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Edirisinghe SL, Dananjaya SHS, Nikapitiya C, Liyanage TD, Lee KA, Oh C, Kang DH, De Zoysa M. Novel pectin isolated from Spirulina maxima enhances the disease resistance and immune responses in zebrafish against Edwardsiella piscicida and Aeromonas hydrophila. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 94:558-565. [PMID: 31546036 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate the enhanced disease resistance and positive immunomodulation of novel pectin isolated from Spirulina maxima (SmP) in zebrafish model. Zebrafish larvae exposed to SmP had significantly (p < 0.05) higher cumulative percent survival (CPS) at 25 (44.0%) and 50 μg/mL (67.0%) against Edwardsiella piscicida compared to the control. However, upon Aeromonas hydrophila challenge, SmP exposed larvae at 50 μg/mL had slightly higher CPS (33.3%) compared to control group (26.7%). SmP supplemented zebrafish exhibited the higher CPS against E. piscicida (93.3%) and A. hydrophila (60.0%) during the early stage of post-infection (<18 hpi). qRT-PCR results demonstrated that exposing (larvae) and feeding (adults) of SmP, drive the modulation of a wide array of immune response genes. In SmP exposed larvae, up-regulation of the antimicrobial enzyme (lyz: 3.5-fold), mucin (muc5.1: 2.84, muc5.2: 2.11 and muc5.3: 2.40-fold), pro-inflammatory cytokines (il1β: 1.79-fold) and anti-oxidants (cat: 2.87 and sod1: 1.82-fold) were identified. In SmP fed adult zebrafish (gut) showed >2-fold induced pro-inflammatory cytokine (il1β) and chemokines (cxcl18b, ccl34a.4 and ccl34b.4). Overall results confirmed the positive modulation of innate immune responses in larval stage and it could be the main reason for developing disease resistance against E. piscicida and A. hydrophila. Thus, non-toxic, natural and biodegradable SmP could be considered as the potential immunomodulatory agent for sustainable aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Edirisinghe
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - S H S Dananjaya
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Chamilani Nikapitiya
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - T D Liyanage
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ah Lee
- Jeju Marine Research Institute, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, 63349, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, 63349, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulhong Oh
- Jeju Marine Research Institute, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, 63349, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, 63349, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hyung Kang
- Jeju Marine Research Institute, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, 63349, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, 63349, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mahanama De Zoysa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
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Hu H, Zhang S, Liu F, Zhang P, Muhammad Z, Pan S. Role of the Gut Microbiota and Their Metabolites in Modulating the Cholesterol-Lowering Effects of Citrus Pectin Oligosaccharides in C57BL/6 Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:11922-11930. [PMID: 31576748 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the regulatory effects of citrus pectin oligosaccharides (POS) from an innovative, chemically controllable degradation process on cholesterol metabolism and the gut microbial composition. The modulatory role of the intestinal flora was explored. Four-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were fed either a standard diet; a high-fat (HF) diet; or a HF diet with 0.15, 0.45, and 0.9 g/kg body weight POS for 30 days. POS reduced serum total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) in a dose-dependent manner. The relative abundances of specific bacterial groups in the feces and the concentrations of their metabolites were higher in the POS groups. There were significant correlations among Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Bacteroides and short-chain fatty acids, as well as among serum TC, LDL-C, fecal bile acids, and liver cholesterol 7-α-hydroxylase and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase. These findings indicate that the prepared POS exhibited hypocholesterolemic effects and that the potential regulatory mechanisms of citrus POS on cholesterol metabolism are modulated by specific bacterial groups together with their metabolites.
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153
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Effects of Olive and Pomegranate By-Products on Human Microbiota: A Study Using the SHIME ® in Vitro Simulator. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203791. [PMID: 31640295 PMCID: PMC6832639 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Two by-products containing phenols and polysaccharides, a “pâté” (OP) from the extra virgin olive oil milling process and a decoction of pomegranate mesocarp (PM), were investigated for their effects on human microbiota using the SHIME® system. The ability of these products to modulate the microbial community was studied simulating a daily intake for nine days. Microbial functionality, investigated in terms of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and NH4+, was stable during the treatment. A significant increase in Lactobacillaceae and Bifidobacteriaceae at nine days was induced by OP mainly in the proximal tract. Polyphenol metabolism indicated the formation of tyrosol from OP mainly in the distal tract, while urolithins C and A were produced from PM, identifying the human donor as a metabotype A. The results confirm the SHIME® system as a suitable in vitro tool to preliminarily investigate interactions between complex botanicals and human microbiota before undertaking more challenging human studies.
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154
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Wu D, Zheng J, Mao G, Hu W, Ye X, Linhardt RJ, Chen S. Rethinking the impact of RG-I mainly from fruits and vegetables on dietary health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:2938-2960. [PMID: 31607142 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1672037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) pectin is composed of backbone of repeating disaccharide units →2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→4)-α-D-GalpA-(1→ and neutral sugar side-chains mainly consisting of arabinose and galactose having variable types of linkages. However, since traditional pectin extraction methods damages the RG-I structure, the characteristics and health effects of RG-I remains unclear. Recently, many studies have focused on RG-I, which is often more active than the homogalacturonan (HG) portion of pectic polysaccharides. In food products, RG-I is common to fruits and vegetables and possesses many health benefits. This timely and comprehensive review describes the many different facets of RG-I, including its dietary sources, history, metabolism and potential functionalities, all of which have been compiled to establish a platform for taking full advantage of the functional value of RG-I pectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Wu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Zheng
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guizhu Mao
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Hu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingqian Ye
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Shiguo Chen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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155
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Godny L, Maharshak N, Reshef L, Goren I, Yahav L, Fliss-Isakov N, Gophna U, Tulchinsky H, Dotan I. Fruit Consumption is Associated with Alterations in Microbial Composition and Lower Rates of Pouchitis. J Crohns Colitis 2019; 13:1265-1272. [PMID: 30828722 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjz053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with ulcerative colitis [UC] who undergo proctocolectomy with an ileal pouch-anal anastomosis commonly develop pouch inflammation [pouchitis]. Pouchitis develops in a previously normal small intestine and may involve environmental factors. We explored whether diet and microbiota alterations contributed to the pathogenesis of pouchitis. METHODS Patients were recruited and prospectively followed at a comprehensive pouch clinic. Pouch behaviour was clinically defined as a normal pouch [NP] or pouchitis. Patients completed Food Frequency Questionnaires [FFQs]. Faecal samples were analysed for microbial composition [16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing]. RESULTS Nutritional evaluation was performed in 172 patients [59% females], and of these, faecal microbial analysis was performed in 75 patients (microbiota cohort: NP [n = 22], pouchitis [n = 53]). Of the entire cohort, a subgroup of 39 [22.6%] patients had NP at recruitment [NP cohort]. Of these, 5 [12.8%] developed pouchitis within a year. Patients at the lowest tertile of fruit consumption [<1.45 servings/day] had higher rates of pouchitis compared with those with higher consumption [30.8% vs 3.8%, log rank, p = 0.03]. Fruit consumption was correlated with microbial diversity [r = 0.35, p = 0.002] and with the abundance of several microbial genera, including Faecalibacterium [r = 0.29, p = 0.01], Lachnospira [r = 0.38, p = 0.001], and a previously uncharacterized genus from the Ruminococcaceae family [r = 0.25, p = 0.05]. Reduction in fruit consumption over time was associated with disease recurrence and with reduced microbial diversity [Δ = -0.8 ± 0.3, p = 0.008]. CONCLUSIONS Fruit consumption is associated with modification of microbial composition, and lower consumption was correlated with the development of pouchitis. Thus, fruit consumption may protect against intestinal inflammation via alteration of microbial composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Godny
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, affiliated with the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - N Maharshak
- IBD Center, Department of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, affiliated with the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - L Reshef
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - I Goren
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, affiliated with the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - L Yahav
- IBD Center, Department of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, affiliated with the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - N Fliss-Isakov
- IBD Center, Department of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, affiliated with the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - U Gophna
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - H Tulchinsky
- Colorectal Unit, Department of Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, affiliated with the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - I Dotan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, affiliated with the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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156
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Sugar Beet Pectin Supplementation Did Not Alter Profiles of Fecal Microbiota and Exhaled Breath in Healthy Young Adults and Healthy Elderly. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092193. [PMID: 31547291 PMCID: PMC6770243 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is accompanied with increased frailty and comorbidities, which is potentially associated with microbiome perturbations. Dietary fibers could contribute to healthy aging by beneficially impacting gut microbiota and metabolite profiles. We aimed to compare young adults with elderly and investigate the effect of pectin supplementation on fecal microbiota composition, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) while using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel design. Fifty-two young adults and 48 elderly consumed 15 g/day sugar beet pectin or maltodextrin for four weeks. Fecal and exhaled breath samples were collected before and after the intervention period. Fecal samples were used for microbiota profiling by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, and for analysis of SCFAs by gas chromatography (GC). Breath was used for VOC analysis by GC-tof-MS. Young adults and elderly showed similar fecal SCFA and exhaled VOC profiles. Additionally, fecal microbiota profiles were similar, with five genera significantly different in relative abundance. Pectin supplementation did not significantly alter fecal microbiota, SCFA or exhaled VOC profiles in elderly or young adults. In conclusion, aside from some minor differences in microbial composition, healthy elderly and young adults showed comparable fecal microbiota composition and activity, which were not altered by pectin supplementation.
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157
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Dennis-Wall JC, Burns AM, Solch RJ, Ukhanova M, Dahl WJ, Christman MC, Boileau T, Brauchla M, Shin JE, Nieves C, Mai V, Langkamp-Henken B. A beverage containing orange pomace improves laxation and modulates the microbiome in healthy adults: A randomised, blinded, controlled trial. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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158
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Cooked Red Lentils Dose-Dependently Modulate the Colonic Microenvironment in Healthy C57Bl/6 Male Mice. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081853. [PMID: 31405019 PMCID: PMC6724071 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary pulses, including lentils, are protein-rich plant foods that are enriched in intestinal health-promoting bioactives, such as non-digestible carbohydrates and phenolic compounds. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of diets supplemented with cooked red lentils on the colonic microenvironment (microbiota composition and activity and epithelial barrier integrity and function). C57Bl/6 male mice were fed one of five diets: a control basal diet (BD), a BD-supplemented diet with 5, 10 or 20% cooked red lentils (by weight), or a BD-supplemented diet with 0.7% pectin (equivalent soluble fiber level as found in the 20% lentil diet). Red lentil supplementation resulted in increased: (1) fecal microbiota α-diversity; (2) abundance of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria (e.g., Prevotella, Roseburia and Dorea spp.); (3) concentrations of fecal SCFAs; (4) mRNA expression of SCFA receptors (G-protein-coupled receptors (GPR 41 and 43) and tight/adherens junction proteins (Zona Occulden-1 (ZO-1), Claudin-2, E-cadherin). Overall, 20% lentil had the greatest impact on colon health outcomes, which were in part explained by a change in the soluble and insoluble fiber profile of the diet. These results support recent public health recommendations to increase consumption of plant-based protein foods for improved health, in particular intestinal health.
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159
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Wang Z, Xu B, Luo H, Meng K, Wang Y, Liu M, Bai Y, Yao B, Tu T. Production pectin oligosaccharides using Humicola insolens Y1-derived unusual pectate lyase. J Biosci Bioeng 2019; 129:16-22. [PMID: 31400994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The economical production of pectin oligosaccharides with a specific degree of polymerization and structure from agro-food waste is an industrially important process. This study identified a novel pectate lyase gene (plhy1) from the thermophilic cellulolytic fungus H. insolens Y1 and tested its ability to produce pectin oligosaccharides. The recombinant PLHY1 produced in Pichia pastoris was superior to other similar enzymes due to its high thermal and pH stability. PLHY1 demonstrated optimal enzymatic activity at 55°C and pH 10.0 in the presence of 0.4 mM Ca2+, and preferred methyl esterified substrates for digestion. High performance anion exchange chromatography-pulsed amperometric detector and ultra high performance liquid chromatography in combination with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry analysis showed that galacturonic acid-oligosaccharides with a small degree of polymerization (4-6) were the major hydrolysates produced by the degradation of apple peel pectin by PLHY1. The properties of PLHY1 make it valuable for application in the agro-food industry for the production of pectin oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyun Wang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China; College of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330100, PR China
| | - Bo Xu
- College of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330100, PR China
| | - Huiying Luo
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Kun Meng
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Mengting Liu
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Yingguo Bai
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Bin Yao
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Tao Tu
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China.
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160
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Prebiotics: Mechanisms and Preventive Effects in Allergy. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081841. [PMID: 31398959 PMCID: PMC6722770 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases now affect over 30% of individuals in many communities, particularly young children, underscoring the need for effective prevention strategies in early life. These allergic conditions have been linked to environmental and lifestyle changes driving the dysfunction of three interdependent biological systems: microbiota, epithelial barrier and immune system. While this is multifactorial, dietary changes are of particular interest in the altered establishment and maturation of the microbiome, including the associated profile of metabolites that modulate immune development and barrier function. Prebiotics are non-digestible food ingredients that beneficially influence the health of the host by 1) acting as a fermentable substrate for some specific commensal host bacteria leading to the release of short-chain fatty acids in the gut intestinal tract influencing many molecular and cellular processes; 2) acting directly on several compartments and specifically on different patterns of cells (epithelial and immune cells). Nutrients with prebiotic properties are therefore of central interest in allergy prevention for their potential to promote a more tolerogenic environment through these multiple pathways. Both observational studies and experimental models lend further credence to this hypothesis. In this review, we describe both the mechanisms and the therapeutic evidence from preclinical and clinical studies exploring the role of prebiotics in allergy prevention.
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161
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Xu R, Lu Y, Wang J, Liu J, Su Y, Zhu W. Effects of the different dietary fibers on luminal microbiota composition and mucosal gene expression in pig colons. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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162
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Zheng Y, Wang T, Tu X, Huang Y, Zhang H, Tan D, Jiang W, Cai S, Zhao P, Song R, Li P, Qin N, Fang W. Gut microbiome affects the response to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:193. [PMID: 31337439 PMCID: PMC6651993 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0650-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Checkpoint-blockade immunotherapy targeting programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) has recently shown promising efficacy in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the factors affecting and predicting the response to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in HCC are still unclear. Herein, we report the dynamic variation characteristics and specificities of the gut microbiome during anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in HCC using metagenomic sequencing. Results Fecal samples from patients responding to immunotherapy showed higher taxa richness and more gene counts than those of non-responders. For dynamic analysis during anti-PD-1 immunotherapy, the dissimilarity of beta diversity became prominent across patients as early as Week 6. In non-responders, Proteobacteria increased from Week 3, and became predominant at Week 12. Twenty responder-enriched species, including Akkermansia muciniphila and Ruminococcaceae spp., were further identified. The related functional genes and metabolic pathway analysis, such as carbohydrate metabolism and methanogenesis, verified the potential bioactivities of responder-enriched species. Conclusions Gut microbiome may have a critical impact on the responses of HCC patients treated with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. The dynamic variation characteristics of the gut microbiome may provide early predictions of the outcomes of immunotherapy in HCC, which is critical for disease-monitoring and treatment decision-making. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40425-019-0650-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zheng
- Cancer Biotherapy Center, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Realbio Genomics Institute, 138 Xinjunhuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Tu
- Cancer Biotherapy Center, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun Huang
- Realbio Genomics Institute, 138 Xinjunhuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Hangyu Zhang
- Cancer Biotherapy Center, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Di Tan
- Realbio Genomics Institute, 138 Xinjunhuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqin Jiang
- Cancer Biotherapy Center, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shunfeng Cai
- Realbio Genomics Institute, 138 Xinjunhuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Cancer Biotherapy Center, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruixue Song
- Realbio Genomics Institute, 138 Xinjunhuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Peilu Li
- Realbio Genomics Institute, 138 Xinjunhuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Qin
- Realbio Genomics Institute, 138 Xinjunhuan Road, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, No. 301 Yanchangzhong Road, Shanghai, China.
| | - Weijia Fang
- Cancer Biotherapy Center, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, China. .,Key Laboratory for Drug Evaluation and Clinical Research of Zhejiang Province, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, China. .,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, China. .,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, China.
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163
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Abstract
The gut microbiome is a complex microbial community that plays a key role in human health. Diet is an important factor dictating gut microbiome composition. This is mediated by multiple microbe-microbe interactions that result in the fermentation of nondigestible carbohydrates and the production of short-chain fatty acids. Certain species play key metabolic roles in the microbiome, and their disappearance could result in dysbiosis. In this work, a synthetic consortium of 14 gut microbes was studied during the utilization of prebiotic inulin in batch bioreactors. Fermentations were repeated leaving one species out every time, in order to evaluate the impact of their elimination on the system. Substrate consumption, microbial composition, and metabolite production were determined. Single deletions never resulted in a complete loss of bacterial growth or inulin consumption, suggesting functional redundancy. Deletions of Bacteroides dorei and Lachnoclostridium clostridioforme resulted in lower biomass and higher residual inulin. The absence of B. dorei impacted the abundance of the other 10 species negatively. Lachnoclostridium symbiosum, a butyrate producer, appeared to be the most sensitive species to deletions, being stimulated by the presence of Escherichia coli, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, B. dorei, and Lactobacillus plantarum Conversely, bioreactors without these species did not show butyrate production. L. clostridioforme was observed to be essential for propionate production, and B. dorei for lactate production. Our analysis identified specific members that were essential for the function of the consortium. In conclusion, species deletions from microbial consortia could be a useful approach to identify relevant interactions between microorganisms and defining metabolic roles in the gut microbiome.IMPORTANCE Gut microbes associate, compete for, and specialize in specific metabolic tasks. These interactions are dictated by the cross-feeding of degradation or fermentation products. However, the individual contribution of microbes to the function of the gut microbiome is difficult to evaluate. It is essential to understand the complexity of microbial interactions and how the presence or absence of specific microorganisms affects the stability and functioning of the gut microbiome. The experimental approach of this study could be used for identifying keystone species, in addition to redundant functions and conditions that contribute to community stability. Redundancy is an important feature of the microbiome, and its reduction could be useful for the design of microbial consortia with desired metabolic properties enhancing the tasks of the keystone species.
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Centanni M, Carnachan SM, Bell TJ, Daines AM, Hinkley SFR, Tannock GW, Sims IM. Utilization of Complex Pectic Polysaccharides from New Zealand Plants ( Tetragonia tetragonioides and Corynocarpus laevigatus) by Gut Bacteroides Species. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:7755-7764. [PMID: 31251611 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pectic polysaccharides from New Zealand (NZ) spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides) and karaka berries (Corynocarpus laevigatus) were extracted and analyzed. NZ spinach polysaccharides comprised mostly homogalacturonan (64.4%) and rhamnogalacturonan I (5.8%), with side chains of arabinan (8.1%), galactan (2.2%), and type II arabinogalactan (7.1%); karaka berry polysaccharides comprised homogalacturonan (21.8%) and rhamnogalacturonan I (10.0%), with greater proportions of side chains (arabinan, 15.6%; galactan, 23.8%; and type II arabinogalactan, 19.3%). Screening of gut commensal Bacteroides showed that six were able to grow on the NZ spinach extract, while five were able to grow on the karaka berry extract. Analysis of the polysaccharides remaining after fermentation, by size-exclusion chromatography and constituent sugar analysis, showed that the Bacteroides species that grew on these two substrates showed preferences for the different pectic polysaccharide types. Our data suggest that, to completely degrade and utilize the complex pectin structures found in plants, members of Bacteroides and other bowel bacteria work as metabolic consortia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan M Carnachan
- Ferrier Research Institute , Victoria University of Wellington , 69 Gracefield Road , Lower Hutt 5040 , New Zealand
| | - Tracey J Bell
- Ferrier Research Institute , Victoria University of Wellington , 69 Gracefield Road , Lower Hutt 5040 , New Zealand
| | - Alison M Daines
- Ferrier Research Institute , Victoria University of Wellington , 69 Gracefield Road , Lower Hutt 5040 , New Zealand
| | - Simon F R Hinkley
- Ferrier Research Institute , Victoria University of Wellington , 69 Gracefield Road , Lower Hutt 5040 , New Zealand
| | - Gerald W Tannock
- Riddet Institute Centre of Research Excellence , Palmerston North 4442 , New Zealand
| | - Ian M Sims
- Ferrier Research Institute , Victoria University of Wellington , 69 Gracefield Road , Lower Hutt 5040 , New Zealand
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165
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Zhang S, Hu H, He W, Muhammad Z, Wang L, Liu F, Pan S. Regulatory Roles of Pectin Oligosaccharides on Immunoglobulin Production in Healthy Mice Mediated by Gut Microbiota. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1801363. [PMID: 31116489 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201801363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The prebiotic regulation of the gut microbiota is a promising strategy to induce protective humoral and mucosal immune responses. The potential immune-improving effects of pectin oligosaccharides (POS) in healthy mice and the potential mechanism mediated by specific intestinal bacteria are investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS POS is prepared using a hydrogen-peroxide-assisted degradation. Mice that consumed diets containing POS are tested for microbial community shifts, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and immunoglobulin (Ig) production using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, gas chromatography, and ELISA kits. Pearson's correlation analyses are performed between Ig production and specific intestinal bacteria or SCFAs. POS treatment significantly improves the growth of healthy mice. Moreover, 4-week POS administration results in a profound change in intestinal microbial composition and a significantly higher fecal concentration of acetate, which leads to substantial increases of the levels of fecal secretory immunoglobulin A and serum IgG. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the inclusion of POS in a diet can increase Ig production and optimize the composition of the gut microbiota. A significant correlation is observed between changes in Ig production and specific intestinal bacteria or acetate, providing insight into the mechanism of POS as a potential immune-enhancing supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Haijuan Hu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Wanying He
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Zafarullah Muhammad
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Lufeng Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Fengxia Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Siyi Pan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
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166
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Lordan C, Thapa D, Ross RP, Cotter PD. Potential for enriching next-generation health-promoting gut bacteria through prebiotics and other dietary components. Gut Microbes 2019; 11:1-20. [PMID: 31116628 PMCID: PMC6973326 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2019.1613124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human intestinal commensal microbiota and associated metabolic products have long been regarded as contributors to host health. As the identity and activities of the various members of this community have become clearer, newly identified health-associated bacteria, such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Akkermansia muciniphila, Ruminococcus bromii and Roseburia species, have emerged. Notably, the abundance of many of these bacteria is inversely correlated to several disease states. While technological and regulatory hurdles may limit the use of strains from these taxa as probiotics, it should be possible to utilize prebiotics and other dietary components to selectively enhance their growth in situ. Dietary components of potential relevance include well-established prebiotics, such as galacto-oligosaccharides, fructo-oligosaccharides and inulin, while other putative prebiotics, such as other oligosaccharides, polyphenols, resistant starch, algae and seaweed as well as host gut metabolites such as lactate and acetate, may also be applied with the aim of selectively and/or differentially affecting the beneficial bacterial community within the gastrointestinal environment. The present review provides an overview of the dietary components that could be applied in this manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy Lordan
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Dinesh Thapa
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - R. Paul Ross
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Ireland,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul D. Cotter
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland,CONTACT Paul D. Cotter
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167
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Reactive mechanism and the applications of bioactive prebiotics for human health: Review. J Microbiol Methods 2019; 159:128-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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168
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Garcia-Mazcorro JF, Pedreschi R, Yuan J, Kawas JR, Chew B, Dowd SE, Noratto G. Apple consumption is associated with a distinctive microbiota, proteomics and metabolomics profile in the gut of Dawley Sprague rats fed a high-fat diet. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212586. [PMID: 30870465 PMCID: PMC6417679 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Apples contain bioactive compounds with the potential to alleviate clinical signs associated with obesity, a phenomenon likely related to the composition and function of the gut microbiota. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of apple supplementation on the fecal microbiota and gut metabolites of Dawley Sprague rats fed a high-fat (HF group) or a low-fat (LF group) diet. The fecal microbiota was examined using 16S marker sequencing targeting the V4 region in a MiSeq instrument (Illumina). With the exception of Blautia, which was higher in supplemented rats compared to controls within the LF group, significant differences in fecal microbiota between supplemented rats and controls were only found in the HF group. This suggests that the effect of apple supplementation on the gut microbiota is strongly dependent on the composition of the diet, a phenomenon with potential consequences for obese human patients. Principal Coordinate Analysis of unweighted UniFrac distances revealed a clear strong separation of bacterial communities based on diet (HF and LF, P = 0.001, R = 0.69, ANOSIM test) and based on apple supplementation within the HF group, albeit less strongly (P = 0.006, R = 0.27, ANOSIM test). No differences were found for fecal SCFAs but proteomics and metabolomics analyses showed differential expression of both proteins and metabolites between supplemented rats and controls in the HF group. The results of this study can guide future explorations of the effect of apple supplementation on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose F. Garcia-Mazcorro
- Research and Development, MNA de México, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), General Escobedo, Nuevo León, México
| | - Romina Pedreschi
- Escuela de Agronomía, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, La Palma, Chile
| | - Jialing Yuan
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jorge R. Kawas
- Faculty of Agronomy, UANL, General Escobedo, Nuevo León, México
| | - Boon Chew
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Scot E. Dowd
- Molecular Research LP, Shallowater, Texas, United States of America
| | - Giuliana Noratto
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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169
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Ferreira-Lazarte A, Moreno FJ, Cueva C, Gil-Sánchez I, Villamiel M. Behaviour of citrus pectin during its gastrointestinal digestion and fermentation in a dynamic simulator (simgi®). Carbohydr Polym 2019; 207:382-390. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.11.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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170
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Gowd V, Xie L, Zheng X, Chen W. Dietary fibers as emerging nutritional factors against diabetes: focus on the involvement of gut microbiota. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2019; 39:524-540. [PMID: 30810398 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2019.1576025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases and other secondary complications, such as nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, etc. The important risk factors for the pathogenesis of DM are aging, family history, sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy dietary habits, and obesity. Evidence from epidemiological studies also indicates that DM is characterized by specific alterations in the human gut microbiota (GM). GM transplantation in rodents and humans revealed that a specific GM constituent can be the cause and not just the consequence of the DM condition and complications. These findings suggest a potential role of GM in human health, disease prevention, and treatment. Dietary intervention studies using dietary fibers (DFs) suggested that modulation of the GM can suppress the metabolic risk markers in humans. However, a causal role of GM in such studies remains unexplored. Long-term follow-up studies disclosed that the diet rich in insoluble and non-viscous fibers are responsible for DF-mediated antidiabetic activities, while soluble and viscous fibers have little influence on DM despite having a profound impact on glycemia. However, general conclusions cannot be drawn simply based on these findings. Long-term follow-up studies are urgently required in this area to explore the therapeutic potential of different DFs in treating DM and to delineate the exact role of GM involvement. Here we review and discuss the signature of GM during DM, antidiabetic activity of metformin via GM modulation, DFs from different sources and their antidiabetic activity, and the possible role of GM involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vemana Gowd
- a Department of Food Science and Nutrition, National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , PR China
| | - Lianghua Xie
- a Department of Food Science and Nutrition, National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , PR China
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- a Department of Food Science and Nutrition, National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , PR China
| | - Wei Chen
- a Department of Food Science and Nutrition, National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , PR China
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171
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Cheung SG, Goldenthal AR, Uhlemann AC, Mann JJ, Miller JM, Sublette ME. Systematic Review of Gut Microbiota and Major Depression. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:34. [PMID: 30804820 PMCID: PMC6378305 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recently discovered relationships between the gastrointestinal microbiome and the brain have implications for psychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD). Bacterial transplantation from MDD patients to rodents produces depression-like behaviors. In humans, case-control studies have examined the gut microbiome in healthy and affected individuals. We systematically reviewed existing studies comparing gut microbial composition in MDD and healthy volunteers. Methods: A PubMed literature search combined the terms "depression," "depressive disorder," "stool," "fecal," "gut," and "microbiome" to identify human case-control studies that investigated relationships between MDD and microbiota quantified from stool. We evaluated the resulting studies, focusing on bacterial taxa that were different between MDD and healthy controls. Results: Six eligible studies were found in which 50 taxa exhibited differences (p < 0.05) between patients with MDD and controls. Patient characteristics and methodologies varied widely between studies. Five phyla-Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria, and Protobacteria-were represented; however, divergent results occurred across studies for all phyla. The largest number of differentiating taxa were within phylum Firmicutes, in which nine families and 12 genera differentiated the diagnostic groups. The majority of these families and genera were found to be statistically different between the two groups in two identified studies. Family Lachnospiraceae differentiated the diagnostic groups in four studies (with an even split in directionality). Across all five phyla, nine genera were higher in MDD (Anaerostipes, Blautia, Clostridium, Klebsiella, Lachnospiraceae incertae sedis, Parabacteroides, Parasutterella, Phascolarctobacterium, and Streptococcus), six were lower (Bifidobacterium, Dialister, Escherichia/Shigella, Faecalibacterium, and Ruminococcus), and six were divergent (Alistipes, Bacteroides, Megamonas, Oscillibacter, Prevotella, and Roseburia). We highlight mechanisms and products of bacterial metabolism as they may relate to the etiology of depression. Conclusions: No consensus has emerged from existing human studies of depression and gut microbiome concerning which bacterial taxa are most relevant to depression. This may in part be due to differences in study design. Given that bacterial functions are conserved across taxonomic groups, we propose that studying microbial functioning may be more productive than a purely taxonomic approach to understanding the gut microbiome in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie G. Cheung
- Division of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ariel R. Goldenthal
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Molecular Imaging & Neuropathology Area, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Anne-Catrin Uhlemann
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Microbiome & Pathogen Genomics Core, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - J. John Mann
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Molecular Imaging & Neuropathology Area, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jeffrey M. Miller
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Molecular Imaging & Neuropathology Area, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - M. Elizabeth Sublette
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Molecular Imaging & Neuropathology Area, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
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172
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Kim CC, Healey GR, Kelly WJ, Patchett ML, Jordens Z, Tannock GW, Sims IM, Bell TJ, Hedderley D, Henrissat B, Rosendale DI. Genomic insights from Monoglobus pectinilyticus: a pectin-degrading specialist bacterium in the human colon. ISME JOURNAL 2019; 13:1437-1456. [PMID: 30728469 PMCID: PMC6776006 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-019-0363-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pectin is abundant in modern day diets, as it comprises the middle lamellae and one-third of the dry carbohydrate weight of fruit and vegetable cell walls. Currently there is no specialized model organism for studying pectin fermentation in the human colon, as our collective understanding is informed by versatile glycan-degrading bacteria rather than by specialist pectin degraders. Here we show that the genome of Monoglobus pectinilyticus possesses a highly specialized glycobiome for pectin degradation, unique amongst Firmicutes known to be in the human gut. Its genome encodes a simple set of metabolic pathways relevant to pectin sugar utilization, and its predicted glycobiome comprises an unusual distribution of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) with numerous extracellular methyl/acetyl esterases and pectate lyases. We predict the M. pectinilyticus degradative process is facilitated by cell-surface S-layer homology (SLH) domain-containing proteins, which proteomics analysis shows are differentially expressed in response to pectin. Some of these abundant cell surface proteins of M. pectinilyticus share unique modular organizations rarely observed in human gut bacteria, featuring pectin-specific CAZyme domains and the cell wall-anchoring SLH motifs. We observed M. pectinilyticus degrades various pectins, RG-I, and galactan to produce polysaccharide degradation products (PDPs) which are presumably shared with other inhabitants of the human gut microbiome (HGM). This strain occupies a new ecological niche for a primary degrader specialized in foraging a habitually consumed plant glycan, thereby enriching our understanding of the diverse community profile of the HGM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline C Kim
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand. .,Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Genelle R Healey
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand.,Massey Institute of Food Science and Technology, School of Food and Nutrition, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Mark L Patchett
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Zoe Jordens
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Gerald W Tannock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Microbiome Otago, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Ian M Sims
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Gracefield Research Centre, Lower Hutt, 5040, New Zealand
| | - Tracey J Bell
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Gracefield Research Centre, Lower Hutt, 5040, New Zealand
| | - Duncan Hedderley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, F-13288, France.,Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, USC1408 Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Marseille, F-13288, France.,Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Douglas I Rosendale
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand.
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173
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Tenore GC, Caruso D, Buonomo G, D'Avino M, Ciampaglia R, Maisto M, Schisano C, Bocchino B, Novellino E. Lactofermented Annurca Apple Puree as a Functional Food Indicated for the Control of Plasma Lipid and Oxidative Amine Levels: Results from a Randomised Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11010122. [PMID: 30634393 PMCID: PMC6356833 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases are preferential targets of healthy diet and preventive medicine partially through strategies to improve lipid profile and counteract oxidative metabolites. Ninety individuals with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors were randomized (1:1:1 ratio) to three arms, according to a four-week run-in, eight-week intervention, and four-week follow up study, testing the effects of a lactofermented Annurca apple puree (lfAAP), compared to unfermented apple puree (AAP) or probiotic alone (LAB) on plasma lipid profile and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) levels. By comparing the treatments, data indicated for the subjects tested with lfAAP a higher variation of the following serum parameters, in respect to the other treatment groups: high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), +61.8% (p = 0.0095); and TMAO levels, −63.1% (p = 0.0042). The present study would suggest lfAAP as an effective functional food for beneficial control of plasma HDL-C and TMAO levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Carlo Tenore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Domenico Caruso
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Cardarelli, Via Antonio Cardarelli, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Buonomo
- Coop. Samnium Medica, Viale C. Colombo, 18, 82037 Benevento, Italy.
| | - Maria D'Avino
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Cardarelli, Via Antonio Cardarelli, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Roberto Ciampaglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Maria Maisto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Connie Schisano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Bruno Bocchino
- UCCP (Unità Complessa Cure Primarie), Via Manzoni, San Giorgio del Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy.
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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174
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Minzanova ST, Mironov VF, Arkhipova DM, Khabibullina AV, Mironova LG, Zakirova YM, Milyukov VA. Biological Activity and Pharmacological Application of Pectic Polysaccharides: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E1407. [PMID: 30961332 PMCID: PMC6401843 DOI: 10.3390/polym10121407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pectin is a polymer with a core of alternating α-1,4-linked d-galacturonic acid and α-1,2-l-rhamnose units, as well as a variety of neutral sugars such as arabinose, galactose, and lesser amounts of other sugars. Currently, native pectins have been compared to modified ones due to the development of natural medicines and health products. In this review, the results of a study of the bioactivity of pectic polysaccharides, including its various pharmacological applications, such as its immunoregulatory, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, antibacterial, antioxidant and antitumor activities, have been summarized. The potential of pectins to contribute to the enhancement of drug delivery systems has been observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salima T Minzanova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan 420088, Russia.
| | - Vladimir F Mironov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan 420088, Russia.
| | - Daria M Arkhipova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan 420088, Russia.
| | - Anna V Khabibullina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan 420088, Russia.
| | - Lubov G Mironova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan 420088, Russia.
| | - Yulia M Zakirova
- Kazan (Volga region) Federal University, Kazan University, KFU, Kazan 420008, Russia.
| | - Vasili A Milyukov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan 420088, Russia.
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175
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Dreher ML. Whole Fruits and Fruit Fiber Emerging Health Effects. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1833. [PMID: 30487459 PMCID: PMC6315720 DOI: 10.3390/nu10121833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Less than 10% of most Western populations consume adequate levels of whole fruits and dietary fiber with typical intake being about half of the recommended levels. Evidence of the beneficial health effects of consuming adequate levels of whole fruits has been steadily growing, especially regarding their bioactive fiber prebiotic effects and role in improved weight control, wellness and healthy aging. The primary aim of this narrative review article is to examine the increasing number of health benefits which are associated with the adequate intake of whole fruits, especially fruit fiber, throughout the human lifecycle. These potential health benefits include: protecting colonic gastrointestinal health (e.g., constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel diseases, and diverticular disease); promoting long-term weight management; reducing risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome; defending against colorectal and lung cancers; improving odds of successful aging; reducing the severity of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; enhancing psychological well-being and lowering the risk of depression; contributing to higher bone mineral density in children and adults; reducing risk of seborrheic dermatitis; and helping to attenuate autism spectrum disorder severity. Low whole fruit intake represents a potentially more serious global population health threat than previously recognized, especially in light of the emerging research on whole fruit and fruit fiber health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L Dreher
- Nutrition Science Solutions, LLC, Wimberley, 78676 TX, USA.
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176
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Vazquez-Olivo G, Gutiérrez-Grijalva EP, Heredia JB. Prebiotic compounds from agro-industrial by-products. J Food Biochem 2018; 43:e12711. [PMID: 31353613 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Prebiotics are nondigestible food components that have an impact on gut microbiota composition and activity, which in turn results in the improvement of health conditions. Nowadays, the production of prebiotics from agro-industrial by-products is under investigation. In this regard, polysaccharides are usually found in these sources and their potential use as prebiotics has been studied recently since these compounds act as substrates for the human gut microbiota, and they have the potential to modulate its composition through many mechanisms. Additionally, the use of agricultural by-products is advantageous because it is a cheap and abundantly available material. This review focuses on the recent scientific literature regarding the prebiotic properties of polysaccharides from agro-industrial by-products. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Currently, the maintenance of gut homeostasis is a target for the improvement of human health. This review can broaden the perspective on the utilization of agro-industrial by-products that can compete in the market with the commercial ones or act as a source for new food ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Vazquez-Olivo
- CONACyT - Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods Laboratory, Culiacan, México
| | - Erick P Gutiérrez-Grijalva
- CONACyT - Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods Laboratory, Culiacan, México
| | - José Basilio Heredia
- CONACyT - Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods Laboratory, Culiacan, México
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177
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Mailing LJ, Allen JM, Pence BD, Rytych J, Sun Y, Bhattacharya TK, Park P, Cross TWL, McCusker RH, Swanson KS, Fahey GC, Rhodes JS, Kelley KW, Johnson RW, Woods JA. Behavioral response to fiber feedingis cohort-dependent and associated with gut microbiota composition in mice. Behav Brain Res 2018; 359:731-736. [PMID: 30243767 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent data has supported a role for the gut microbiota in improving cognition and shaping behavior. Here, we assessed whether pectin, a soluble, fermentable fiber, could enhance learning and memory in mice. Two cohorts of young male C57Bl/6 J mice, C1 (n = 20) and C2 (n = 20), were obtained from Jackson Laboratory and randomized to semi-purified AIN-93 M diets containing 5% pectin (n = 10) or cellulose (n = 10). After 16 weeks, learning and memory was assessed by Morris Water Maze (MWM) and microbiota composition was analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. Despite identical treatment, we observed differences in learning and memory abilities between cohorts, along with distinct microbiotas. In C1, pectin-fed mice spent a higher percentage of time in the target quadrant at the 24-h probe trial of the MWM versus cellulose-fed mice; in C2, no effect of pectin was observed. In both cohorts, UniFrac distance revealed significant differences in gut microbial communities between cellulose-fed and pectin-fed mice. UniFrac analysis also revealed significantly different bacterial communities between cohorts. Further analysis demonstrated that the microbial genera Oscillospira, Bilophila, and Peptostreptococcoceae were more abundant in C1 versus C2, and positively associated with distance from the platform during the 24-h probe test. These data support previous findings that differences in the gut microbiota may play a role in host response to a dietary intervention and could partly explain irreproducibility in psychological and behavioral experiments. Further research is needed to determine if a causal relationship exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy J Mailing
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Jacob M Allen
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Brandt D Pence
- School of Health Studies, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Jennifer Rytych
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Tushar K Bhattacharya
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Pul Park
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Tzu-Wen L Cross
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Robert H McCusker
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Kelly S Swanson
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States
| | - George C Fahey
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Justin S Rhodes
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Keith W Kelley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Rodney W Johnson
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Jeffrey A Woods
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States; Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States.
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178
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Tan H, Chen W, Liu Q, Yang G, Li K. Pectin Oligosaccharides Ameliorate Colon Cancer by Regulating Oxidative Stress- and Inflammation-Activated Signaling Pathways. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1504. [PMID: 30013563 PMCID: PMC6036268 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer (CC) is the third common neoplasm worldwide, and it is still a big challenge for exploring new effective medicine for treating CC. Natural product promoting human health has become a hot topic and attracted many researchers recently. Pectin, a complex polysaccharide in plant cell wall, mainly consists of four major types of polysaccharides: homogalacturonan, xylogalacturonan, rhamnogalacturonan I and II, all of which can be degraded into various pectin oligosaccharides (POS) and may provide abundant resource for exploring potential anticancer drugs. POS have been regarded as a novel class of potential functional food with multiple health-promoting properties. POS have antibacterial activities against some aggressive and recurrent bacterial infection and exert beneficial immunomodulation for controlling CC risk. However, the molecular functional role of POS in the prevention of CC risk and progression remains doubtful. The review focuses on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory roles of POS for promoting human health by regulating some potential oxidative and inflammation-activated pathways, such as ATP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor-2 (Nrf2), and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathways. The activation of these signaling pathways increases the antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities, which will result in the apoptosis of CC cells or in the prevention of CC risk and progression. Thus, POS may inhibit CC development by affecting antioxidant and antiinflammatory signaling pathways AMPK, Nrf2, and NF-κB. However, POS also can activate signal transduction and transcriptional activator 1 and 3 signaling pathway, which will reduce antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and promote CC progression. Specific structural and structurally modified POS may be associated with their functions and should be deeply explored in the future. The present review paper lacks the important information for the linkage between the specific structure of POS and its function. To further explore the effects of prebiotic potential of POS and their derivatives on human immunomodulation in the prevention of CC, the specific POS with a certain degree of polymerization or purified polymers are highly demanded to be performed in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Tan
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Qishun Liu
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Guojun Yang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Kuikui Li
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
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179
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Hu JL, Nie SP, Xie MY. Antidiabetic Mechanism of Dietary Polysaccharides Based on Their Gastrointestinal Functions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:4781-4786. [PMID: 29671596 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a worldwide concern and obviously influences the quality of life of humans. Dietary polysaccharides were mainly from natural sources, namely, plants, fungi, algae, etc. They were resistant to human digestion and absorption, with complete or partial fermentation in the large bowel, and have shown antidiabetic ability. In this perspective, a literature search was conducted to provide information on the antidiabetic mechanism of dietary polysaccharides based on the whole gastrointestinal process, which was a new angle of view for understanding their antidiabetic mechanism. Further studies could take efforts on the mechanisms of the polysaccharide action through host-microbiota interactions targeting diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Lun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , Nanchang , Jiangxi 330047 , People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Ping Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , Nanchang , Jiangxi 330047 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Yong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Nanchang University , Nanchang , Jiangxi 330047 , People's Republic of China
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180
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Lara-Espinoza C, Carvajal-Millán E, Balandrán-Quintana R, López-Franco Y, Rascón-Chu A. Pectin and Pectin-Based Composite Materials: Beyond Food Texture. Molecules 2018; 23:E942. [PMID: 29670040 PMCID: PMC6017442 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectins are plant cell wall natural heteropolysaccharides composed mainly of α-1-4 d-galacturonic acid units, which may or may not be methyl esterified, possesses neutral sugars branching that harbor functional moieties. Physicochemical features as pH, temperature, ions concentration, and cosolute presence, affect directly the extraction yield and gelling capacity of pectins. The chemical and structural features of this polysaccharide enables its interaction with a wide range of molecules, a property that scientists profit from to form new composite matrices for target/controlled delivery of therapeutic molecules, genes or cells. Considered a prebiotic dietary fiber, pectins meetmany regulations easily, regarding health applications within the pharmaceutical industry as a raw material and as an agent for the prevention of cancer. Thus, this review lists many emergent pectin-based composite materials which will probably palliate the impact of obesity, diabetes and heart disease, aid to forestall actual epidemics, expand the ken of food additives and food products design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Lara-Espinoza
- Research Center for Food and Development, CIAD, A.C., Carretera a La Victoria Km. 0.6, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico.
| | - Elizabeth Carvajal-Millán
- Research Center for Food and Development, CIAD, A.C., Carretera a La Victoria Km. 0.6, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico.
| | - René Balandrán-Quintana
- Research Center for Food and Development, CIAD, A.C., Carretera a La Victoria Km. 0.6, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico.
| | - Yolanda López-Franco
- Research Center for Food and Development, CIAD, A.C., Carretera a La Victoria Km. 0.6, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico.
| | - Agustín Rascón-Chu
- Research Center for Food and Development, CIAD, A.C., Carretera a La Victoria Km. 0.6, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico.
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