151
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Zhou J, Zhang Q, Henriquez JE, Crawford RB, Kaminski NE. Lymphocyte-Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase (LCK) is Involved in the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor-Mediated Impairment of Immunoglobulin Secretion in Human Primary B Cells. Toxicol Sci 2018; 165:322-334. [PMID: 29860352 PMCID: PMC6659013 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a cytosolic ligand-activated transcription factor involved in xenobiotic sensing, cell cycle regulation, and cell development. In humans, the activation of AHR by 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), a high affinity AHR-ligand, impairs the secretion of immunoglobulin M (IgM) to suppress humoral immunity. However, the mechanisms bridging the activation of AHR and the impairment of IgM secretion by human primary B cells remain poorly understood. Recent transcriptomic analysis revealed upregulation of lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (LCK) in AHR-activated human primary B cells. LCK is a well-characterized tyrosine kinase that phosphorylates critical signaling proteins involved in activation and cytokine production in T cells. Conversely, the role of LCK in human primary B cells is not well understood. In the current studies, we have verified the transcriptomic finding by detecting AHR-mediated upregulation of LCK protein in human primary B cells. We also confirmed the role of AHR in the upregulation of LCK by using a specific AHR antagonist, which abolished the AHR-mediated increase of LCK. Furthermore, we have confirmed the role of LCK in the AHR-mediated suppression of IgM by using LCK specific inhibitors, which restored the IgM secretion by human B cells in the presence of TCDD. Collectively, the current studies demonstrate a novel role of LCK in IgM response and provide new insights into the mechanism for AHR-mediated impairment of immunoglobulin secretion by human primary B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Zhou
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Georgia 30322
| | - Joseph E Henriquez
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Robert B Crawford
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Norbert E Kaminski
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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152
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Haro MA, Dyevoich AM, Phipps JP, Haas KM. Activation of B-1 Cells Promotes Tumor Cell Killing in the Peritoneal Cavity. Cancer Res 2018; 79:159-170. [PMID: 30224373 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-0981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic cancer involving spread to the peritoneal cavity is referred to as peritoneal carcinomatosis and has a very poor prognosis. Activating the antitumor immune response in the characteristically immune-suppressive peritoneal environment presents a potential strategy to treat this disease. In this study, we show that a toll-like receptor (TLR) and C-type lectin receptor (CLR) agonist pairing of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and trehalose-6,6'-dicorynomycolate (TDCM) effectively inhibits tumor growth and ascites development in a mouse model of aggressive mammary cancer-induced peritoneal carcinomatosis. MPL/TDCM treatment similarly inhibited peritoneal EL4 tumor growth and ascites development. These effects were not observed in mice lacking B cells or mice lacking CD19, which are deficient in B-1a cells, an innate-like B-cell population enriched in the peritoneal cavity. Remarkably, adoptive transfer of B-1a cells, but not splenic B cells from WT mice, restored MPL/TDCM-induced protection in mice with B-cell defects. Treatment induced B-1 cells to rapidly produce high levels of natural IgM reactive against tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens. Consistent with this, we found significant deposition of IgM and C3 on peritoneal tumor cells as early as 5 days post-treatment. Mice unable to secrete IgM or complement component C4 were not protected by MPL/TDCM treatment, indicating tumor killing was mediated by activation of the classical complement pathway. Collectively, our findings reveal an unsuspected role for B-1 cell-produced natural IgM in providing protection against tumor growth in the peritoneal cavity, thereby highlighting potential opportunities to develop novel therapeutic strategies for the prevention and treatment of peritoneal metastases. SIGNIFICANCE: This work identifies a critical antitumor role for innate-like B cells localized within the peritoneal cavity and demonstrates a novel strategy to activate their tumor-killing potential.See related commentary by Tripodo, p. 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela A Haro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Allison M Dyevoich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - James P Phipps
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Karen M Haas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
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153
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Wray-Dutra MN, Al Qureshah F, Metzler G, Oukka M, James RG, Rawlings DJ. Activated PIK3CD drives innate B cell expansion yet limits B cell-intrinsic immune responses. J Exp Med 2018; 215:2485-2496. [PMID: 30194267 PMCID: PMC6170176 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20180617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell–intrinsic expression of activated PIK3CD (aPIK3CD) restricts immature BM B cell development while promoting the expansion of MZ and B1a B cells via enhanced survival. aPIK3CD is counter-productive during both T cell–independent and –dependent responses, limiting antigen-specific antibodies and class-switch recombination. Activated PI3K-delta syndrome (APDS) is an immunodeficiency caused by gain-of-function mutations in PIK3CD. This disease exhibits complex immune phenotypes including increased IgM, recurrent infection, and impaired vaccine responses. To better understand the impact of B cells in this disease, we generated an inducible model of the common APDS mutation (hPIK3CD-E1021K; referred to as aPIK3CD) and intercrossed these mice with B cell–specific Cre models. Mb1-aPIK3CD mice exhibited bone marrow B lymphopenia and, conversely, expansion of the peripheral innate B1a and MZ B cell compartments. aPIK3CD B cells manifest increased pS6 and increased survival at several stages, without alterations in cycling, and baseline increases in plasma cells, natural IgM, and IgG3. Finally, Mb1-aPIK3CD mice exhibited blunted T cell–independent immune responses, and both AID- and CD21-aPIK3CD mice displayed reduced class-switched antibodies following T cell–dependent immunization. Thus, aPIK3CD alters B cell development and function and is counter-productive during immune responses, providing insight into B cell–intrinsic contributions to the APDS phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle N Wray-Dutra
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Fahd Al Qureshah
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Genita Metzler
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Mohamed Oukka
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Richard G James
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - David J Rawlings
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA .,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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154
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Ahmed R, Omidian Z, Donner T, Hamad ARA. Hiding in plain sight: time to unlock autoimmune clues in human CD5+ B cells by using nextgen technology. DISCOVERY MEDICINE 2018; 26:79-83. [PMID: 30399325 PMCID: PMC7879960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
CD5+ B cells expand in many autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes (T1D), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Furthermore, CD5+ B cells contain important subsets: IL-10-producing B-reg cells, FasL-expressing subset, and the majority of pre-naive B cells. In addition, they are major sources of natural autoantibodies, which are polyreactive and autoreactive. Thus, CD5+ B cells are clearly loaded with autoimmune clues that are yet to be unlocked and understood. We hypothesize that human CD5+ B cells are likely to yield enormously important novel information about the role of B cells in autoimmune disease if analyzed using the new technological advances in molecular biology and genomics. Use of high-throughput sequencing of B cell receptors (BCR) of CD5+ B cells could reveal public BCRs associated with autoimmune diseases, whereas transcriptional analysis of CD5+ B cells using single-cell RNA-seq may delineate distinct sublineages and their relationship to conventional B cells. If it turns out that autoimmune repertoires are concentrated in CD5+ B cells, given that CD5+ B cells are clearly identifiable by flow cytometry, therapeutic strategies can be developed to safely remove CD5+ B cells to mitigate ongoing autoimmunity and protect at-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Zahra Omidian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Thomas Donner
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Abdel Rahiam A. Hamad
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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155
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Imbrechts M, De Samblancx K, Fierens K, Brisse E, Vandenhaute J, Mitera T, Libert C, Smets I, Goris A, Wouters C, Matthys P. IFN-γ stimulates CpG-induced IL-10 production in B cells via p38 and JNK signalling pathways. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:1506-1521. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maya Imbrechts
- KU Leuven; Rega Institute; Laboratory of Immunobiology; Leuven Belgium
| | | | - Karlien Fierens
- KU Leuven; Rega Institute; Laboratory of Immunobiology; Leuven Belgium
| | - Ellen Brisse
- KU Leuven; Rega Institute; Laboratory of Immunobiology; Leuven Belgium
| | | | - Tania Mitera
- KU Leuven; Rega Institute; Laboratory of Immunobiology; Leuven Belgium
| | - Claude Libert
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research; Ghent Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Ide Smets
- KU Leuven; Department of Neurosciences; Laboratory for Neuroimmunology; Leuven Belgium
- Department of Neurology; University Hospitals Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - An Goris
- KU Leuven; Department of Neurosciences; Laboratory for Neuroimmunology; Leuven Belgium
| | - Carine Wouters
- KU Leuven; Rega Institute; Laboratory of Immunobiology; Leuven Belgium
- Laboratory of Paediatric Immunology; University Hospitals Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Patrick Matthys
- KU Leuven; Rega Institute; Laboratory of Immunobiology; Leuven Belgium
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156
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Ma XB, Zhong YP, Zheng Y, Jiang J, Wang YP. Coexpression of CD5 and CD43 predicts worse prognosis in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Cancer Med 2018; 7:4284-4295. [PMID: 30019388 PMCID: PMC6144247 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Both CD5 and CD43 are expressed on the surface of B lymphocytes of definite phase and associated with the adverse outcome in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). However, the relationship between CD5 and CD43 expression and the prognostic value of CD5/CD43 coexpression in DLBCL are unknown. We herein determined the correlation between CD5 and CD43 expression, as separate factors or in combination, with the clinicopathological features and survival of 200 patients with DLBCL receiving standard chemotherapy with or without rituximab. Among these DLBCL patients, CD5 expression, CD43 expression, and CD5/CD43 coexpression were detected in 18 (9%), 57 (27%), and 10 (5%) patients, respectively, and all were positively correlated with advanced age and nongerminal cell type. CD5-positive and CD43-positive DLBCL patients had poorer event-free survival (EFS, P < 0.001) and overall survival (OS, P < 0.001) than CD5-negative and CD43-negative patients, respectively. CD5/CD43 coexpression was correlated with a significantly worse prognosis than CD5 or CD43 expression alone. Univariate analysis showed that CD5 expression, CD43 expression, and CD5/CD43 coexpression were all adverse prognostic factors for DLBCL patient survival, and CD5/CD43 coexpression was associated with a greater relative risk for recurrence and death than either CD5 or CD43 expression alone. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that CD5/CD43 coexpression was an independent prognostic factor for EFS (P < 0.001) and OS (P < 0.001) in DLBCL. In conclusion, our data indicate that DLBCL patients with CD5/CD43 coexpression represent a specific subgroup with a significantly worse prognosis than those expressing either marker alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bo Ma
- Department of Pathology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan-Ping Zhong
- Department of Pathology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Department of Pathology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yin-Ping Wang
- Department of Pathology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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157
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Lee JG, Jang JY, Fang T, Xu Y, Yan JJ, Ryu JH, Jeon HJ, Koo TY, Kim DK, Oh KH, Kim TJ, Yang J. Identification of Human B-1 Helper T Cells With a Th1-Like Memory Phenotype and High Integrin CD49d Expression. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1617. [PMID: 30061889 PMCID: PMC6054961 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human B-1 cells have been proposed to be CD20+CD27+CD43+CD1c- B cells found in the umbilical cord and adult peripheral blood, but their regulatory mechanisms have not been well elucidated. Previously, we reported that mouse CD49dhigh CD4+ T cells could enhance the secretion of natural antibodies by B-1 cells. In this study, we aimed to investigate the presence and helper functions of the human equivalents of murine CD49dhigh CD4+ T cells. Here, we showed that human CD49dhigh CD4+ T cells found in the peritoneal cavity (PEC), spleen, and peripheral blood can enhance the production of IgM antibodies by B-1 cells. As revealed in mouse, CD49dhigh CD4+ T cells were more abundant in the PEC and showed a higher tendency to form conjugates with B cells than CD49dlow CD4+ T cells. Moreover, CD49dhigh CD4+ T cells showed a Th1-like memory phenotype, characterized by high expression of CD44 and CXCR3; low expression of CD62L and CCR7; rapid production of IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-2 upon stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate and ionomycin; and rapid proliferation upon stimulation with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies. These cells also expressed high levels of PD-1, ICOS, and CD5, suggesting that they are undergoing chronic stimulation. Remarkably, CD49dhigh CD4+ T cells specifically helped B-1 cells, but not follicular memory B cells (CD27+ CD43-CD1c-) or marginal zone B cells (CD27+CD43-CD1c+), produce IgM and IgG antibodies. In parallel, the titer of human anti-blood group A IgM was positively correlated with the frequency of CD49dhigh CD4+ T cells. In conclusion, we identified human CD49dhigh CD4+ T cells with a Th1-like memory phenotype that secrete Th1 proinflammatory cytokines and help B-1 cells secrete antibodies, thereby aiding in primary defense. We suggest that these CD49dhigh CD4+ T cells are a unique type of B-cell helper T cells distinct from follicular helper T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ghi Lee
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joon Young Jang
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Taishi Fang
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yixuan Xu
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Jing Yan
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hwa Ryu
- Transplantation Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hee Jung Jeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tai Yeon Koo
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Ki Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kook-Hwan Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae Jin Kim
- Division of Immunobiology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jaeseok Yang
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Transplantation Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
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158
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Zhang Y, Wang X, Liu Y, Sun C, Shi W, Huang H. Lenalidomide combined with R-GDP in a patient with refractory CD5-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: A promising response and review. Cancer Biol Ther 2018; 19:549-553. [PMID: 29611764 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2018.1449609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
CD5-positive (CD5+) diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is associated with poor survival compared with CD5-negative DLBCL. The clinical characteristics of CD5+ DLBCL are different from both CD5-negative DLBCL and other CD5+ B cell lymphomas. There is currently no promising chemotherapy for CD5+ DLBCL. Herein, we report a 49-year-old Asian male with refractory CD5+ DLBCL. He complained of aggravated abdominal pain and weight loss. Computed tomography scan revealed abdominal masses, widespread lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and intussusception of the ileocecal junction with bowel wall thickening. Core needle aspiration biopsy of an abdominal mass was performed and immunohistochemistry revealed DLBCL of nongerminal center type. In this report, the dose-intensified R-Hyper CVAD (A) regimen as salvage therapy was introduced but failed to result in substantial improvement over the initially standard R-CHOP regimen. Next, the R-GDP regimen was administered as second-line treatment, but only resulted in a partial response. However, the addition of lenalidomide to R-GDP (R2-GDP) resulted in complete remission. The clinical features, pathogenesis, and possible mechanism of action of lenalidomide in CD5+ DLBCL have been described in the literature. The results of the present case report and literature searches indicate that CD5+ DLBCL may share a common pathway with activated B-cell like (ABC) DLBCL as determined by gene expression profiling. Lenalidomide is expected to induce favorable responses in patients with CD5+ DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Zhang
- a Department of Hematology , Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University , Nantong , Jiangsu , China
| | - Xinfeng Wang
- a Department of Hematology , Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University , Nantong , Jiangsu , China
| | - Yifei Liu
- b Department of Pathology , Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University , Nantong , Jiangsu , China
| | - Chunfeng Sun
- c Department of Nuclear Medicine , Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University , Nantong , Jiangsu , China
| | - Wenyu Shi
- a Department of Hematology , Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University , Nantong , Jiangsu , China
| | - Hongming Huang
- a Department of Hematology , Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University , Nantong , Jiangsu , China
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159
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Imkeller K, Wardemann H. Assessing human B cell repertoire diversity and convergence. Immunol Rev 2018; 284:51-66. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hedda Wardemann
- German Cancer Research Center; B Cell Immunology; Heidelberg Germany
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160
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Falkenburg WJJ, von Richthofen HJ, Rispens T. On the origin of rheumatoid factors: Insights from analyses of variable region sequences. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2018; 48:603-610. [PMID: 30032973 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Rheumatoid factors (RFs) are thought to play an important role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but are also found in healthy donors (HDs). Previous studies examined variable region sequences of these autoantibodies at a time when knowledge of the human germline repertoire was incomplete. Here we collected and analyzed RF sequence data from the literature to elucidate how RFs develop and whether their characteristics differ between RA patients and HDs. METHODS A database was built containing nucleotide sequences of RF heavy and light chain variable domains and characteristics including affinity, isotype and specificity, all collected from published papers. Gene usage and mutation frequencies were analyzed using IMGT/HiV-QUEST. Selection strength was assessed with the BASELINe tool. RESULTS Sequences were retrieved for 183 RF clones (87 RA; 67 HDs; 29 other). No biased gene usage was observed for RA and HDs. However, there does appear to be skewed gene usage in RFs from patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia. Mutation frequency varies considerably between RFs, and isotype-switched clones have significantly more mutations. Monospecific RFs carry more mutations than polyspecific RFs; no difference was found for RA- versus HD-derived RFs. Overall, reported affinity is low (median 1 µM), with a non-significant trend toward higher affinity of RA-derived RFs. Mutation frequency and affinity did not appear to be correlated. BASELINe analysis suggests an overall lack of positive selection and less negative selection strength in RA-derived RFs. CONCLUSIONS RFs derived from RA patients have similar properties as those derived from HDs. The RF response can be characterized as a moderately matured autoantibody response, with variable levels of somatic hypermutation, but low affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem J J Falkenburg
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Reade, Doctor Jan van Breemenstraat 2, 1056 AB Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 9892, 1006 AN Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Helen J von Richthofen
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 9892, 1006 AN Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 9892, 1006 AN Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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161
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Ambrogini E, Que X, Wang S, Yamaguchi F, Weinstein RS, Tsimikas S, Manolagas SC, Witztum JL, Jilka RL. Oxidation-specific epitopes restrain bone formation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2193. [PMID: 29875355 PMCID: PMC5990540 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and osteoporosis are epidemiologically linked and oxidation specific epitopes (OSEs), such as phosphocholine (PC) of oxidized phospholipids (PC-OxPL) and malondialdehyde (MDA), are pathogenic in both. The proatherogenic effects of OSEs are opposed by innate immune antibodies. Here we show that high-fat diet (HFD)-induced bone loss is attenuated in mice expressing a single chain variable region fragment of the IgM E06 (E06-scFv) that neutralizes PC-OxPL, by increasing osteoblast number and stimulating bone formation. Similarly, HFD-induced bone loss is attenuated in mice expressing IK17-scFv, which neutralizes MDA. Notably, E06-scFv also increases bone mass in mice fed a normal diet. Moreover, the levels of anti-PC IgM decrease in aged mice. We conclude that OSEs, whether produced chronically or increased by HFD, restrain bone formation, and that diminished defense against OSEs may contribute to age-related bone loss. Anti-OSEs, therefore, may represent a novel therapeutic approach against osteoporosis and atherosclerosis simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ambrogini
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, 4301W. Markham, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
| | - Xuchu Que
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0682, USA
| | - Shuling Wang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0682, USA
| | - Fumihiro Yamaguchi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0682, USA
| | - Robert S Weinstein
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, 4301W. Markham, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Sotirios Tsimikas
- Department of Medicine, Cardiololgy, University of California San Diego, 9500 GilmanDrive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0682, USA
| | - Stavros C Manolagas
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, 4301W. Markham, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Joseph L Witztum
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0682, USA
| | - Robert L Jilka
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, 4301W. Markham, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
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162
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Aziz M, Ode Y, Zhou M, Ochani M, Holodick NE, Rothstein TL, Wang P. B-1a cells protect mice from sepsis-induced acute lung injury. Mol Med 2018; 24:26. [PMID: 30134811 PMCID: PMC6016888 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-018-0029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis morbidity and mortality are aggravated by acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Mouse B-1a cells are a phenotypically and functionally unique sub-population of B cells, providing immediate protection against infection by releasing natural antibodies and immunomodulatory molecules. We hypothesize that B-1a cells ameliorate sepsis-induced ALI. METHODS Sepsis was induced in C57BL/6 mice by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). PBS or B-1a cells were adoptively transferred into the septic mice intraperitoneally. After 20 h of CLP, lungs were harvested and assessed by PCR and ELISA for pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β) and chemokine (MIP-2) expression, by histology for injury, by TUNEL and cleaved caspase-3 for apoptosis, and by myeloperoxidase (MPO) assay for neutrophil infiltration. RESULTS We found that septic mice adoptively transferred with B-1a cells significantly decreased the mRNA and protein levels of IL-6, IL-1β and MIP-2 in the lungs compared to PBS-treated mice. Mice treated with B-1a cells showed dramatic improvement in lung injury compared to PBS-treated mice after sepsis. We found apoptosis in the lungs was significantly inhibited in B-1a cell injected mice compared to PBS-treated mice after sepsis. B-1a cell treatment significantly down-regulated MPO levels in the lungs compared to PBS-treated mice in sepsis. The protective outcomes of B-1a cells in ALI was further confirmed by using B-1a cell deficient CD19-/- mice, which showed significant increase in the lung injury scores following sepsis as compared to WT mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate a novel therapeutic potential of B-1a cells to treat sepsis-induced ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monowar Aziz
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Dr, Manhasset, NY 11030 USA
| | - Yasumasa Ode
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Dr, Manhasset, NY 11030 USA
| | - Mian Zhou
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Dr, Manhasset, NY 11030 USA
| | - Mahendar Ochani
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Dr, Manhasset, NY 11030 USA
| | - Nichol E. Holodick
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, 11030 USA
- Present Address: Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, 1000 Oakland Drive, Kalamazoo, MI 49008 USA
| | - Thomas L. Rothstein
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, 11030 USA
- Present Address: Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, 1000 Oakland Drive, Kalamazoo, MI 49008 USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Dr, Manhasset, NY 11030 USA
- Department of Surgery and Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, New York, 11030 USA
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163
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Parker AR, Bradley C, Harding S, Sánchez-Ramón S, Jolles S, Kiani-Alikhan S. Measurement and interpretation of Salmonella typhi Vi IgG antibodies for the assessment of adaptive immunity. J Immunol Methods 2018; 459:1-10. [PMID: 29800575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Response to polysaccharide vaccination can be an invaluable tool for assessing functionality of the adaptive immune system. Measurement of antibodies raised in response to Pneumovax®23 is the current gold standard test, but there are significant challenges and constraints in both the measurement and interpretation of the response. An alternative polysaccharide vaccine approach (Salmonella typhi Vi capsule (ViCPS)) has been suggested. In the present article, we review current evidence for the measurement of ViCPS antibodies in the diagnosis of primary and secondary antibody deficiencies. In particular, we review emerging data suggesting their interpretation in combination with the response to Pneumovax®23 and comment upon the utility of these vaccines to assess humoral immune responses while receiving immunoglobulin replacement therapy (IGRT).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Silvia Sánchez-Ramón
- Department of Clinical Immunology Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stephen Jolles
- Immunodeficiency Centre for Wales, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sorena Kiani-Alikhan
- Department of Immunology, Barts and The London National Health Service Trust, London, UK
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164
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Wong KY, Baron R, Seldon TA, Jones ML, Rice AM, Munster DJ. CD83 Antibody Inhibits Human B Cell Responses to Antigen as well as Dendritic Cell-Mediated CD4 T Cell Responses. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 200:3383-3396. [PMID: 29643191 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Anti-CD83 Ab capable of Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity can deplete activated CD83+ human dendritic cells, thereby inhibiting CD4 T cell-mediated acute graft-versus-host disease. As CD83 is also expressed on the surface of activated B lymphocytes, we hypothesized that anti-CD83 would also inhibit B cell responses to stimulation. We found that anti-CD83 inhibited total IgM and IgG production in vitro by allostimulated human PBMC. Also, Ag-specific Ab responses to immunization of SCID mice xenografted with human PBMC were inhibited by anti-CD83 treatment. This inhibition occurred without depletion of all human B cells because anti-CD83 lysed activated CD83+ B cells by Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and spared resting (CD83-) B cells. In cultured human PBMC, anti-CD83 inhibited tetanus toxoid-stimulated B cell proliferation and concomitant dendritic cell-mediated CD4 T cell proliferation and expression of IFN-γ and IL-17A, with minimal losses of B cells (<20%). In contrast, the anti-CD20 mAb rituximab depleted >80% of B cells but had no effect on CD4 T cell proliferation and cytokine expression. By virtue of the ability of anti-CD83 to selectively deplete activated, but not resting, B cells and dendritic cells, with the latter reducing CD4 T cell responses, anti-CD83 may be clinically useful in autoimmunity and transplantation. Advantages might include inhibited expansion of autoantigen- or alloantigen-specific B cells and CD4 T cells, thus preventing further production of pathogenic Abs and inflammatory cytokines while preserving protective memory and regulatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Y Wong
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia; and
| | - Rebecca Baron
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia; and
| | - Therese A Seldon
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia; and
| | - Martina L Jones
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Alison M Rice
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia; and
| | - David J Munster
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia; and
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165
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Meier LA, Binstadt BA. The Contribution of Autoantibodies to Inflammatory Cardiovascular Pathology. Front Immunol 2018; 9:911. [PMID: 29755478 PMCID: PMC5934424 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation and resulting tissue damage underlie the vast majority of acquired cardiovascular disease (CVD), a general term encompassing a widely diverse array of conditions. Both innate and adaptive immune mechanisms contribute to chronic inflammation in CVD. Although maladies, such as atherosclerosis and cardiac fibrosis, are commonly conceptualized as disorders of inflammation, the cellular and molecular mechanisms that promote inflammation during the natural history of these diseases in human patients are not fully defined. Autoantibodies (AAbs) with specificity to self-derived epitopes accompany many forms of CVD in humans. Both adaptive/induced iAAbs (generated following cognate antigen encounter) and also autoantigen-reactive natural antibodies (produced independently of infection and in the absence of T cell help) have been demonstrated to modulate the natural history of multiple forms of CVD including atherosclerosis (atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease), dilated cardiomyopathy, and valvular heart disease. Despite the breadth of experimental evidence for the role of AAbs in CVD, there is a lack of consensus regarding their specific functions, primarily due to disparate conclusions reached, even when similar approaches and experimental models are used. In this review, we seek to summarize the current understanding of AAb function in CVD through critical assessment of the clinical and experimental evidence in this field. We additionally highlight the difficulty in translating observations made in animal models to human physiology and disease and provide a summary of unresolved questions that are critical to address in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee A Meier
- Center for Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Bryce A Binstadt
- Center for Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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166
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Darwiche W, Gubler B, Marolleau JP, Ghamlouch H. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia B-Cell Normal Cellular Counterpart: Clues From a Functional Perspective. Front Immunol 2018; 9:683. [PMID: 29670635 PMCID: PMC5893869 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by the clonal expansion of small mature-looking CD19+ CD23+ CD5+ B-cells that accumulate in the blood, bone marrow, and lymphoid organs. To date, no consensus has been reached concerning the normal cellular counterpart of CLL B-cells and several B-cell types have been proposed. CLL B-cells have remarkable phenotypic and gene expression profile homogeneity. In recent years, the molecular and cellular biology of CLL has been enriched by seminal insights that are leading to a better understanding of the natural history of the disease. Immunophenotypic and molecular approaches (including immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable gene mutational status, transcriptional and epigenetic profiling) comparing the normal B-cell subset and CLL B-cells provide some new insights into the normal cellular counterpart. Functional characteristics (including activation requirements and propensity for plasma cell differentiation) of CLL B-cells have now been investigated for 50 years. B-cell subsets differ substantially in terms of their functional features. Analysis of shared functional characteristics may reveal similarities between normal B-cell subsets and CLL B-cells, allowing speculative assignment of a normal cellular counterpart for CLL B-cells. In this review, we summarize current data regarding peripheral B-cell differentiation and human B-cell subsets and suggest possibilities for a normal cellular counterpart based on the functional characteristics of CLL B-cells. However, a definitive normal cellular counterpart cannot be attributed on the basis of the available data. We discuss the functional characteristics required for a cell to be logically considered to be the normal counterpart of CLL B-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa Darwiche
- EA 4666 Lymphocyte Normal - Pathologique et Cancers, HEMATIM, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Brigitte Gubler
- EA 4666 Lymphocyte Normal - Pathologique et Cancers, HEMATIM, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie Moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Marolleau
- EA 4666 Lymphocyte Normal - Pathologique et Cancers, HEMATIM, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,Service d'Hématologie Clinique et Thérapie cellulaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Hussein Ghamlouch
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1170, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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167
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Kreslavsky T, Wong JB, Fischer M, Skok JA, Busslinger M. Control of B-1a cell development by instructive BCR signaling. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 51:24-31. [PMID: 29414528 PMCID: PMC5943138 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
B-1a cells remain one of the most enigmatic lymphocyte subsets. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the development of these cells and their regulation by the transcription factors Bhlhe41 and Arid3a as well as by the RNA-binding protein Lin28b. A large body of literature supports an instructive role of BCR signaling in B-1a cell development and lineage commitment, which is initiated only after signaling from an autoreactive BCR. While both fetal and adult hematopoiesis can generate B-1a cells, the contribution of adult hematopoiesis to the B-1a cell compartment is low under physiological conditions. We discuss several models that can reconcile the instructive role of BCR signaling with this fetal bias in B-1a cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taras Kreslavsky
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Jason B Wong
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical Center, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Maria Fischer
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jane A Skok
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical Center, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
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168
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Jin Kim
- Division of Immunobiology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
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169
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Malkiel S, Barlev AN, Atisha-Fregoso Y, Suurmond J, Diamond B. Plasma Cell Differentiation Pathways in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:427. [PMID: 29556239 PMCID: PMC5845388 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma cells (PCs) are responsible for the production of protective antibodies against infectious agents but they also produce pathogenic antibodies in autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Traditionally, high affinity IgG autoantibodies are thought to arise through germinal center (GC) responses. However, class switching and somatic hypermutation can occur in extrafollicular (EF) locations, and this pathway has also been implicated in SLE. The pathway from which PCs originate may determine several characteristics, such as PC lifespan and sensitivity to therapeutics. Although both GC and EF responses have been implicated in SLE, we hypothesize that one of these pathways dominates in each individual patient and genetic risk factors may drive this predominance. While it will be important to distinguish polymorphisms that contribute to a GC-driven or EF B cell response to develop targeted treatments, the challenge will be not only to identify the differentiation pathway but the molecular mechanisms involved. In B cells, this task is complicated by the cross-talk between the B cell receptor, toll-like receptors (TLR), and cytokine signaling molecules, which contribute to both GC and EF responses. While risk variants that affect the function of dendritic cells and T follicular helper cells are likely to primarily influence GC responses, it will be important to discover whether some risk variants in the interferon and TLR pathways preferentially influence EF responses. Identifying the pathways of autoreactive PC differentiation in SLE may help us to understand patient heterogeneity and thereby guide precision therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Malkiel
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Ashley N Barlev
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Yemil Atisha-Fregoso
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Jolien Suurmond
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Betty Diamond
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
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170
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Nyhoff LE, Clark ES, Barron BL, Bonami RH, Khan WN, Kendall PL. Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Is Not Essential for B Cell Survival beyond Early Developmental Stages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:2352-2361. [PMID: 29483358 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) is a crucial regulator of B cell signaling and is a therapeutic target for lymphoma and autoimmune disease. BTK-deficient patients suffer from humoral immunodeficiency, as their B cells fail to progress beyond the bone marrow. However, the role of Btk in fully developed, mature peripheral B cells is not well understood. Analysis using BTK inhibitors is complicated by suboptimal inhibition, off-target effects, or failure to eliminate BTK's adaptor function. Therefore a Btkflox/Cre-ERT2 mouse model was developed and used to excise Btk after B cell populations were established. Mice lacking Btk from birth are known to have reduced follicular (FO) compartments, with expanded transitional populations, suggesting a block in development. In adult Btkflox/Cre-ERT2 mice, Btk excision did not reduce FO B cells, which persisted for weeks. Autoimmune-prone B1 cells also survived conditional Btk excision, contrasting their near absence in global Btk-deficient mice. Therefore, Btk supports BCR signaling during selection into the FO and B1 compartments, but is not needed to maintain these cell populations. B1-related natural IgM levels remained normal, contrasting global Btk deficiency, but B cell proliferation and T-independent type II immunization responses were blunted. Thus, B cells have nuanced signaling responses that are differentially regulated by Btk for development, survival, and function. These findings raise the possibility that Btk may also be expendable for survival of mature human B cells, therefore requiring prolonged dosing to be effective, and that success of BTK inhibitors may depend in part on off-target effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay E Nyhoff
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232.,Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Emily S Clark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136; and
| | - Bridgette L Barron
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Rachel H Bonami
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Wasif N Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136; and
| | - Peggy L Kendall
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232; .,Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
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171
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Szymula A, Palermo RD, Bayoumy A, Groves IJ, Ba abdullah M, Holder B, White RE. Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen EBNA-LP is essential for transforming naïve B cells, and facilitates recruitment of transcription factors to the viral genome. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006890. [PMID: 29462212 PMCID: PMC5834210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen leader protein (EBNA-LP) is the first viral latency-associated protein produced after EBV infection of resting B cells. Its role in B cell transformation is poorly defined, but it has been reported to enhance gene activation by the EBV protein EBNA2 in vitro. We generated EBNA-LP knockout (LPKO) EBVs containing a STOP codon within each repeat unit of internal repeat 1 (IR1). EBNA-LP-mutant EBVs established lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) from adult B cells at reduced efficiency, but not from umbilical cord B cells, which died approximately two weeks after infection. Adult B cells only established EBNA-LP-null LCLs with a memory (CD27+) phenotype. Quantitative PCR analysis of virus gene expression after infection identified both an altered ratio of the EBNA genes, and a dramatic reduction in transcript levels of both EBNA2-regulated virus genes (LMP1 and LMP2) and the EBNA2-independent EBER genes in the first 2 weeks. By 30 days post infection, LPKO transcription was the same as wild-type EBV. In contrast, EBNA2-regulated cellular genes were induced efficiently by LPKO viruses. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that EBNA2 and the host transcription factors EBF1 and RBPJ were delayed in their recruitment to all viral latency promoters tested, whereas these same factors were recruited efficiently to several host genes, which exhibited increased EBNA2 recruitment. We conclude that EBNA-LP does not simply co-operate with EBNA2 in activating gene transcription, but rather facilitates the recruitment of several transcription factors to the viral genome, to enable transcription of virus latency genes. Additionally, our findings suggest that EBNA-LP is essential for the survival of EBV-infected naïve B cells. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects almost everyone. Once infected, people harbor the virus for life, shedding it in saliva. Infection of children is asymptomatic, but a first infection during adolescence or adulthood can cause glandular fever (infectious mononucleosis). EBV is also implicated in several different cancers. EBV infection of B cells (antibody-producing immune cells) can drive them to replicate almost indefinitely (‘transformation’), generating cell lines. We have investigated the role of an EBV protein (EBNA-LP) which is thought to support gene activation by the essential virus protein EBNA2. We have made an EBV in which the EBNA-LP gene has been disrupted. This virus (LPKO) shows several properties. 1. It is reduced in its ability to transform B cells; 2. ‘Naïve’ B cells (those whose antibodies have not adapted to fight infections) die two weeks after LPKO infection; 3. Some virus genes fail to turn on immediately after LPKO infection. 4. Binding of EBNA2 and various cellular factors to these genes is delayed. 5. EBNA-LP does not affect EBNA2-targeted cellular genes in the same way. This shows that EBNA-LP is more important in naïve B cells, and that it helps to turn on virus genes, but not cell genes.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- B-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cell Transformation, Viral/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/complications
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/genetics
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/pathology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Genome, Viral
- HEK293 Cells
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Leukemia, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, B-Cell/pathology
- Leukemia, B-Cell/virology
- Pregnancy
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Viral Proteins/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Szymula
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard D. Palermo
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amr Bayoumy
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J. Groves
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed Ba abdullah
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Beth Holder
- Section of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert E. White
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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172
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Pal Singh S, Dammeijer F, Hendriks RW. Role of Bruton's tyrosine kinase in B cells and malignancies. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:57. [PMID: 29455639 PMCID: PMC5817726 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0779-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a non-receptor kinase that plays a crucial role in oncogenic signaling that is critical for proliferation and survival of leukemic cells in many B cell malignancies. BTK was initially shown to be defective in the primary immunodeficiency X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) and is essential both for B cell development and function of mature B cells. Shortly after its discovery, BTK was placed in the signal transduction pathway downstream of the B cell antigen receptor (BCR). More recently, small-molecule inhibitors of this kinase have shown excellent anti-tumor activity, first in animal models and subsequently in clinical studies. In particular, the orally administered irreversible BTK inhibitor ibrutinib is associated with high response rates in patients with relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and mantle-cell lymphoma (MCL), including patients with high-risk genetic lesions. Because ibrutinib is generally well tolerated and shows durable single-agent efficacy, it was rapidly approved for first-line treatment of patients with CLL in 2016. To date, evidence is accumulating for efficacy of ibrutinib in various other B cell malignancies. BTK inhibition has molecular effects beyond its classic role in BCR signaling. These involve B cell-intrinsic signaling pathways central to cellular survival, proliferation or retention in supportive lymphoid niches. Moreover, BTK functions in several myeloid cell populations representing important components of the tumor microenvironment. As a result, there is currently a considerable interest in BTK inhibition as an anti-cancer therapy, not only in B cell malignancies but also in solid tumors. Efficacy of BTK inhibition as a single agent therapy is strong, but resistance may develop, fueling the development of combination therapies that improve clinical responses. In this review, we discuss the role of BTK in B cell differentiation and B cell malignancies and highlight the importance of BTK inhibition in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simar Pal Singh
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Room Ee2251a, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, NL 3000, CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Post graduate school Molecular Medicine, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Floris Dammeijer
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Room Ee2251a, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, NL 3000, CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Post graduate school Molecular Medicine, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rudi W Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Room Ee2251a, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, NL 3000, CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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173
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Demoersman J, Pochard P, Framery C, Simon Q, Boisramé S, Soueidan A, Pers JO. B cell subset distribution is altered in patients with severe periodontitis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192986. [PMID: 29447240 PMCID: PMC5814041 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have recently highlighted the implication of B cells in physiopathogenesis of periodontal disease by showing that a B cell deficiency leads to improved periodontal parameters. However, the detailed profiles of circulating B cell subsets have not yet been investigated in patients with severe periodontitis (SP). We hypothesised that an abnormal distribution of B cell subsets could be detected in the blood of patients with severe periodontal lesions, as already reported for patients with chronic inflammatory diseases as systemic autoimmune diseases. Fifteen subjects with SP and 13 subjects without periodontitis, according to the definition proposed by the CDC periodontal disease surveillance work group, were enrolled in this pilot observational study. Two flow cytometry panels were designed to analyse the circulating B and B1 cell subset distribution in association with the RANKL expression. A significantly higher percentage of CD27+ memory B cells was observed in patients with SP. Among these CD27+ B cells, the proportion of the switched memory subset was significantly higher. At the same time, human B1 cells, which were previously associated with a regulatory function (CD20+CD69-CD43+CD27+CD11b+), decreased in SP patients. The RANKL expression increased in every B cell subset from the SP patients and was significantly greater in activated B cells than in the subjects without periodontitis. These preliminary results demonstrate the altered distribution of B cells in the context of severe periodontitis. Further investigations with a larger cohort of patients can elucidate if the analysis of the B cell compartment distribution can reflect the periodontal disease activity and be a reliable marker for its prognosis (clinical trial registration number: NCT02833285, B cell functions in periodontitis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Demoersman
- UMR1227, Université de Brest, Inserm, Brest, France
- LabEx IGO, Brest, France
| | - Pierre Pochard
- UMR1227, Université de Brest, Inserm, Brest, France
- LabEx IGO, Brest, France
| | | | - Quentin Simon
- UMR1227, Université de Brest, Inserm, Brest, France
- LabEx IGO, Brest, France
| | | | - Assem Soueidan
- Department of Periodontology, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Rmes Inserm U1229/UIC11, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Jacques-Olivier Pers
- UMR1227, Université de Brest, Inserm, Brest, France
- LabEx IGO, Brest, France
- Service d’odontologie, CHU Brest, Brest, France
- * E-mail:
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174
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Tsai SB, Rhodes J, Liu H, Shore T, Bishop M, Cushing MM, Gergis U, Godley L, Kline J, Larson RA, Mayer S, Odenike O, Stock W, Wickrema A, van Besien K, Artz AS. Reduced-Intensity Allogeneic Transplant for Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndrome Using Combined CD34-Selected Haploidentical Graft and a Single Umbilical Cord Unit Compared with Matched Unrelated Donor Stem Cells in Older Adults. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2017; 24:997-1004. [PMID: 29288821 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2017.12.794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Haplo/cord transplantation combines an umbilical cord blood (UCB) graft with CD34-selected haploidentical cells and results in rapid hematopoietic recovery followed by durable UCB engraftment. We compared outcomes of transplants in older patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or high-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) who received either HLA-matched unrelated donor (MUD) cells or haplo/cord grafts. Between 2007 and 2013, 109 adults ages 50 and older underwent similar reduced-intensity conditioning with fludarabine and melphalan and antibody-mediated T cell depletion for AML (n = 83) or high-risk MDS (n = 26) followed by either a MUD (n = 68) or haplo/cord (n = 41) graft. Patient characteristics were similar for each graft source except for more minority patients receiving a haplo/cord transplant (P = .01). One half of the AML patients were not in remission. Two-year progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and graft-versus-host disease-free relapse-free survival were 38%, 48%, and 32.1% for MUD and 33%, 48%, and 33.8% for haplo/cord transplants (P = .62 for PFS; P = .97 for OS; P= .84), respectively. Acute grades II to IV and chronic graft-versus-host-disease rates did not differ at 19.5% and 4.9% in haplo/cord compared with 25% and 7.4% after MUD (P = .53 and P = .62, respectively). Multivariate analysis confirmed no significant differences in transplant outcomes by donor type. Haplo/cord reduced-intensity transplantation achieves similar outcomes relative to MUD in older AML and MDS patients, making this a promising option for those without matched donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie B Tsai
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Joanna Rhodes
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Program, Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Hongtao Liu
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tsiporah Shore
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Program, Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Michael Bishop
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Melissa M Cushing
- Department of Pathology, Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Usama Gergis
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Program, Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Lucy Godley
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Justin Kline
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Richard A Larson
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sebastian Mayer
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Program, Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Olatoyosi Odenike
- Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Wendy Stock
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Amittha Wickrema
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Koen van Besien
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Program, Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Andrew S Artz
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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175
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Podbielska M, O'Keeffe J, Hogan EL. Autoimmunity in multiple sclerosis: role of sphingolipids, invariant NKT cells and other immune elements in control of inflammation and neurodegeneration. J Neurol Sci 2017; 385:198-214. [PMID: 29406905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. It is classified as being an autoimmune response in the genetically susceptible individual to a persistent but unidentified antigen(s). Both the adaptive and the innate immune systems are likely to contribute significantly to MS pathogenesis. This review summarizes current understanding of the characteristics of MS autoimmunity in the initiation and progression of the disease. In particular we find it timely to classify the autoimmune responses by focusing on the immunogenic features of myelin-derived lipids in MS including molecular mimicry; on alterations of bioactive sphingolipids mediators in MS; and on functional roles for regulatory effector cells, including innate lymphocyte populations, like the invariant NKT (iNKT) cells which bridge adaptive and innate immune systems. Recent progress in identifying the nature of sphingolipids recognition for iNKT cells in immunity and the functional consequences of the lipid-CD1d interaction opens new avenues of access to the pathogenesis of demyelination in MS as well as design of lipid antigen-specific therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Podbielska
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, SC, USA; Laboratory of Signal Transduction Molecules, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology & Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Joan O'Keeffe
- Department of Biopharmaceutical & Medical Science, School of Science & Computing, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland
| | - Edward L Hogan
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, SC, USA
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176
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is initiated by cholesterol entry into arteries that triggers chronic immune-inflammatory lesions in the vessels. Early lesions are clinically insignificant but advanced complex lesions and vulnerable rupture prone lesions impact on quality of life and can be life threatening. Rupture of vulnerable atherosclerotic lesions initiates thrombotic occlusion of vital arteries precipitating heart attacks and strokes that remain major killers globally despite therapeutic use of statins to lower blood cholesterol levels. Conventional B2 cells are proatherogenic whereas peritoneal Bla cells are atheroprotective. Depletion of B2 cells by administration of mAb to CD20 or to BAFF receptor or in BAFF receptor-deficient mice ameliorates atherosclerosis. B2 cells may promote atherosclerosis by production of IgG, secretion of proinflammatory cytokine TNFα and activation of CD4 T cells. Together these B2 cell mechanisms contribute to generation of rupture-prone vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques characterised by large necrotic cores. In contrast, peritoneal Bla cells protect against atherosclerosis by secretion of natural IgM that scavenges apoptotic cells and oxidised LDL and reduces necrotic cores in atherosclerotic lesions. These atheroprotective effects can be further increased by stimulating Bla cells by administration of apoptotic cells, liposomes of phosphatidylserine abundant on surfaces of apoptotic cell, by mAb to TIM1, a phosphatidylserine receptor expressed by B1a cells and by TLR4-MyD88 activation. Experimental studies of atherosclerosis in mouse models indicate that reductions in atherogenic B2 cells and/or activation of atheroprotective B1a cells protects against atherosclerosis development, findings which have potential for clinical translation to reduce risks of deaths from heart attacks and strokes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin Kyaw
- a Australia and Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute , Victoria , Australia.,b Department of Medicine , Southern Clinical School, Monash University , Victoria , Australia , and
| | - Peter Tipping
- b Department of Medicine , Southern Clinical School, Monash University , Victoria , Australia , and
| | - Alex Bobik
- a Australia and Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute , Victoria , Australia.,c Department of Immunology , Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University , Victoria , Australia
| | - Ban-Hock Toh
- b Department of Medicine , Southern Clinical School, Monash University , Victoria , Australia , and
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177
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Hernandez AM, Holodick NE. Editorial: Natural Antibodies in Health and Disease. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1795. [PMID: 29326696 PMCID: PMC5733483 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Hernandez
- Natural Antibodies Group, Tumor Immunology Division, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Nichol E Holodick
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Immunobiology, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
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178
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Serum titers of autoantibodies against α-synuclein and tau in child- and adulthood. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 315:33-39. [PMID: 29306403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Autoreactive antibodies against the proteins alpha-synuclein (α-syn) and tau are detectable in body fluids of both healthy and diseased elderly people. However, nothing is known about their presence or titers in children. To close this gap and to characterize their temporary expression levels, we used ELISA techniques to investigate the serum titers of α-syn and tau reactive autoantibodies in 37 and 32 adults and 37 and 31 children, respectively. Most serum samples from the children exhibited both antibody types and interestingly, the levels were similar to those observed in the adult serum samples. Furthermore, sex-specific analysis revealed significantly increased α-syn reactive autoantibody titers in female children. The presence of α-syn and tau reactive autoantibodies in early childhood indicates that both immunoglobulins belong to the pool of naturally occurring autoantibodies (nAbs), as their antigen-independent synthesis from birth is a crucial characteristic. Due to their general participation in the maintenance of the physiological homeostasis, we hypothesize that both investigated nAbs are involved in the metabolic regulation of their specific antigen. Therefore, they may be a part of a mechanism that already exists in the innate immunological repertoire to provide protection from pathologies caused by dysregulated α-syn and tau metabolisms.
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179
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Nguyen TTT, Baumgarth N. Natural IgM and the Development of B Cell-Mediated Autoimmune Diseases. Crit Rev Immunol 2017; 36:163-177. [PMID: 27910766 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2016018175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Most serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) is "natural IgM", which is produced apparently spontaneously by a distinct subset of B cells requiring no exogenous antigenic or microbial stimuli. Natural IgM is an evolutionarily conserved molecule and reacts with a variety of epitopes expressed on both self- and non-self antigens. It has long been understood that secreted (s) IgM contributes to the removal of altered self-antigens, such as apoptotic and dying cells. As we outline in this review, it is thought that this sIgM housekeeping function removes potential triggers of autoresponse induction. However, we recently demonstrated an unexpected and distinct role for sIgM in the control of autoreactive B cells: the regulation of bone marrow B cell development. The absence of sIgM blocked pro- to pre- B-cell transition and greatly altered the BCR repertoire of the developing B cells and the peripheral B-cell pools in genetically engineered mice. This finding strongly suggests that IgM is critical for B-cell central tolerance induction. Given that treatment of sIgM-deficient mice with polyclonal IgM corrected these developmental defects, therapeutic application of IgM could be of clinical relevance in the treatment of some B-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang T T Nguyen
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Graduate Group in Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Nicole Baumgarth
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Graduate Group in Immunology, and Dept. Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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180
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Nus M, Tsiantoulas D, Mallat Z. Plan B (-cell) in atherosclerosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 816:76-81. [PMID: 28882560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of death worldwide. It is a complex chronic inflammatory disease involving interactions between vascular, circulating and immune cells. B cells play an important role in chronic inflammation producing antibodies and regulating T and natural killer (NKT) cell activation. The role of B cells in atherosclerosis is complex, with atherogenic and protective roles assigned for distinct B cell subsets. Drugs that deplete B cells or modulate their functions are now used in the treatment of various autoimmune diseases in humans. Here, we briefly review the roles of B cell subsets in atherogenesis, and emphasize the potential impact of B cell targeted therapies on the cardiovascular risk of treated patients. Developing more B cell subset-specific therapies would lead to more effective treatments with enhanced safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Nus
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dimitrios Tsiantoulas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ziad Mallat
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U970 Paris, France.
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181
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Till KJ, Allen JC, Talab F, Lin K, Allsup D, Cawkwell L, Bentley A, Ringshausen I, Duckworth AD, Pettitt AR, Kalakonda N, Slupsky JR. Lck is a relevant target in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells whose expression variance is unrelated to disease outcome. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16784. [PMID: 29196709 PMCID: PMC5711840 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17021-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is contingent upon antigen receptor (BCR) expressed by malignant cells of this disease. Studies on somatic hypermutation of the antigen binding region, receptor expression levels and signal capacity have all linked BCR on CLL cells to disease prognosis. Our previous work showed that the src-family kinase Lck is a targetable mediator of BCR signalling in CLL cells, and that variance in Lck expression associated with ability of BCR to induce signal upon engagement. This latter finding makes Lck similar to ZAP70, another T-cell kinase whose aberrant expression in CLL cells also associates with BCR signalling capacity, but also different because ZAP70 is not easily pharmacologically targetable. Here we describe a robust method of measuring Lck expression in CLL cells using flow cytometry. However, unlike ZAP70 whose expression in CLL cells predicts prognosis, we find Lck expression and disease outcome in CLL are unrelated despite observations that its inhibition produces effects that biologically resemble the egress phenotype taken on by CLL cells treated with idelalisib. Taken together, our findings provide insight into the pathobiology of CLL to suggest a more complex relationship between expression of molecules within the BCR signalling pathway and disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen J Till
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - John C Allen
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Fatima Talab
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ke Lin
- Department of Haematology, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - David Allsup
- Department of Haematology, Queens Centre for Oncology and Haematology, Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Yorkshire, UK
| | - Lynn Cawkwell
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, UK
- Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | | | - Ingo Ringshausen
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew D Duckworth
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew R Pettitt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nagesh Kalakonda
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Joseph R Slupsky
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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182
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Jeon HJ, Kim K, Lee JG, Jang JY, Choi S, Fang T, Yan JJ, Han M, Jeong JC, Lee KB, Kim TJ, Ahn C, Yang J. VDJ gene usage among B-cell receptors in ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation determined by RNA-seq Transcriptomic analysis. BMC Nephrol 2017; 18:340. [PMID: 29183295 PMCID: PMC5706410 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-017-0770-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies on B-cell subtypes and V(D)J gene usage of B-cell receptors in kidney transplants are scarce. This study aimed to investigate V(D)J gene segment usage in ABO-incompatible (ABOi) kidney transplant (KT) patients compared to that in ABO-compatible (ABOc) KT patients. METHODS We selected 16 ABOi KT patients with accommodation (ABOiA), 6 ABOc stable KT patients (ABOcS), and 6 ABOi KT patients with biopsy-proven acute antibody-mediated rejection (ABOiR) at day 10, whose graft tissue samples had been stored in the biorepository between 2010 and 2014. Complete transcriptomes of graft tissues were sequenced and analyzed through RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). The international ImMunoGeneTics information system (IMGT®) was used for in-depth comparison of V(D)J gene segment usage. RESULTS The mean age of the 28 KT recipients was 43.3 ± 12.8 years, and 53.6% were male. By family, IGHV3, IGHJ4, IGLV2, and IGLJ3 gene segments were most frequently used in all groups, and their usage was not statistically different among the three patient groups. While IGKV3 was most frequently used in both the ABOiA and ABOiR groups, IGKV1 was most commonly used in the ABOcS group. In addition, while IGKJ1 was most commonly used in the ABOiA and ABOcS groups, IGKJ4 was most frequently used in the ABOiR group. According to individual gene segments, IGHV4-34 and IGHV4-30-2 were more commonly used in the ABOiR group than in the ABOiA group, and IGHV6-1 was more commonly used in the ABOcS group than in the ABOiR group. IGLV7-43 was more commonly used in the ABOcS group than in the ABOi group. However, technical variability, small sample size, and potential confounding effects of Rituximab or HLA mismatching are limitations of our study. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that RNA-seq transcriptomic analyses can provide information on the V(D)J gene usage of B-cell receptors and the mechanisms of accommodation and immune reaction in ABOi KT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jung Jeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, 150 Seongan-ro, Gangdong-gu, Seoul, 05355 Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangsoo Kim
- Division of Clinical Bioinformatics, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ghi Lee
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Young Jang
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
| | - Seongmin Choi
- Division of Clinical Bioinformatics, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
| | - Taishi Fang
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Jing Yan
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
| | - Miyeun Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Cheol Jeong
- Department of Nephrology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Bun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Jin Kim
- Division of Immunobiology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Curie Ahn
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
- Transplantation Center, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeseok Yang
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
- Transplantation Center, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
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183
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B1a cells play a pathogenic role in the development of autoimmune arthritis. Oncotarget 2017; 7:19299-311. [PMID: 27014914 PMCID: PMC4991384 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated functions of B1 cells have been implicated in the disease progression of various autoimmune disorders, but it remains largely unclear whether B1 cells are involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune arthritis. In this study, we found that peritoneal B1a cells underwent proliferation and migrated to the inflamed joint tissue with upregulated RANKL expression during collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) development in mice. Adoptive transfer of B1a cells exacerbated arthritic severity and joint damage while intraperitoneal depletion of B1 cells ameliorated both arthritic symptoms and joint pathology in CIA mice. In culture, RANKL-expressing B1a cells significantly promoted the expansion of osteoclasts derived from bone marrow cells, which were in accord with the in vivo findings of increased osteoclastogenesis in CIA mice transferred with B1a cells. Together, these results have demonstrated a pathogenic role of B1a cells in the development of autoimmune arthritis through RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis.
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184
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Baumgarth N. A Hard(y) Look at B-1 Cell Development and Function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:3387-3394. [PMID: 29109178 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A small population of B cells exists in lymphoid tissues and body cavities of mice that is distinct in development, phenotype, and function from the majority (B-2) B cell population. This population, originally termed "Ly-1" and now "B-1," has received renewed interest as an innate-like B cell population of fetal-derived hematopoiesis, responsible for natural Ab production and rapid immune responses. Molecular analyses have begun to define fetal and adult hematopoiesis, while cell-fate mapping studies have revealed complex developmental origins of B-1 cells. Together the studies provide a more detailed understanding of B-1 cell regulation and function. This review outlines studies that defined B-1 cells as natural Ab- and cytokine-producing B cells of fetal origin, with a focus on work conducted by R.R. Hardy, an early pioneer and codiscoverer of B-1 cells, whose seminal contributions enhanced our understanding of this enigmatic B cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Baumgarth
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616
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185
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Walker JA, Vuyyuru R, Manser T, Alugupalli KR. Humoral Immunity in Mice Transplanted with Hematopoietic Stem Cells Derived from Human Umbilical Cord Blood Recapitulates That of Human Infants. Stem Cells Dev 2017; 26:1715-1723. [PMID: 29099340 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunodeficient mice transplanted with human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have been referred to as "Human Immune System" (HIS) mice and are a translational platform for studying human immune responses in vivo. Human HSC sources used in generating HIS mice include fetal liver (FL), umbilical cord blood (CB), and adult bone marrow (BM). Since HSCs from FL, CB, and BM are produced at various stages of human development, we tested whether mice transplanted with these three HSCs differ in their immune responses. We found that compared with CB HSCs or FL HSCs, adult BM HSCs reconstitute the immune system poorly. The resulting HIS mice do not mount an antibody response to Borrelia hermsii infection and as a consequence suffer persistently high levels of bacteremia. While both CB and FL HSCs yield comparable levels of immune reconstitution of HIS mice resulting in robust anti-B. hermsii immune responses, FL HSC-transplanted mice exhibited a discernable difference in their human B cell maturity as identified by an increased frequency of CD10+ immature B cells and relatively smaller lymphoid follicles compared with CB HSC-transplanted mice. Although CB HSC-transplanted mice generated robust antibody responses to B. hermsii and specific protein antigens of B. hermsii, they failed to respond to Salmonella typhi Vi polysaccharide, a classical T cell-independent antigen. This situation resembles that seen in human infants and young children. Therefore, CB HSC-transplanted mice may serve as a translation platform to explore approaches to overcome the impaired antipolysaccharide responses characteristic of human infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Walker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Raja Vuyyuru
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tim Manser
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kishore R Alugupalli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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186
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Muir L, McKay PF, Petrova VN, Klymenko OV, Kratochvil S, Pinder CL, Kellam P, Shattock RJ. Optimisation of ex vivo memory B cell expansion/differentiation for interrogation of rare peripheral memory B cell subset responses. Wellcome Open Res 2017; 2:97. [PMID: 29588920 PMCID: PMC5843844 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.11386.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Human memory B cells play a vital role in the long-term protection of the host from pathogenic re-challenge. In recent years the importance of a number of different memory B cell subsets that can be formed in response to vaccination or infection has started to become clear. To study memory B cell responses, cells can be cultured ex vivo, allowing for an increase in cell number and activation of these quiescent cells, providing sufficient quantities of each memory subset to enable full investigation of functionality. However, despite numerous papers being published demonstrating bulk memory B cell culture, we could find no literature on optimised conditions for the study of memory B cell subsets, such as IgM + memory B cells. Methods: Following a literature review, we carried out a large screen of memory B cell expansion conditions to identify the combination that induced the highest levels of memory B cell expansion. We subsequently used a novel Design of Experiments approach to finely tune the optimal memory B cell expansion and differentiation conditions for human memory B cell subsets. Finally, we characterised the resultant memory B cell subpopulations by IgH sequencing and flow cytometry. Results: The application of specific optimised conditions induce multiple rounds of memory B cell proliferation equally across Ig isotypes, differentiation of memory B cells to antibody secreting cells, and importantly do not alter the Ig genotype of the stimulated cells. Conclusions: Overall, our data identify a memory B cell culture system that offers a robust platform for investigating the functionality of rare memory B cell subsets to infection and/or vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Muir
- Department of Mucosal Infection and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Paul F McKay
- Department of Mucosal Infection and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | | | - Oleksiy V Klymenko
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Sven Kratochvil
- Department of Mucosal Infection and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Christopher L Pinder
- Department of Mucosal Infection and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Paul Kellam
- Department of Mucosal Infection and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK.,The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.,Kymab Ltd., Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Robin J Shattock
- Department of Mucosal Infection and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
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187
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Prieto J, Felippe M. Development, phenotype, and function of non-conventional B cells. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 54:38-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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188
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Tassi Yunga S, Kayatani AK, Fogako J, Leke RJI, Leke RGF, Taylor DW. Timing of the human prenatal antibody response to Plasmodium falciparum antigens. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184571. [PMID: 28950009 PMCID: PMC5614534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum (Pf)-specific T- and B-cell responses may be present at birth; however, when during fetal development antibodies are produced is unknown. Accordingly, cord blood samples from 232 preterm (20–37 weeks of gestation) and 450 term (≥37 weeks) babies were screened for IgM to Pf blood-stage antigens MSP1, MSP2, AMA1, EBA175 and RESA. Overall, 25% [95% CI = 22–28%] of the 682 newborns were positive for IgM to ≥1 Pf antigens with the earliest response occurring at 22 weeks. Interestingly, the odds of being positive for cord blood Pf IgM decreased with gestational age (adjusted OR [95% CI] at 20–31 weeks = 2.55 [1.14–5.85] and at 32–36 weeks = 1.97 [0.92–4.29], with ≥37 weeks as reference); however, preterm and term newborns had similar levels of Pf IgM and recognized a comparable breadth of antigens. Having cord blood Pf IgM was associated with placental malaria (adjusted OR [95% CI] = 2.37 [1.25–4.54]). To determine if in utero exposure occurred via transplacental transfer of Pf-IgG immune complexes (IC), IC containing MSP1 and MSP2 were measured in plasma of 242 mother-newborn pairs. Among newborns of IC-positive mothers (77/242), the proportion of cord samples with Pf IC increased with gestational age but was not associated with Pf IgM, suggesting that fetal B cells early in gestation had not been primed by IC. Finally, when cord mononuclear cells from 64 term newborns were cultured in vitro, only 11% (7/64) of supernatants had Pf IgM; whereas, 95% (61/64) contained secreted Pf IgG. These data suggest fetal B cells are capable of making Pf-specific IgM from early in the second trimester and undergo isotype switching to IgG towards term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Tassi Yunga
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Alexander K. Kayatani
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Josephine Fogako
- The Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Robert J. I. Leke
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Rose G. F. Leke
- The Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Diane W. Taylor
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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189
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Circulating B cells in type 1 diabetics exhibit fewer maturation-associated phenotypes. Clin Immunol 2017; 183:336-343. [PMID: 28951327 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Although autoantibodies have been used for decades as diagnostic and prognostic markers in type 1 diabetes (T1D), further analysis of developmental abnormalities in B cells could reveal tolerance checkpoint defects that could improve individualized therapy. To evaluate B cell developmental progression in T1D, immunophenotyping was used to classify circulating B cells into transitional, mature naïve, mature activated, and resting memory subsets. Then each subset was analyzed for the expression of additional maturation-associated markers. While the frequencies of B cell subsets did not differ significantly between patients and controls, some T1D subjects exhibited reduced proportions of B cells that expressed transmembrane activator and CAML interactor (TACI) and Fas receptor (FasR). Furthermore, some T1D subjects had B cell subsets with lower frequencies of class switching. These results suggest circulating B cells exhibit variable maturation phenotypes in T1D. These phenotypic variations may correlate with differences in B cell selection in individual T1D patients.
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190
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Zhivaki D, Lemoine S, Lim A, Morva A, Vidalain PO, Schandene L, Casartelli N, Rameix-Welti MA, Hervé PL, Dériaud E, Beitz B, Ripaux-Lefevre M, Miatello J, Lemercier B, Lorin V, Descamps D, Fix J, Eléouët JF, Riffault S, Schwartz O, Porcheray F, Mascart F, Mouquet H, Zhang X, Tissières P, Lo-Man R. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infects Regulatory B Cells in Human Neonates via Chemokine Receptor CX3CR1 and Promotes Lung Disease Severity. Immunity 2017; 46:301-314. [PMID: 28228284 PMCID: PMC7128247 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and is characterized by pulmonary infiltration of B cells in fatal cases. We analyzed the B cell compartment in human newborns and identified a population of neonatal regulatory B lymphocytes (nBreg cells) that produced interleukin 10 (IL-10) in response to RSV infection. The polyreactive B cell receptor of nBreg cells interacted with RSV protein F and induced upregulation of chemokine receptor CX3CR1. CX3CR1 interacted with RSV glycoprotein G, leading to nBreg cell infection and IL-10 production that dampened T helper 1 (Th1) cytokine production. In the respiratory tract of neonates with severe RSV-induced acute bronchiolitis, RSV-infected nBreg cell frequencies correlated with increased viral load and decreased blood memory Th1 cell frequencies. Thus, the frequency of nBreg cells is predictive of the severity of acute bronchiolitis disease and nBreg cell activity may constitute an early-life host response that favors microbial pathogenesis. Identified a neonatal-specific subset of regulatory B (nBreg) cells in the blood Neonatal nBreg cells are infected by RSV via the BCR and CX3CR1 RSV-infected nBreg cells produce anti-inflammatory IL-10 that dowregulates Th1 cell responses Blood nBreg cells are a biomarker of lung disease severity in RSV+ patients
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Affiliation(s)
- Dania Zhivaki
- Neonatal Immunity Group, Human Histopathology and Animal Models, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75724, France; Paris 7 Diderot University, Paris 75724, France
| | - Sébastien Lemoine
- Régulation Immunitaire et Vaccinologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75724, France; INSERM U1041, Paris 75724, France
| | - Annick Lim
- Departement d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75724, France
| | - Ahsen Morva
- Neonatal Immunity Group, Human Histopathology and Animal Models, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75724, France
| | | | | | - Nicoletta Casartelli
- Virus et Immunité, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75724, France; UMR CNRS 3568, Paris 75724, France
| | - Marie-Anne Rameix-Welti
- INSERM U1173, Versailles-Saint-Quentin University, Saint-Quentin en Yvelines 78180, France; AP-HP, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Boulogne-Billancourt 92100, France
| | - Pierre-Louis Hervé
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France
| | - Edith Dériaud
- Régulation Immunitaire et Vaccinologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75724, France; INSERM U1041, Paris 75724, France
| | - Benoit Beitz
- Bioaster Microbiology Technology Institute, Paris 75015, France
| | | | - Jordi Miatello
- APHP, Pediatric ICU and Neonatal Medicine, Paris South University Hospitals, Le Kremlin-Bicetre 94270, France; School of Medicine, Paris South University, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre 94270, France; Institute of Integrative Biology of the Cell - UMR 9196, Paris Saclay University, Gif-sur-Yvette 91190, France
| | | | - Valerie Lorin
- Laboratory of Humoral Response to Pathogens, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75724, France; INSERM U1222, Paris 75724, France
| | - Delphyne Descamps
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France
| | - Jenna Fix
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France
| | - Jean-François Eléouët
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France
| | - Sabine Riffault
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus et Immunité, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75724, France; UMR CNRS 3568, Paris 75724, France
| | | | - Françoise Mascart
- Immunobiology Clinic, Hopital Erasme, Brussels 1070, Belgium; Laboratory of Vaccinology and Mucosal Immunity, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Laboratory of Humoral Response to Pathogens, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75724, France; INSERM U1222, Paris 75724, France
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Unit of Innate Defense and Immune Modulation, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Pierre Tissières
- APHP, Pediatric ICU and Neonatal Medicine, Paris South University Hospitals, Le Kremlin-Bicetre 94270, France; School of Medicine, Paris South University, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre 94270, France; Institute of Integrative Biology of the Cell - UMR 9196, Paris Saclay University, Gif-sur-Yvette 91190, France
| | - Richard Lo-Man
- Neonatal Immunity Group, Human Histopathology and Animal Models, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75724, France.
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191
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In utero development of memory T cells. Semin Immunopathol 2017; 39:585-592. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-017-0650-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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192
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Bharath LP, Ip BC, Nikolajczyk BS. Adaptive Immunity and Metabolic Health: Harmony Becomes Dissonant in Obesity and Aging. Compr Physiol 2017; 7:1307-1337. [PMID: 28915326 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) is the primary energy reservoir organ, and thereby plays a critical role in energy homeostasis and regulation of metabolism. AT expands in response to chronic overnutrition or aging and becomes a major source of inflammation that has marked influence on systemic metabolism. The chronic, sterile inflammation that occurs in the AT during the development of obesity or in aging contributes to onset of devastating diseases such as insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular pathologies. Numerous studies have shown that inflammation in the visceral AT of humans and animals is a critical trigger for the development of metabolic syndrome. This work underscores the well-supported conclusion that the inflammatory immune response and metabolic pathways in the AT are tightly interwoven by multiple layers of relatively conserved mechanisms. During the development of diet-induced obesity or age-associated adiposity, cells of the innate and the adaptive immune systems infiltrate and proliferate in the AT. Macrophages, which dominate AT-associated immune cells in mouse models of obesity, but are less dominant in obese people, have been studied extensively. However, cells of the adaptive immune system, including T cells and B cells, contribute significantly to AT inflammation, perhaps more in humans than in mice. Lymphocytes regulate recruitment of innate immune cells into AT, and produce cytokines that influence the helpful-to-harmful inflammatory balance that, in turn, regulates organismal metabolism. This review describes inflammation, or more precisely, metabolic inflammation (metaflammation) with an eye toward the AT and the roles lymphocytes play in regulation of systemic metabolism during obesity and aging. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:1307-1337, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena P Bharath
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Blanche C Ip
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology and Biotechnology, Center of Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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193
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Meeuwsen JAL, van Duijvenvoorde A, Gohar A, Kozma MO, van de Weg SM, Gijsberts CM, Haitjema S, Björkbacka H, Fredrikson GN, de Borst GJ, den Ruijter HM, Pasterkamp G, Binder CJ, Hoefer IE, de Jager SCA. High Levels of (Un)Switched Memory B Cells Are Associated With Better Outcome in Patients With Advanced Atherosclerotic Disease. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:e005747. [PMID: 28882820 PMCID: PMC5634255 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.005747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory lipid disorder and the main underlying pathology of acute ischemic events. Despite a vast amount of data from murine atherosclerosis models, evidence of B-cell involvement in human atherosclerotic disease is limited. We therefore investigated the association of circulating B-cell subtypes with the occurrence of secondary cardiovascular events in advanced atherosclerotic disease. METHODS AND RESULTS This cohort study consists of 168 patients who were included in the Athero-Express biobank between 2009 and 2011. Before surgery, peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated and stored in liquid nitrogen. After gentle thawing of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells, different B-cell subtypes including naïve, (un)switched memory, and CD27+CD43+ B1-like B cells, were analyzed by flow cytometry. Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were used to analyze associations between B-cell subtypes, circulating antibodies and secondary cardiovascular manifestations during the 3-year follow-up period. Mean age was 70.1±9.6 years, males represented 62.8% of the population, and 54 patients had secondary manifestations during follow-up. High numbers of unswitched memory cells were protective against secondary outcome (hazard ratio, 0.30 [95% CI, 0.13-0.69]; P<0.01). Similar results were obtained for the switched memory cells that also showed to be protective against secondary outcome (hazard ratio, 0.33 [95% CI, 0.14-0.77]; P=0.01). CONCLUSIONS A high number of (un)switched memory B cells is associated with better outcome following carotid artery endarterectomy. These findings suggest a potential role for B-cell subsets in prediction and prevention of secondary cardiovascular events in patients with atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A L Meeuwsen
- Laboratory for Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Amerik van Duijvenvoorde
- Laboratory for Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Aisha Gohar
- Laboratory for Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maria O Kozma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sander M van de Weg
- Laboratory for Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Crystel M Gijsberts
- Laboratory for Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Saskia Haitjema
- Laboratory for Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Harry Björkbacka
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Gunilla N Fredrikson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Gert J de Borst
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hester M den Ruijter
- Laboratory for Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Laboratory for Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Laboratory for Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Christoph J Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Imo E Hoefer
- Laboratory for Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Laboratory for Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Saskia C A de Jager
- Laboratory for Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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194
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Regulation of B-1a cells: another novel function of the basic helix-loop-helix transcriptional regulator BHLHE41. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 14:802-804. [PMID: 29026219 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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195
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Braun RO, Python S, Summerfield A. Porcine B Cell Subset Responses to Toll-like Receptor Ligands. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1044. [PMID: 28890720 PMCID: PMC5574874 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) triggering of B cells are known to promote B cell expansion, differentiation of B cells into antibody-producing and memory cells, but the TLR responses of porcine B cells is poorly characterized. Therefore, this study investigated the response pattern of porcine B cell subsets to a large collection of TLR ligands and demonstrates that the TLR2 ligand Pam3Cys-SK4 and the TLR7/8 ligands gardiquimod and resiquimod are particularly efficient at inducing proliferation, CD25 and CCR7. This activation was also determined in B-cell subpopulations including a CD21+IgM+ subset, an IgG+ subset and two putative B1-like subsets, defined as CD21-IgMhighCD11R1+CD11c+CD14+ and CD21-IgMhigh CD11R1-CD11c+CD14- B cells. The latter two were larger and expressed higher levels of CD80/86 and spontaneous phospholipase C-γ2 phosphorylation. All porcine B-cell subsets were activated by TLR2, TLR7, and TLR9 ligands. Naïve and memory conventional B cells responded similar to TLR ligands. The CD11R1+ B1-like subset had the highest proliferative responses. While both B1-like subsets did not spontaneously secrete IgM, they were the only subsets to produce high level of TLR-induced IgM. Similar to polyclonal IgM responses, memory B cells were efficiently induced to produce specific antibodies by CpG oligodinucleotide, resiquimod, and to a weaker extend by Pam3Cys-SK4. Depletion of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) enhanced TLR-induced antibodies. The same set of TLR ligands also induced CD40 on cDCs, pDCs, and monocytes with the exception of TLR4 ligand being unable to activate pDCs. Gardiquimod and resiquimod were particularly efficient at inducing CCR7 on pDCs. Porcine B cells expressed high levels of TLR7, but relatively little other TLR mRNA. Nevertheless, TLR2 on B cells was rapidly upregulated following stimulation, explaining the strong responses following stimulation. Subset-specific analysis of TLR expression demonstrated a comparable expression of TLR2, TLR7, and TLR9 in all B cell subsets, but TLR3 was restricted to B1-like cells, whereas TLR4 was only expressed on conventional B cells, although both at low levels. Altogether, our data describe porcine innate B1-like cells, and how different B cell subsets are involved in innate sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Othmar Braun
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sylvie Python
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Vetsuisse Faculty, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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196
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Holodick NE, Rodríguez-Zhurbenko N, Hernández AM. Defining Natural Antibodies. Front Immunol 2017; 8:872. [PMID: 28798747 PMCID: PMC5526850 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The traditional definition of natural antibodies (NAbs) states that these antibodies are present prior to the body encountering cognate antigen, providing a first line of defense against infection thereby, allowing time for a specific antibody response to be mounted. The literature has a seemingly common definition of NAbs; however, as our knowledge of antibodies and B cells is refined, re-evaluation of the common definition of Nabs may be required. Defining Nabs becomes important as the function of NAb production is used to define B cell subsets (1) and as these important molecules are shown to play numerous roles in the immune system (Figure 1). Herein, we aim to briefly summarize our current knowledge of NAbs in the context of initiating a discussion within the field of how such an important and multifaceted group of molecules should be defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichol E Holodick
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Immunobiology, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Nely Rodríguez-Zhurbenko
- Natural Antibodies Group, Tumor Immunology Division, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Ana María Hernández
- Natural Antibodies Group, Tumor Immunology Division, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, Cuba
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197
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Coffre M, Koralov SB. miRNAs in B Cell Development and Lymphomagenesis. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:721-736. [PMID: 28694140 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
B lymphocytes are essential for an efficient immune response against a variety of pathogens. A large fraction of hematologic malignancies is of B cell origin, suggesting that the development and activation of B cells need to be tightly regulated. In recent years, increasing evidence has emerged demonstrating that microRNAs (miRNAs) - a class of non-coding RNAs that control gene expression - are involved in the regulation of B cell development and function. We provide here an overview of the current knowledge on the role of miRNAs and their relevant targets in B cell development, B cell activation, and B cell malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryaline Coffre
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sergei B Koralov
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Roy A, Bystry V, Bohn G, Goudevenou K, Reigl T, Papaioannou M, Krejci A, O'Byrne S, Chaidos A, Grioni A, Darzentas N, Roberts IAG, Karadimitris A. High resolution IgH repertoire analysis reveals fetal liver as the likely origin of life-long, innate B lymphopoiesis in humans. Clin Immunol 2017. [PMID: 28645875 PMCID: PMC5678457 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The ontogeny of the natural, public IgM repertoire remains incompletely explored. Here, high-resolution immunogenetic analysis of B cells from (unrelated) fetal, child, and adult samples, shows that although fetal liver (FL) and bone marrow (FBM) IgM repertoires are equally diversified, FL is the main source of IgM natural immunity during the 2nd trimester. Strikingly, 0.25% of all prenatal clonotypes, comprising 18.7% of the expressed repertoire, are shared with the postnatal samples, consistent with persisting fetal IgM + B cells being a source of natural IgM repertoire in adult life. Further, the origins of specific stereotypic IgM + B cell receptors associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, can be traced back to fetal B cell lymphopoiesis, suggesting that persisting fetal B cells can be subject to malignant transformation late in life. Overall, these novel data provide unique insights into the ontogeny of physiological and malignant B lymphopoiesis that spans the human lifetime. Second trimester human fetal liver and fetal bone marrow B-cells have IgM repertoires that are equally diversified Human fetal liver B-cells are the main source of innate, natural IgM responses CLL-associated, stereotypic B cell receptors are detected in fetal IgM repertoire
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Roy
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Bystry
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Georg Bohn
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Katerina Goudevenou
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Tomas Reigl
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Papaioannou
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Adam Krejci
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK; RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sorcha O'Byrne
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Aristeidis Chaidos
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Andrea Grioni
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Brno, Czech Republic; Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo/Fondazione MBBM, Monza, Italy
| | - Nikos Darzentas
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Irene A G Roberts
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Brno, Czech Republic; MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford and BRC Blood Theme, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Centre, Oxford, UK.
| | - Anastasios Karadimitris
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
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199
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Narang A, Qiao F, Atkinson C, Zhu H, Yang X, Kulik L, Holers VM, Tomlinson S. Natural IgM antibodies that bind neoepitopes exposed as a result of spinal cord injury , drive secondary injury by activating complement. J Neuroinflammation 2017. [PMID: 28629465 PMCID: PMC5477255 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0894-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Natural IgM antibodies (Abs) function as innate immune sensors of injury via recognition of neoepitopes expressed on damaged cells, although how this recognition systems function following spinal cord injury (SCI) exposes various neoepitopes and their precise nature remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated the role of two natural IgM monoclonal Abs (mAbs), B4 and C2, that recognize post-ischemic neoepitopes following ischemia and reperfusion in other tissues. Methods Identification of post-SCI expressed neoepitopes was examined using previously characterized monoclonal Abs (B4 and C2 mAbs). The role of post-SCI neoepitopes and their recognition by natural IgM Abs in propagating secondary injury was examined in Ab-deficient Rag1−/− or wild type C57BL/6 mice using Ab reconstitution experiments and neoepitope-targeted therapeutic studies, respectively. Results Administration of B4 or C2 mAb following murine SCI increased lesion size and worsened functional outcome in otherwise protected Ab-deficient Rag1−/− mice. Injury correlated with colocalized deposition of IgM and C3d in injured spinal cords from both mAb reconstituted Rag1−/− mice and untreated wild-type mice. Depletion of peritoneal B1 B cells, a source of natural Abs, reduced circulating levels of IgM with B4 (annexin-IV) and C2 (subset of phospholipids) reactivity, reduced IgM and complement deposition in the spinal cord, and protected against SCI. We therefore investigated whether the B4 neoepitope represents a therapeutic target for complement inhibition. B4-Crry, a fusion protein consisting of a single-chain Ab derived from B4 mAb, linked to the complement inhibitor Crry, significantly protected against SCI. B4-Crry exhibited a dual function in that it inhibited both the binding of pathogenic IgM and blocked complement activation in the spinal cord. Conclusions This study identifies important neoepitopes expressed within the spinal cord after injury. These neoepitopes are recognized by clonally specific natural IgM Abs that activate complement and drive pathology. We demonstrate that these neoepitopes represent novel targets for the therapeutic delivery of a complement inhibitor, and possibly other payload, to the injured spinal cord. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-017-0894-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Narang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave, CRI 213, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Fei Qiao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave, CRI 213, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Carl Atkinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave, CRI 213, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave, CRI 213, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave, CRI 213, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Liudmila Kulik
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA
| | - V Michael Holers
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Stephen Tomlinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave, CRI 213, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA. .,Ralph H Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA.
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200
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Abstract
The early stages of life are associated with increased susceptibility to infection, which is in part due to an ineffective immune system. In the context of infection, the immune system must be stimulated to provide efficient protection while avoiding insufficient or excessive activation. Yet, in early life, age-dependent immune regulation at molecular and cellular levels contributes to a reduced immunological fitness in terms of pathogen clearance and response to vaccines. To enable microbial colonization to be tolerated at birth, epigenetic immune cell programming and early life-specific immune regulatory and effector mechanisms ensure that vital functions and organ development are supported and that tissue damage is avoided. Advancement in our understanding of age-related remodelling of immune networks and the consequent tuning of immune responsiveness will open up new possibilities for immune intervention and vaccine strategies that are designed specifically for early life.
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