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Cairo, 12411, Egypt
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188
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Liao Y, Itoh M, Yang A, Zhu H, Roberts S, Highet AM, Latshaw S, Mitchell K, Van De Ven C, Christiano A, Cairo MS. Human Cord Blood-Derived Unrestricted Somatic Stem Cells Promote Wound Healing and have Therapeutic Potential for Patients with Recessive Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa. Cell Transplant 2014; 23:303-17. [DOI: 10.3727/096368913x663569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Human umbilical cord blood (CB)-derived unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSCs) have previously been demonstrated to have a broad differentiation potential and regenerative beneficial effects when administered in animal models of multiple degenerative diseases. Here we demonstrated that USSCs could be induced to express genes that hallmark keratinocyte differentiation. We also demonstrated that USSCs express type VII collagen (C7), a protein that is absent or defective in patients with an inherited skin disease, recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB). In mice with full-thickness excisional wounds, a single intradermal injection of USSCs at a 1-cm distance to the wound edge resulted in significantly accelerated wound healing. USSC-treated wounds displayed a higher density of CD31+ cells, and the wounds healed with a significant increase in skin appendages. These beneficial effects were demonstrated without apparent differentiation of the injected USSCs into keratinocytes or endothelial cells. In vivo bioluminescent imaging (BLI) revealed specific migration of USSCs modified with a luciferase reporter gene, from a distant intradermal injection site to the wound, as well as following systemic injection of USSCs. These data suggest that CB-derived USSCs could significantly contribute to wound repair and be potentially used in cell therapy for patients with RDEB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Liao
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Munenari Itoh
- Department of Dermatology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Albert Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Hongwen Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Samantha Roberts
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | | | - Shaun Latshaw
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Kelly Mitchell
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | | | - Angela Christiano
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mitchell S. Cairo
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
- Immunology and Microbiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
- Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
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189
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Lavasani M, Thompson SD, Pollett JB, Usas A, Lu A, Stolz DB, Clark KA, Sun B, Péault B, Huard J. Human muscle-derived stem/progenitor cells promote functional murine peripheral nerve regeneration. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:1745-56. [PMID: 24642464 DOI: 10.1172/jci44071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries and neuropathies lead to profound functional deficits. Here, we have demonstrated that muscle-derived stem/progenitor cells (MDSPCs) isolated from adult human skeletal muscle (hMDSPCs) can adopt neuronal and glial phenotypes in vitro and ameliorate a critical-sized sciatic nerve injury and its associated defects in a murine model. Transplanted hMDSPCs surrounded the axonal growth cone, while hMDSPCs infiltrating the regenerating nerve differentiated into myelinating Schwann cells. Engraftment of hMDSPCs into the area of the damaged nerve promoted axonal regeneration, which led to functional recovery as measured by sustained gait improvement. Furthermore, no adverse effects were observed in these animals up to 18 months after transplantation. Following hMDSPC therapy, gastrocnemius muscles from mice exhibited substantially less muscle atrophy, an increase in muscle mass after denervation, and reorganization of motor endplates at the postsynaptic sites compared with those from PBS-treated mice. Evaluation of nerve defects in animals transplanted with vehicle-only or myoblast-like cells did not reveal histological or functional recovery. These data demonstrate the efficacy of hMDSPC-based therapy for peripheral nerve injury and suggest that hMDSPC transplantation has potential to be translated for use in human neuropathies.
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190
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Rajamani K, Li YS, Hsieh DK, Lin SZ, Harn HJ, Chiou TW. Genetic and epigenetic instability of stem cells. Cell Transplant 2014; 23:417-33. [PMID: 24622296 DOI: 10.3727/096368914x678472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, research on stem cells has been receiving an increasing amount of attention, both for its advantages and disadvantages. Genetic and epigenetic instabilities among stem cells have been a recurring obstacle to progress in regenerative medicine using stem cells. Various reports have stated that these instabilities can transform stem cells when transferred in vivo and thus have the potential to develop tumors. Previous research has shown that various extrinsic and intrinsic factors can contribute to the stability of stem cells. The extrinsic factors include growth supplements, growth factors, oxygen tension, passage technique, and cryopreservation. Controlling these factors based on previous reports may assist researchers in developing strategies for the production and clinical application of "safe" stem cells. On the other hand, the intrinsic factors can be unpredictable and uncontrollable; therefore, to ensure the successful use of stem cells in regenerative medicine, it is imperative to develop and implement appropriate strategies and technique for culturing stem cells and to confirm the genetic and epigenetic safety of these stem cells before employing them in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthyayani Rajamani
- Department of Life Science and Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
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191
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Abstract
This article introduces the basic concepts of modeling neonatal brain injury and provides background information regarding each of the commonly used types of stem cells. It summarizes the findings of preclinical research testing the therapeutic potential of stem cells in animal models of neonatal brain injury, reports briefly on the status of clinical trials, and discusses the important ongoing issues that need to be addressed before stem cell therapy is used to repair the injured brain.
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192
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Eom JE, Kim DS, Lee MW, Yu DK, Jin KS, Shin S, Lee SH, Sung KW, Koo HH, Yoo KH. Quality of functional haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells from cryopreserved human umbilical cord blood. Vox Sang 2014; 107:181-7. [PMID: 24517183 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Transplantation of cryopreserved umbilical cord blood (UCB) can be used to treat a multitude of haematologic and immunological diseases. In this study, we examined the quality of UCB cryopreserved for 2 (group I), 4 (group II) and 6 (group III) years. METHODS The following parameters and procedures were used to test individual units of cryopreserved UCB: the number of total nucleated cells (TNC), cell viability, CFU-GM assay, T-cell activation in vitro and haematopoietic stem cell engraftment in NOD/SCID mice in vivo. RESULTS The TNC recovery rates for groups I, II and III were 106·2 ± 6·17%, 96·69 ± 6·39% and 100·38 ± 5·27%, respectively, and the mean percentages of viable cells after thawing were 86·88%, 86·38% and 87·43%. When TNC were plated at 5 × 10(3), the number of CFU-GM was 13·6 (group I), 13·8 (group II), 14·2 (group III) and 14·7 (fresh UCB). We confirmed that the huCD4(+) and huCD8(+) T cells within cryopreserved UCB are functionally responsive by assessment of activated huCD25(+) cells. Moreover, the percentage of huCD45(+) cells in the bone marrow was 4·32 ± 1·29% (group I), 4·48 ± 1·11% (group II), 4·40% ± 1·12% (group III) and 4·50% ± 0·66% (fresh UCB), and that in the peripheral blood was 14·69 ± 3·08% (group I), 15·24 ± 4·05% (group II), 15·74 ± 3·43% (group III) and 17·48 ± 3·74% (fresh UCB) in NOD/SCID mice infused with isolated huCD34(+) cells. CONCLUSION These results indicated that cryopreserved UCB units efficiently retrieve in functionally competent form and are suitable for transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-E Eom
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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193
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Wyse RD, Dunbar GL, Rossignol J. Use of genetically modified mesenchymal stem cells to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:1719-45. [PMID: 24463293 PMCID: PMC3958818 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15021719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for treating neurodegenerative disorders has received growing attention recently because these cells are readily available, easily expanded in culture, and when transplanted, survive for relatively long periods of time. Given that such transplants have been shown to be safe in a variety of applications, in addition to recent findings that MSCs have useful immunomodulatory and chemotactic properties, the use of these cells as vehicles for delivering or producing beneficial proteins for therapeutic purposes has been the focus of several labs. In our lab, the use of genetic modified MSCs to release neurotrophic factors for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases is of particular interest. Specifically, glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) have been recognized as therapeutic trophic factors for Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and Huntington's diseases, respectively. The aim of this literature review is to provide insights into: (1) the inherent properties of MSCs as a platform for neurotrophic factor delivery; (2) the molecular tools available for genetic manipulation of MSCs; (3) the rationale for utilizing various neurotrophic factors for particular neurodegenerative diseases; and (4) the clinical challenges of utilizing genetically modified MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Wyse
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Brain Research and Integrative Neuroscience Center, Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
| | - Gary L Dunbar
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Brain Research and Integrative Neuroscience Center, Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
| | - Julien Rossignol
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Brain Research and Integrative Neuroscience Center, Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
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194
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Suszynska M, Zuba-Surma EK, Maj M, Mierzejewska K, Ratajczak J, Kucia M, Ratajczak MZ. The proper criteria for identification and sorting of very small embryonic-like stem cells, and some nomenclature issues. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:702-13. [PMID: 24299281 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence has accumulated that both murine and human adult tissues contain early-development stem cells with a broader differentiation potential than other adult monopotent stem cells. These cells, being pluripotent or multipotent, exist at different levels of specification and most likely represent overlapping populations of cells that, depending on the isolation strategy, ex vivo expansion protocol, and markers employed for their identification, have been given different names. In this review, we will discuss a population of very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) in the context of other stem cells that express pluripotent/multipotent markers isolated from adult tissues as well as review the most current, validated working criteria on how to properly identify and isolate these very rare cells. VSELs have been successfully purified in several laboratories; however, a few have failed to isolate them, which has raised some unnecessary controversy in the field. Therefore, in this short review, we will address the most important reasons that some investigators have experienced problems in isolating these very rare cells and discuss some still unresolved challenges which should be overcome before these cells can be widely employed in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malwina Suszynska
- 1 Stem Cell Institute at the James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
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195
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Ahmed RH, Roshdy NK, Saleh HE, Aref MI, Hassan NM, Mohammed NR. Ameliorative Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Hematopoietic Stem Cells against CCl<sub>4</sub> Induced Chromosomal Abnormalities in Experimental Rat Liver Fibrosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/scd.2014.44010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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196
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Abotalib Z. WITHDRAWN: Importance of cord blood stem cells in regenerative medicine. Saudi J Biol Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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197
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Achyut BR, Varma NRS, Arbab AS. Application of Umbilical Cord Blood Derived Stem Cells in Diseases of the Nervous System. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 4. [PMID: 25599002 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7633.1000202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Umbilical cord blood (UCB) derived multipotent stem cells are capable of giving rise hematopoietic, epithelial, endothelial and neural progenitor cells. Thus suggested to significantly improve graft-versus-host disease and represent the distinctive therapeutic option for several malignant and non-malignant diseases. Recent advances in strategies to isolate, expand and shorten the timing of UCB stem cells engraftment have tremendously improved the efficacy of transplantations. Nervous system has limited regenerative potential in disease conditions such as cancer, neurodegeneration, stroke, and several neural injuries. This review focuses on application of UCB derived stem/progenitor cells in aforementioned pathological conditions. We have discussed the possible attempts to make use of UCB therapies to generate neural cells and tissues with developmental and functional similarities to neuronal cells. In addition, emerging applications of UCB derived AC133+ (CD133+) endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) as imaging probe, regenerative agent, and gene delivery vehicle are mentioned that will further improve the understanding of use of UCB cells in therapeutic modalities. However, safe and effective protocols for cell transplantations are still required for therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagelu R Achyut
- Tumor Angiogenesis Lab, Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | | | - Ali S Arbab
- Tumor Angiogenesis Lab, Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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198
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Soleimani M, Khorsandi L, Atashi A, Nejaddehbashi F. Chondrogenic Differentiation of Human Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Unrestricted Somatic Stem Cells on A 3D Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate-Alginate-Gelatin Scaffold. CELL JOURNAL 2014; 16:43-52. [PMID: 24518974 PMCID: PMC3933438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Finding cell sources for cartilage tissue engineering is a critical procedure. The purpose of the present experimental study was to test the in vitro efficacy of the beta-tricalcium phosphate-alginate-gelatin (BTAG) scaffold to induce chondrogenic differentiation of human umbilical cord blood-derived unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSCs). MATERIALS AND METHODS In this experimental study, USSCs were encapsulated in BTAG scaffold and cultured for 3 weeks in chondrogenic medium as chondrogenic group and in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) as control group. Chondrogenic differentiation was evaluated by histology, immunofluorescence and RNA analyses for the expression of cartilage extracellular matrix components. The obtain data were analyzed using SPSS version 15. RESULTS Histological and immunohistochemical staining revealed that collagen II was markedly expressed in the extracellular matrix of the seeded cells on scaffold in presence of chondrogenic media after 21 days. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed a significant increase in expression levels of genes encoded the cartilage-specific markers, aggrecan, type I and II collagen, and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-6 in chondrogenic group. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that BTAG can be considered as a suitable scaffold for encapsulation and chondrogenesis of USSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University,
Tehran, Iran
| | - Layasadat Khorsandi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences,
Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Amir Atashi
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University,
Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Nejaddehbashi
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University,
Tehran, Iran,Department of Cell Biology, Khatam University, Tehran, Iran,
*Corresponding Address:
P.O.Box61357-15794Cellular and Molecular Research CenterFaculty of
MedicineAhvaz Jundishapur University of MedicineAhvazIran
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Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia, the chronic lung disease of prematurity, is the most common complication in extremely premature infants (born before 28 wk gestation). Despite advances in perinatal care, modern clinical management remains devoid of therapies specifically promoting lung repair and lung growth. Recent progress in stem cell biology has uncovered the promise of stem/progenitor cells to repair damaged organs. Contrary to the original theory that stem cells engraft and repopulate the damaged organ, evidence suggests that stem cells act via a paracrine mechanism. This review highlights the preclinical evidence for the therapeutic potential of cell-based therapies in animal models of neonatal chronic lung injury and the multiple therapeutic avenues offered by soluble stem cell-derived factors.
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Shin DM, Suszynska M, Mierzejewska K, Ratajczak J, Ratajczak MZ. Very small embryonic-like stem-cell optimization of isolation protocols: an update of molecular signatures and a review of current in vivo applications. Exp Mol Med 2013; 45:e56. [PMID: 24232255 PMCID: PMC3849570 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2013.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
As the theory of stem cell plasticity was first proposed, we have explored an alternative hypothesis for this phenomenon: namely that adult bone marrow (BM) and umbilical cord blood (UCB) contain more developmentally primitive cells than hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). In support of this notion, using multiparameter sorting we were able to isolate small Sca1(+)Lin(-)CD45(-) cells and CD133(+)Lin(-)CD45(-) cells from murine BM and human UCB, respectively, which were further enriched for the detection of various early developmental markers such as the SSEA antigen on the surface and the Oct4 and Nanog transcription factors in the nucleus. Similar populations of cells have been found in various organs by our team and others, including the heart, brain and gonads. Owing to their primitive cellular features, such as the high nuclear/cytoplasm ratio and the presence of euchromatin, they are called very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs). In the appropriate in vivo models, VSELs differentiate into long-term repopulating HSCs, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), lung epithelial cells, cardiomyocytes and gametes. In this review, we discuss the most recent data from our laboratory and other groups regarding the optimal isolation procedures and describe the updated molecular characteristics of VSELs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Myung Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Malwina Suszynska
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Kasia Mierzejewska
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Janina Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Mariusz Z Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 South Floyd Street, Room 107, Louisville, KY 40202, USA. E-mail:
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