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Lessmann N, Sánchez CI, Beenen L, Boulogne LH, Brink M, Calli E, Charbonnier JP, Dofferhoff T, van Everdingen WM, Gerke PK, Geurts B, Gietema HA, Groeneveld M, van Harten L, Hendrix N, Hendrix W, Huisman HJ, Išgum I, Jacobs C, Kluge R, Kok M, Krdzalic J, Lassen-Schmidt B, van Leeuwen K, Meakin J, Overkamp M, van Rees Vellinga T, van Rikxoort EM, Samperna R, Schaefer-Prokop C, Schalekamp S, Scholten ET, Sital C, Stöger L, Teuwen J, Vaidhya Venkadesh K, de Vente C, Vermaat M, Xie W, de Wilde B, Prokop M, van Ginneken B. Automated Assessment of COVID-19 Reporting and Data System and Chest CT Severity Scores in Patients Suspected of Having COVID-19 Using Artificial Intelligence. Radiology 2021; 298:E18-E28. [PMID: 32729810 PMCID: PMC7393955 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2020202439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has spread across the globe with alarming speed, morbidity, and mortality. Immediate triage of patients with chest infections suspected to be caused by COVID-19 using chest CT may be of assistance when results from definitive viral testing are delayed. Purpose To develop and validate an artificial intelligence (AI) system to score the likelihood and extent of pulmonary COVID-19 on chest CT scans using the COVID-19 Reporting and Data System (CO-RADS) and CT severity scoring systems. Materials and Methods The CO-RADS AI system consists of three deep-learning algorithms that automatically segment the five pulmonary lobes, assign a CO-RADS score for the suspicion of COVID-19, and assign a CT severity score for the degree of parenchymal involvement per lobe. This study retrospectively included patients who underwent a nonenhanced chest CT examination because of clinical suspicion of COVID-19 at two medical centers. The system was trained, validated, and tested with data from one of the centers. Data from the second center served as an external test set. Diagnostic performance and agreement with scores assigned by eight independent observers were measured using receiver operating characteristic analysis, linearly weighted κ values, and classification accuracy. Results A total of 105 patients (mean age, 62 years ± 16 [standard deviation]; 61 men) and 262 patients (mean age, 64 years ± 16; 154 men) were evaluated in the internal and external test sets, respectively. The system discriminated between patients with COVID-19 and those without COVID-19, with areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.95 (95% CI: 0.91, 0.98) and 0.88 (95% CI: 0.84, 0.93), for the internal and external test sets, respectively. Agreement with the eight human observers was moderate to substantial, with mean linearly weighted κ values of 0.60 ± 0.01 for CO-RADS scores and 0.54 ± 0.01 for CT severity scores. Conclusion With high diagnostic performance, the CO-RADS AI system correctly identified patients with COVID-19 using chest CT scans and assigned standardized CO-RADS and CT severity scores that demonstrated good agreement with findings from eight independent observers and generalized well to external data. © RSNA, 2020 Supplemental material is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ludo Beenen
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (N.L., C.I.S., L.H.B., M.B., E.C., W.M.V.E., P.K.G., B.G., M.G., N.H., W.H., H.J.H., C.J., R.K., M.K., K.V.L., J.M., M.O., R.S., C.S., S.S., E.T.S., C.S., J.T., K.V.V., C.D.V., W.X., B.D.W., M.P., B.V.G.), Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.B.), Thirona, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (J.P., E.M.V.R.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.V.H., I.I.), Department of Radiology, Zuyderland MC, Heerlen, The Netherlands (J.K.), Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany (B.L.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands (T.V.R.V.), Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands (C.S., S.S.), Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (L.S.), Department of Internal Medicine, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (T.D.), Department of Radiology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.V.)
| | - Luuk H. Boulogne
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (N.L., C.I.S., L.H.B., M.B., E.C., W.M.V.E., P.K.G., B.G., M.G., N.H., W.H., H.J.H., C.J., R.K., M.K., K.V.L., J.M., M.O., R.S., C.S., S.S., E.T.S., C.S., J.T., K.V.V., C.D.V., W.X., B.D.W., M.P., B.V.G.), Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.B.), Thirona, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (J.P., E.M.V.R.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.V.H., I.I.), Department of Radiology, Zuyderland MC, Heerlen, The Netherlands (J.K.), Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany (B.L.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands (T.V.R.V.), Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands (C.S., S.S.), Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (L.S.), Department of Internal Medicine, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (T.D.), Department of Radiology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.V.)
| | - Monique Brink
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (N.L., C.I.S., L.H.B., M.B., E.C., W.M.V.E., P.K.G., B.G., M.G., N.H., W.H., H.J.H., C.J., R.K., M.K., K.V.L., J.M., M.O., R.S., C.S., S.S., E.T.S., C.S., J.T., K.V.V., C.D.V., W.X., B.D.W., M.P., B.V.G.), Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.B.), Thirona, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (J.P., E.M.V.R.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.V.H., I.I.), Department of Radiology, Zuyderland MC, Heerlen, The Netherlands (J.K.), Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany (B.L.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands (T.V.R.V.), Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands (C.S., S.S.), Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (L.S.), Department of Internal Medicine, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (T.D.), Department of Radiology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.V.)
| | - Erdi Calli
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (N.L., C.I.S., L.H.B., M.B., E.C., W.M.V.E., P.K.G., B.G., M.G., N.H., W.H., H.J.H., C.J., R.K., M.K., K.V.L., J.M., M.O., R.S., C.S., S.S., E.T.S., C.S., J.T., K.V.V., C.D.V., W.X., B.D.W., M.P., B.V.G.), Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.B.), Thirona, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (J.P., E.M.V.R.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.V.H., I.I.), Department of Radiology, Zuyderland MC, Heerlen, The Netherlands (J.K.), Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany (B.L.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands (T.V.R.V.), Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands (C.S., S.S.), Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (L.S.), Department of Internal Medicine, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (T.D.), Department of Radiology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.V.)
| | - Jean-Paul Charbonnier
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (N.L., C.I.S., L.H.B., M.B., E.C., W.M.V.E., P.K.G., B.G., M.G., N.H., W.H., H.J.H., C.J., R.K., M.K., K.V.L., J.M., M.O., R.S., C.S., S.S., E.T.S., C.S., J.T., K.V.V., C.D.V., W.X., B.D.W., M.P., B.V.G.), Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.B.), Thirona, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (J.P., E.M.V.R.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.V.H., I.I.), Department of Radiology, Zuyderland MC, Heerlen, The Netherlands (J.K.), Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany (B.L.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands (T.V.R.V.), Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands (C.S., S.S.), Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (L.S.), Department of Internal Medicine, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (T.D.), Department of Radiology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.V.)
| | - Ton Dofferhoff
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (N.L., C.I.S., L.H.B., M.B., E.C., W.M.V.E., P.K.G., B.G., M.G., N.H., W.H., H.J.H., C.J., R.K., M.K., K.V.L., J.M., M.O., R.S., C.S., S.S., E.T.S., C.S., J.T., K.V.V., C.D.V., W.X., B.D.W., M.P., B.V.G.), Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.B.), Thirona, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (J.P., E.M.V.R.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.V.H., I.I.), Department of Radiology, Zuyderland MC, Heerlen, The Netherlands (J.K.), Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany (B.L.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands (T.V.R.V.), Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands (C.S., S.S.), Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (L.S.), Department of Internal Medicine, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (T.D.), Department of Radiology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.V.)
| | - Wouter M. van Everdingen
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (N.L., C.I.S., L.H.B., M.B., E.C., W.M.V.E., P.K.G., B.G., M.G., N.H., W.H., H.J.H., C.J., R.K., M.K., K.V.L., J.M., M.O., R.S., C.S., S.S., E.T.S., C.S., J.T., K.V.V., C.D.V., W.X., B.D.W., M.P., B.V.G.), Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.B.), Thirona, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (J.P., E.M.V.R.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.V.H., I.I.), Department of Radiology, Zuyderland MC, Heerlen, The Netherlands (J.K.), Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany (B.L.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands (T.V.R.V.), Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands (C.S., S.S.), Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (L.S.), Department of Internal Medicine, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (T.D.), Department of Radiology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.V.)
| | - Paul K. Gerke
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (N.L., C.I.S., L.H.B., M.B., E.C., W.M.V.E., P.K.G., B.G., M.G., N.H., W.H., H.J.H., C.J., R.K., M.K., K.V.L., J.M., M.O., R.S., C.S., S.S., E.T.S., C.S., J.T., K.V.V., C.D.V., W.X., B.D.W., M.P., B.V.G.), Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.B.), Thirona, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (J.P., E.M.V.R.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.V.H., I.I.), Department of Radiology, Zuyderland MC, Heerlen, The Netherlands (J.K.), Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany (B.L.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands (T.V.R.V.), Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands (C.S., S.S.), Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (L.S.), Department of Internal Medicine, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (T.D.), Department of Radiology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.V.)
| | - Bram Geurts
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (N.L., C.I.S., L.H.B., M.B., E.C., W.M.V.E., P.K.G., B.G., M.G., N.H., W.H., H.J.H., C.J., R.K., M.K., K.V.L., J.M., M.O., R.S., C.S., S.S., E.T.S., C.S., J.T., K.V.V., C.D.V., W.X., B.D.W., M.P., B.V.G.), Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.B.), Thirona, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (J.P., E.M.V.R.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.V.H., I.I.), Department of Radiology, Zuyderland MC, Heerlen, The Netherlands (J.K.), Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany (B.L.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands (T.V.R.V.), Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands (C.S., S.S.), Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (L.S.), Department of Internal Medicine, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (T.D.), Department of Radiology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.V.)
| | - Hester A. Gietema
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (N.L., C.I.S., L.H.B., M.B., E.C., W.M.V.E., P.K.G., B.G., M.G., N.H., W.H., H.J.H., C.J., R.K., M.K., K.V.L., J.M., M.O., R.S., C.S., S.S., E.T.S., C.S., J.T., K.V.V., C.D.V., W.X., B.D.W., M.P., B.V.G.), Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.B.), Thirona, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (J.P., E.M.V.R.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.V.H., I.I.), Department of Radiology, Zuyderland MC, Heerlen, The Netherlands (J.K.), Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany (B.L.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands (T.V.R.V.), Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands (C.S., S.S.), Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (L.S.), Department of Internal Medicine, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (T.D.), Department of Radiology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.V.)
| | - Miriam Groeneveld
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (N.L., C.I.S., L.H.B., M.B., E.C., W.M.V.E., P.K.G., B.G., M.G., N.H., W.H., H.J.H., C.J., R.K., M.K., K.V.L., J.M., M.O., R.S., C.S., S.S., E.T.S., C.S., J.T., K.V.V., C.D.V., W.X., B.D.W., M.P., B.V.G.), Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.B.), Thirona, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (J.P., E.M.V.R.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.V.H., I.I.), Department of Radiology, Zuyderland MC, Heerlen, The Netherlands (J.K.), Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany (B.L.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands (T.V.R.V.), Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands (C.S., S.S.), Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (L.S.), Department of Internal Medicine, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (T.D.), Department of Radiology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.V.)
| | - Louis van Harten
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (N.L., C.I.S., L.H.B., M.B., E.C., W.M.V.E., P.K.G., B.G., M.G., N.H., W.H., H.J.H., C.J., R.K., M.K., K.V.L., J.M., M.O., R.S., C.S., S.S., E.T.S., C.S., J.T., K.V.V., C.D.V., W.X., B.D.W., M.P., B.V.G.), Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.B.), Thirona, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (J.P., E.M.V.R.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.V.H., I.I.), Department of Radiology, Zuyderland MC, Heerlen, The Netherlands (J.K.), Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany (B.L.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands (T.V.R.V.), Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands (C.S., S.S.), Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (L.S.), Department of Internal Medicine, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (T.D.), Department of Radiology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.V.)
| | - Nils Hendrix
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (N.L., C.I.S., L.H.B., M.B., E.C., W.M.V.E., P.K.G., B.G., M.G., N.H., W.H., H.J.H., C.J., R.K., M.K., K.V.L., J.M., M.O., R.S., C.S., S.S., E.T.S., C.S., J.T., K.V.V., C.D.V., W.X., B.D.W., M.P., B.V.G.), Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.B.), Thirona, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (J.P., E.M.V.R.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.V.H., I.I.), Department of Radiology, Zuyderland MC, Heerlen, The Netherlands (J.K.), Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany (B.L.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands (T.V.R.V.), Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands (C.S., S.S.), Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (L.S.), Department of Internal Medicine, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (T.D.), Department of Radiology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.V.)
| | - Ward Hendrix
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (N.L., C.I.S., L.H.B., M.B., E.C., W.M.V.E., P.K.G., B.G., M.G., N.H., W.H., H.J.H., C.J., R.K., M.K., K.V.L., J.M., M.O., R.S., C.S., S.S., E.T.S., C.S., J.T., K.V.V., C.D.V., W.X., B.D.W., M.P., B.V.G.), Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.B.), Thirona, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (J.P., E.M.V.R.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.V.H., I.I.), Department of Radiology, Zuyderland MC, Heerlen, The Netherlands (J.K.), Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany (B.L.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands (T.V.R.V.), Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands (C.S., S.S.), Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (L.S.), Department of Internal Medicine, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (T.D.), Department of Radiology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.V.)
| | - Henkjan J. Huisman
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (N.L., C.I.S., L.H.B., M.B., E.C., W.M.V.E., P.K.G., B.G., M.G., N.H., W.H., H.J.H., C.J., R.K., M.K., K.V.L., J.M., M.O., R.S., C.S., S.S., E.T.S., C.S., J.T., K.V.V., C.D.V., W.X., B.D.W., M.P., B.V.G.), Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.B.), Thirona, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (J.P., E.M.V.R.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.V.H., I.I.), Department of Radiology, Zuyderland MC, Heerlen, The Netherlands (J.K.), Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany (B.L.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands (T.V.R.V.), Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands (C.S., S.S.), Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (L.S.), Department of Internal Medicine, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (T.D.), Department of Radiology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.V.)
| | - Ivana Išgum
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (N.L., C.I.S., L.H.B., M.B., E.C., W.M.V.E., P.K.G., B.G., M.G., N.H., W.H., H.J.H., C.J., R.K., M.K., K.V.L., J.M., M.O., R.S., C.S., S.S., E.T.S., C.S., J.T., K.V.V., C.D.V., W.X., B.D.W., M.P., B.V.G.), Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.B.), Thirona, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (J.P., E.M.V.R.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.V.H., I.I.), Department of Radiology, Zuyderland MC, Heerlen, The Netherlands (J.K.), Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany (B.L.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands (T.V.R.V.), Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands (C.S., S.S.), Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (L.S.), Department of Internal Medicine, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (T.D.), Department of Radiology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.V.)
| | - Colin Jacobs
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (N.L., C.I.S., L.H.B., M.B., E.C., W.M.V.E., P.K.G., B.G., M.G., N.H., W.H., H.J.H., C.J., R.K., M.K., K.V.L., J.M., M.O., R.S., C.S., S.S., E.T.S., C.S., J.T., K.V.V., C.D.V., W.X., B.D.W., M.P., B.V.G.), Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.B.), Thirona, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (J.P., E.M.V.R.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.V.H., I.I.), Department of Radiology, Zuyderland MC, Heerlen, The Netherlands (J.K.), Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany (B.L.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands (T.V.R.V.), Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands (C.S., S.S.), Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (L.S.), Department of Internal Medicine, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (T.D.), Department of Radiology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.V.)
| | - Ruben Kluge
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (N.L., C.I.S., L.H.B., M.B., E.C., W.M.V.E., P.K.G., B.G., M.G., N.H., W.H., H.J.H., C.J., R.K., M.K., K.V.L., J.M., M.O., R.S., C.S., S.S., E.T.S., C.S., J.T., K.V.V., C.D.V., W.X., B.D.W., M.P., B.V.G.), Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.B.), Thirona, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (J.P., E.M.V.R.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.V.H., I.I.), Department of Radiology, Zuyderland MC, Heerlen, The Netherlands (J.K.), Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany (B.L.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands (T.V.R.V.), Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands (C.S., S.S.), Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (L.S.), Department of Internal Medicine, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (T.D.), Department of Radiology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.V.)
| | - Michel Kok
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (N.L., C.I.S., L.H.B., M.B., E.C., W.M.V.E., P.K.G., B.G., M.G., N.H., W.H., H.J.H., C.J., R.K., M.K., K.V.L., J.M., M.O., R.S., C.S., S.S., E.T.S., C.S., J.T., K.V.V., C.D.V., W.X., B.D.W., M.P., B.V.G.), Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.B.), Thirona, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (J.P., E.M.V.R.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.V.H., I.I.), Department of Radiology, Zuyderland MC, Heerlen, The Netherlands (J.K.), Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany (B.L.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands (T.V.R.V.), Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands (C.S., S.S.), Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (L.S.), Department of Internal Medicine, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (T.D.), Department of Radiology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.V.)
| | - Jasenko Krdzalic
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (N.L., C.I.S., L.H.B., M.B., E.C., W.M.V.E., P.K.G., B.G., M.G., N.H., W.H., H.J.H., C.J., R.K., M.K., K.V.L., J.M., M.O., R.S., C.S., S.S., E.T.S., C.S., J.T., K.V.V., C.D.V., W.X., B.D.W., M.P., B.V.G.), Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.B.), Thirona, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (J.P., E.M.V.R.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.V.H., I.I.), Department of Radiology, Zuyderland MC, Heerlen, The Netherlands (J.K.), Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany (B.L.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands (T.V.R.V.), Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands (C.S., S.S.), Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (L.S.), Department of Internal Medicine, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (T.D.), Department of Radiology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.V.)
| | - Bianca Lassen-Schmidt
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (N.L., C.I.S., L.H.B., M.B., E.C., W.M.V.E., P.K.G., B.G., M.G., N.H., W.H., H.J.H., C.J., R.K., M.K., K.V.L., J.M., M.O., R.S., C.S., S.S., E.T.S., C.S., J.T., K.V.V., C.D.V., W.X., B.D.W., M.P., B.V.G.), Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.B.), Thirona, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (J.P., E.M.V.R.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.V.H., I.I.), Department of Radiology, Zuyderland MC, Heerlen, The Netherlands (J.K.), Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany (B.L.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands (T.V.R.V.), Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands (C.S., S.S.), Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (L.S.), Department of Internal Medicine, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (T.D.), Department of Radiology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.V.)
| | - Kicky van Leeuwen
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (N.L., C.I.S., L.H.B., M.B., E.C., W.M.V.E., P.K.G., B.G., M.G., N.H., W.H., H.J.H., C.J., R.K., M.K., K.V.L., J.M., M.O., R.S., C.S., S.S., E.T.S., C.S., J.T., K.V.V., C.D.V., W.X., B.D.W., M.P., B.V.G.), Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.B.), Thirona, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (J.P., E.M.V.R.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.V.H., I.I.), Department of Radiology, Zuyderland MC, Heerlen, The Netherlands (J.K.), Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany (B.L.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands (T.V.R.V.), Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands (C.S., S.S.), Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (L.S.), Department of Internal Medicine, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (T.D.), Department of Radiology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.V.)
| | - James Meakin
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (N.L., C.I.S., L.H.B., M.B., E.C., W.M.V.E., P.K.G., B.G., M.G., N.H., W.H., H.J.H., C.J., R.K., M.K., K.V.L., J.M., M.O., R.S., C.S., S.S., E.T.S., C.S., J.T., K.V.V., C.D.V., W.X., B.D.W., M.P., B.V.G.), Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.B.), Thirona, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (J.P., E.M.V.R.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.V.H., I.I.), Department of Radiology, Zuyderland MC, Heerlen, The Netherlands (J.K.), Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany (B.L.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands (T.V.R.V.), Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands (C.S., S.S.), Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (L.S.), Department of Internal Medicine, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (T.D.), Department of Radiology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.V.)
| | - Mike Overkamp
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (N.L., C.I.S., L.H.B., M.B., E.C., W.M.V.E., P.K.G., B.G., M.G., N.H., W.H., H.J.H., C.J., R.K., M.K., K.V.L., J.M., M.O., R.S., C.S., S.S., E.T.S., C.S., J.T., K.V.V., C.D.V., W.X., B.D.W., M.P., B.V.G.), Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.B.), Thirona, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (J.P., E.M.V.R.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.V.H., I.I.), Department of Radiology, Zuyderland MC, Heerlen, The Netherlands (J.K.), Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany (B.L.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands (T.V.R.V.), Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands (C.S., S.S.), Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (L.S.), Department of Internal Medicine, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (T.D.), Department of Radiology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.V.)
| | - Tjalco van Rees Vellinga
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (N.L., C.I.S., L.H.B., M.B., E.C., W.M.V.E., P.K.G., B.G., M.G., N.H., W.H., H.J.H., C.J., R.K., M.K., K.V.L., J.M., M.O., R.S., C.S., S.S., E.T.S., C.S., J.T., K.V.V., C.D.V., W.X., B.D.W., M.P., B.V.G.), Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.B.), Thirona, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (J.P., E.M.V.R.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.V.H., I.I.), Department of Radiology, Zuyderland MC, Heerlen, The Netherlands (J.K.), Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany (B.L.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands (T.V.R.V.), Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands (C.S., S.S.), Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (L.S.), Department of Internal Medicine, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (T.D.), Department of Radiology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.V.)
| | - Eva M. van Rikxoort
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (N.L., C.I.S., L.H.B., M.B., E.C., W.M.V.E., P.K.G., B.G., M.G., N.H., W.H., H.J.H., C.J., R.K., M.K., K.V.L., J.M., M.O., R.S., C.S., S.S., E.T.S., C.S., J.T., K.V.V., C.D.V., W.X., B.D.W., M.P., B.V.G.), Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.B.), Thirona, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (J.P., E.M.V.R.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.V.H., I.I.), Department of Radiology, Zuyderland MC, Heerlen, The Netherlands (J.K.), Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany (B.L.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands (T.V.R.V.), Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands (C.S., S.S.), Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (L.S.), Department of Internal Medicine, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (T.D.), Department of Radiology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.V.)
| | - Riccardo Samperna
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (N.L., C.I.S., L.H.B., M.B., E.C., W.M.V.E., P.K.G., B.G., M.G., N.H., W.H., H.J.H., C.J., R.K., M.K., K.V.L., J.M., M.O., R.S., C.S., S.S., E.T.S., C.S., J.T., K.V.V., C.D.V., W.X., B.D.W., M.P., B.V.G.), Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.B.), Thirona, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (J.P., E.M.V.R.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.V.H., I.I.), Department of Radiology, Zuyderland MC, Heerlen, The Netherlands (J.K.), Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany (B.L.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands (T.V.R.V.), Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands (C.S., S.S.), Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (L.S.), Department of Internal Medicine, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (T.D.), Department of Radiology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.V.)
| | - Cornelia Schaefer-Prokop
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (N.L., C.I.S., L.H.B., M.B., E.C., W.M.V.E., P.K.G., B.G., M.G., N.H., W.H., H.J.H., C.J., R.K., M.K., K.V.L., J.M., M.O., R.S., C.S., S.S., E.T.S., C.S., J.T., K.V.V., C.D.V., W.X., B.D.W., M.P., B.V.G.), Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.B.), Thirona, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (J.P., E.M.V.R.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.V.H., I.I.), Department of Radiology, Zuyderland MC, Heerlen, The Netherlands (J.K.), Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany (B.L.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands (T.V.R.V.), Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands (C.S., S.S.), Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (L.S.), Department of Internal Medicine, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (T.D.), Department of Radiology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.V.)
| | - Steven Schalekamp
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (N.L., C.I.S., L.H.B., M.B., E.C., W.M.V.E., P.K.G., B.G., M.G., N.H., W.H., H.J.H., C.J., R.K., M.K., K.V.L., J.M., M.O., R.S., C.S., S.S., E.T.S., C.S., J.T., K.V.V., C.D.V., W.X., B.D.W., M.P., B.V.G.), Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.B.), Thirona, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (J.P., E.M.V.R.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.V.H., I.I.), Department of Radiology, Zuyderland MC, Heerlen, The Netherlands (J.K.), Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany (B.L.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands (T.V.R.V.), Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands (C.S., S.S.), Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (L.S.), Department of Internal Medicine, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (T.D.), Department of Radiology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.V.)
| | - Ernst Th. Scholten
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (N.L., C.I.S., L.H.B., M.B., E.C., W.M.V.E., P.K.G., B.G., M.G., N.H., W.H., H.J.H., C.J., R.K., M.K., K.V.L., J.M., M.O., R.S., C.S., S.S., E.T.S., C.S., J.T., K.V.V., C.D.V., W.X., B.D.W., M.P., B.V.G.), Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.B.), Thirona, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (J.P., E.M.V.R.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.V.H., I.I.), Department of Radiology, Zuyderland MC, Heerlen, The Netherlands (J.K.), Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany (B.L.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands (T.V.R.V.), Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands (C.S., S.S.), Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (L.S.), Department of Internal Medicine, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (T.D.), Department of Radiology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.V.)
| | - Cheryl Sital
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (N.L., C.I.S., L.H.B., M.B., E.C., W.M.V.E., P.K.G., B.G., M.G., N.H., W.H., H.J.H., C.J., R.K., M.K., K.V.L., J.M., M.O., R.S., C.S., S.S., E.T.S., C.S., J.T., K.V.V., C.D.V., W.X., B.D.W., M.P., B.V.G.), Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.B.), Thirona, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (J.P., E.M.V.R.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.V.H., I.I.), Department of Radiology, Zuyderland MC, Heerlen, The Netherlands (J.K.), Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany (B.L.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands (T.V.R.V.), Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands (C.S., S.S.), Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (L.S.), Department of Internal Medicine, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (T.D.), Department of Radiology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.V.)
| | - Lauran Stöger
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (N.L., C.I.S., L.H.B., M.B., E.C., W.M.V.E., P.K.G., B.G., M.G., N.H., W.H., H.J.H., C.J., R.K., M.K., K.V.L., J.M., M.O., R.S., C.S., S.S., E.T.S., C.S., J.T., K.V.V., C.D.V., W.X., B.D.W., M.P., B.V.G.), Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.B.), Thirona, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (J.P., E.M.V.R.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.V.H., I.I.), Department of Radiology, Zuyderland MC, Heerlen, The Netherlands (J.K.), Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany (B.L.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands (T.V.R.V.), Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands (C.S., S.S.), Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (L.S.), Department of Internal Medicine, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (T.D.), Department of Radiology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.V.)
| | - Jonas Teuwen
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (N.L., C.I.S., L.H.B., M.B., E.C., W.M.V.E., P.K.G., B.G., M.G., N.H., W.H., H.J.H., C.J., R.K., M.K., K.V.L., J.M., M.O., R.S., C.S., S.S., E.T.S., C.S., J.T., K.V.V., C.D.V., W.X., B.D.W., M.P., B.V.G.), Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.B.), Thirona, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (J.P., E.M.V.R.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.V.H., I.I.), Department of Radiology, Zuyderland MC, Heerlen, The Netherlands (J.K.), Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany (B.L.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands (T.V.R.V.), Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands (C.S., S.S.), Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (L.S.), Department of Internal Medicine, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (T.D.), Department of Radiology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.V.)
| | - Kiran Vaidhya Venkadesh
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (N.L., C.I.S., L.H.B., M.B., E.C., W.M.V.E., P.K.G., B.G., M.G., N.H., W.H., H.J.H., C.J., R.K., M.K., K.V.L., J.M., M.O., R.S., C.S., S.S., E.T.S., C.S., J.T., K.V.V., C.D.V., W.X., B.D.W., M.P., B.V.G.), Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.B.), Thirona, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (J.P., E.M.V.R.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.V.H., I.I.), Department of Radiology, Zuyderland MC, Heerlen, The Netherlands (J.K.), Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany (B.L.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands (T.V.R.V.), Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands (C.S., S.S.), Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (L.S.), Department of Internal Medicine, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (T.D.), Department of Radiology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.V.)
| | - Coen de Vente
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (N.L., C.I.S., L.H.B., M.B., E.C., W.M.V.E., P.K.G., B.G., M.G., N.H., W.H., H.J.H., C.J., R.K., M.K., K.V.L., J.M., M.O., R.S., C.S., S.S., E.T.S., C.S., J.T., K.V.V., C.D.V., W.X., B.D.W., M.P., B.V.G.), Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.B.), Thirona, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (J.P., E.M.V.R.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.V.H., I.I.), Department of Radiology, Zuyderland MC, Heerlen, The Netherlands (J.K.), Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany (B.L.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands (T.V.R.V.), Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands (C.S., S.S.), Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (L.S.), Department of Internal Medicine, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (T.D.), Department of Radiology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.V.)
| | - Marieke Vermaat
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (N.L., C.I.S., L.H.B., M.B., E.C., W.M.V.E., P.K.G., B.G., M.G., N.H., W.H., H.J.H., C.J., R.K., M.K., K.V.L., J.M., M.O., R.S., C.S., S.S., E.T.S., C.S., J.T., K.V.V., C.D.V., W.X., B.D.W., M.P., B.V.G.), Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.B.), Thirona, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (J.P., E.M.V.R.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.V.H., I.I.), Department of Radiology, Zuyderland MC, Heerlen, The Netherlands (J.K.), Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany (B.L.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands (T.V.R.V.), Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands (C.S., S.S.), Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (L.S.), Department of Internal Medicine, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (T.D.), Department of Radiology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.V.)
| | - Weiyi Xie
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (N.L., C.I.S., L.H.B., M.B., E.C., W.M.V.E., P.K.G., B.G., M.G., N.H., W.H., H.J.H., C.J., R.K., M.K., K.V.L., J.M., M.O., R.S., C.S., S.S., E.T.S., C.S., J.T., K.V.V., C.D.V., W.X., B.D.W., M.P., B.V.G.), Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.B.), Thirona, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (J.P., E.M.V.R.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.V.H., I.I.), Department of Radiology, Zuyderland MC, Heerlen, The Netherlands (J.K.), Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany (B.L.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands (T.V.R.V.), Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands (C.S., S.S.), Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (L.S.), Department of Internal Medicine, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (T.D.), Department of Radiology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.V.)
| | - Bram de Wilde
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (N.L., C.I.S., L.H.B., M.B., E.C., W.M.V.E., P.K.G., B.G., M.G., N.H., W.H., H.J.H., C.J., R.K., M.K., K.V.L., J.M., M.O., R.S., C.S., S.S., E.T.S., C.S., J.T., K.V.V., C.D.V., W.X., B.D.W., M.P., B.V.G.), Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.B.), Thirona, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (J.P., E.M.V.R.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.V.H., I.I.), Department of Radiology, Zuyderland MC, Heerlen, The Netherlands (J.K.), Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany (B.L.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands (T.V.R.V.), Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands (C.S., S.S.), Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (L.S.), Department of Internal Medicine, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (T.D.), Department of Radiology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.V.)
| | - Mathias Prokop
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (N.L., C.I.S., L.H.B., M.B., E.C., W.M.V.E., P.K.G., B.G., M.G., N.H., W.H., H.J.H., C.J., R.K., M.K., K.V.L., J.M., M.O., R.S., C.S., S.S., E.T.S., C.S., J.T., K.V.V., C.D.V., W.X., B.D.W., M.P., B.V.G.), Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.B.), Thirona, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (J.P., E.M.V.R.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.V.H., I.I.), Department of Radiology, Zuyderland MC, Heerlen, The Netherlands (J.K.), Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany (B.L.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands (T.V.R.V.), Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands (C.S., S.S.), Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (L.S.), Department of Internal Medicine, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (T.D.), Department of Radiology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.V.)
| | - Bram van Ginneken
- From the Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (N.L., C.I.S., L.H.B., M.B., E.C., W.M.V.E., P.K.G., B.G., M.G., N.H., W.H., H.J.H., C.J., R.K., M.K., K.V.L., J.M., M.O., R.S., C.S., S.S., E.T.S., C.S., J.T., K.V.V., C.D.V., W.X., B.D.W., M.P., B.V.G.), Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.B.), Thirona, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (J.P., E.M.V.R.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands (H.A.G.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (L.V.H., I.I.), Department of Radiology, Zuyderland MC, Heerlen, The Netherlands (J.K.), Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany (B.L.), Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands (T.V.R.V.), Department of Radiology, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands (C.S., S.S.), Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (L.S.), Department of Internal Medicine, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (T.D.), Department of Radiology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.V.)
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