151
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Park J, Takmakov P, Wightman RM. In vivo comparison of norepinephrine and dopamine release in rat brain by simultaneous measurements with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. J Neurochem 2011; 119:932-44. [PMID: 21933188 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07494.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Brain norepinephrine and dopamine regulate a variety of critical behaviors such as stress, learning, memory, and drug addiction. In this study, we demonstrate differences in the regulation of in vivo neurotransmission for dopamine in the anterior nucleus accumbens (NAc) and norepinephrine in the ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (vBNST) of the anesthetized rat. Release of the two catecholamines was measured simultaneously using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry at two different carbon-fiber microelectrodes, each implanted in the brain region of interest. Simultaneous dopamine and norepinephrine release was evoked by electrical stimulation of a region where the ventral noradrenergic bundle, the pathway of noradrenergic neurons, courses through the ventral tegmental area/substantia nigra, the origin of dopaminergic cell bodies. The release and uptake of norepinephrine in the vBNST were both significantly slower than for dopamine in the NAc. Pharmacological manipulations in the same animal demonstrated that the two catecholamines are differently regulated. The combination of a dopamine autoreceptor antagonist and amphetamine significantly increased basal extracellular dopamine whereas a norepinephrine autoreceptor antagonist and amphetamine did not change basal norepinephrine concentration. α-Methyl-p-tyrosine, a tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor, decreased electrically evoked dopamine release faster than norepinephrine. The dual-microelectrode fast-scan cyclic voltammetry technique along with anatomical and pharmacological evidence confirms that dopamine in the NAc and norepinephrine in the vBNST can be monitored selectively and simultaneously in the same animal. The high temporal and spatial resolution of the technique enabled us to examine differences in the dynamics of extracellular norepinephrine and dopamine concurrently in two different limbic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwoo Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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152
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Dosage-dependent phenotypes in models of 16p11.2 lesions found in autism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:17076-81. [PMID: 21969575 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1114042108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recurrent copy number variations (CNVs) of human 16p11.2 have been associated with a variety of developmental/neurocognitive syndromes. In particular, deletion of 16p11.2 is found in patients with autism, developmental delay, and obesity. Patients with deletions or duplications have a wide range of clinical features, and siblings carrying the same deletion often have diverse symptoms. To study the consequence of 16p11.2 CNVs in a systematic manner, we used chromosome engineering to generate mice harboring deletion of the chromosomal region corresponding to 16p11.2, as well as mice harboring the reciprocal duplication. These 16p11.2 CNV models have dosage-dependent changes in gene expression, viability, brain architecture, and behavior. For each phenotype, the consequence of the deletion is more severe than that of the duplication. Of particular note is that half of the 16p11.2 deletion mice die postnatally; those that survive to adulthood are healthy and fertile, but have alterations in the hypothalamus and exhibit a "behavior trap" phenotype-a specific behavior characteristic of rodents with lateral hypothalamic and nigrostriatal lesions. These findings indicate that 16p11.2 CNVs cause brain and behavioral anomalies, providing insight into human neurodevelopmental disorders.
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153
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Liu J, Perez SM, Zhang W, Lodge DJ, Lu XY. Selective deletion of the leptin receptor in dopamine neurons produces anxiogenic-like behavior and increases dopaminergic activity in amygdala. Mol Psychiatry 2011; 16:1024-38. [PMID: 21483433 PMCID: PMC3432580 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2011.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The leptin receptor (Lepr) is expressed on midbrain dopamine neurons. However, the specific role of Lepr signaling in dopamine neurons remains to be clarified. In the present study, we generated a line of conditional knockout mice lacking functional Lepr selectively on dopamine neurons (Lepr(DAT-Cre)). These mice exhibit normal body weight and feeding. Behaviorally, Lepr(DAT-Cre) mice display an anxiogenic-like phenotype in the elevated plus-maze, light-dark box, social interaction and novelty-suppressed feeding tests. Depression-related behaviors, as assessed by chronic stress-induced anhedonia, forced swim and tail-suspension tests, were not affected by deletion of Lepr in dopamine neurons. In vivo electrophysiological recordings of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area revealed an increase in burst firing in Lepr(DAT-Cre) mice. Moreover, blockade of D1-dependent dopamine transmission in the central amygdala by local microinjection of the D1 antagonist SCH23390 attenuated the anxiogenic phenotype of Lepr(DAT-Cre) mice. These findings suggest that Lepr signaling in midbrain dopamine neurons has a crucial role for the expression of anxiety and for the dopamine modulation of amygdala function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Stephanie M. Perez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Daniel J. Lodge
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Xin-Yun Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229,Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
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154
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Kochenborger L, Zanatta D, Berretta LM, Lopes APF, Wunderlich BL, Januário AC, Neto JM, Terenzi MG, Paschoalini MA, Faria MS. Modulation of fear/anxiety responses, but not food intake, following α-adrenoceptor agonist microinjections in the nucleus accumbens shell of free-feeding rats. Neuropharmacology 2011; 62:427-35. [PMID: 21871465 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of α-adrenoceptor agonists microinjected into the shell region of the accumbens nucleus (AcbSh) on feeding and anxiety-related behaviors in free-feeding rats. Male Wistar rats with a chronically implanted cannula into the AcbSh were unilaterally microinjected with either clonidine (CLON, α(2)-adrenoceptor agonist) or phenylephrine (PHEN, α(1)-adrenoceptor agonist) at the doses of 6 and 20 nmol and submitted to the elevated plus-maze (EPM), a pre-clinical test of anxiety. Immediately after the EPM test, the animals underwent food intake evaluation for 30 min. The data showed that rats microinjected with CLON (20 nmol/0.2 μl) into the AcbSh exhibited increased %Open arm time, which is compatible with an anxiolytic-like effect. The CLON-induced anxiolysis was corroborated by increased head-dipping and decreased stretched-attend posture, two ethologically derived behaviors which are fear/anxiety-motivated. The animal's locomotor activity was not changed by 20 nmol CLON microinjection into the AcbSh. However, neither dose of PHEN microinjected into the AcbSh was able to alter either the spatial-temporal or ethological variables representative of fear/anxiety and locomotion. Food intake was not altered by any dose of CLON and PHEN microinjected into the AcbSh, but the 20 nmol CLON microinjection induced increased motor activity in the feeding test. The data suggests that noradrenergic projections to the AcbSh may underlie fear/anxiety modulation through α(2)-adrenoceptor in the AcbSh, while feeding behavior was unaffected by noradrenergic modulation in the AcbSh of free-feeding rats. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Anxiety and Depression'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Kochenborger
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Centre of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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155
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Yoshihara T, Yawaka Y. Lesions of the ventral ascending noradrenergic bundles decrease the stress response to occlusal disharmony in rats. Neurosci Lett 2011; 503:43-7. [PMID: 21864649 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Occlusal disharmony induced by placing an acryl cap on the lower incisors of rats is perceived as chronic stress. This chronic stress activates corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), resulting in stimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The ventral ascending noradrenergic bundles (V-NAB) from the brainstem innervate the PVN. To investigate the relationship between the response of the HPA axis and the V-NAB, we examined changes in extracellular noradrenaline (NA) in the PVN and plasma corticosterone, the final output of the HPA axis, following occlusal disharmony in rats injected with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), a specific catecholamine neurotoxin. 6-OHDA microinjection into the V-NAB reduced the magnitude of the responses of extracellular NA in the PVN and the plasma corticosterone to occlusal disharmony. Our results suggest that V-NAB to the PVN are involved in occlusal disharmony-induced activation of the HPA axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Yoshihara
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Functional Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, North 13, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan.
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156
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Kanazawa T, Adachi E, Orimo S, Nakamura A, Mizusawa H, Uchihara T. Pale neurites, premature α-synuclein aggregates with centripetal extension from axon collaterals. Brain Pathol 2011; 22:67-78. [PMID: 21672073 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2011.00509.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive aggregation of α-synuclein (αS) from pale bodies (PBs) and extension from Lewy neurites (LNs) are candidate mechanisms for Lewy body (LB) formation. To identify how aggregation of αS is related to its extension along neurites, 60-µm-thick brainstem sections of Parkinson disease (PD) patients were prepared for three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of αS-positive neurites with neurofilament (NF) and thiazin red (TR), a fluorochrome with an affinity to solid aggregates. This demonstrated 3D layering of αS surrounded by NF with the aggregates probed by TR in the center, corresponding to the eosinophilic core of mature LBs. This eosinophilic/TR-positive profile, characteristically absent in PBs, premature counterpart of LBs, was similarly absent in some LNs. We would like to refer these premature LNs as "pale neurites" (PNs). Their premature nature was evidenced by 3D fluoroprofiling with quantum dots (QDs) and subsequent electron microscopic identification (3D-oriented immunoelectron microscopy) as loosely packed αS (QDs)-positive filaments. Quantification of LNs, frequently extended around branching axons, demonstrated that LNs are initiated at axon collaterals to extend centripetally into proximal segments. This branching-oriented extension of αS is related to its selective predisposition to systems with highly divergent axons, preferentially affected in PD, which may explain barely somatotopic manifestations of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Kanazawa
- Laboratory of Strucutural Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
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157
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Hoffer BJ. Commentary on chronic infusion of CDNF prevents 6-OHDA-induced deficits in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Merja H. Voutilainen et al. Exp Neurol 2011; 230:162-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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158
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Souza BR, Tropepe V. The role of dopaminergic signalling during larval zebrafish brain development: a tool for investigating the developmental basis of neuropsychiatric disorders. Rev Neurosci 2011; 22:107-19. [PMID: 21615265 DOI: 10.1515/rns.2011.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopment depends on intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence the overall pattern of neurogenesis and neural circuit formation, which has a direct impact on behaviour. Defects in dopamine signalling and brain morphology at a relatively early age, and mutations in neurodevelopmental genes are strongly correlated with several neuropsychiatric disorders. This evidence supports the hypothesis of a neurodevelopmental origin of at least some forms of mental illness. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) has emerged as an important vertebrate model system in biomedical research. The ease with which intrinsic and extrinsic factors can be altered during early development, the relatively conserved dopaminergic circuit organisation in the larval brain, and the emergence of simple sensorimotor behaviours very early in development are some of the appealing features that make this organism advantageous for developmental brain and behaviour research. Thus, examining the impact of altered dopamine signalling and disease related genetic aberrations during zebrafish development presents a unique opportunity to holistically analyse the in vivo biochemical, morphological and behavioural significance of altered dopamine signalling during a crucial period of development using a highly tractable vertebrate model organism. Ultimately, this information will shed new light on potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of schizophrenia and perhaps serve as a paradigm for investigating the neurodevelopmental origin of other psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Rezende Souza
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3G5, ON, Canada
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159
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Chen BT, Patel JC, Moran KA, Rice ME. Differential calcium dependence of axonal versus somatodendritic dopamine release, with characteristics of both in the ventral tegmental area. Front Syst Neurosci 2011; 5:39. [PMID: 21716634 PMCID: PMC3115476 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2011.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) exhibit somatodendritic release of DA. Previous studies indicate a difference between the Ca2+ dependence of somatodendritic DA release in the SNc and that of axonal DA release in dorsal striatum. Here, we evaluated the Ca2+ dependence of DA release in the VTA and nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell for comparison with that in the SNc and dorsal striatum. Release of DA was elicited by single-pulse stimulation in guinea-pig brain slices and monitored with subsecond resolution using carbon-fiber microelectrodes and fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. In dorsal striatum and NAc, DA release was not detectable at extracellular Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]o) below 1 mM; however, a progressive increase in evoked extracellular DA concentration ([DA]o) was seen with [Ca2+]o ≥ 1.5 mM. By contrast, in SNc and VTA, robust increases in [DA]o could be elicited in 0.25 mM [Ca2+]o that were ∼60% of those seen in 1.5 mM [Ca2+]o. In SNc, a plateau in single-pulse evoked [DA]o was seen at [Ca2+]o ≥ 1.5 mM, mirroring the release plateau reported previously for pulse-train stimulation in SNc. In VTA, however, evoked [DA]o increased progressively throughout the range of [Ca2+]o tested (up to 3.0 mM). These functional data are consistent with the microanatomy of the VTA, which includes DA axon collaterals as well as DA somata and dendrites. Differences between axonal and somatodendritic release data were quantified using Hill analysis, which showed that the Ca2+ dependence of axonal DA release is low affinity with high Ca2+ cooperativity, whereas somatodendritic release is high affinity with low cooperativity. Moreover, this analysis revealed the dual nature of DA release in the VTA, with both somatodendritic and axonal contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billy T Chen
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, New York University School of Medicine New York, NY, USA
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160
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Functional organization of the dorsal raphe efferent system with special consideration of nitrergic cell groups. J Chem Neuroanat 2011; 41:281-93. [PMID: 21640185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The serotonin (5HT) system of the brain is involved in many CNS functions including sensory perception, stress responses and psychological disorders such as anxiety and depression. Of the nine 5HT nuclei located in the mammalian brain, the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) has the most extensive forebrain connectivity and is implicated in the manifestation of stress-related psychological disturbances. Initial investigations of DRN efferent connections failed to acknowledge the rostrocaudal and mediolateral organization of the nucleus or its neurochemical heterogeneity. More recent studies have focused on the non-5HT contingent of DRN cells and have revealed an intrinsic intranuclear organization of the DRN which has specific implications for sensory signal processing and stress responses. Of particular interest are spatially segregated subsets of nitric oxide producing neurons that are activated by stressors and that have unique efferent projection fields. In this regard, both the midline and lateral wing subregions of the DRN have emerged as prominent loci for future investigation of nitric oxide function and modulation of sensory- and stressor-related signals in the DRN and coinciding terminal fields.
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161
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Åberg E, Fandiño-Losada A, Sjöholm LK, Forsell Y, Lavebratt C. The functional Val158Met polymorphism in catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) is associated with depression and motivation in men from a Swedish population-based study. J Affect Disord 2011; 129:158-66. [PMID: 20828831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2010] [Revised: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental risk factors together with genetic vulnerability create a complex background to develop depression. METHODS We investigated the associations between COMT Val(158)Met and depression in a Swedish population-based sample of 405 depressed individuals (major depression diagnosis, dysthymia or mixed anxiety depression defined according to DSM-IV) and 2,151 healthy controls. We also analyzed interaction between this genetic variation and some environmental risk factors for depression and the link between this polymorphism and the low motivational level and negative mood state found in depressed individuals. RESULTS Depressed individuals displayed a higher frequency of the Met/Met and Met/Val genotypes compared to controls (OR=1.49, CI(95%)=1.11-2.00, P=0.009). The association was found among men only (OR=2.26, CI(95%)=1.26-4.05, p=0.008). Regression analysis including some potential risk factors for depression, did further indicate that Met/Met and Met/Val were associated with depression in men (P=0.005). There was also an interaction between genotype and family childhood problems (RERI=0.876, CI(95%)=0.090-1.662 and AP=0.426, CI(95%)=0.030-0.821). Further, depressed men homozygous for the Val-allele, had a higher motivational level than depressed men with a Met-variant (P=0.02). LIMITATIONS The sample size of depressed individuals per group when stratifying cases according to gender and genotypes is considered a limitation. CONCLUSIONS The Met-variants of COMT Val(158)Met are risk variants for depression and low motivational level in depressed Swedish men, but not women. Individuals with this risk variant in combination with a problematic childhood, have an even higher risk to develop depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Åberg
- Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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162
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Cardiovascular effects of noradrenaline microinjected into the insular cortex of unanesthetized rats. Auton Neurosci 2011; 160:90-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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163
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Woods SC, Taborsky GJ, Porte D. Central Nervous System Control of Nutrient Homeostasis. Compr Physiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp010407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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164
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Cools R, Nakamura K, Daw ND. Serotonin and dopamine: unifying affective, activational, and decision functions. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011; 36:98-113. [PMID: 20736991 PMCID: PMC3055512 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2010.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin, like dopamine (DA), has long been implicated in adaptive behavior, including decision making and reinforcement learning. However, although the two neuromodulators are tightly related and have a similar degree of functional importance, compared with DA, we have a much less specific understanding about the mechanisms by which serotonin affects behavior. Here, we draw on recent work on computational models of dopaminergic function to suggest a framework by which many of the seemingly diverse functions associated with both DA and serotonin-comprising both affective and activational ones, as well as a number of other functions not overtly related to either-can be seen as consequences of a single root mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Cools
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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165
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Fibiger HC, Phillips AG. Reward, Motivation, Cognition: Psychobiology of Mesotelencephalic Dopamine Systems. Compr Physiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp010412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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166
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167
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168
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169
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Saper CB. Diffuse Cortical Projection Systems: Anatomical Organization and Role in Cortical Function. Compr Physiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp010506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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170
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171
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Dempsey JA, Olson EB, Skatrud JB. Hormones and Neurochemicals in the Regulation of Breathing. Compr Physiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp030207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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172
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Ronan PJ, Summers CH. Molecular Signaling and Translational Significance of the Corticotropin Releasing Factor System. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2011; 98:235-92. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385506-0.00006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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173
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Ghitza UE, Zhai H, Wu P, Airavaara M, Shaham Y, Lu L. Role of BDNF and GDNF in drug reward and relapse: a review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2010; 35:157-71. [PMID: 19914287 PMCID: PMC2891859 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) are neurotrophic factors that are critical for the growth, survival, and differentiation of developing neurons. These neurotrophic factors also play important roles in the survival and function of adult neurons, learning and memory, and synaptic plasticity. Since the mid-1990s, investigators have studied the role of BDNF and GDNF in the behavioral effects of abused drugs and in the neuroadaptations induced by repeated exposure to drugs in the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system. Here, we review rodent studies on the role of BDNF and GDNF in drug reward, as assessed in the drug self-administration and the conditioned place preference procedures, and in drug relapse, as assessed in extinction and reinstatement procedures. Our main conclusion is that whether BDNF or GDNF would facilitate or inhibit drug-taking behaviors depends on the drug type, the brain site, the addiction phase (initiation, maintenance, or abstinence/relapse), and the time interval between site-specific BDNF or GDNF injections and the reward- and relapse-related behavioral assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udi E. Ghitza
- Center for the Clinical Trials Network, NIDA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Haifeng Zhai
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Wu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yavin Shaham
- Intramural Research Program, NIDA, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lin Lu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
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174
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Certel SJ, Leung A, Lin CY, Perez P, Chiang AS, Kravitz EA. Octopamine neuromodulatory effects on a social behavior decision-making network in Drosophila males. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13248. [PMID: 20967276 PMCID: PMC2953509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Situations requiring rapid decision-making in response to dynamic environmental demands occur repeatedly in natural environments. Neuromodulation can offer important flexibility to the output of neural networks in coping with changing conditions, but the contribution of individual neuromodulatory neurons in social behavior networks remains relatively unknown. Here we manipulate the Drosophila octopaminergic system and assay changes in adult male decision-making in courtship and aggression paradigms. When the functional state of OA neural circuits is enhanced, males exhibit elevated courtship behavior towards other males in both behavioral contexts. Eliminating the expression of the male form of the neural sex determination factor, Fruitless (Fru(M)), in three OA suboesophageal ganglia (SOG) neurons also leads to increased male-male courtship behavior in these same contexts. We analyzed the fine anatomical structure through confocal examination of labeled single neurons to determine the arborization patterns of each of the three Fru(M)-positive OA SOG neurons. These neurons send processes that display mirror symmetric, widely distributed arbors of endings within brain regions including the ventrolateral protocerebra, the SOG and the peri-esophageal complex. The results suggest that a small subset of OA neurons have the potential to provide male selective modulation of behavior at a single neuron level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Certel
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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175
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Northrop LE, Polston EK, Erskine MS. Noradrenergic nuclei that receive sensory input during mating and project to the ventromedial hypothalamus play a role in mating-induced pseudopregnancy in the female rat. J Neuroendocrinol 2010; 22:1061-71. [PMID: 20673300 PMCID: PMC3063002 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2010.02049.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In female rats, vaginal-cervical stimulation (VCS) received during mating induces bicircadian prolactin surges that are required for the maintenance of pregnancy or pseudopregnancy (PSP). The neural circuits that transmit VCS inputs to the brain have not been fully described, although mating stimulation is known to activate medullary noradrenergic cell groups that project to the forebrain. In response to VCS, these neurones release noradrenaline within the ventrolateral division of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMHvl) and the posterodorsal medial amygdala (MePD), two forebrain sites that are implicated in the initiation of PSP. Noradrenaline receptor activation within the VMHvl is both necessary and sufficient for PSP induction, suggesting that noradrenaline acting within the VMHvl is particularly important in mediating the effects of VCS towards the establishment of PSP. We therefore investigated whether or not endogenous, VCS-induced noradrenaline release within the VMHvl is involved in PSP induction in the rat. Before the receipt of sufficient mating stimulation to induce PSP, a retrograde neurotoxin, dopamine-β-hydroxylase-saporin (DBH-SAP), was infused bilaterally into the either the VMHvl or the MePD to selectively destroy afferent noradrenergic nuclei in the brainstem. DBH-SAP infusions into the VMHvl lesioned mating-responsive noradrenergic neurones in A1 and A2 medullary nuclei and reduced the incidence of PSP by 50%. Infusions of DBH-SAP into the MePD had no effect on the subsequent induction of PSP. These results suggest that VCS is conveyed to mating-responsive forebrain areas by brainstem noradrenergic neurones, and that the activity of noradrenergic cells projecting to the VMHvl is involved in the induction of PSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Northrop
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA. Reproductive Medicine Associates of New Jersey, Morristown, NJ, USA
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176
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Zhou XJ, Yang J, Yan FL, Wang DX, Li XY, Fan XQ, Hao F, Yan XQ, Li XP, Li H, Liu WY, Lin BC. Norepinephrine plays an important role in antinociceptive modulation of hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in the rat. Int J Neurosci 2010; 120:428-38. [PMID: 20504214 DOI: 10.3109/00207450802333649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study has proven that hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) plays a role in antinociception. The effects of studied classical neurotransmitter on PVN antinociceptive modulation were investigated in the rat. The results showed: (1) Pain stimulation increased norepinephrine (NE), but not epinephrine, dopamine (DA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DA metabolic product), homovanilic acid (DA metabolic product), serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HT metabolic product), acetycholine (Ach), choline (Ach metabolic product), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and L-glutamate acid concentrations in the PVN perfusion liquid; (2) PVN stimulation with L-glutamate sodium, which excited local neurons only, did not influence the concentrations of the studied classical neurotransmitter and metabolic product in the PVN perfusion liquid; (3) Microinjection of NE, epinephrine, or L-glutamate sodium into the PVN elevated pain threshold, and local administration of GABA decreased pain threshold in a dose-dependent manner, but PVN administration of Ach, DA, or 5-HT did not change pain threshold; (4) Microinjection of phentolamine (alpha-receptor antagonist) or MK801 [NMDA-receptor antagonist] into the PVN reduced pain threshold, and local administration of bicuculline (GABA-receptor antagonist) raised pain threshold, but PVN administration of propranolol (beta-receptor antagonist), atropine (Muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist), 6-OH gallamine (Nicotinic cholinergic receptor antagonist), fluperidol (DA-receptor antagonist), or cyproheptadine (5-HT-receptor antagonist) did not alter pain threshold. The data suggested that endogenous NE, not epinephrine, 5-HT, Ach, GABA, and L-glutamate acid played an important role in the PVN antinociceptive modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Jian Zhou
- Wuxi 101 Hospital of People Liberty Army, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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177
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Dudas B, Baker M, Rotoli G, Grignol G, Bohn MC, Merchenthaler I. Distribution and morphology of the catecholaminergic neural elements in the human hypothalamus. Neuroscience 2010; 171:187-95. [PMID: 20801195 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that catecholaminergic, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive (IR) perikarya and fibers are widely distributed in the human hypothalamus. Since TH is the key and rate-limiting enzyme for catecholaminergic synthesis, these IR neurons may represent dopaminergic, noradrenergic or adrenergic neural elements. However, the distribution and morphology of these neurotransmitter systems in the human hypothalamus is not entirely known. Since the different catecholaminergic systems can be detected by identifying the neurons containing the specific key enzymes of catecholaminergic synthesis, in the present study we mapped the catecholaminergic elements in the human hypothalamus using immunohistochemistry against the catecholaminergic enzymes, TH, dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT). Only a few, PNMT-IR, adrenergic neuronal elements were found mainly in the infundibulum and the periventricular zone. DBH-IR structures were more widely distributed in the human hypothalamus occupying chiefly the infundibulum/infundibular nucleus, periventricular area, supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. Dopaminergic elements were detected by utilizing double label immunohistochemistry. First, the DBH-IR elements were visualized; then the TH-IR structures, that lack DBH, were detected with a different chromogen. In our study, we conclude that all of the catecholaminergic perikarya and the majority of the catecholaminergic fibers represent dopaminergic neurons in the human hypothalamus. Due to the extremely small number of PNMT-IR, adrenergic structures in the human hypothalamus, the DBH-IR fibers represent almost exclusively noradrenergic neuronal processes. These findings suggest that the juxtapositions between the TH-IR and numerous peptidergic systems revealed by previous reports indicate mostly dopaminergic synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dudas
- Neuroendocrine Organization Laboratory, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA 16509, USA.
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178
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Cervenka S, Varrone A, Fransén E, Halldin C, Farde L. PET studies of D2-receptor binding in striatal and extrastriatal brain regions: Biochemical support in vivo for separate dopaminergic systems in humans. Synapse 2010; 64:478-85. [PMID: 20175222 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Most molecular imaging studies of the dopamine (DA) system performed to date have focused on the striatum, a region receiving dense dopaminergic innervation. In clinical research on the DA D2-receptor, striatal binding has often been regarded as an index of global DA function, based on the underlying assumption of common regulatory mechanisms for receptor expression across brain regions. Recent data has challenged this view, suggesting differences in genetic regulation between striatal and extrastriatal brain regions. The relationship between binding levels in brain regions has, however, not been directly examined in the same sample. In this study, we searched for interregional correlations between DA D2-receptor availability as determined with Positron Emission Tomography in 16 control subjects. The radioligands [11C]raclopride and [11C]FLB 457 were used for measurements of D2-receptor binding in striatal and extrastriatal regions, respectively. No correlation was observed between D2-receptor availability in striatum and any of the extrastriatal regions, as assessed using both region of interest- and voxel-based analyses. Instead, the pattern of correlations was consistent with the model of separate dopaminergic systems as has been originally observed in rodents. These preliminary results encourage approaches searching for individual patterns of receptor binding across the whole brain volume in clinical studies on the dopamine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Cervenka
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Stockholm Brain Institute/Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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179
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Samuels ER, Szabadi E. Functional neuroanatomy of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus: its roles in the regulation of arousal and autonomic function part I: principles of functional organisation. Curr Neuropharmacol 2010; 6:235-53. [PMID: 19506723 PMCID: PMC2687936 DOI: 10.2174/157015908785777229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 472] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2007] [Revised: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 06/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC) is the major noradrenergic nucleus of the brain, giving rise to fibres innervating extensive areas throughout the neuraxis. Recent advances in neuroscience have resulted in the unravelling of the neuronal circuits controlling a number of physiological functions in which the LC plays a central role. Two such functions are the regulation of arousal and autonomic activity, which are inseparably linked largely via the involvement of the LC. The LC is a major wakefulness-promoting nucleus, resulting from dense excitatory projections to the majority of the cerebral cortex, cholinergic neurones of the basal forebrain, cortically-projecting neurones of the thalamus, serotoninergic neurones of the dorsal raphe and cholinergic neurones of the pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, and substantial inhibitory projections to sleep-promoting GABAergic neurones of the basal forebrain and ventrolateral preoptic area. Activation of the LC thus results in the enhancement of alertness through the innervation of these varied nuclei. The importance of the LC in controlling autonomic function results from both direct projections to the spinal cord and projections to autonomic nuclei including the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, the nucleus ambiguus, the rostroventrolateral medulla, the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, the caudal raphe, the salivatory nuclei, the paraventricular nucleus, and the amygdala. LC activation produces an increase in sympathetic activity and a decrease in parasympathetic activity via these projections. Alterations in LC activity therefore result in complex patterns of neuronal activity throughout the brain, observed as changes in measures of arousal and autonomic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Samuels
- Psychopharmacology Section, University of Nottingham, Division of Psychiatry, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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180
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In vivo voltammetric monitoring of catecholamine release in subterritories of the nucleus accumbens shell. Neuroscience 2010; 169:132-42. [PMID: 20451589 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) at carbon-fiber microelectrodes has been used to demonstrate that sub-second changes in catecholamine concentration occur within the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell during motivated behaviors, and these fluctuations have been attributed to rapid dopamine signaling. However, FSCV cannot distinguish between dopamine and norepinephrine, and caudal regions of the NAc shell receive noradrenergic projections. Therefore, in the present study, we examined the degree to which norepinephrine contributes to catecholamine release within rostral and caudal portion of NAc shell. Analysis of tissue content revealed that dopamine was the major catecholamine detectable in the rostral NAc shell, whereas both dopamine and norepinephrine were found in the caudal subregion. To examine releasable catecholamines, electrical stimulation was used to evoke release in anesthetized rats with either stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle, a pathway containing both dopaminergic and noradrenergic projections to the NAc, or the ventral tegmental area/substantia nigra, the origin of dopaminergic projections. The catecholamines were distinguished by their responses to different pharmacological agents. The dopamine autoreceptor blocker, raclopride, as well as the monoamine and dopamine transporter blockers, cocaine and GBR 12909, increased evoked catecholamine overflow in both the rostral and caudal NAc shell. The norepinephrine autoreceptor blocker, yohimbine, and the norepinephrine transporter blocker, desipramine, increased catecholamine overflow in the caudal NAc shell without significant alteration of evoked responses in the rostral NAc shell. Thus, the neurochemical and pharmacological results show that norepinephrine signaling is restricted to caudal portions of the NAc shell. Following raclopride and cocaine or raclopride and GBR 12909, robust catecholamine transients were observed within the rostral shell but these were far less apparent in the caudal NAc shell, and they did not occur following yohimbine and desipramine. Taken together, the data demonstrate that catecholamine signals in the rostral NAc shell detected by FSCV are due to change in dopamine transmission.
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181
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Hemby SE. Cocainomics: new insights into the molecular basis of cocaine addiction. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2010; 5:70-82. [PMID: 20084466 PMCID: PMC3255087 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-009-9189-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Until recently, knowledge of the impact of abused drugs on gene and protein expression in the brain was limited to less than 100 targets. With the advent of high-throughput genomic and proteomic techniques, investigators are now able to evaluate changes across the entire genome and across thousands of proteins in defined brain regions and generate expression profiles of vulnerable neuroanatomical substrates in rodent and nonhuman primate drug abuse models and in human post-mortem brain tissue from drug abuse victims. The availability of gene and protein expression profiles will continue to expand our understanding of the short- and long-term consequences of drug addiction and other addictive disorders and may provide new approaches or new targets for pharmacotherapeutic intervention. This review summarizes several important genomic and proteomic studies of cocaine abuse/addiction from rodent, nonhuman primate, and human postmortem studies of cocaine abuse and explores how these studies have advanced our understanding of addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Hemby
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction and Treatment, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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182
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Role of dopamine receptor mechanisms in the amygdaloid modulation of fear and anxiety: Structural and functional analysis. Prog Neurobiol 2010; 90:198-216. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Revised: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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183
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The discovery of central monoamine neurons gave volume transmission to the wired brain. Prog Neurobiol 2010; 90:82-100. [PMID: 19853007 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Revised: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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184
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Herrera-Marschitz M, Arbuthnott G, Ungerstedt U. The rotational model and microdialysis: Significance for dopamine signalling, clinical studies, and beyond. Prog Neurobiol 2010; 90:176-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Revised: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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185
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Szot P, Miguelez C, White SS, Franklin A, Sikkema C, Wilkinson CW, Ugedo L, Raskind MA. A comprehensive analysis of the effect of DSP4 on the locus coeruleus noradrenergic system in the rat. Neuroscience 2010; 166:279-91. [PMID: 20045445 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Degeneration of the noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC) is a major component of Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), but the consequence of noradrenergic neuronal loss has different effects on the surviving neurons in the two disorders. Therefore, understanding the consequence of noradrenergic neuronal loss is important in determining the role of this neurotransmitter in these neurodegenerative disorders. The goal of the study was to determine if the neurotoxin N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP4) could be used as a model for either (or both) AD or PD. Rats were administered DSP4 and sacrificed 3 days 2 weeks and 3 months later. DSP4-treatment resulted in a rapid, though transient reduction in norepinephrine (NE) and NE transporter (NET) in many brain regions receiving variable innervation from the LC. Alpha(1)-adrenoreceptors binding site concentrations were unchanged in all brain regions at all three time points. However, an increase in alpha(2)-AR was observed in many different brain regions 2 weeks and 3 months after DSP4. These changes observed in forebrain regions occurred without a loss in LC noradrenergic neurons. Expression of synthesizing enzymes or NET did not change in amount of expression/neuron despite the reduction in NE tissue content and NET binding site concentrations at early time points, suggesting no compensatory response. In addition, DSP4 did not affect basal activity of LC at any time point in anesthetized animals, but 2 weeks after DSP4 there is a significant increase in irregular firing of noradrenergic neurons. These data indicate that DSP4 is not a selective LC noradrenergic neurotoxin, but does affect noradrenergic neuron terminals locally, as evident by the changes in transmitter and markers at terminal regions. However, since DSP4 did not result in a loss of noradrenergic neurons, it is not considered an adequate model for noradrenergic neuronal loss observed in AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Szot
- Northwest Network for Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA.
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186
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Dunnett SB, Lelos M. Behavioral analysis of motor and non-motor symptoms in rodent models of Parkinson's disease. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2010; 184:35-51. [PMID: 20887869 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(10)84003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Alongside the classical motor symptoms, non-motor symptoms are increasingly recognised to play a major role in the disability associated with Parkinson's disease in humans. Animal models based on experimental depletion of forebrain dopamine have traditionally focussed on the simple and easy to measure motor impairments, and they reproduce well the bradykinesia, rigidity and impairments in the initiation and sequencing of voluntary goal-directed movement. However, a more comprehensive analysis is now urgently required. In this chapter we summarise the predominant unilateral and bilateral dopamine lesion, toxin and genetic models of human parkinsonism, and review the consequences in more complex cognitive, motor learning and psychiatric ('behavioural') domains. Theoretical and experimental advances in our understanding of information processing and associative plasticity within the striatum are not only revolutionising our understanding of normal striatal function but also bear directly on our understanding of the processes that underlie non-motor as well as motor disability in human disease, including in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Dunnett
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, South Wales, UK.
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187
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Mailman RB, Murthy V. Third generation antipsychotic drugs: partial agonism or receptor functional selectivity? Curr Pharm Des 2010; 16:488-501. [PMID: 19909227 PMCID: PMC2958217 DOI: 10.2174/138161210790361461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Functional selectivity is the term that describes drugs that cause markedly different signaling through a single receptor (e.g., full agonist at one pathway and antagonist at a second). It has been widely recognized recently that this phenomenon impacts the understanding of mechanism of action of some drugs, and has relevance to drug discovery. One of the clinical areas where this mechanism has particular importance is in the treatment of schizophrenia. Antipsychotic drugs have been grouped according to both pattern of clinical action and mechanism of action. The original antipsychotic drugs such as chlorpromazine and haloperidol have been called typical or first generation. They cause both antipsychotic actions and many side effects (extrapyramidal and endocrine) that are ascribed to their high affinity dopamine D(2) receptor antagonism. Drugs such as clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone and others were then developed that avoided the neurological side effects (atypical or second generation antipsychotics). These compounds are divided mechanistically into those that are high affinity D(2) and 5-HT(2A) antagonists, and those that also bind with modest affinity to D(2), 5-HT(2A), and many other neuroreceptors. There is one approved third generation drug, aripiprazole, whose actions have been ascribed alternately to either D(2) partial agonism or D(2) functional selectivity. Although partial agonism has been the more widely accepted mechanism, the available data are inconsistent with this mechanism. Conversely, the D(2) functional selectivity hypothesis can accommodate all current data for aripiprazole, and also impacts on discovery compounds that are not pure D(2) antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Mailman
- Penn State University College of Medicine - Milton S. Hershey Medical Center Department of Pharmacology. R130 500 University Dr., PO Box 850, Hershey, PA 17033-0850, USA.
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188
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Differential effects of neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine treatment on the catecholamine content of hypothalamic nuclei and brain stem regions. Neurosci Lett 2009; 7:341-6. [PMID: 19605137 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(78)90224-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/1977] [Accepted: 01/02/1978] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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189
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Pelosi GG, Tavares RF, Busnardo C, Corrêa FM. Paraventricular nucleus mediates pressor response to noradrenaline injection into the dorsal periaqueductal gray area. Auton Neurosci 2009; 151:74-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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190
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Park J, Kile BM, Wightman RM. In vivo voltammetric monitoring of norepinephrine release in the rat ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and anteroventral thalamic nucleus. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 30:2121-33. [PMID: 20128849 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.07005.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The role and contribution of the dense noradrenergic innervation in the ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (vBNST) and anteroventral thalamic nucleus (AV) to biological function and animal behaviors is poorly understood due to the small size of these nuclei. The aim of this study was to compare norepinephrine release and uptake in the vBNST with that in the AV of anesthetized rats. Measurements were made in vivo with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry following electrical stimulation of noradrenergic projection pathways, either the dorsal noradrenergic bundle (DNB) or the ventral noradrenergic bundle (VNB). The substance detected was identified as norepinephrine based upon voltammetric, anatomical, neurochemical and pharmacological evidence. Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry enables the selective monitoring of local norepinephrine overflow in the vBNST evoked by the stimulation of either the DNB or the VNB while norepinephrine in the AV was only evoked by DNB stimulation. The alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine and the norepinephrine uptake inhibitor desipramine increased norepinephrine overflow and slowed its disappearance in both regions. However, control of extracellular norepinephrine by both autoreceptors and uptake was greater in the AV. The greater control exerted by autoreceptors and uptake in the AV resulted in reduced extracellular concentration compared with the v BNST when large numbers of stimulation pulses were employed. The differences in noradrenergic transmission observed in the terminal fields of the v BNST and the AV may differentially regulate activity in these two regions that both contain high densities of norepinephrine terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwoo Park
- Department of Chemistry and Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
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191
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Hökfelt T. Looking at neurotransmitters in the microscope. Prog Neurobiol 2009; 90:101-18. [PMID: 19853008 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2009] [Revised: 04/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review article covers the early period of my career. I first summarize research initiated by the late Nils-Ake Hillarp, after his appointment in 1962 as professor in the Department of Histology at Karolinska Institutet. He only lived for three more years, but during this short period he started up a group of ten students who explored various aspects of the three monoamine transmitters, dopamine, noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine, using the new formaldehyde fluorescence method developed by Bengt Falck and Hillarp in Lund. This method allowed visualization of the cellular localization in the microscope of these monoamines, which introduced a new discipline in neurobiology-chemical neuroanatomy. I then deal with work aiming at localizing the monoamines at the ultrastructural level, as well as attempts to use radioactively labeled aminoacids, especially gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and autoradiography, to identify, in the microscope, neurons using such transmitters. Finally, our immunohistochemical work together with Kjell Fuxe and the late Menek Goldstein, using antibodies to four monoamine-synthesizing enzymes is summarized, including some aspects on the adrenaline neurons, which had escaped detection with the Falck-Hillarp technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Hökfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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192
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Livingstone PD, Wonnacott S. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and the ascending dopamine pathways. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 78:744-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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193
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Alves FH, Crestani CC, Resstel LB, Correa FM. Insular cortex α1-adrenoceptors modulate the parasympathetic component of the baroreflex in unanesthetized rats. Brain Res 2009; 1295:119-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Revised: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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194
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Wise RA. Roles for nigrostriatal--not just mesocorticolimbic--dopamine in reward and addiction. Trends Neurosci 2009; 32:517-24. [PMID: 19758714 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Forebrain dopamine circuitry has traditionally been studied by two largely independent specialist groups: students of Parkinson's disease who study the nigrostriatal dopamine system that originates in the substantia nigra (SN), and students of motivation and addiction who study the role of the mesolimbic and mesocortical dopamine systems that originate in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). The anatomical evidence for independent nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopamine systems has, however, long been obsolete. There is now compelling evidence that both nominal "systems" participate in reward function and addiction. Electrical stimulation of both SN and VTA is rewarding, blockade of glutamatergic or cholinergic input to either SN or VTA attenuates the habit-forming effects of intravenous cocaine, and dopamine in both nigrostriatal and mesocorticolimbic terminal fields participates in the defining property of rewarding events: the reinforcement of memory consolidation. Thus, the similarities between nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopamine systems can be as important as their differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy A Wise
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, USA.
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195
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Sharf R, Sarhan M, Dileone RJ. Role of orexin/hypocretin in dependence and addiction. Brain Res 2009; 1314:130-8. [PMID: 19699189 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The orexins (or hypocretins) are hypothalamic neuropeptides that have been implicated in a variety of behaviors ranging from feeding to sleep and arousal. Evidence from animal models suggests a role for orexins in reward processing and drug addiction. In this review, we discuss orexin's interaction with the mesocorticolimbic reward pathway and the effects of drugs of abuse on the orexin system. We further review models of drug dependence and addiction and describe behavioral alterations that are seen when the orexin system is manipulated both pharmacologically and genetically. Based on the findings reported in the literature thus far, we posit that orexin functioning contributes to both drug reward and drug-related stress/aversive responsiveness; however, diverse anatomical substrates, and perhaps receptor specificity, contribute differentially to reward and stress components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Sharf
- Department of Psychiatry, Ribicoff Research Facilities, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06508, USA
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196
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Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent and debilitating disorder diagnosed on the basis of persistent and developmentally-inappropriate levels of overactivity, inattention and impulsivity. The etiology and pathophysiology of ADHD is incompletely understood. There is evidence of a genetic basis for ADHD but it is likely to involve many genes of small individual effect. Differences in the dimensions of the frontal lobes, caudate nucleus, and cerebellar vermis have been demonstrated. Neuropsychological testing has revealed a number of well documented differences between children with and without ADHD. These occur in two main domains: executive function and motivation although neither of these is specific to ADHD. In view of the recent advances in the neurobiology of reinforcement, we concentrate in this review on altered reinforcement mechanisms. Among the motivational differences, many pieces of evidence indicate that an altered response to reinforcement may play a central role in the symptoms of ADHD. In particular, sensitivity to delay of reinforcement appears to be a reliable finding. We review neurobiological mechanisms of reinforcement and discuss how these may be altered in ADHD, with particular focus on the neurotransmitter dopamine and its actions at the cellular and systems level. We describe how dopamine cell firing activity is normally associated with reinforcing events, and transfers to earlier time-points in the behavioural sequence as reinforcement becomes more predictable. We discuss how a failure of this transfer may give rise to many symptoms of ADHD, and propose that methylphenidate might act to compensate for the proposed dopamine transfer deficit.
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197
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Nevéus T, Läckgren G, Tuvemo T, Jerker H, Hjälmås K, Stenberg A. Enuresis - Background and Treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/003655900750169257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tryggve Nevéus
- Dept of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University Children's Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Göran Läckgren
- Dept of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University Children's Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Torsten Tuvemo
- Dept of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University Children's Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hetta Jerker
- Dept of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University Children's Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kelm Hjälmås
- Dept of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University Children's Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Arne Stenberg
- Dept of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University Children's Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
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198
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Ionov ID. Self-Amplification of Nigral Degeneration in Parkinson's Disease: A Hypothesis. Int J Neurosci 2009; 118:1763-80. [DOI: 10.1080/00207450802330561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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199
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MDMA (Ecstasy) Decreases the Number of Neurons and Stem Cells in Embryonic Cortical Cultures. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2009; 30:13-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-009-9426-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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200
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Kuramochi M, Nakamura S. Effects of postnatal isolation rearing and antidepressant treatment on the density of serotonergic and noradrenergic axons and depressive behavior in rats. Neuroscience 2009; 163:448-55. [PMID: 19524023 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of monoaminergic axons is affected by pharmacological and environmental manipulations during early periods of brain development. In addition, it has been proposed that changes in the density of monoaminergic axons are involved in the pathophysiology of depression. The present experiments examined the effects of neonatal treatment with antidepressants on the density of monoaminergic axons containing 5-HT or noradrenaline (NA) and depressive behavior in rats. In this study, clomipramine (CL) was used as an antidepressant, because a large amount of data has been accumulated on the effects of neonatal CL treatment on monoaminergic neurons and depressive behavior. It was also examined whether the effects of neonatal CL treatment could be further modified by environmental conditions. In the present experiments, postweaning isolation rearing (Iso) was examined as an environmental condition, because postweaning Iso is reported to change the density of 5-HT axons in the rat brain. Unexpectedly, neonatal CL treatment alone had no effect on the density of 5-HT or NA axons or depressive behavior. Postweaning social Iso rearing reduced the density of 5-HT axons in the central nucleus and basolateral nucleus of the amygdala and CA3 of the hippocampus. In the prelimbic area and infralimbic area of medial prefrontal cortex and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, the density of 5-HT axons was not affected by social Iso alone, but was reduced when animals were socially isolated after neonatal CL treatment. Postweaning Iso, but not neonatal CL treatment, increased immobility in the forced swim test in adolescence/early adulthood. These findings suggest that postweaning social Iso alters the density of monoaminergic axons, particularly 5-HT axons, and induces a possible model of depression, while neonatal CL treatment alone has no effect on the density of NA or 5-HT axons or depressive behavior in adolescence/early adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kuramochi
- Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minamikogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
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