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Muhammad BA, Almozyan S, Babaei-Jadidi R, Onyido EK, Saadeddin A, Kashfi SH, Spencer-Dene B, Ilyas M, Lourdusamy A, Behrens A, Nateri AS. FLYWCH1, a Novel Suppressor of Nuclear β-Catenin, Regulates Migration and Morphology in Colorectal Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:1977-1990. [PMID: 30097457 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays a critical role during development of both normal and malignant colorectal cancer tissues. Phosphorylation of β-catenin protein alters its trafficking and function. Such conventional allosteric regulation usually involves a highly specialized set of molecular interactions, which may specifically turn on a particular cell phenotype. This study identifies a novel transcription modulator with an FLYWCH/Zn-finger DNA-binding domain, called "FLYWCH1." Using a modified yeast-2-hybrid based Ras-Recruitment system, it is demonstrated that FLYWCH1 directly binds to unphosphorylated (nuclear) β-catenin efficiently suppressing the transcriptional activity of Wnt/β-catenin signaling that cannot be rescued by TCF4. FLYWCH1 rearranges the transcriptional activity of β-catenin/TCF4 to selectively block the expression of specific downstream genes associated with colorectal cancer cell migration and morphology, including ZEB1, EPHA4, and E-cadherin. Accordingly, overexpression of FLYWCH1 reduces cell motility and increases cell attachment. The expression of FLYWCH1 negatively correlates with the expression level of ZEB1 and EPHA4 in normal versus primary and metastatic colorectal cancer tissues in patients. Thus, FLYWCH1 antagonizes β-catenin/TCF4 signaling during cell polarity/migration in colorectal cancer. IMPLICATIONS: This study uncovers a new molecular mechanism by which FLYWCH1 with a possible tumor suppressive role represses β-catenin-induced ZEB1 and increases cadherin-mediated cell attachment preventing colorectal cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belal A Muhammad
- Cancer Genetics and Stem Cell Group, Cancer Biology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
- Division of Experimental Haematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Centre, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Sheema Almozyan
- Cancer Genetics and Stem Cell Group, Cancer Biology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
| | - Roya Babaei-Jadidi
- Cancer Genetics and Stem Cell Group, Cancer Biology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
| | - Emenike K Onyido
- Cancer Genetics and Stem Cell Group, Cancer Biology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Anas Saadeddin
- Cancer Genetics and Stem Cell Group, Cancer Biology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, GlaxoSmithKline, Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Seyed Hossein Kashfi
- Cancer Genetics and Stem Cell Group, Cancer Biology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Bradley Spencer-Dene
- Experimental Histopathology Laboratory, the Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Advanced Cell Diagnostics, School of Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad Ilyas
- Molecular Pathology Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Anbarasu Lourdusamy
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Axel Behrens
- Adult Stem Cell Laboratory, the Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Abdolrahman S Nateri
- Cancer Genetics and Stem Cell Group, Cancer Biology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
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152
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Bo X, Wu M, Xiao H, Wang H. Transcriptome analyses reveal molecular mechanisms that regulate endochondral ossification in amphibian Bufo gargarizans during metamorphosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:2632-2644. [PMID: 30076880 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A developmental transition from aquatic to terrestrial existence is one of the most important events in the evolution of terrestrial vertebrates. Amphibian metamorphosis is a classic model to study this transition. The development of the vertebrate skeleton can reflect its evolutionary history. Endochondral ossification serves a vital role in skeletal development. Thus, we sought to unravel molecular mechanisms that regulate endochondral ossification during Bufo gargarizans metamorphosis. METHODS The alizarin red-alcian blue double staining method was used to visualize the skeletal development of B. gargarizans during metamorphosis. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to explore the transcriptome of B. gargarizans in four key developmental stages during metamorphosis. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to validate the expression patterns of endochondral ossification related genes. RESULTS Endochondral ossification increased gradually in skeletal system of B. gargarizans during metamorphosis. A total of 137,264 unigenes were assembled and 44,035 unigenes were annotated. 10,352 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were further extracted among four key developmental stages. In addition, 28 endochondral ossification related genes were found by searching for DEG libraries in B. gargarizans. Of the 28 genes, 10 genes were validated using RT-qPCR. CONCLUSIONS The exquisite coordination of the 28 genes is essential for regulation of endochondral ossification during B. gargarizans metamorphosis. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The present study will not only provide an invaluable genomic resource and background for further research of endochondral ossification in amphibians but will also aid in enhancing our understanding of the evolution of terrestrial vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Bo
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Minyao Wu
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Hui Xiao
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Hongyuan Wang
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.
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153
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Nugraha AP, Narmada IB, Ernawati DS, Dinaryanti A, Hendrianto E, Ihsan IS, Riawan W, Rantam FA. Osteogenic potential of gingival stromal progenitor cells cultured in platelet rich fibrin is predicted by core-binding factor subunit-α1/Sox9 expression ratio ( in vitro). F1000Res 2018; 7:1134. [PMID: 30430007 PMCID: PMC6097418 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.15423.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Alveolar bone defect regeneration has long been problematic in the field of dentistry. Gingival stromal progenitor cells (GSPCs) offer a promising solution for alveolar bone regeneration. In order to optimally differentiate and proliferate progenitor cells, growth factors (GFs) are required. Platelet rich fibrin (PRF) has many GFs and can be easily manufactured. Core-binding factor subunit-α1 (CBF-α1) constitutes a well-known osteogenic differentiation transcription factor in SPCs. Sox9, as a chondrogenic transcription factor, interacts and inhibits CBF-α1, but its precise role in direct in vitro osteogenesis remains unknown. GSPCs cultured in vitro in PRF to optimally stimulate osteogenic differentiation has been largely overlooked. The aim of this study was to analyze GSPCs cultured in PRF osteogenic differentiation predicted by CBF-α1/Sox9. Methods: This study used a true experimental with post-test only control group design and random sampling. GPSCs isolated from the lower gingiva of four healthy, 250-gram, 1-month old, male Wistar rats ( Rattus Novergicus) were cultured for two weeks, passaged every 4-5 days. GSPCs in passage 3-5 were cultured in five M24 plates (N=108; n=6/group) for Day 7, Day 14, and Day 21 in three different mediums (control negative group: αModified Eagle Medium; control positive group: High Glucose-Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM-HG) + osteogenic medium; Treatment group: DMEM-HG + osteogenic medium + PRF). CBF-α1 and Sox9 were examined with ICC monoclonal antibody. A one-way ANOVA continued with Tukey HSD test (p<0.05) based on Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Levene's tests (p>0.05) was performed. Results: The treatment group showed the highest CBF-α1/Sox9 ratio (16.00±3.000/14.33±2.517) on Day 7, while the lowest CBF-α1/Sox9 ratio (3.33±1.528/3.67±1.155) occurred in the control negative group on Day 21, with significant difference between the groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: GSPCs cultured in PRF had potential osteogenic differentiation ability predicted by the CBF-α1/sox9 ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Patera Nugraha
- Graduate School of Immunology, Postgraduate School, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60132, Indonesia
- Orthodontic Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60132, Indonesia
- Stem Cell Research and Development Center, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60132, Indonesia
| | - Ida Bagus Narmada
- Orthodontic Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60132, Indonesia
| | - Diah Savitri Ernawati
- Oral Medicine Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60132, Indonesia
| | - Aristika Dinaryanti
- Stem Cell Research and Development Center, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60132, Indonesia
| | - Eryk Hendrianto
- Stem Cell Research and Development Center, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60132, Indonesia
| | - Igo Syaiful Ihsan
- Stem Cell Research and Development Center, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60132, Indonesia
| | - Wibi Riawan
- Biochemistry Biomolecular Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Fedik Abdul Rantam
- Stem Cell Research and Development Center, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60132, Indonesia
- Virology and Immunology Laboratory, Microbiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga., Surabaya, 60132, Indonesia
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154
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Sono T, Akiyama H, Miura S, Deng JM, Shukunami C, Hiraki Y, Tsushima Y, Azuma Y, Behringer RR, Matsuda S. THRAP3 interacts with and inhibits the transcriptional activity of SOX9 during chondrogenesis. J Bone Miner Metab 2018; 36:410-419. [PMID: 28770354 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-017-0855-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sex-determining region Y (Sry)-box (Sox)9 is required for chondrogenesis as a transcriptional activator of genes related to chondrocyte proliferation, differentiation, and cartilage-specific extracellular matrix. Although there have been studies investigating the Sox9-dependent transcriptional complexes, not all their components have been identified. In the present study, we demonstrated that thyroid hormone receptor-associated protein (THRAP)3 is a component of a SOX9 transcriptional complex by liquid chromatography mass spectrometric analysis of FLAG-tagged Sox9-binding proteins purified from FLAG-HA-tagged Sox9 knock-in mice. Thrap3 knockdown in ATDC5 chondrogenic cells increased the expression of Collagen type II alpha 1 chain (Col2a1) without affecting Sox9 expression. THRAP3 and SOX9 overexpression reduced Col2a1 levels to a greater degree than overexpression of SOX9 alone. The negative regulation of SOX9 transcriptional activity by THRAP3 was mediated by interaction between the proline-, glutamine-, and serine-rich domain of SOX9 and the innominate domain of THRAP3. These results indicate that THRAP3 negatively regulates SOX9 transcriptional activity as a cofactor of a SOX9 transcriptional complex during chondrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sono
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Akiyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Shigenori Miura
- Laboratory of Cellular Differentiation, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jian Min Deng
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Chisa Shukunami
- Laboratory of Cellular Differentiation, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Division of Basic Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuji Hiraki
- Laboratory of Cellular Differentiation, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yu Tsushima
- Pharmacology Research Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, Hino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Azuma
- Medical Science Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Richard R Behringer
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shuichi Matsuda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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155
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Zhou Y, Wang T, Hamilton JL, Chen D. Wnt/β-catenin Signaling in Osteoarthritis and in Other Forms of Arthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2018; 19:53. [PMID: 28752488 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-017-0679-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Arthritis defines a large group of diseases primarily affecting the joint. It is the leading cause of pain and disability in adults. Osteoarthritis (OA) affecting the knee or hip is the most common form among over 100 types of arthritis. Other types of arthritis include erosive hand OA, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) OA, facet joint OA, diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH), and spondyloarthritis (SpA). However, the specific molecular signals involved in the development and progression of OA and related forms of arthritis remain largely unknown. The canonical wingless/integrated (Wnt)/β-catenin signaling pathway could play a unique role in the pathogenesis of arthritis. In this review article, we will focus on the molecular mechanisms of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the pathogenesis of OA and other types of arthritis. RECENT FINDINGS Emerging evidence demonstrates that Wnts and Wnt-related molecules are involved in arthritis development and progression in human genetic studies and in vitro studies. Also, mouse models have been generated to determine the role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the pathogenesis of arthritis. Wnt/β-catenin signaling represents a unique signaling pathway regulating arthritis development and progression, and the molecules in this particular pathway may serve as targets for the therapeutic intervention of arthritis. Mediators and downstream effectors of Wnt/β-catenin signaling are increased in OA as well other forms of arthritis, including DISH and SpA. Through extensive investigations, including pre-clinical studies in transgenic mice and translational and human studies, the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway has been proven to play roles in bone and joint pathology by directly affecting bone, cartilage, and synovial tissue; further, these pathologies can be reduced through targeting this pathway. Continued investigation into the distinct molecular signaling of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway will provide additional insights toward the therapeutic intervention in arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yachuan Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Tingyu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - John L Hamilton
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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156
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Venkatesan JK, Moutos FT, Rey-Rico A, Estes BT, Frisch J, Schmitt G, Madry H, Guilak F, Cucchiarini M. Chondrogenic Differentiation Processes in Human Bone-Marrow Aspirates Seeded in Three-Dimensional-Woven Poly(ɛ-Caprolactone) Scaffolds Enhanced by Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus-Mediated SOX9 Gene Transfer. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 29:1277-1286. [PMID: 29717624 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2017.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Combining gene therapy approaches with tissue engineering procedures is an active area of translational research for the effective treatment of articular cartilage lesions, especially to target chondrogenic progenitor cells such as those derived from the bone marrow. This study evaluated the effect of genetically modifying concentrated human mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow to induce chondrogenesis by recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector gene transfer of the sex-determining region Y-type high-mobility group box 9 (SOX9) factor upon seeding in three-dimensional-woven poly(ɛ-caprolactone; PCL) scaffolds that provide mechanical properties mimicking those of native articular cartilage. Prolonged, effective SOX9 expression was reported in the constructs for at least 21 days, the longest time point evaluated, leading to enhanced metabolic and chondrogenic activities relative to the control conditions (reporter lacZ gene transfer or absence of vector treatment) but without affecting the proliferative activities in the samples. The application of the rAAV SOX9 vector also prevented undesirable hypertrophic and terminal differentiation in the seeded concentrates. As bone marrow is readily accessible during surgery, such findings reveal the therapeutic potential of providing rAAV-modified marrow concentrates within three-dimensional-woven PCL scaffolds for repair of focal cartilage lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagadeesh K Venkatesan
- 1 Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University , Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | | | - Ana Rey-Rico
- 1 Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University , Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | | | - Janina Frisch
- 1 Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University , Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Gertrud Schmitt
- 1 Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University , Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Henning Madry
- 1 Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University , Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Farshid Guilak
- 2 Cytex Therapeutics, Inc. , Durham, North Carolina.,3 Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Developmental Biology, and Biomedical Engineering, Washington University and Shriners Hospitals for Children-St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Magali Cucchiarini
- 1 Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University , Homburg/Saar, Germany
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157
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SOX30 Inhibits Tumor Metastasis through Attenuating Wnt-Signaling via Transcriptional and Posttranslational Regulation of β-Catenin in Lung Cancer. EBioMedicine 2018; 31:253-266. [PMID: 29739711 PMCID: PMC6014586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Although high mortality of lung cancer is greatly due to distant metastasis, the mechanism of this metastasis remains unclear. Here, we investigate in lung cancer that SOX30 is sharply under-expressed in metastatic tumors compared with non-metastatic tumors, and suppresses plenty of metastasis related processes or pathways. SOX30 strongly inhibits tumor cell metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Sox30 deficiency promotes lung metastasis in Sox30−/− mice and this uncontrollable lung-metastasis is re-inhibited upon Sox30 re-expression. Mechanistically, SOX30 diminishes Wnt-signaling via directly transcriptional repressing β-catenin or interacting with β-catenin to compete with TCF for binding to β-catenin. The carboxyl-terminus of SOX30 is required for attenuating β-catenin transcriptional activity, whereas the amino-terminus of SOX30 is required for its interaction with β-catenin protein. Enhance of β-catenin attenuates the anti-metastatic role of SOX30. Moreover, Sox30 deficiency promotes tumor metastasis and reduces survival of mice. In addition, nuclear SOX30 expression is closely associated with metastasis and represents a favorable independent prognostic biomarker of lung cancer patients. Altogether, these results highlight an important role and mechanism of SOX30 in lung cancer metastasis, providing a potential therapeutic target for anti-metastasis. SOX30 is closely associated with lung cancer metastasis, and strongly inhibits cancer cell metastasis in vitro and in vivo. SOX30 suppresses cancer metastasis via transcriptional repressing β-catenin or competing with TCF for β-catenin binding. SOX30 deficiency promotes tumor long-distance metastasis and reduces overall survival of mice and lung cancer patients.
The high mortality of lung cancer is largely due to distant-metastases. However, the mechanism of this metastasis remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that SOX30 strongly inhibits lung cancer metastasis in vitro and in vivo. As an important metastatic suppressor, SOX30 prevents long-distant metastases and causes fine prognosis inhibiting Wnt-signaling via transcriptional repressing β-catenin or competing with TCF for interaction with β-catenin. This study provides useful information for effective therapies against tumor-metastasis. Considering key role of β-catenin in tumor-metastasis and ineffective treatment using inhibitors against β-catenin, it is a potential choice to suppress Wnt/β-catenin activity via targeting the upstream SOX30.
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158
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Notum balances Wnt signaling during tracheal cartilage development. Dev Biol 2018; 437:61-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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159
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Wolff RK, Hoffman MD, Wolff EC, Herrick JS, Sakoda LC, Samowitz WS, Slattery ML. Mutation analysis of adenomas and carcinomas of the colon: Early and late drivers. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2018; 57:366-376. [PMID: 29575536 PMCID: PMC5951744 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) accounts for about 8% of all new cancer cases diagnosed in the US. We used whole exome sequence data from triplet samples (colon carcinoma, colon adenoma, and normal tissue) from 18 individuals to assess gene mutation rates. Of the 2 204 genes that were mutated, APC, TTN, TP53, KRAS, OBSCN, SOX9, PCDH17, SIGLEC10, MYH6, and BRD9 were consistent with genes being an early driver of carcinogenesis, in that they were mutated in multiple adenomas and multiple carcinomas. Fifty-two genes were mutated in ≥12.5% of microsatellite stable (MSS) carcinomas but not in any of the adenomas, in line with the profile of a late driver event involved in tumor progression. Thirty-eight genes were sequenced in a larger independent set of 148 carcinoma/normal tissue pairs to obtain more precise mutation frequencies. Eight of the genes, APC, TP53, ATM, CSMD3, LRP1B, RYR2, BIRC6, and MUC17, contained mutations in >20% of the carcinomas. Interestingly, mutations in four genes in addition to APC that are associated with dysregulation of Wnt signaling, were all classified as early driver events. Most of the genes that are commonly associated with colon cancer, including APC, TP53, and KRAS, were all classified as being early driver genes being mutated in both adenomas and carcinomas. Classifying genes as potential early and late driver events points to candidate genes that may help dissect pathways involved in both tumor initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger K Wolff
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah, 383 Colorow, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84108
| | - Michael D Hoffman
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah, 383 Colorow, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84108
| | - Erica C Wolff
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah, 383 Colorow, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84108
| | - Jennifer S Herrick
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah, 383 Colorow, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84108
| | - Lori C Sakoda
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California
| | - Wade S Samowitz
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Martha L Slattery
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah, 383 Colorow, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84108
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160
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Zuo C, Wang L, Kamalesh RM, Bowen ME, Moore DC, Dooner MS, Reginato AM, Wu Q, Schorl C, Song Y, Warman ML, Neel BG, Ehrlich MG, Yang W. SHP2 regulates skeletal cell fate by modifying SOX9 expression and transcriptional activity. Bone Res 2018; 6:12. [PMID: 29644115 PMCID: PMC5886981 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-018-0013-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondrocytes and osteoblasts differentiate from a common mesenchymal precursor, the osteochondroprogenitor (OCP), and help build the vertebrate skeleton. The signaling pathways that control lineage commitment for OCPs are incompletely understood. We asked whether the ubiquitously expressed protein-tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 (encoded by Ptpn11) affects skeletal lineage commitment by conditionally deleting Ptpn11 in mouse limb and head mesenchyme using "Cre-loxP"-mediated gene excision. SHP2-deficient mice have increased cartilage mass and deficient ossification, suggesting that SHP2-deficient OCPs become chondrocytes and not osteoblasts. Consistent with these observations, the expression of the master chondrogenic transcription factor SOX9 and its target genes Acan, Col2a1, and Col10a1 were increased in SHP2-deficient chondrocytes, as revealed by gene expression arrays, qRT-PCR, in situ hybridization, and immunostaining. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that SHP2 regulates OCP fate determination via the phosphorylation and SUMOylation of SOX9, mediated at least in part via the PKA signaling pathway. Our data indicate that SHP2 is critical for skeletal cell lineage differentiation and could thus be a pharmacologic target for bone and cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Zuo
- 1Department of Orthopaedics, Brown University Alpert Medical School and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903 USA.,9Present Address: Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022 China
| | - Lijun Wang
- 1Department of Orthopaedics, Brown University Alpert Medical School and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903 USA
| | - Raghavendra M Kamalesh
- 1Department of Orthopaedics, Brown University Alpert Medical School and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903 USA
| | - Margot E Bowen
- 2Orthopaedic Research Laboratories and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Douglas C Moore
- 1Department of Orthopaedics, Brown University Alpert Medical School and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903 USA
| | - Mark S Dooner
- 3Division of Hematology and Oncology, Brown University Alpert Medical School and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903 USA
| | - Anthony M Reginato
- 4Division of Rheumatology, Brown University Alpert Medical School and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903 USA
| | - Qian Wu
- 5Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030 USA
| | - Christoph Schorl
- 6Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Providence, RI 02912 USA
| | - Yueming Song
- 7Department of Orthopedic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Matthew L Warman
- 2Orthopaedic Research Laboratories and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Benjamin G Neel
- 8Laura and Issac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - Michael G Ehrlich
- 1Department of Orthopaedics, Brown University Alpert Medical School and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903 USA
| | - Wentian Yang
- 1Department of Orthopaedics, Brown University Alpert Medical School and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903 USA
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161
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Fernández-Pérez D, Brieño-Enríquez MA, Isoler-Alcaraz J, Larriba E, Del Mazo J. MicroRNA dynamics at the onset of primordial germ and somatic cell sex differentiation during mouse embryonic gonad development. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 24:287-303. [PMID: 29187591 PMCID: PMC5824349 DOI: 10.1261/rna.062869.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, commitment and specification of germ cell lines involves complex programs that include sex differentiation, control of proliferation, and meiotic initiation. Regulation of these processes is genetically controlled by fine-tuned mechanisms of gene regulation in which microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved. We have characterized, by small-RNA-seq and bioinformatics analyses, the miRNA expression patterns of male and female mouse primordial germ cells (PGCs) and gonadal somatic cells at embryonic stages E11.5, E12.5, and E13.5. Differential expression analyses revealed differences in the regulation of key miRNA clusters such as miR-199-214, miR-182-183-96, and miR-34c-5p, whose targets have defined roles during gonadal sexual determination in both germ and somatic cells. Extensive analyses of miRNA sequences revealed an increase in noncanonical isoforms on PGCs at E12.5 and dramatic changes of 3' isomiR expression and 3' nontemplate nucleotide additions in female PGCs at E13.5. Additionally, RT-qPCR analyses of genes encoding proteins involved in miRNA biogenesis and 3' nucleotide addition uncovered sexually and developmentally specific expression, characterized by the decay of Drosha, Dgcr8, and Xpo5 expression along gonadal development. These results demonstrate that miRNAs, their isomiRs, and miRNA machinery are differentially regulated and participate actively in gonadal sexual differentiation in both PGCs and gonadal somatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fernández-Pérez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Miguel A Brieño-Enríquez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Javier Isoler-Alcaraz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Eduardo Larriba
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Jesús Del Mazo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid 28040, Spain
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162
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Moore ER, Jacobs CR. The primary cilium as a signaling nexus for growth plate function and subsequent skeletal development. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:533-545. [PMID: 28901584 PMCID: PMC5839937 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The primary cilium is a solitary, antenna-like sensory organelle with many important roles in cartilage and bone development, maintenance, and function. The primary cilium's potential role as a signaling nexus in the growth plate makes it an attractive therapeutic target for diseases and disorders associated with bone development and maintenance. Many signaling pathways that are mediated by the cilium-such as Hh, Wnt, Ihh/PTHrP, TGFβ, BMP, FGF, and Notch-are also known to influence endochondral ossification, primarily by directing growth plate formation and chondrocyte behavior. Although a few studies have demonstrated that these signaling pathways can be directly tied to the primary cilium, many pathways have yet to be evaluated in context of the cilium. This review serves to bridge this knowledge gap in the literature, as well as discuss the cilium's importance in the growth plate's ability to sense and respond to chemical and mechanical stimuli. Furthermore, we explore the importance of using the appropriate mechanism to study the cilium in vivo and suggest IFT88 deletion is the best available technique. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:533-545, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R. Moore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Columbia University; 351 Engineering Terrace, Mail Code 8904, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue New York 10027 New York
| | - Christopher R. Jacobs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Columbia University; 351 Engineering Terrace, Mail Code 8904, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue New York 10027 New York
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163
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Gouveia CHA, Miranda-Rodrigues M, Martins GM, Neofiti-Papi B. Thyroid Hormone and Skeletal Development. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2018; 106:383-472. [PMID: 29407443 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) is essential for skeletal development from the late fetal life to the onset of puberty. During this large window of actions, TH has key roles in endochondral and intramembranous ossifications and in the longitudinal bone growth. There is evidence that TH acts directly in skeletal cells but also indirectly, specially via the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 axis, to control the linear skeletal growth and maturation. The presence of receptors, plasma membrane transporters, and activating and inactivating enzymes of TH in skeletal cells suggests that direct actions of TH in these cells are crucial for skeletal development, which has been confirmed by several in vitro and in vivo studies, including mouse genetic studies, and clinical studies in patients with resistance to thyroid hormone due to dominant-negative mutations in TH receptors. This review examines progress made on understanding the mechanisms by which TH regulates the skeletal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia H A Gouveia
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Experimental Pathophysiology Program, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Gisele M Martins
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Experimental Pathophysiology Program, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Bianca Neofiti-Papi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Experimental Pathophysiology Program, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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164
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Upadhyay K, Loke J, O V, Taragin B, Ostrer H. Biallelic mutations in FLNB cause a skeletal dysplasia with 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis by activating β-catenin. Clin Genet 2017; 93:412-416. [PMID: 29095481 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Filamin B (FLNB) functions as a switch that can affect chrondrocyte development and endochondral bone formation through a series of signaling molecules and transcription factors that also affect Sertoli cell development. Here, we report a subject with a novel skeletal dysplasia and co-existing 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis and biallelic mutations in FLNB. Whole exome sequencing was performed to identify mutations. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and flow variant assays were performed to quantify RNA, proteins and phosphorylated proteins. The TOPFLASH reporter was performed to quantify β-catenin activity. Mutations were identified in the FLNB gene (FLNB:p.F964L, FLNB:p.A1577V). These mutations increased binding of FLNB protein to the MAP3K1 and RAC1 signal transduction complex and activated β-catenin and had different effects on phosphorylation of MAP kinase pathway intermediates and SOX9 expression. Direct activation of β-catenin through the FLNB-MAP3K1-RAC1 complex by FLNB mutations is a novel mechanism for causing 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis. The mechanism of action varies from those reported previously for loss of function mutations in SOX9 and gain-of-function mutations in MAP3K1.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Upadhyay
- Departments of Pathology and Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, New York City, New York
| | - J Loke
- Departments of Pathology and Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, New York City, New York
| | - V O
- Departments of Pathology and Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, New York City, New York
| | - B Taragin
- Departments of Pathology and Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, New York City, New York
| | - H Ostrer
- Departments of Pathology and Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, New York City, New York
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165
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Wang T, Li J, Zhou GQ, Ma P, Zhao Y, Wang B, Chen D. Specific Deletion of β-Catenin in Col2-Expressing Cells Leads to Defects in Epiphyseal Bone. Int J Biol Sci 2017; 13:1540-1546. [PMID: 29230102 PMCID: PMC5723920 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.23000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling in postnatal bone growth has not been fully defined. In the present studies, we generated β-catenin conditional knockout (KO) mice and deleted β-catenin in Col2-expressing chondrocytes and mesenchymal progenitor cells. Findings from analyzing the β-cateninCol2CreER KO mice revealed severe bone destruction and bone loss phenotype in epiphyseal bone, probably due to the increase in osteoclast formation and the accumulation of adipocytes in this area. In addition, we also found bone destruction and bone loss phenotype in vertebral bone in β-cateninCol2CreER KO mice. These findings indicate that β-catenin signaling plays a critical role in postnatal bone remodeling. Our study provides new insights into the regulation of epiphyseal bone homeostasis at postnatal stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Medical Cell Biology and Genetics, Shenzhen Key Laboratory and the Center for Anti-Ageing and Regenerative Medicine, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Guang-Qian Zhou
- Department of Medical Cell Biology and Genetics, Shenzhen Key Laboratory and the Center for Anti-Ageing and Regenerative Medicine, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Peter Ma
- Department of Biologic and Materials Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yue Zhao
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310022, China
| | - Baoli Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital, Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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166
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Thimsen V, John N, Buchfelder M, Flitsch J, Fahlbusch R, Stefanits H, Knosp E, Losa M, Buslei R, Hölsken A. Expression of SRY-related HMG Box Transcription Factors (Sox) 2 and 9 in Craniopharyngioma Subtypes and Surrounding Brain Tissue. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15856. [PMID: 29158570 PMCID: PMC5696533 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15977-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells have been discovered as key players in the genesis of different neoplasms including craniopharyngioma (CP), a rare tumour entity in the sellar region. Sox2 and Sox9 are well-known stem cell markers involved in pituitary development. In this study we analysed the expression of both transcription factors using immunohistochemistry in a large cohort of 64 adamantinomatous (aCP) and 9 papillary CP (pCP) and quantitative PCR in 26 aCP and 7 pCP. Whereas immunohistochemically Sox2+ cells were verifiable in only five aCP (7.8%) and in 39.1% of the respective surrounding cerebral tissue, pCP specimens appeared always negative. In contrast, Sox9 was detectable in all tumours with a significantly higher expression in aCP compared to pCP (protein, p < 0.0001; mRNA p = 0.0484) This was also true for the respective tumour adjacent CNS where 63 aCP (98.4%) and six pCP (66.7%) showed Sox9+ cells. We further confirmed absence of Sox9 expression in nuclear β-catenin accumulating cells of aCP. Our results point to the conclusion that Sox2 and Sox9, seem to play essential roles not only in the specific formation of aCP, but also in processes involving the cerebral tumour environment, which needs to be illuminated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Thimsen
- Department of Neuropathology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nora John
- Department of Neuropathology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Buchfelder
- Department of Neurosurgery, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg Flitsch
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Fahlbusch
- Department of Neurosurgery, International Neuroscience Institute, Hannover, Germany
| | - Harald Stefanits
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Engelbert Knosp
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marco Losa
- Ospedale San Raffaele, Department of Neurosurgery, Milano, Italy
| | - Rolf Buslei
- Department of Pathology, Sozialstiftung Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany.
| | - Annett Hölsken
- Department of Neuropathology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
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167
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Marcucio RS, Qin L, Alsberg E, Boerckel JD. Reverse engineering development: Crosstalk opportunities between developmental biology and tissue engineering. J Orthop Res 2017; 35:2356-2368. [PMID: 28660712 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The fields of developmental biology and tissue engineering have been revolutionized in recent years by technological advancements, expanded understanding, and biomaterials design, leading to the emerging paradigm of "developmental" or "biomimetic" tissue engineering. While developmental biology and tissue engineering have long overlapping histories, the fields have largely diverged in recent years at the same time that crosstalk opportunities for mutual benefit are more salient than ever. In this perspective article, we will use musculoskeletal development and tissue engineering as a platform on which to discuss these emerging crosstalk opportunities and will present our opinions on the bright future of these overlapping spheres of influence. The multicellular programs that control musculoskeletal development are rapidly becoming clarified, represented by shifting paradigms in our understanding of cellular function, identity, and lineage specification during development. Simultaneously, advancements in bioartificial matrices that replicate the biochemical, microstructural, and mechanical properties of developing tissues present new tools and approaches for recapitulating development in tissue engineering. Here, we introduce concepts and experimental approaches in musculoskeletal developmental biology and biomaterials design and discuss applications in tissue engineering as well as opportunities for tissue engineering approaches to inform our understanding of fundamental biology. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:2356-2368, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph S Marcucio
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Ling Qin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 36th Street and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia 19104-6081, Pennsylvania
| | - Eben Alsberg
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Orthopaedic Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Joel D Boerckel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 36th Street and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia 19104-6081, Pennsylvania.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennslyvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
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168
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Pan T, Chen R, Wu D, Cai N, Shi X, Li B, Pan J. Alpha-Mangostin suppresses interleukin-1β-induced apoptosis in rat chondrocytes by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway and delays the progression of osteoarthritis in a rat model. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 52:156-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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169
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Zwolanek D, Satué M, Proell V, Godoy JR, Odörfer KI, Flicker M, Hoffmann SC, Rülicke T, Erben RG. Tracking mesenchymal stem cell contributions to regeneration in an immunocompetent cartilage regeneration model. JCI Insight 2017; 2:87322. [PMID: 29046476 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.87322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
It is currently controversially discussed whether mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) facilitate cartilage regeneration in vivo by a progenitor- or a nonprogenitor-mediated mechanism. Here, we describe a potentially novel unbiased in vivo cell tracking system based on transgenic donor and corresponding immunocompetent marker-tolerant recipient mouse and rat lines in inbred genetic backgrounds. Tolerance of recipients was achieved by transgenic expression of an immunologically neutral but physicochemically distinguishable variant of the marker human placental alkaline phosphatase (ALPP). In this dual transgenic system, donor lines ubiquitously express WT, heat-resistant ALPP protein, whereas recipient lines express a heat-labile ALPP mutant (ALPPE451G) resulting from a single amino acid substitution. Tolerance of recipient lines to ALPP-expressing cells and tissues was verified by skin transplantation. Using this model, we show that intraarticularly injected MSC contribute to regeneration of articular cartilage in full-thickness cartilage defects mainly via a nonprogenitor-mediated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Zwolanek
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - María Satué
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena Proell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - José R Godoy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kathrin I Odörfer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Magdalena Flicker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sigrid C Hoffmann
- Medical Research Center, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Rülicke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhold G Erben
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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170
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Wang L, Huang J, Moore DC, Zuo C, Wu Q, Xie L, von der Mark K, Yuan X, Chen D, Warman ML, Ehrlich MG, Yang W. SHP2 Regulates the Osteogenic Fate of Growth Plate Hypertrophic Chondrocytes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12699. [PMID: 28983104 PMCID: PMC5629218 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12767-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transdifferentiation of hypertrophic chondrocytes into bone-forming osteoblasts has been reported, yet the underlying molecular mechanism remains incompletely understood. SHP2 is an ubiquitously expressed cytoplasmic protein tyrosine phosphatase. SHP2 loss-of-function mutations in chondroid cells are linked to metachondromatosis in humans and mice, suggesting a crucial role for SHP2 in the skeleton. However, the specific role of SHP2 in skeletal cells has not been elucidated. To approach this question, we ablated SHP2 in collagen 2α1(Col2α1)-Cre- and collagen 10α1(Col10α1)-Cre-expressing cells, predominantly proliferating and hypertrophic chondrocytes, using "Cre-loxP"-mediated gene excision. Mice lacking SHP2 in Col2α1-Cre-expressing cells die at mid-gestation. Postnatal SHP2 ablation in the same cell population caused dwarfism, chondrodysplasia and exostoses. In contrast, mice in which SHP2 was ablated in the Col10α1-Cre-expressing cells appeared normal but were osteopenic. Further mechanistic studies revealed that SHP2 exerted its influence partly by regulating the abundance of SOX9 in chondrocytes. Elevated and sustained SOX9 in SHP2-deficient hypertrophic chondrocytes impaired their differentiation to osteoblasts and impaired endochondral ossification. Our study uncovered an important role of SHP2 in bone development and cartilage homeostasis by influencing the osteogenic differentiation of hypertrophic chondrocytes and provided insight into the pathogenesis and potential treatment of skeletal diseases, such as osteopenia and osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Jiahui Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Douglas C Moore
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Chunlin Zuo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, P.R. China
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Liqin Xie
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - Klaus von der Mark
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Gluckstrasse 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Xin Yuan
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University, 600 S. Paulina St., Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Matthew L Warman
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Michael G Ehrlich
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Wentian Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
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171
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Solmaz D, Uslu S, Kozacı D, Karaca N, Bulbul H, Tarhan EF, Ozmen M, Can G, Akar S. Evaluation of periostin and factors associated with new bone formation in ankylosing spondylitis: Periostin may be associated with the Wnt pathway. Int J Rheum Dis 2017; 21:502-509. [PMID: 28941122 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.13186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Periostin has been shown to be involved in bone anabolism through the regulation of Wnt-β-catenin signaling. It may be one of the pathogenic mechanisms in syndesmophyte formation in ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The aim of this study was to evaluate serum periostin levels in patients with AS and to assess relationships among biomarkers of bone formation and periostin in disease outcomes, particularly radiographic changes. METHODS Ninety-seven consecutive AS patients (78% male) and 48 healthy controls (75% male) were included in the study. Serum periostin, dickkopf-1 (DKK-1), sclerostin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels were measured using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Disease-related characteristics of patients were assessed using Ankylosing spondylitis disease activity score - C-reactive protein (ASDAS-CRP), Bath AS Disease Activity Index, Bath AS Functional Index and Bath AS metrology index. Radiographs were scored using the modified New York criteria and modified Stokes AS spinal score (mSASSS). RESULTS Compared with control subjects, patients with AS had significantly lower serum levels of periostin (P < 0.001) and sclerostin (P < 0.001), but higher serum levels of VEGF (P < 0.001) and high-sensitivity CRP (P < 0.001). Serum periostin (P = 0.005) and sclerostin levels (P = 0.016) were significantly lower in patients with very high disease activity according to ASDAS-CRP. Current age (P = 0.009), age at symptom onset (P = 0.021) and hip joint involvement (P = 0.012) were independently associated with the development of syndesmophyte, in contrast to biomarkers of bone metabolism that we evaluated. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that periostin is down-regulated in AS patients with highly active disease and may contribute to disease pathogenesis through an interaction with Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Solmaz
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Namik Kemal University Hospital, Tekirdag, Turkey
| | - Sadettin Uslu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Izmir Katip Çelebi University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Didem Kozacı
- Department of Biochemistry, Adnan Menderes University School of Medicine, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Karaca
- Department of Biochemistry, Adnan Menderes University School of Medicine, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Hale Bulbul
- Department of Internal Medicine, Izmir Katip Çelebi University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Emine Figen Tarhan
- Department of Internal Medicine and Division of Rheumatology, Izmir Katip Çelebi University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Ozmen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Division of Rheumatology, Izmir Katip Çelebi University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gercek Can
- Department of Internal Medicine and Division of Rheumatology, Izmir Katip Çelebi University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Servet Akar
- Department of Internal Medicine and Division of Rheumatology, Izmir Katip Çelebi University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
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172
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Taniguchi N, Kawakami Y, Maruyama I, Lotz M. HMGB proteins and arthritis. Hum Cell 2017; 31:1-9. [PMID: 28916968 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-017-0182-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The high-mobility group box (HMGB) family includes four members: HMGB1, 2, 3 and 4. HMGB proteins have two functions. In the nucleus, HMGB proteins bind to DNA in a DNA structure-dependent but nucleotide sequence-independent manner to function in chromatin remodeling. Extracellularly, HMGB proteins function as alarmins, which are endogenous molecules released upon tissue damage to activate the immune system. HMGB1 acts as a late mediator of inflammation and contributes to prolonged and sustained systemic inflammation in subjects with rheumatoid arthritis. By contrast, Hmgb2 -/- mice represent a relevant model of aging-related osteoarthritis (OA), which is associated with the suppression of HMGB2 expression in cartilage. Hmgb2 mutant mice not only develop early-onset OA but also exhibit a specific phenotype in the superficial zone (SZ) of articular cartilage. Given the similar expression and activation patterns of HMGB2 and β-catenin in articular cartilage, the loss of these pathways in the SZ of articular cartilage may lead to altered gene expression, cell death and OA-like pathogenesis. Moreover, HMGB2 regulates chondrocyte hypertrophy by mediating Runt-related transcription factor 2 expression and Wnt signaling. Therefore, one possible mechanism explaining the modulation of lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1 (LEF1)-dependent transactivation by HMGB2 is that a differential interaction between HMGB2 and nuclear factors affects the transcription of genes containing LEF1-responsive elements. The multiple functions of HMGB proteins reveal the complex roles of these proteins as innate and endogenous regulators of inflammation in joints and their cooperative roles in cartilage hypertrophy as well as in the maintenance of joint tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Taniguchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan.
- Department of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiko Kawakami
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, and Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, 321 Church St. SE, 6-160 Jackson Hall, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Ikuro Maruyama
- Department of Systems Biology in Thromboregulation, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Martin Lotz
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, MEM 161, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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173
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Li R, Xu J, Wong DSH, Li J, Zhao P, Bian L. Self-assembled N-cadherin mimetic peptide hydrogels promote the chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells through inhibition of canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Biomaterials 2017; 145:33-43. [PMID: 28843065 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
N-cadherin, a transmembrane protein and major component of adherens junction, mediates cell-cell interactions and intracellular signaling that are important to the regulation of cell behaviors and organ development. Previous studies have identified mimetic peptides that possess similar bioactivity as that of N-cadherin, which promotes chondrogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs); however, the molecular mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we combined the N-cadherin mimetic peptide (HAVDI) with the self-assembling KLD-12 peptide: the resultant peptide is capable of self-assembling into hydrogels functionalized with N-cadherin peptide in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 37 °C. Encapsulation of hMSCs in these hydrogels showed enhanced expression of chondrogenic marker genes and deposition of cartilage specific extracellular matrix rich in proteoglycan and Type II Collagen compared to control hydrogels, with a scrambled-sequence peptide after 14 days of chondrogenic culture. Furthermore, western blot showed a significantly higher expression of active glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), which phosphorylates β-catenin and facilitates ubiquitin-mediated degradation, as well as a lower expression of β-catenin and LEF1 in the N-cadherin peptide hydrogels versus controls. Immunofluorescence staining revealed significantly less nuclear localization of β-catenin in N-cadherin mimetic peptide hydrogels. Our findings suggest that N-cadherin peptide hydrogels suppress canonical Wnt signaling in hMSCs by reducing β-catenin nuclear translocation and the associated transcriptional activity of β-catenin/LEF-1/TCF complex, thereby enhancing the chondrogenesis of hMSCs. Our biomimetic self-assembled peptide hydrogels can serve as a tailorable and versatile three-dimensional culture platform to investigate the effect of biofunctionalization on stem cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Jianbin Xu
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China; Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Dexter Siu Hong Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Jinming Li
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Pengchao Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Liming Bian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong; Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORaMed), Hangzhou, PR China; Centre for Novel Biomaterials, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
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174
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Chen K, Quan H, Chen G, Xiao D. Spatio-temporal expression patterns of Wnt signaling pathway during the development of temporomandibular condylar cartilage. Gene Expr Patterns 2017; 25-26:149-158. [PMID: 28800889 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence supporting the involvement of the Wnt signaling pathway in various aspects of skeletal and joint development; however, it is unclear whether it is involved in the process of temporomandibular joint development. In order to clarify this issue, we examined the spatio-temporal distribution of mRNAs and proteins of the Wnt family during the formation of the mandibular condylar cartilage at the prenatal and postnatal stages. An in situ hybridization test revealed no mRNAs of β-catenin and Axin2 during early mesenchymal condensation; the ligands surveyed in this study (including Wnt-4, 5a, and 9a) were clearly detected at various ranges of expression, mainly in the condylar blastema and later distinct cartilaginous layers. Apart from β-catenin and Axin2, the Wnt family members surveyed in this study, including Lef-1, were found to be immunopositive during early chondrogenesis in the condylar cartilage at E14.5. After distinct chondrocyte layers were identified within the cartilage at E16.5, the expression of the Wnt signaling members was different and mainly restricted to proliferating cells and mineralized hypertrophic chondrocytes. In the adult mandibular condylar cartilage, the Wnt-4 mRNA, as well as the Wnt-4 and Wnt-9a proteins, was not observed. Our findings demonstrated that the Wnt signaling pathway was associated with the development of mandibular condylar cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Huixin Quan
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Di Xiao
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China.
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175
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Abou Ziki MD, Mani A. Wnt signaling, a novel pathway regulating blood pressure? State of the art review. Atherosclerosis 2017; 262:171-178. [PMID: 28522145 PMCID: PMC5508596 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent antihypertensive trials show conflicting results on blood pressure (BP) targets in patient populations with different metabolic profiles, with lowest benefit from tight BP control observed in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This paradox could arise from the heterogeneity of study populations and underscores the importance of precision medicine initiatives towards understanding and treating hypertension. Wnt signaling pathways and genetic variations in its signaling peptides have been recently associated with metabolic syndrome, hypertension and diabetes, generating a breakthrough for advancement of precision medicine in the field of hypertension. We performed a review of PubMed for publications addressing the contributions of Wnt to BP regulation and hypertension. In addition, we performed a manual search of the reference lists for relevant articles, and included unpublished observations from our laboratory. There is emerging evidence for Wnt's role in BP regulation and its involvement in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Wnt signaling has pleiotropic effects on distinct pathways that involve vascular smooth muscle plasticity, and cardiac, renal, and neural physiology. Hypertension is a heterogeneous disease with unique molecular pathways regulating its response to therapy. Recognition of these pathways is a prerequisite to identify novel targets for drug development and personalizing medicine. A review of Wnt signaling reveals its emerging role in BP regulation and as a target for novel drug development that has the potential to transform the therapy of hypertension in specific populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maen D Abou Ziki
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Arya Mani
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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176
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Venkatesan JK, Frisch J, Rey-Rico A, Schmitt G, Madry H, Cucchiarini M. Impact of mechanical stimulation on the chondrogenic processes in human bone marrow aspirates modified to overexpress sox9 via rAAV vectors. J Exp Orthop 2017. [PMID: 28634835 PMCID: PMC5478551 DOI: 10.1186/s40634-017-0097-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evaluation of gene-based approaches to target human bone marrow aspirates in conditions of mechanical stimulation that aim at reproducing the natural joint environment may allow to develop improved treatments for articular cartilage injuries. In the present study, we investigated the potential of rAAV-mediated sox9 gene transfer to enhance the chondrogenic differentiation processes in human bone marrow aspirates under established hydrodynamic conditions compared with the more commonly employed static culture conditions. Methods Fresh human bone marrow aspirates were transduced with rAAV-FLAG-hsox9 (40 μl) and maintained for up to 28 days in chondrogenic medium under mechanically-induced conditions in dynamic flow rotating bioreactors that permit tissue growth and matrix deposition relative to static culture conditions. The samples were then processed to examine the potential effects of sox9 overexpression on the cellular activities (matrix synthesis, proliferation) and on the chondrogenic differentiation potency compared with control treatments (absence of rAAV vector; reporter rAAV-lacZ, rAAV-RFP, and rAAV-luc gene transfer). Results Prolonged, significant sox9 overexpression via rAAV was achieved in the aspirates for at least 28 days when applying the rAAV-FLAG-hsox9 construct, leading to higher, prolonged levels of matrix biosynthesis and to enhanced chondrogenic activities relative to control treatments especially when maintaining the samples under mechanical stimulation. Administration of sox9 however did not impact the indices of proliferation in the aspirates. Remarkably, sox9 gene transfer also durably delayed hypertrophic and osteogenic differentiation in the samples regardless of the conditions of culture applied versus control treatments. Conclusions The current observations show the value of genetically modifying human bone marrow aspirates upon mechanical stimulation by rAAV sox9 as a promising strategy for future treatments to improve cartilage repair by implantation in lesions where the tissue is submitted to natural mechanical forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagadeesh K Venkatesan
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrbergerstr. Bldg 37, D-66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Janina Frisch
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrbergerstr. Bldg 37, D-66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Ana Rey-Rico
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrbergerstr. Bldg 37, D-66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Gertrud Schmitt
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrbergerstr. Bldg 37, D-66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Henning Madry
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrbergerstr. Bldg 37, D-66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrbergerstr. Bldg 37, D-66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Magali Cucchiarini
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrbergerstr. Bldg 37, D-66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
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177
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Abstract
Endochondral ossification is the fundamental process of skeletal development in vertebrates. Chondrocytes undergo sequential steps of differentiation, including mesenchymal condensation, proliferation, hypertrophy, and mineralization. These steps, which are required for the morphological and functional changes in differentiating chondrocytes, are strictly regulated by a complex transcriptional network. Biochemical and mice genetic studies identified chondrogenic transcription factors critical for endochondral ossification. The transcription factor sex-determining region Y (SRY)-box 9 (Sox9) is essential for early chondrogenesis, and impaired Sox9 function causes severe chondrodysplasia in humans and mice. In addition, recent genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing studies revealed the precise regulatory mechanism of Sox9 during early chondrogenesis. Runt-related transcription factor 2 promotes chondrocyte hypertrophy and terminal differentiation. Interestingly, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related transcription factors have recently emerged as novel regulators of chondrocyte differentiation. Here we review the transcriptional mechanisms that regulate endochondral ossification, with a focus on Sox9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Hata
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Takahata
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Murakami
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Riko Nishimura
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
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178
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Hojo H, Chung UI, Ohba S. Identification of the gene-regulatory landscape in skeletal development and potential links to skeletal regeneration. Regen Ther 2017; 6:100-107. [PMID: 30271844 PMCID: PMC6134913 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A class of gene-regulatory elements called enhancers are the main mediators controlling quantitative, temporal and spatial gene expressions. In the course of evolution, the enhancer landscape of higher organisms such as mammals has become quite complex, exerting biological functions precisely and coordinately. In mammalian skeletal development, the master transcription factors Sox9, Runx2 and Sp7/Osterix function primarily through enhancers on the genome to achieve specification and differentiation of skeletal cells. Recently developed genome-scale analyses have shed light on multiple layers of gene regulations, uncovering not only the primary mode of actions of these transcription factors on skeletal enhancers, but also the relation of the epigenetic landscape to three-dimensional chromatin architecture. Here, we review findings on the emerging framework of gene-regulatory networks involved in skeletal development. We further discuss the power of genome-scale analyses to provide new insights into genetic diseases and regenerative medicine in skeletal tissues. Skeletal development is coordinated by master transcription factors. ChIP-seq analyses for the skeletal regulators identified their modes of actions. Analyses of epigenetic landscape features distinct cell types in skeletal tissues. Integrated analyses of the gene regulatory networks link to skeletal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Hojo
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Engineering, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Ung-Il Chung
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Engineering, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.,Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Ohba
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Engineering, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.,Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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179
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Wang F, Huang W, Hu X, Chen C, Li X, Qiu J, Liang Z, Zhang J, Li L, Wang X, Ding X, Xiang S, Zhang J. Transcription factor AP-2β suppresses cervical cancer cell proliferation by promoting the degradation of its interaction partner β-catenin. Mol Carcinog 2017; 56:1909-1923. [PMID: 28277615 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factor AP-2β mediates the transcription of a number of genes implicated in mammalian development, cell proliferation, and carcinogenesis. Although the expression pattern of AP-2β has been analyzed in cervical cancer cell lines, the functions and molecular mechanism of AP-2β are unknown. Here, we found that AP-2β significantly inhibits TCF/LEF reporter activity. Moreover, AP-2β and β-catenin interact both in vitro through GST pull-down assays and in vivo by co-immunoprecipitation. We further identified the interaction regions to the DNA-binding domain of AP-2β and the 1-9 Armadillo repeats of β-catenin. Moreover, AP-2β binds with β-TrCP and promotes the degradation of endogenous β-catenin via the proteasomal degradation pathway. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed a negative correlation between the two proteins in cervical cancer tissues and cell lines. Finally, functional analysis showed that AP-2β suppresses cervical cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting the expression of Wnt downstream genes. Taken together, these findings demonstrated that AP-2β functions as a novel inhibitor of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Development Biology of State Education Ministry of China, College of Life Science, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenhuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Development Biology of State Education Ministry of China, College of Life Science, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Development Biology of State Education Ministry of China, College of Life Science, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Development Biology of State Education Ministry of China, College of Life Science, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Development Biology of State Education Ministry of China, College of Life Science, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Junlu Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Development Biology of State Education Ministry of China, College of Life Science, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhongheng Liang
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Development Biology of State Education Ministry of China, College of Life Science, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jianmei Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Changsha Hospital for Maternal & Child Health Care, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Limin Li
- College of Engineering and Design, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- Xiangya Second Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaofeng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Development Biology of State Education Ministry of China, College of Life Science, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shuanglin Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Development Biology of State Education Ministry of China, College of Life Science, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Development Biology of State Education Ministry of China, College of Life Science, Changsha, Hunan, China
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180
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Korntner S, Kunkel N, Lehner C, Gehwolf R, Wagner A, Augat P, Stephan D, Heu V, Bauer HC, Traweger A, Tempfer H. A high-glucose diet affects Achilles tendon healing in rats. Sci Rep 2017; 7:780. [PMID: 28396584 PMCID: PMC5429625 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00700-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic and acute tendinopathies are difficult to treat and tendon healing is generally a very slow and incomplete process and our general understanding of tendon biology and regeneration lags behind that of muscle or bone. Although still largely unexplored, several studies suggest a positive effect of nutritional interventions on tendon health and repair. With this study, we aim to reveal effects of a high-glucose diet on tendon neoformation in a non-diabetic rat model of Achilles tenotomy. After surgery animals received either a high-glucose diet or a control diet for 2 and 4 weeks, respectively. Compared to the control group, tendon repair tissue thickness and stiffness were increased in the high-glucose group after 2 weeks and gait pattern was altered after 1 and 2 weeks. Cell proliferation was up to 3-fold higher and the expression of the chondrogenic marker genes Sox9, Col2a1, Acan and Comp was significantly increased 2 and 4 weeks post-surgery. Further, a moderate increase in cartilage-like areas within the repair tissue was evident after 4 weeks of a high-glucose diet regimen. In summary, we propose that a high-glucose diet significantly affects tendon healing after injury in non-diabetic rats, potentially driving chondrogenic degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Korntner
- Institute of Tendon & Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Centre Salzburg, Salzburg, AT, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, AT, Austria
| | - Nadja Kunkel
- Institute of Tendon & Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Centre Salzburg, Salzburg, AT, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, AT, Austria
- University Hospital of Salzburg, Department of Trauma Surgery and Sports Injuries, Salzburg, AT, Austria
| | - Christine Lehner
- Institute of Tendon & Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Centre Salzburg, Salzburg, AT, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, AT, Austria
| | - Renate Gehwolf
- Institute of Tendon & Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Centre Salzburg, Salzburg, AT, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, AT, Austria
| | - Andrea Wagner
- Institute of Tendon & Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Centre Salzburg, Salzburg, AT, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, AT, Austria
| | - Peter Augat
- Institute of Biomechanics, Trauma Center Murnau, Murnau, DE, Germany
| | - Daniel Stephan
- Institute of Biomechanics, Trauma Center Murnau, Murnau, DE, Germany
| | - Verena Heu
- University Hospital of Salzburg, Department of Paediatrics, Salzburg, AT, Austria
| | - Hans-Christian Bauer
- Institute of Tendon & Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Centre Salzburg, Salzburg, AT, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, AT, Austria
| | - Andreas Traweger
- Institute of Tendon & Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Centre Salzburg, Salzburg, AT, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, AT, Austria
| | - Herbert Tempfer
- Institute of Tendon & Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Centre Salzburg, Salzburg, AT, Austria.
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, AT, Austria.
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181
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Suchorska WM, Augustyniak E, Richter M, Trzeciak T. Gene expression profile in human induced pluripotent stem cells: Chondrogenic differentiation in vitro, part A. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:2387-2401. [PMID: 28447755 PMCID: PMC5428238 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) offer promise in regenerative medicine, however more data are required to improve understanding of key aspects of the cell differentiation process, including how specific chondrogenic processes affect the gene expression profile of chondrocyte-like cells and the relative value of cell differentiation markers. The main aims of the present study were as follows: To determine the gene expression profile of chondrogenic-like cells derived from hiPSCs cultured in mediums conditioned with HC-402-05a cells or supplemented with transforming growth factor β3 (TGF-β3), and to assess the relative utility of the most commonly used chondrogenic markers as indicators of cell differentiation. These issues are relevant with regard to the use of human fibroblasts in the reprogramming process to obtain hiPSCs. Human fibroblasts are derived from the mesoderm and thus share a wide range of properties with chondrocytes, which also originate from the mesenchyme. Thus, the exclusion of dedifferentiation instead of chondrogenic differentiation is crucial. The hiPSCs were obtained from human primary dermal fibroblasts during a reprogramming process. Two methods, both involving embryoid bodies (EB), were used to obtain chondrocytes from the hiPSCs: EBs formed in a chondrogenic medium supplemented with TGF-β3 (10 ng/ml) and EBs formed in a medium conditioned with growth factors from HC-402-05a cells. Based on immunofluorescence and reverse transcription-quantiative polymerase chain reaction analysis, the results indicated that hiPSCs have the capacity for effective chondrogenic differentiation, in particular cells differentiated in the HC-402-05a-conditioned medium, which present morphological features and markers that are characteristic of mature human chondrocytes. By contrast, cells differentiated in the presence of TGF-β3 may demonstrate hypertrophic characteristics. Several genes [paired box 9, sex determining region Y-box (SOX) 5, SOX6, SOX9 and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein] were demonstrated to be good markers of early hiPSC chondrogenic differentiation: Insulin-like growth factor 1, Tenascin-C, and β-catenin were less valuable. These observations provide valuable data on the use of hiPSCs in cartilage tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ewelina Augustyniak
- Radiobiology Laboratory, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, 61‑866 Poznan, Poland
| | - Magdalena Richter
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61‑545 Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Trzeciak
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61‑545 Poznan, Poland
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182
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Huang CZ, Xu JH, Zhong W, Xia ZS, Wang SY, Cheng D, Li JY, Wu TF, Chen QK, Yu T. Sox9 transcriptionally regulates Wnt signaling in intestinal epithelial stem cells in hypomethylated crypts in the diabetic state. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:60. [PMID: 28279198 PMCID: PMC5345140 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0507-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Distinctive structures called crypts harbor intestinal epithelial stem cells (IESCs) which generate progenitor and terminally differentiated cells in the intestinal epithelium. Mammalian IESCs and their daughter cells require the participation of DNA methylation and the transcription factor Sox9 for proliferation and differentiation. However, the association between Sox9 and DNA methylation in this process remains elusive. Methods The DNA methylation of small intestinal epithelial crypts in db/db mice was detected via combining methylated DNA immunoprecipitation with microarray hybridization. DNA methylation of Sox9 promoter in crypts and IESCs was validated using bisulfite sequence analysis. The target sequence of the transcription factor Sox9 in IESCs was investigated via chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) combined with deep sequencing (ChIP-seq). Results Increased Sox9 expression is accompanied by the loss of methylation in its promoter in IESCs. Sox9 targets the enhancers of the Wnt signaling pathway-related genes. Sox9 predominantly acts as a transcriptional activator at proximal enhancers of Wnt4, Tab2, Sox4, and Fzd8, but also functions as a potential transcriptional inhibitor at a distant enhancer of Cdk1. Lack of Sox9 transcriptional activation in specific repressors of the Wnt signaling pathway leads to the loss of intrinsic inhibitory action and ultimately produces overactivation of this pathway in db/db mice. Conclusions Our study sheds light on the connections among DNA methylation, transcription factor modulation, and Wnt signaling in IESCs in the diabetic state. Hypomethylation in the Sox9 promoter is correlated to increased Sox9 expression in db/db IESCs. Although there is increased expression of Sox9 in db/db IESCs, the loss of Sox9 transcriptional activation in specific repressors of the Wnt signaling pathway might result in abnormalities in this pathway. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-017-0507-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can-Ze Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Ji-Hao Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Wa Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Zhong-Sheng Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Si-Yi Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Di Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Jie-Yao Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Ting-Feng Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Qi-Kui Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China.
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yan Jiang Xi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China.
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183
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Egunsola AT, Bae Y, Jiang MM, Liu DS, Chen-Evenson Y, Bertin T, Chen S, Lu JT, Nevarez L, Magal N, Raas-Rothschild A, Swindell EC, Cohn DH, Gibbs RA, Campeau PM, Shohat M, Lee BH. Loss of DDRGK1 modulates SOX9 ubiquitination in spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:1475-1484. [PMID: 28263186 DOI: 10.1172/jci90193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Shohat-type spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia (SEMD) is a skeletal dysplasia that affects cartilage development. Similar skeletal disorders, such as spondyloepiphyseal dysplasias, are linked to mutations in type II collagen (COL2A1), but the causative gene in SEMD is not known. Here, we have performed whole-exome sequencing to identify a recurrent homozygous c.408+1G>A donor splice site loss-of-function mutation in DDRGK domain containing 1 (DDRGK1) in 4 families affected by SEMD. In zebrafish, ddrgk1 deficiency disrupted craniofacial cartilage development and led to decreased levels of the chondrogenic master transcription factor sox9 and its downstream target, col2a1. Overexpression of sox9 rescued the zebrafish chondrogenic and craniofacial phenotype generated by ddrgk1 knockdown, thus identifying DDRGK1 as a regulator of SOX9. Consistent with these results, Ddrgk1-/- mice displayed delayed limb bud chondrogenic condensation, decreased SOX9 protein expression and Col2a1 transcript levels, and increased apoptosis. Furthermore, we determined that DDRGK1 can directly bind to SOX9 to inhibit its ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Taken together, these data indicate that loss of DDRGK1 decreases SOX9 expression and causes a human skeletal dysplasia, identifying a mechanism that regulates chondrogenesis via modulation of SOX9 ubiquitination.
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184
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Yang X, Liu S, Li S, Wang P, Zhu W, Liang P, Tan J, Cui S. Salvianolic acid B regulates gene expression and promotes cell viability in chondrocytes. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:1835-1847. [PMID: 28244648 PMCID: PMC5571559 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular chondrocytes reside in lacunae distributed in cartilage responsible for the remodelling of the tissue with limited ability of damage repairing. The in vitro expanded chondrocytes enhanced by factors/agents to obtain large numbers of cells with strengthened phenotype are essential for successful repair of cartilage lesions by clinical cell implantation therapies. Because the salvianolic acid B (Sal B), a major hydrophilic therapeutic agent isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza, has been widely used to treat diseases and able to stimulate activity of cells, this study examines the effects of Sal B on passaged chondrocytes. Chondrocytes were treated with various concentrations of Sal B in monolayer culture, their morphological properties and changes, and mitochondrial membrane potential were analysed using microscopic analyses, including cellular biochemical staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The proteins were quantified by BCA and Western blotting, and the transcription of genes was detected by qRT‐PCR. The passaged chondrocytes treated with Sal B showed strengthened cellular synthesis and stabilized mitochondrial membrane potential with upregulated expression of the marker genes for chondrocyte phenotype, Col2‐α1, Acan and Sox9, the key Wnt signalling molecule β‐catenin and paracrine cytokine Cytl‐1. The treatments using CYTL‐1 protein significantly increased expression of Col2‐α1 and Acan with no effect on Sox9, indicating the paracrine cytokine acts on chondrocytes independent of SOX9. Sal B has ultimately promoted cell growth and enhanced chondrocyte phenotype. The chondrocytes treated with pharmaceutical agent and cytokine in the formulated medium for generating large number of differentiated chondrocytes would facilitate the cell‐based therapies for cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Yang
- Guangzhou Institute of Traumatic Surgery, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaojie Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siming Li
- Guangzhou Institute of Traumatic Surgery, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pengzhen Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Traumatic Surgery, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weicong Zhu
- Guangzhou Institute of Traumatic Surgery, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peihong Liang
- Guangzhou Institute of Traumatic Surgery, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianrong Tan
- Guangzhou Institute of Traumatic Surgery, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuliang Cui
- Guangzhou Institute of Traumatic Surgery, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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185
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de Bessa Garcia SA, Pavanelli AC, Cruz E Melo N, Nagai MA. Prostate apoptosis response 4 (PAR4) expression modulates WNT signaling pathways in MCF7 breast cancer cells: A possible mechanism underlying PAR4-mediated docetaxel chemosensitivity. Int J Mol Med 2017; 39:809-818. [PMID: 28259909 PMCID: PMC5360433 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.2900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Docetaxel is an effective drug for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. However, the exact mechanisms and/or markers associated with chemosensitivity or resistance to docetaxel remain unclear. We previously showed that the expression of prostate apoptosis response 4 (PAR4) inhibits the growth of MCF7 breast cancer cells and increases their sensitivity to docetaxel. Using cDNA microarray analysis, we evaluated transcriptome changes in MCF7 cells expressing increased levels of PAR4 and control cells before and after docetaxel treatment. Some of the top gene networks generated from the differentially expressed genes were related to the wingless‑type MMTV integration 1 (WNT) canonical (WNT/β-catenin) and non‑canonical (β‑catenin‑independent) pathways. The Human WNT signaling pathway RT2 profiler™ PCR array was used to validate the effects of PAR4 on the expression pattern of genes involved in the WNT pathway. CACNAD2A3, GDF5 and IL6 were upregulated and NANOG was downregulated in the MCF7 breast cancer cells expressing increased levels of PAR4 after treatment with docetaxel, likely indicating inactivation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway. Upregulation of FGF7, LEF1 and TWIST1 indicated activation of the WNT/β‑catenin pathway. Although preliminary, our findings could be of particular interest for understanding the action of PAR4 in chemosensitivity, particularly to increase the specificity and effectiveness of drug treatment and overcome resistance to chemotherapy. Further studies are needed to better understand the biological roles of PAR4 in the regulation of WNT pathways in breast cancer cells in response to docetaxel and other chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Aparecida de Bessa Garcia
- Discipline of Oncology, Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 01246‑903, P.R. China
| | - Ana Carolina Pavanelli
- Discipline of Oncology, Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 01246‑903, P.R. China
| | - Natália Cruz E Melo
- Discipline of Oncology, Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 01246‑903, P.R. China
| | - Maria Aparecida Nagai
- Discipline of Oncology, Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 01246‑903, P.R. China
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186
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Wischin S, Castañeda-Patlán C, Robles-Flores M, Chimal-Monroy J. Chemical activation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling inhibits innervation and causes skeletal tissue malformations during axolotl limb regeneration. Mech Dev 2017; 144:182-190. [PMID: 28163199 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Limb regeneration involves several interrelated physiological processes in which a particular signalling pathway may play a variety of functions. Blocking the function of Wnt/β-catenin signalling during limb regeneration inhibits regeneration in axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum). Limb development shares many features with limb regeneration, and Wnt/β-catenin activation has different effects depending on the developmental stage. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether Wnt/β-catenin signalling activation during axolotl limb regeneration has different effects when activated at different stages of regeneration. To evaluate this hypothesis, we treated amputated axolotls with a Wnt agonist chemical at different stages of limb regeneration. The results showed that limb regeneration was inhibited when the treatment began before blastema formation. Under these conditions, blastema formation was hindered, possibly due to the lack of innervation. On the other hand, when axolotls were treated after blastema formation and immediately before the onset of morphogenesis, we observed structural disorganization in skeletal formation. In conclusion, we found that limb regeneration was differentially affected depending on the stage at which the Wnt signalling pathway was activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Wischin
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico DF 04510, Mexico
| | - Cristina Castañeda-Patlán
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico DF 04510, Mexico
| | - Martha Robles-Flores
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico DF 04510, Mexico
| | - Jesús Chimal-Monroy
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico DF 04510, Mexico.
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187
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Abstract
SOX9 is a pivotal transcription factor in developing and adult cartilage. Its gene is expressed from the multipotent skeletal progenitor stage and is active throughout chondrocyte differentiation. While it is repressed in hypertrophic chondrocytes in cartilage growth plates, it remains expressed throughout life in permanent chondrocytes of healthy articular cartilage. SOX9 is required for chondrogenesis: it secures chondrocyte lineage commitment, promotes cell survival, and transcriptionally activates the genes for many cartilage-specific structural components and regulatory factors. Since heterozygous mutations within and around SOX9 were shown to cause the severe skeletal malformation syndrome called campomelic dysplasia, researchers around the world have worked assiduously to decipher the many facets of SOX9 actions and regulation in chondrogenesis. The more we learn, the more we realize the complexity of the molecular networks in which SOX9 fulfills its functions and is regulated at the levels of its gene, RNA, and protein, and the more we measure the many gaps remaining in knowledge. At the same time, new technologies keep giving us more means to push further the frontiers of knowledge. Research efforts must be pursued to fill these gaps and to better understand and treat many types of cartilage diseases in which SOX9 has or could have a critical role. These diseases include chondrodysplasias and cartilage degeneration diseases, namely osteoarthritis, a prevalent and still incurable joint disease. We here review the current state of knowledge of SOX9 actions and regulation in the chondrocyte lineage, and propose new directions for future fundamental and translational research projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Lefebvre
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH
| | - Mona Dvir-Ginzberg
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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188
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The Signaling Pathways Involved in Chondrocyte Differentiation and Hypertrophic Differentiation. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:2470351. [PMID: 28074096 PMCID: PMC5198191 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2470351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrocytes communicate with each other mainly via diffusible signals rather than direct cell-to-cell contact. The chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is well regulated by the interactions of varieties of growth factors, cytokines, and signaling molecules. A number of critical signaling molecules have been identified to regulate the differentiation of chondrocyte from mesenchymal progenitor cells to their terminal maturation of hypertrophic chondrocytes, including bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), SRY-related high-mobility group-box gene 9 (Sox9), parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP), Indian hedgehog (Ihh), fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3), and β-catenin. Except for these molecules, other factors such as adenosine, O2 tension, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) also have a vital role in cartilage formation and chondrocyte maturation. Here, we outlined the complex transcriptional network and the function of key factors in this network that determine and regulate the genetic program of chondrogenesis and chondrocyte differentiation.
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189
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Shen G, Darendeliler MA. The Adaptive Remodeling of Condylar Cartilage— A Transition from Chondrogenesis to Osteogenesis. J Dent Res 2016; 84:691-9. [PMID: 16040724 DOI: 10.1177/154405910508400802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mandibular condylar cartilage is categorized as articular cartilage but markedly distinguishes itself in many biological aspects, such as its embryonic origin, ontogenetic development, post-natal growth mode, and histological structures. The most marked uniqueness of condylar cartilage lies in its capability of adaptive remodeling in response to external stimuli during or after natural growth. The adaptation of condylar cartilage to mandibular forward positioning constitutes the fundamental rationale for orthodontic functional therapy, which partially contributes to the correction of jaw discrepancies by achieving mandibular growth modification. The adaptive remodeling of condylar cartilage proceeds with the biomolecular pathway initiating from chondrogenesis and finalizing with osteogenesis. During condylar adaptation, chondrogenesis is activated when the external stimuli, e.g., condylar repositioning, generate the differentiation of mesenchymal cells in the articular layer of cartilage into chondrocytes, which proliferate and then progressively mature into hypertrophic cells. The expression of regulatory growth factors, which govern and control phenotypic conversions of chondrocytes during chondrogenesis, increases during adaptive remodeling to enhance the transition from chondrogenesis into osteogenesis, a process in which hypertrophic chondrocytes and matrices degrade and are replaced by bone. The transition is also sustained by increased neovascularization, which brings in osteoblasts that finally result in new bone formation beneath the degraded cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Shen
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Sydney Dental Hospital, The University of Sydney, 2 Chalmers Street, Surry Hills, NSW 2010, Australia.
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190
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Coricor G, Serra R. TGF-β regulates phosphorylation and stabilization of Sox9 protein in chondrocytes through p38 and Smad dependent mechanisms. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38616. [PMID: 27929080 PMCID: PMC5144132 DOI: 10.1038/srep38616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the TGF-β superfamily are important regulators of chondrocyte function. Sox9, a key transcriptional regulator of chondrogenesis, is required for TGF-β-mediated regulation of specific cartilage genes. TGF-β can signal through a canonical, Smad-mediated pathway or non-conical pathways, including p38. Here we show that both pathways are activated in chondrocytes after treatment with TGF-β and that TGF-β stabilizes Sox9 protein and increases phosphorylation of Sox9. Mutagenesis of potential serine phosphorylation sites on Sox9 was used to demonstrate that serine 211 is required to maintain normal basal levels of Sox9 as well as mediate increased Sox9 levels in response to TGF-β. The serine 211 site is in a motif that is targeted by p38 kinase. We used siRNA and pharmacological agents to show that p38 and Smad3 independently regulate the phosphorylation and stability of Sox9. Previously, we demonstrated that Papss2 is a downstream transcriptional target of Sox9 and TGF-β. Here we show that p38 is required for TGF-β-mediated regulation of Papss2 mRNA. Together the results suggest a new mechanism for TGF-β-mediated gene regulation in chondrocytes via p38 and phosphorylation and stabilization of Sox9. Understanding how TGF-β regulates Sox9 may lead to identification of therapeutic targets for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Coricor
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294-0005, USA
| | - Rosa Serra
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294-0005, USA
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191
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Morgan EF, Pittman J, DeGiacomo A, Cusher D, de Bakker CMJ, Mroszczyk KA, Grinstaff MW, Gerstenfeld LC. BMPR1A antagonist differentially affects cartilage and bone formation during fracture healing. J Orthop Res 2016; 34:2096-2105. [PMID: 26990682 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A soluble form of BMP receptor type 1A (mBMPR1A-mFC) acts as an antagonist to endogenous BMPR1A and has been shown to increase bone mass in mice. The goal of this study was to examine the effects of mBMPR1A-mFC on secondary fracture healing. Treatment consisted of 10 mg/kg intraperitoneal injections of mBMPR1A-mFC twice weekly in male C57BL/6 mice. Treatment beginning at 1, 14, and 21 days post-fracture assessed receptor function during endochondral bone formation, at the onset of secondary bone formation, and during coupled remodeling, respectively. Control animals received saline injections. mBMPR1A-mFC treatment initiated on day 1 delayed cartilage maturation in the callus and resulted in large regions of fibrous tissue. Treatment initiated on day 1 also increased the amount of mineralized tissue and up-regulated many bone-associated genes (p = 0.002) but retarded periosteal bony bridging and impaired strength and toughness at day 35 (p < 0.035). Delaying the onset of treatment to day 14 or 21 partially mitigated these effects and produced evidence of accelerated coupled remodeling. These results indicate that inhibition of the BMPR1A-mediated signaling has negative effects on secondary fracture healing that are differentially manifested at different stages of healing and within different cell populations. These effects are most pronounced during the endochondral period and appear to be mediated by selective inhibition of BMPRIA signaling within the periosteum. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:2096-2105, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise F Morgan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215
| | - Jason Pittman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118
| | - Anthony DeGiacomo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118
| | - Daniel Cusher
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118
| | | | - Keri A Mroszczyk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215
| | - Mark W Grinstaff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215.,Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215
| | - Louis C Gerstenfeld
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118
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192
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Hulin A, Moore V, James JM, Yutzey KE. Loss of Axin2 results in impaired heart valve maturation and subsequent myxomatous valve disease. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 113:40-51. [PMID: 28069701 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Myxomatous valve disease (MVD) is the most common aetiology of primary mitral regurgitation. Recent studies suggest that defects in heart valve development can lead to heart valve disease in adults. Wnt/β-catenin signalling is active during heart valve development and has been reported in human MVD. The consequences of increased Wnt/β-catenin signalling due to Axin2 deficiency in postnatal valve remodelling and pathogenesis of MVD were determined. METHODS AND RESULTS To investigate the role of Wnt/β-catenin signalling, we analysed heart valves from mice deficient in Axin2 (KO), a negative regulator of Wnt/β-catenin signalling. Axin2 KO mice display enlarged mitral and aortic valves (AoV) after birth with increased Wnt/β-catenin signalling and cell proliferation, whereas Sox9 expression and collagen deposition are decreased. At 2 months in Axin2 KO mice, the valve extracellular matrix (ECM) is stratified but distal AoV leaflets remain thickened and develop aortic insufficiency. Progressive myxomatous degeneration is apparent at 4 months with extensive ECM remodelling and focal aggrecan-rich areas, along with increased BMP signalling. Infiltration of inflammatory cells is also observed in Axin2 KO AoV prior to ECM remodelling. Overall, these features are consistent with the progression of human MVD. Finally, Axin2 expression is decreased and Wnt/β-catenin signalling is increased in myxomatous mitral valves in a murine model of Marfan syndrome, supporting the importance of Wnt/β-catenin signalling in the development of MVD. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, these data indicate that Axin2 limits Wnt/β-catenin signalling after birth and allows proper heart valve maturation. Moreover, dysregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling resulting from loss of Axin2 leads to progressive MVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Hulin
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, ML7020, 240 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Vicky Moore
- Division of Cardiology, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jeanne M James
- Division of Cardiology, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Katherine E Yutzey
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, ML7020, 240 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
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193
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An Emerging Regulatory Landscape for Skeletal Development. Trends Genet 2016; 32:774-787. [PMID: 27814929 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal development creates the physical framework that shapes our body and its actions. In the past two decades, genetic studies have provided important insights into the molecular processes at play, including the roles of signaling pathways and transcriptional effectors that coordinate an orderly, progressive emergence and expansion of distinct cartilage and bone cell fates in an invariant temporal and spatial pattern for any given skeletal element within that specific vertebrate species. Genome-scale studies have provided additional layers of understanding, moving from individual genes to the gene regulatory landscape, integrating regulatory information through cis-regulatory modules into cell type-specific gene regulatory programs. This review discusses our current understanding of the transcriptional control of mammalian skeletal development, focusing on recent genome-scale studies.
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194
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Zhong L, Huang X, Rodrigues ED, Leijten JCH, Verrips T, El Khattabi M, Karperien M, Post JN. Endogenous DKK1 and FRZB Regulate Chondrogenesis and Hypertrophy in Three-Dimensional Cultures of Human Chondrocytes and Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:1808-1817. [PMID: 27733096 PMCID: PMC5124737 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic differentiation occurs during in vitro chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), decreasing the quality of the cartilage construct. Previously we identified WNT pathway antagonists Dickkopf 1 homolog (DKK1) and frizzled-related protein (FRZB) as key factors in blocking hypertrophic differentiation of human MSCs (hMSCs). In this study, we investigated the role of endogenously expressed DKK1 and FRZB in chondrogenesis of hMSC and chondrocyte redifferentiation and in preventing cell hypertrophy using three relevant human cell based systems, isolated hMSCs, isolated primary human chondrocytes (hChs), and cocultures of hMSCs with hChs for which we specifically designed neutralizing nano-antibodies. We selected and tested variable domain of single chain heavy chain only antibodies (VHH) for their ability to neutralize the function of DKK1 or FRZB. In the presence of DKK1 and FRZB neutralizing VHH, glycosaminoglycan and collagen type II staining were significantly reduced in monocultured hMSCs and monocultured chondrocytes. Furthermore, in cocultures, cells in pellets showed hypertrophic differentiation. In conclusion, endogenous expression of the WNT antagonists DKK1 and FRZB is necessary for multiple steps during chondrogenesis: first DKK1 and FRZB are indispensable for the initial steps of chondrogenic differentiation of hMSCs, second they are necessary for chondrocyte redifferentiation, and finally in preventing hypertrophic differentiation of articular chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Zhong
- 1 Department of Developmental BioEngineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, MIRA-Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente , Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Xiaobin Huang
- 1 Department of Developmental BioEngineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, MIRA-Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente , Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Emilie Dooms Rodrigues
- 1 Department of Developmental BioEngineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, MIRA-Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente , Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen C H Leijten
- 1 Department of Developmental BioEngineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, MIRA-Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente , Enschede, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Marcel Karperien
- 1 Department of Developmental BioEngineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, MIRA-Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente , Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Janine N Post
- 1 Department of Developmental BioEngineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, MIRA-Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente , Enschede, the Netherlands
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195
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Huang BL, Trofka A, Furusawa A, Norrie JL, Rabinowitz AH, Vokes SA, Mark Taketo M, Zakany J, Mackem S. An interdigit signalling centre instructs coordinate phalanx-joint formation governed by 5'Hoxd-Gli3 antagonism. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12903. [PMID: 27713395 PMCID: PMC5059757 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of phalanges and joints are key features of digit 'identity' and are central to limb functionality and evolutionary adaptation. Prior chick work indicated that digit phalanges and their associated joints arise in a different manner than the more sparsely jointed long bones, and their identity is regulated by differential signalling from adjacent interdigits. Currently, there is no genetic evidence for this model, and the molecular mechanisms governing digit joint specification remain poorly understood. Using genetic approaches in mouse, here we show that functional 5'Hoxd-Gli3 antagonism acts indirectly, through Bmp signalling from the interdigital mesenchyme, to regulate specification of joint progenitors, which arise in conjunction with phalangeal precursors at the digit tip. Phalanx number, although co-regulated, can be uncoupled from joint specification. We propose that 5'Hoxd genes and Gli3 are part of an interdigital signalling centre that sets net Bmp signalling levels from different interdigits to coordinately regulate phalanx and joint formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bau-Lin Huang
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, CCR, NCI, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Anna Trofka
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, CCR, NCI, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Aki Furusawa
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, CCR, NCI, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Jacqueline L. Norrie
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Adam H. Rabinowitz
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Steven A. Vokes
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - M. Mark Taketo
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606–8501, Japan
| | - Jozsef Zakany
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Geneva 4 1211, Switzerland
| | - Susan Mackem
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, CCR, NCI, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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196
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Tussellino M, Ronca R, Carotenuto R, Pallotta MM, Furia M, Capriglione T. Chlorpyrifos exposure affects fgf8, sox9, and bmp4 expression required for cranial neural crest morphogenesis and chondrogenesis in Xenopus laevis embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2016; 57:630-640. [PMID: 27669663 DOI: 10.1002/em.22057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an organophosphate insecticide used primarily to control foliage and soil-borne insect pests on a variety of food and feed crops. In mammals, maternal exposure to CPF has been reported to induce dose-related abnormalities such as slower brain growth and cerebral cortex thinning. In lower vertebrates, for example, fish and amphibians, teratogenic activity of this compound is correlated with several anatomical alterations. Little is known about the effects of CPF on mRNA expression of genes involved in early development of the anatomical structures appearing abnormal in embryos. This study investigated the effects of exposure to different CPF concentrations (10, 15 and 20 mg/L) on Xenopus laevis embryos from stage 4/8 to stage 46. Some of the morphological changes we detected in CPF-exposed embryos included cranial neural crest cell (NCC)-derived structures. For this reason, we analyzed the expression of select genes involved in hindbrain patterning (egr2), cranial neural crest chondrogenesis, and craniofacial development (fgf8, bmp4, sox9, hoxa2 and hoxb2). We found that CPF exposure induced a reduction in transcription of all the genes involved in NCC-dependent chondrogenesis, with largest reductions in fgf8 and sox9; whereas, in hindbrain, we did not find any alterations in egr2 expression. Changes in the expression of fgf8, bmp4, and sox9, which are master regulators of several developmental pathways, have important implications. If these changes are confirmed to belong to a general pattern of alterations in vertebrates prenatally exposed to OP, they might be useful to assess damage during vertebrate embryo development. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 57:589-604, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Tussellino
- Department of Biology, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via Cinthia, 21, Napoli, 80126, Italy
| | - Raffaele Ronca
- Department of Biology, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via Cinthia, 21, Napoli, 80126, Italy
| | - Rosa Carotenuto
- Department of Biology, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via Cinthia, 21, Napoli, 80126, Italy
| | - Maria M Pallotta
- Department of Biology, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via Cinthia, 21, Napoli, 80126, Italy
| | - Maria Furia
- Department of Biology, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via Cinthia, 21, Napoli, 80126, Italy
| | - Teresa Capriglione
- Department of Biology, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via Cinthia, 21, Napoli, 80126, Italy.
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197
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Lin Y, Ohkawara B, Ito M, Misawa N, Miyamoto K, Takegami Y, Masuda A, Toyokuni S, Ohno K. Molecular hydrogen suppresses activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31986. [PMID: 27558955 PMCID: PMC5001535 DOI: 10.1038/srep31986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular hydrogen (H2) is effective for many diseases. However, molecular bases of H2 have not been fully elucidated. Cumulative evidence indicates that H2 acts as a gaseous signal modulator. We found that H2 suppresses activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling by promoting phosphorylation and degradation οf β-catenin. Either complete inhibition of GSK3 or mutations at CK1- and GSK3-phosphorylation sites of β-catenin abolished the suppressive effect of H2. H2 did not increase GSK3-mediated phosphorylation of glycogen synthase, indicating that H2 has no direct effect on GSK3 itself. Knock-down of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) or Axin1, which form the β-catenin degradation complex, minimized the suppressive effect of H2 on β-catenin accumulation. Accordingly, the effect of H2 requires CK1/GSK3-phosphorylation sites of β-catenin, as well as the β-catenin degradation complex comprised of CK1, GSK3, APC, and Axin1. We additionally found that H2 reduces the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in human osteoarthritis chondrocytes. Oral intake of H2 water tended to ameliorate cartilage degradation in a surgery-induced rat osteoarthritis model through attenuating β-catenin accumulation. We first demonstrate that H2 suppresses abnormally activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which accounts for the protective roles of H2 in a fraction of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingni Lin
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Bisei Ohkawara
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mikako Ito
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Misawa
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Graduate school of Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kentaro Miyamoto
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Takegami
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akio Masuda
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinya Toyokuni
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Graduate school of Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kinji Ohno
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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198
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Samsa WE, Zhou X, Zhou G. Signaling pathways regulating cartilage growth plate formation and activity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 62:3-15. [PMID: 27418125 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The growth plate is a highly specialized and dynamic cartilage structure that serves many essential functions in skeleton patterning, growth and endochondral ossification in developing vertebrates. Major signaling pathways initiated by classical morphogens and by other systemic and tissue-specific factors are intimately involved in key aspects of growth plate development. As a corollary of these essential functions, disturbances in these pathways due to mutations or environmental factors lead to severe skeleton disorders. Here, we review these pathways and the most recent progress made in understanding their roles in chondrocyte differentiation in growth plate development and activity. Furthermore, we discuss newly uncovered pathways involved in growth plate formation, including mTOR, the circadian clock, and the COP9 signalosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Samsa
- Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Guang Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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199
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Polycomb repressive complex 2 regulates skeletal growth by suppressing Wnt and TGF-β signalling. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12047. [PMID: 27329220 PMCID: PMC4917962 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) controls maintenance and lineage determination of stem cells by suppressing genes that regulate cellular differentiation and tissue development. However, the role of PRC2 in lineage-committed somatic cells is mostly unknown. Here we show that Eed deficiency in chondrocytes causes severe kyphosis and a growth defect with decreased chondrocyte proliferation, accelerated hypertrophic differentiation and cell death with reduced Hif1a expression. Eed deficiency also causes induction of multiple signalling pathways in chondrocytes. Wnt signalling overactivation is responsible for the accelerated hypertrophic differentiation and kyphosis, whereas the overactivation of TGF-β signalling is responsible for the reduced proliferation and growth defect. Thus, our study demonstrates that PRC2 has an important regulatory role in lineage-committed tissue cells by suppressing overactivation of multiple signalling pathways. Eed is a polycomb repressive complex 2 component involved in stem cell lineage determination, but little is known about its role in lineage committed cells. Here the authors show that chondrocyte-specific Eed KO mice have skeletal growth defects related to induction of Wnt and TGF-β signalling.
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200
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The genetic program for cartilage development has deep homology within Bilateria. Nature 2016; 533:86-9. [PMID: 27111511 DOI: 10.1038/nature17398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of novel cell types led to the emergence of new tissues and organs during the diversification of animals. The origin of the chondrocyte, the cell type that synthesizes cartilage matrix, was central to the evolution of the vertebrate endoskeleton. Cartilage-like tissues also exist outside the vertebrates, although their relationship to vertebrate cartilage is enigmatic. Here we show that protostome and deuterostome cartilage share structural and chemical properties, and that the mechanisms of cartilage development are extensively conserved--from induction of chondroprogenitor cells by Hedgehog and β-catenin signalling, to chondrocyte differentiation and matrix synthesis by SoxE and SoxD regulation of clade A fibrillar collagen (ColA) genes--suggesting that the chondrogenic gene regulatory network evolved in the common ancestor of Bilateria. These results reveal deep homology of the genetic program for cartilage development in Bilateria and suggest that activation of this ancient core chondrogenic network underlies the parallel evolution of cartilage tissues in Ecdysozoa, Lophotrochozoa and Deuterostomia.
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