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Di Domenico F, Barone E, Perluigi M, Butterfield DA. The Triangle of Death in Alzheimer's Disease Brain: The Aberrant Cross-Talk Among Energy Metabolism, Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Signaling, and Protein Homeostasis Revealed by Redox Proteomics. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 26:364-387. [PMID: 27626216 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder and represents one of the most disabling conditions. AD shares many features in common with systemic insulin resistance diseases, suggesting that it can be considered as a metabolic disease, characterized by reduced insulin-stimulated growth and survival signaling, increased oxidative stress (OS), proinflammatory cytokine activation, mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired energy metabolism, and altered protein homeostasis. Recent Advances: Reduced glucose utilization and energy metabolism in AD have been associated with the buildup of amyloid-β peptide and hyperphosphorylated tau, increased OS, and the accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which is aberrantly activated in AD since early stages, plays a key role during AD neurodegeneration by, on one side, inhibiting insulin signaling as a negative feedback mechanism and, on the other side, regulating protein homeostasis (synthesis/clearance). CRITICAL ISSUES It is likely that the concomitant and mutual alterations of energy metabolism-mTOR signaling-protein homeostasis might represent a self-sustaining triangle of harmful events that trigger the degeneration and death of neurons and the development and progression of AD. Intriguingly, the altered cross-talk between the components of such a triangle of death, beyond altering the redox homeostasis of the neuron, is further exacerbated by increased levels of OS that target and impair key components of the pathways involved. Redox proteomic studies in human samples and animal models of AD-like dementia led to identification of oxidatively modified components of the pathways composing the triangle of death, therefore revealing the crucial role of OS in fueling this aberrant vicious cycle. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The identification of compounds able to restore the function of the pathways targeted by oxidative damage might represent a valuable therapeutic approach to slow or delay AD. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 364-387.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Di Domenico
- 1 Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Barone
- 1 Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome, Italy .,2 Facultad de Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Marzia Perluigi
- 1 Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome, Italy
| | - D Allan Butterfield
- 3 Department of Chemistry, Sanders-Brown Center of Aging, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky
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152
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Zhang Y, Song W. Islet amyloid polypeptide: Another key molecule in Alzheimer's pathogenesis? Prog Neurobiol 2017; 153:100-120. [PMID: 28274676 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent epidemiological evidence reveals that patients suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) often experience a significant decline in cognitive function, and approximately 70% of those cases eventually develop Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although several pathological processes are shared by AD and T2DM, the exact molecular mechanisms connecting these two diseases are poorly understood. Aggregation of human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP), the pathological hallmark of T2DM, has also been detected in brain tissue and is associated with cognitive decline and AD development. In addition, hIAPP and amyloid β protein (Aβ) share many biophysical and physiological properties as well as exert similar cytotoxic mechanisms. Therefore, it is important to examine the possible role of hIAPP in the pathogenesis of AD. In this article, we introduce the basics on this amyloidogenic protein. More importantly, we discuss the potential mechanisms of hIAPP-induced AD development, which will be beneficial for proposing novel and feasible strategies to optimize AD prevention and/or treatment in diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Weihong Song
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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153
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Femminella GD, Bencivenga L, Petraglia L, Visaggi L, Gioia L, Grieco FV, de Lucia C, Komici K, Corbi G, Edison P, Rengo G, Ferrara N. Antidiabetic Drugs in Alzheimer's Disease: Mechanisms of Action and Future Perspectives. J Diabetes Res 2017; 2017:7420796. [PMID: 28656154 PMCID: PMC5471577 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7420796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are two highly prevalent conditions in the elderly population and major public health burden. In the past decades, a pathophysiological link between DM and AD has emerged and central nervous system insulin resistance might play a significant role as a common mechanism; however, other factors such as inflammation and oxidative stress seem to contribute to the shared pathophysiological link. Both preclinical and clinical studies have evaluated the possible neuroprotective mechanisms of different classes of antidiabetic medications in AD, with some promising results. Here, we review the evidence on the mechanisms of action of antidiabetic drugs and their potential use in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonardo Bencivenga
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Petraglia
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Visaggi
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Gioia
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzo Grieco
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio de Lucia
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
- Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Klara Komici
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Graziamaria Corbi
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Paul Edison
- Neurology Imaging Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Giuseppe Rengo
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA Società Benefit, Telese Terme Institute (BN), Italy
| | - Nicola Ferrara
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
- *Nicola Ferrara:
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154
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Asih PR, Tegg ML, Sohrabi H, Carruthers M, Gandy SE, Saad F, Verdile G, Ittner LM, Martins RN. Multiple Mechanisms Linking Type 2 Diabetes and Alzheimer's Disease: Testosterone as a Modifier. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 59:445-466. [PMID: 28655134 PMCID: PMC6462402 DOI: 10.3233/jad-161259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Evidence in support of links between type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) has increased considerably in recent years. AD pathological hallmarks include the accumulation of extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) and intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau in the brain, which are hypothesized to promote inflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal loss. T2DM exhibits many AD pathological features, including reduced brain insulin uptake, lipid dysregulation, inflammation, oxidative stress, and depression; T2DM has also been shown to increase AD risk, and with increasing age, the prevalence of both conditions increases. In addition, amylin deposition in the pancreas is more common in AD than in normal aging, and although there is no significant increase in cerebral Aβ deposition in T2DM, the extent of Aβ accumulation in AD correlates with T2DM duration. Given these similarities and correlations, there may be common underlying mechanism(s) that predispose to both T2DM and AD. In other studies, an age-related gradual loss of testosterone and an increase in testosterone resistance has been shown in men; low testosterone levels can also occur in women. In this review, we focus on the evidence for low testosterone levels contributing to an increased risk of T2DM and AD, and the potential of testosterone treatment in reducing this risk in both men and women. However, such testosterone treatment may need to be long-term, and would need regular monitoring to maintain testosterone at physiological levels. It is possible that a combination of testosterone therapy together with a healthy lifestyle approach, including improved diet and exercise, may significantly reduce AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prita R. Asih
- Department of Anatomy, Dementia Research Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- KaRa Institute of Neurological Diseases, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michelle L. Tegg
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Hamid Sohrabi
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Australian Alzheimer’s Research Foundation Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | - Samuel E. Gandy
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry and the Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
| | - Farid Saad
- Bayer Pharma AG, Global Medical Affairs Andrology, Berlin, Germany
- Gulf Medical University School of Medicine, Ajman, UAE
| | - Giuseppe Verdile
- Australian Alzheimer’s Research Foundation Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University of Technology, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Lars M. Ittner
- Department of Anatomy, Dementia Research Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ralph N. Martins
- KaRa Institute of Neurological Diseases, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Australian Alzheimer’s Research Foundation Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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155
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Adefegha SA, Oboh G, Adefegha OM. Ashanti pepper (Piper guineense Schumach et Thonn) attenuates carbohydrate hydrolyzing, blood pressure regulating and cholinergic enzymes in experimental type 2 diabetes rat model. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 28:19-30. [PMID: 27658140 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2016-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ashanti pepper (Piper guineense Schumach et Thonn) seed is well known in folkloric medicine in the management of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) with little or no scientific documentation for its action. This study investigated the effect of Ashanti pepper seed on some enzymes relevant to carbohydrate hydrolysis, blood regulation and the cholinergic system, as well as the blood glucose level, lipid profile, antioxidant parameters, and hepatic and renal function markers in T2DM rats. METHODS T2DM was induced by feeding rats with high-fat diet (HFD) for 14 days followed by a single intraperitoneal dose of 35 mg/kg body weight of streptozotocin (STZ). Three days after STZ induction, diabetic rats were placed on a dietary regimen containing 2%-4% Ashanti pepper. RESULTS Reduced blood glucose level with decreased α-amylase, α-glucosidase and angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) activities were observed in Ashanti pepper seed and acarbose-treated rat groups when compared to that of the diabetic control rat group. Furthermore, the results revealed that inclusion of 2%-4% Ashanti pepper seed in diabetic rat fed group diets may ameliorate the lipid profile, antioxidant status, and hepatic and renal function in T2DM rats as much as in the acarbose-treated groups. In addition, a chromatographic profile of the seed revealed the presence of quercitrin (116.51 mg/g), capsaicin (113.94 mg/g), dihydrocapsaicin (88.29 mg/g) and isoquercitrin (74.89 mg/g). CONCLUSIONS The results from this study clearly suggest that Ashanti pepper could serve as a promising source of phenolic compounds with great alternative therapeutic potentials in the management of T2DM.
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156
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Grote CW, Wright DE. A Role for Insulin in Diabetic Neuropathy. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:581. [PMID: 28066166 PMCID: PMC5179551 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The peripheral nervous system is one of several organ systems that are profoundly affected in diabetes. The longstanding view is that insulin does not have a major role in modulating neuronal function in both central and peripheral nervous systems is now being challenged. In the setting of insulin deficiency or excess insulin, it is logical to propose that insulin dysregulation can contribute to neuropathic changes in sensory neurons. This is particularly important as sensory nerve damage associated with prediabetes, type 1 and type 2 diabetes is so prevalent. Here, we discuss the current experimental literature related to insulin's role as a potential neurotrophic factor in peripheral nerve function, as well as the possibility that insulin deficiency plays a role in diabetic neuropathy. In addition, we discuss how sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system respond to insulin similar to other insulin-sensitive tissues. Moreover, studies now suggest that sensory neurons can also become insulin resistant like other tissues. Collectively, emerging studies are revealing that insulin signaling pathways are active contributors to sensory nerve modulation, and this review highlights this novel activity and should provide new insight into insulin's role in both peripheral and central nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb W Grote
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Douglas E Wright
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City, KS, USA
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157
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Pivovarova O, Höhn A, Grune T, Pfeiffer AFH, Rudovich N. Insulin-degrading enzyme: new therapeutic target for diabetes and Alzheimer's disease? Ann Med 2016; 48:614-624. [PMID: 27320287 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2016.1197416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) is a major enzyme responsible for insulin degradation. In addition to insulin, IDE degrades many targets including glucagon, atrial natriuretic peptide, and beta-amyloid peptide, regulates proteasomal degradation and other cell functions. IDE represents a pathophysiological link between type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and late onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). Potent and selective modulators of IDE activity are potential drugs for therapies of both diseases. Acute treatment with a novel IDE inhibitor was recently tested in a mouse study as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of T2DM. In contrast, effective IDE activators can be used for the AD treatment. However, because of the pleiotropic IDE action, the sustained treatment with systemic IDE modulators should be carefully tested in animal studies. Development of substrate-selective IDE modulators could overcome possible adverse effects of IDE modulators associated with multiplicity of IDE targets. KEY MESSAGES Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) represents a pathophysiological link between type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Selective modulators of IDE activity are potential drugs for both T2DM and AD treatment. Development of substrate-selective IDE modulators could overcome possible adverse effects of IDE modulators associated with multiplicity of IDE targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Pivovarova
- a Department of Clinical Nutrition , German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke , Nuthetal , Germany.,b Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition , Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine , Berlin , Germany.,c German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) , München , Germany
| | - Annika Höhn
- c German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) , München , Germany.,d Department of Molecular Toxicology , German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke , Nuthetal , Germany
| | - Tilman Grune
- c German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) , München , Germany.,d Department of Molecular Toxicology , German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke , Nuthetal , Germany.,e German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) , Berlin , Germany
| | - Andreas F H Pfeiffer
- a Department of Clinical Nutrition , German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke , Nuthetal , Germany.,b Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition , Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine , Berlin , Germany.,c German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) , München , Germany
| | - Natalia Rudovich
- a Department of Clinical Nutrition , German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke , Nuthetal , Germany.,b Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition , Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine , Berlin , Germany.,c German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) , München , Germany
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158
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Lee HJ, Ryu JM, Jung YH, Lee SJ, Kim JY, Lee SH, Hwang IK, Seong JK, Han HJ. High glucose upregulates BACE1-mediated Aβ production through ROS-dependent HIF-1α and LXRα/ABCA1-regulated lipid raft reorganization in SK-N-MC cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36746. [PMID: 27829662 PMCID: PMC5103190 DOI: 10.1038/srep36746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an accumulation of evidence indicating that the risk of Alzheimer’s disease is associated with diabetes mellitus, an indicator of high glucose concentrations in blood plasma. This study investigated the effect of high glucose on BACE1 expression and amyloidogenesis in vivo, and we present details of the mechanism associated with those effects. Our results, using ZLC and ZDF rat models, showed that ZDF rats have high levels of amyloid-beta (Aβ), phosphorylated tau, BACE1, and APP-C99. In vitro result with mouse hippocampal neuron and SK-N-MC, high glucose stimulated Aβ secretion and apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, high glucose increased BACE1 and APP-C99 expressions, which were reversed by a reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger. Indeed, high glucose increased intracellular ROS levels and HIF-1α expression, associated with regulation of BACE1 and Liver X Receptor α (LXRα). In addition, high glucose induced ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) down-regulation, was associated with LXR-induced lipid raft reorganization and BACE1 localization on the lipid raft. Furthermore, silencing of BACE1 expression was shown to regulate Aβ secretion and apoptosis of SK-N-MC. In conclusion, high glucose upregulates BACE1 expression and activity through HIF-1α and LXRα/ABCA1-regulated lipid raft reorganization, leading to Aβ production and apoptosis of SK-N-MC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jik Lee
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jung Min Ryu
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Young Hyun Jung
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sei-Jung Lee
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jeong Yeon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sang Hun Lee
- Medical Science Research Institute, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 330-930, Republic of Korea
| | - In Koo Hwang
- BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science; Seoul National University and Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), Seoul, Korea.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC); College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science; Seoul National University and Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), Seoul, Korea.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC); College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Jae Han
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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159
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Ma LY, Lv YL, Huo K, Liu J, Shang SH, Fei YL, Li YB, Zhao BY, Wei M, Deng YN, Qu QM. Autophagy-lysosome dysfunction is involved in Aβ deposition in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Behav Brain Res 2016; 320:484-493. [PMID: 27773683 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
β-Amyloid (Aβ) deposition has a central role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD). Previous studies have indicated that as a risk factor for AD, diabetes mellitus (DM) could induce Aβ deposition in the brain, but the mechanism is not fully elucidated. Autophagy-lysosome is a cellular pathway involved in protein and organelle degradation. In the present study, we used streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats to investigate whether autophagy-lysosome is related to Aβ1-42 clearance in DM. We found that DM rats had a longer escape latency and less frequent entry into the target zone than that of the control group (p<0.05) in the Morris water maze test. Meanwhile, hippocampal neuron damage and apoptosis (p<0.05) were found in the DM rats. The Aβ1-42 expression in the hippocampus significantly increased in the DM group compared with the control group (p<0.05). The markers of autophagy, beclin-1 and LC3 II, were increased (p<0.05), whereas LC3 I was decreased (p<0.05), and the ratio of LC3 II / I was increased as the time advanced (p<0.01). LAMP1 and LAMP2, which are the markers of lysosome function, were decreased in the hippocampus of DM rats (p<0.05). The Aβ1-42 deposition was correlated with beclin-1, LC3 II, and LC3 I positively (p<0.05), but with LAMP1 and LAMP2 negatively (p<0.05). These findings indicate that DM activated autophagy, but lysosome function was impaired. Autophagy-lysosome dysfunction may be involved in the Aβ deposition in diabetic cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lou-Yan Ma
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; The Second Department of Geriatrics, Xi'an Ninth Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Ya-Li Lv
- The Second Department of Geriatrics, Xi'an Ninth Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Kang Huo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Su-Hang Shang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu-Lang Fei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan-Bo Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bei-Yu Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Meng Wei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yong-Ning Deng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiu-Min Qu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
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160
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Del Rey A, Verdenhalven M, Lörwald AC, Meyer C, Hernangómez M, Randolf A, Roggero E, König AM, Heverhagen JT, Guaza C, Besedovsky HO. Brain-borne IL-1 adjusts glucoregulation and provides fuel support to astrocytes and neurons in an autocrine/paracrine manner. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:1309-20. [PMID: 26643538 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is still controversial which mediators regulate energy provision to activated neural cells, as insulin does in peripheral tissues. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) may mediate this effect as it can affect glucoregulation, it is overexpressed in the 'healthy' brain during increased neuronal activity, and it supports high-energy demanding processes such as long-term potentiation, memory and learning. Furthermore, the absence of sustained neuroendocrine and behavioral counterregulation suggests that brain glucose-sensing neurons do not perceive IL-1β-induced hypoglycemia. Here, we show that IL-1β adjusts glucoregulation by inducing its own production in the brain, and that IL-1β-induced hypoglycemia is myeloid differentiation primary response 88 protein (MyD88)-dependent and only partially counteracted by Kir6.2-mediated sensing signaling. Furthermore, we found that, opposite to insulin, IL-1β stimulates brain metabolism. This effect is absent in MyD88-deficient mice, which have neurobehavioral alterations associated to disorders in glucose homeostasis, as during several psychiatric diseases. IL-1β effects on brain metabolism are most likely maintained by IL-1β auto-induction and may reflect a compensatory increase in fuel supply to neural cells. We explore this possibility by directly blocking IL-1 receptors in neural cells. The results showed that, in an activity-dependent and paracrine/autocrine manner, endogenous IL-1 produced by neurons and astrocytes facilitates glucose uptake by these cells. This effect is exacerbated following glutamatergic stimulation and can be passively transferred between cell types. We conclude that the capacity of IL-1β to provide fuel to neural cells underlies its physiological effects on glucoregulation, synaptic plasticity, learning and memory. However, deregulation of IL-1β production could contribute to the alterations in brain glucose metabolism that are detected in several neurologic and psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Del Rey
- Division of Immunophysiology, Department Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - M Verdenhalven
- Division of Immunophysiology, Department Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - A C Lörwald
- Division of Immunophysiology, Department Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - C Meyer
- Division of Immunophysiology, Department Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - M Hernangómez
- Neuroimmunology Group, Functional and Systems Neurobiology Department, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Randolf
- Division of Immunophysiology, Department Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - E Roggero
- Instituto de Inmunologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Rosario and Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Rosario, Argentina
| | - A M König
- Centre of Imaging Research (ZebiF), University Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - J T Heverhagen
- University Institute of Diagnostic, Interventional and Pediatric Radiology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - C Guaza
- Neuroimmunology Group, Functional and Systems Neurobiology Department, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - H O Besedovsky
- Division of Immunophysiology, Department Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Marburg, Germany
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161
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Abstract
Both type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have been associated with reduced performance on multiple domains of cognitive function and with evidence of abnormal structural and functional brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Cognitive deficits may occur at the very earliest stages of diabetes and are further exacerbated by the metabolic syndrome. The duration of diabetes and glycemic control may have an impact on the type and severity of cognitive impairment, but as yet we cannot predict who is at greatest risk of developing cognitive impairment. The pathophysiology of cognitive impairment is multifactorial, although dysfunction in each interconnecting pathway ultimately leads to discordance in metabolic signaling. The pathophysiology includes defects in insulin signaling, autonomic function, neuroinflammatory pathways, mitochondrial (Mt) metabolism, the sirtuin-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma co-activator 1α (SIRT-PGC-1α) axis, and Tau signaling. Several promising therapies have been identified in pre-clinical studies, but remain to be validated in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A Zilliox
- Department of Neurology, Maryland VA Healthcare System and University of Maryland, 110 South Paca Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Krish Chadrasekaran
- Department of Neurology, Maryland VA Healthcare System and University of Maryland, 110 South Paca Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Justin Y Kwan
- Department of Neurology, Maryland VA Healthcare System and University of Maryland, 110 South Paca Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - James W Russell
- Department of Neurology, Maryland VA Healthcare System and University of Maryland, 110 South Paca Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Maryland, 3S-129, 110 South Paca Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201-1595, USA.
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162
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Kandimalla R, Thirumala V, Reddy PH. Is Alzheimer's disease a Type 3 Diabetes? A critical appraisal. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1863:1078-1089. [PMID: 27567931 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recently researchers proposed the term 'Type-3-Diabetes' for Alzheimer's disease (ad) because of the shared molecular and cellular features among Type-1-Diabetes, Type-2-Diabetes and insulin resistance associated with memory deficits and cognitive decline in elderly individuals. Recent clinical and basic studies on patients with diabetes and AD revealed previously unreported cellular and pathological among diabetes, insulin resistance and AD. These studies are also strengthened by various basic biological studies that decipher the effects of insulin in the pathology of AD through cellular and molecular mechanisms. For instance, insulin is involved in the activation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β, which in turn causes phosphorylation of tau, which involved in the formation of neurofibrillary tangles. Interestingly, insulin also plays a crucial role in the formation amyloid plaques. In this review, we discussed significant shared mechanisms between AD and diabetes and we also provided therapeutic avenues for diabetes and AD. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Quality in Diabetes/Obesity and Critical Illness Spectrum of Diseases - edited by P. Hemachandra Reddy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kandimalla
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, MS 9424, Lubbock, TX 79430, United States.
| | - Vani Thirumala
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, MS 9424, Lubbock, TX 79430, United States; BSA Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, MS 9424, Lubbock, TX 79430, United States; Departments of Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Neuroscience & Pharmacology and Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, MS 9424, Lubbock, TX 79430, United States
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163
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Aberrant protein phosphorylation in Alzheimer disease brain disturbs pro-survival and cell death pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:1871-82. [PMID: 27425034 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation of serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues is one of the most prevalent post-translational modifications fundamental in mediating diverse cellular functions in living cells. Aberrant protein phosphorylation is currently recognized as a critical step in the pathogenesis and progression of Alzheimer disease (AD). Changes in the pattern of protein phosphorylation of different brain regions are suggested to promote AD transition from a presymptomatic to a symptomatic state in response to accumulating amyloid β-peptide (Aβ). Several experimental approaches have been utilized to profile alteration of protein phosphorylation in the brain, including proteomics. Among central pathways regulated by kinases/phosphatases those involved in the activation/inhibition of both pro survival and cell death pathways play a central role in AD pathology. We discuss in detail how aberrant phosphorylation could contribute to dysregulate p53 activity and insulin-mediated signaling. Taken together these results highlight that targeted therapeutic intervention, which can restore phosphorylation homeostasis, either acting on kinases and phosphatases, conceivably may prove to be beneficial to prevent or slow the development and progression of AD.
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164
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Rizvi SMD, Shaikh S, Naaz D, Shakil S, Ahmad A, Haneef M, Abuzenadah AM. Kinetics and Molecular Docking Study of an Anti-diabetic Drug Glimepiride as Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor: Implication for Alzheimer's Disease-Diabetes Dual Therapy. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:1475-82. [PMID: 26886763 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1859-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
At the present time, treatment of two most common degenerative disorders of elderly population i.e., Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major concern worldwide. As there are several evidences that proved strong linkages between these two disorders, the idea of using dual therapeutic agent for both the diseases might be considered as a good initiative. Earlier reports have revealed that oral anti-diabetic drugs such as peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonists (thiazolidinediones) when used in T2DM patients suffering from AD showed improved memory and cognition. However, the underlying mechanism still needs to be deciphered. Therefore, the present study was carried out to find whether glimepiride, an oral antidiabetic drug which is a PPARγ agonist could inhibit the activity of acetylcholine esterase (AChE) enzyme. Actually, AChE inhibitors seize the breakdown of acetylcholine which forms the main therapeutic strategy for AD. Here, glimepiride showed dose dependent inhibitory activity against AChE enzyme with IC50 value of 235 μM. Kinetic analysis showed competitive inhibition, which was verified by in silico docking studies. Glimepiride was found to interact with AChE enzyme at the same locus as that of substrate acetylcholine iodide (AChI). Interestingly, amino acid residues, Q71, Y72, V73, D74, W86, N87, Y124, S125, W286, F295, F297, Y337, F338 and Y341 of AChE were found to be common for 'glimepiride-AChE interaction' as well as 'AChI-AChE interaction'. Thus the present computational and kinetics study concludes that glimepiride and other thiazolidinediones derivatives could form the basis of future dual therapy against diabetes associated neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Deeba Naaz
- Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026, India
| | - Shazi Shakil
- KACST Technology Innovation Center for Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Adnan Ahmad
- Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026, India
| | - Mohd Haneef
- Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026, India
| | - Adel M Abuzenadah
- KACST Technology Innovation Center for Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
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165
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Siegel G, Mockenhaupt FHME, Behnke AL, Ermilov E, Winkler K, Pries AR, Malmsten M, Hetzer R, Saunders R, Lindman B. Lipoprotein binding to anionic biopolyelectrolytes and the effect of glucose on nanoplaque formation in arteriosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 232:25-35. [PMID: 26969281 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Arteriosclerosis with its clinical sequelae (cardiac infarction, stroke, peripheral arterial occlusive disease) and vascular/Alzheimer dementia not only result in far more than half of all deaths but also represent dramatic economic problems. The reason is, among others, that diabetes mellitus is an independent risk factor for both disorders, and the number of diabetics strongly increases worldwide. More than one-half of infants in the first 6months of life have already small collections of macrophages and macrophages filled with lipid droplets in susceptible segments of the coronary arteries. On the other hand, the authors of the Bogalusa Heart Study found a strong increase in the prevalence of obesity in childhood that is paralleled by an increase in blood pressure, blood lipid concentration, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thus, there is a clear linkage between arteriosclerosis/Alzheimer's disease on the one hand and diabetes mellitus on the other hand. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that distinct apoE isoforms on the blood lipids further both arteriosclerotic and Alzheimer nanoplaque formation and therefore impair flow-mediated vascular reactivity as well. Nanoplaque build-up seems to be the starting point for arteriosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease in their later full clinical manifestation. In earlier work, we could portray the anionic biopolyelectrolytes syndecan/perlecan as blood flow sensors and lipoprotein receptors in cell membrane and vascular matrix. We described extensively molecular composition, conformation, form and function of the macromolecule heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HS-PG). In two supplementary experimental settings (ellipsometry, myography), we utilized isolated HS-PG for in vitro nanoplaque investigations and isolated human coronary artery segments for in vivo tension measurements. With the ellipsometry-based approach, we were successful in establishing a direct connection on a molecular level between diabetes mellitus on the one side and arteriosclerosis/Alzheimer's disease on the other side. Application of glucose at a concentration representative for diabetics and leading to glycation of proteins and lipids, entailed a significant increase in arteriosclerotic and Alzheimer nanoplaque formation. IDLapoE4/E4 was by far superior to IDLapoE3/E3 in plaque build-up, both in diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Recording vascular tension of flow-dependent reactivity in blood substitute solution and under application of different IDLapoE isoforms showed an impaired vasorelaxation for pooled IDL and IDLapoE4/E4, thus confirming the ellipsometric investigations. Incubation in IDLapoE0/E0 (apoE "knockout man"), however, resulted in a massive flow-mediated contraction, also complemented by strongly aggregated nanoplaques. In contrast, HDL was shown to present a powerful protection against nanoplaque formation on principle, both in the in vitro model and the in vivo scenario on the endothelial cell membrane. The competitive interplay with LDL is highlighted through the flow experiment, where flow-mediated, HDL-induced vasodilatation remains untouched by additional incubation with LDL. This is due to the four times higher affinity for the proteoglycan receptor of HDL as compared to LDL. Taken together, the studies demonstrate that while simplistic, the ellipsometry approach and the endothelial-mimicking proteoglycan-modified surfaces provide information on the initial steps of lipoprotein-related plaque formation, which correlates with findings on endothelial cells and blood vessels, and afford insight into the role of lipoprotein deposition and exchange phenomena at the onset of these pathophysiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Siegel
- Charité - University Clinic Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; University of Uppsala Biomedical Center, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; St. George's University School of Arts & Sciences, True Blue, Grenada.
| | | | - A-L Behnke
- Charité - University Clinic Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - E Ermilov
- Charité - University Clinic Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - K Winkler
- University Clinic Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - A R Pries
- Charité - University Clinic Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - M Malmsten
- University of Uppsala Biomedical Center, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; Charité - University Clinic Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - R Hetzer
- German Heart Institute Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - R Saunders
- St. George's University School of Arts & Sciences, True Blue, Grenada; Charité - University Clinic Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - B Lindman
- University of Lund, 221 00 Lund, Sweden; University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; Nanyang Technological University School of Materials Science & Engineering, Singapore
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166
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Rani V, Deshmukh R, Jaswal P, Kumar P, Bariwal J. Alzheimer's disease: Is this a brain specific diabetic condition? Physiol Behav 2016; 164:259-67. [PMID: 27235734 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are the two major health issues affecting millions of elderly people worldwide, with major impacts in the patient's daily life. Numerous studies have demonstrated that patients with diabetes have an increased risk of developing AD compared with healthy individuals. The principal biological mechanisms that associate with the progression of diabetes and AD are not completely understood. Impaired insulin signaling, uncontrolled glucose metabolism, oxidative stress, abnormal protein processing, and the stimulation of inflammatory pathways are common features to both AD and T2DM. In recent years brain specific abnormalities in insulin and insulin like growth factor (IGF) signaling considered as a major trigger involved in the etiopathogenesis of AD, showing T2DM like milieu. This review summarizes the pathways that might link diabetes and AD and the effect of diminished insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanita Rani
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Rahul Deshmukh
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga 142001, Punjab, India.
| | - Priya Jaswal
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Puneet Kumar
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Jitender Bariwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
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167
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Pugazhenthi S, Qin L, Reddy PH. Common neurodegenerative pathways in obesity, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1863:1037-1045. [PMID: 27156888 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive decline in chronic diabetic patients is a less investigated topic. Diabetes and obesity are among the modifiable risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia. Studies have identified several overlapping neurodegenerative mechanisms, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation that are observed in these disorders. Advanced glycation end products generated by chronic hyperglycemia and their receptor RAGE provide critical links between diabetes and AD. Peripheral inflammation observed in obesity leads to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Although the brain is an immune-privileged organ, cross-talks between peripheral and central inflammation have been reported. Damage to the blood brain barrier (BBB) as seen with aging can lead to infiltration of immune cells into the brain, leading to the exacerbation of central inflammation. Neuroinflammation, which has emerged as an important cause of cognitive dysfunction, could provide a central mechanism for aging-associated ailments. To further add to these injuries, adult neurogenesis that provides neuronal plasticity is also impaired in the diabetic brain. This review discusses these molecular mechanisms that link obesity, diabetes and AD. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Quality in Diabetes/Obesity and Critical Illness Spectrum of Diseases - edited by P. Hemachandra Reddy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subbiah Pugazhenthi
- Section of Endocrinology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado - Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Limei Qin
- Section of Endocrinology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
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168
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Lebrec J, Ascher-Svanum H, Chen YF, Reed C, Kahle-Wrobleski K, Hake AM, Raskin J, Naderali E, Schuster D, Heine RJ, Kendall DM. Effect of diabetes on caregiver burden in an observational study of individuals with Alzheimer's disease. BMC Geriatr 2016; 16:93. [PMID: 27142529 PMCID: PMC4855347 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-016-0264-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The burden on caregivers of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is associated with the patient’s functional status and may also be influenced by chronic comorbid medical conditions, such as diabetes. This post-hoc exploratory analysis assessed whether comorbid diabetes in patients with AD affects caregiver burden, and whether caregivers with diabetes experience greater burden than caregivers without diabetes. Caregiver and patient healthcare resource use (HCRU) were also assessed. Methods Baseline data from the GERAS observational study of patients with AD and their caregivers (both n = 1495) in France, Germany and the UK were analyzed. Caregiver burden was assessed using the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI). Caregiver time on activities of daily living (ADL: basic ADL; instrumental ADL, iADL) and supervision (hours/month), and caregiver and patient HCRU (outpatient visits, emergency room visits, nights hospitalized) were assessed using the Resource Utilization in Dementia instrument for the month before the baseline visit. Regression analyses were adjusted for relevant covariates. Time on supervision and basic ADL was analyzed using zero-inflated negative binomial regression. Results Caregivers of patients with diabetes (n = 188) were younger and more likely to be female (both p < 0.05), compared with caregivers of patients without diabetes (n = 1307). Analyses showed caregivers of patients with diabetes spent significantly more time on iADL (+16 %; p = 0.03; increases were also observed for basic ADL and total caregiver time but did not reach statistical significance) and had a trend towards increased ZBI score. Patients with diabetes had a 63 % increase in the odds of requiring supervision versus those without diabetes (p = 0.01). Caregiver and patient HCRU did not differ according to patient diabetes. Caregivers with diabetes (n = 127) did not differ from those without diabetes (n = 1367) regarding burden/time, but caregivers with diabetes had a 91 % increase in the odds of having outpatient visits (p = 0.01). Conclusions This cross-sectional analysis found caregiver time on iADL and supervision was higher for caregivers of patients with AD and diabetes versus without diabetes, while HCRU was unaffected by patient diabetes. Longitudinal analyses assessing change in caregiver burden over time by patient diabetes status may help clarify the cumulative impact of diabetes and AD dementia on caregiver burden.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Catherine Reed
- Eli Lilly and Company Limited, Lilly Research Centre, Windlesham, Surrey, UK.
| | | | - Ann Marie Hake
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Ebrahim Naderali
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly House, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK.,Faculty of Science, Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool, UK
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169
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Akbar M, Essa MM, Daradkeh G, Abdelmegeed MA, Choi Y, Mahmood L, Song BJ. Mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death in neurodegenerative diseases through nitroxidative stress. Brain Res 2016; 1637:34-55. [PMID: 26883165 PMCID: PMC4821765 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are important for providing cellular energy ATP through the oxidative phosphorylation pathway. They are also critical in regulating many cellular functions including the fatty acid oxidation, the metabolism of glutamate and urea, the anti-oxidant defense, and the apoptosis pathway. Mitochondria are an important source of reactive oxygen species leaked from the electron transport chain while they are susceptible to oxidative damage, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and tissue injury. In fact, impaired mitochondrial function is commonly observed in many types of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, alcoholic dementia, brain ischemia-reperfusion related injury, and others, although many of these neurological disorders have unique etiological factors. Mitochondrial dysfunction under many pathological conditions is likely to be promoted by increased nitroxidative stress, which can stimulate post-translational modifications (PTMs) of mitochondrial proteins and/or oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA and lipids. Furthermore, recent studies have demonstrated that various antioxidants, including naturally occurring flavonoids and polyphenols as well as synthetic compounds, can block the formation of reactive oxygen and/or nitrogen species, and thus ultimately prevent the PTMs of many proteins with improved disease conditions. Therefore, the present review is aimed to describe the recent research developments in the molecular mechanisms for mitochondrial dysfunction and tissue injury in neurodegenerative diseases and discuss translational research opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Akbar
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Musthafa Mohamed Essa
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman; Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman
| | - Ghazi Daradkeh
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman
| | - Mohamed A Abdelmegeed
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Youngshim Choi
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lubna Mahmood
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Qatar University, Qatar
| | - Byoung-Joon Song
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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170
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Mittal K, Katare DP. Shared links between type 2 diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease: A review. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2016; 10:S144-S149. [PMID: 26907971 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2016.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have proved that, there are pathophysiological connections between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Diabetic patients have higher incidences of cognitive impairment and hence they are more at the risk of developing AD. Some of the recent evidences have majorly stated the effects of insulin resistance in the disturbance of various biological processes and signaling pathways. Both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemic conditions contributes in dysfunctioning of cognitive abilities and functions. The present review summarizes the evidences which establish the possible links between the two pathologies on the account of molecular, biochemical and at histopathological level. The information regarding their interactions was collected from different databases and journals. The gathered information will clearly establish the link among the two pathologies and will be helpful in future for the development of drugs for Type 3 Diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khyati Mittal
- Proteomics and Translational Research Lab, Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deepshikha Pande Katare
- Proteomics and Translational Research Lab, Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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171
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Barone E, Di Domenico F, Cassano T, Arena A, Tramutola A, Lavecchia MA, Coccia R, Butterfield DA, Perluigi M. Impairment of biliverdin reductase-A promotes brain insulin resistance in Alzheimer disease: A new paradigm. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 91:127-42. [PMID: 26698666 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Clinical studies suggest a link between peripheral insulin resistance and cognitive dysfunction. Interestingly, post-mortem analyses of Alzheimer disease (AD) subjects demonstrated insulin resistance in the brain proposing a role for cognitive deficits observed in AD. However, the mechanisms responsible for the onset of brain insulin resistance (BIR) need further elucidations. Biliverdin reductase-A (BVR-A) emerged as a unique Ser/Thr/Tyr kinase directly involved in the insulin signaling and represents an up-stream regulator of the insulin signaling cascade. Because we previously demonstrated the oxidative stress (OS)-induced impairment of BVR-A in human AD brain, we hypothesize that BVR-A dysregulation could be associated with the onset of BIR in AD. In the present work, we longitudinally analyze the age-dependent changes of (i) BVR-A protein levels and activation, (ii) total oxidative stress markers levels (PC, HNE, 3-NT) as well as (iii) IR/IRS1 levels and activation in the hippocampus of the triple transgenic model of AD (3xTg-AD) mice. Furthermore, ad hoc experiments have been performed in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells to clarify the molecular mechanism(s) underlying changes observed in mice. Our results show that OS-induced impairment of BVR-A kinase activity is an early event, which starts prior the accumulation of Aβ and tau pathology or the elevation of TNF-α, and that greatly contribute to the onset of BIR along the progression of AD pathology in 3xTg-Ad mice. Based on these evidence we, therefore, propose a new paradigm for which: OS-induced impairment of BVR-A is firstly responsible for a sustained activation of IRS1, which then causes the stimulation of negative feedback mechanisms (i.e. mTOR) aimed to turn-off IRS1 hyper-activity and thus BIR. Similar alterations characterize also the normal aging process in mice, positing BVR-A impairment as a possible bridge in the transition from normal aging to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Barone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy; Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Salud, Avenida Pedro de Valdivia 425, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabio Di Domenico
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Tommaso Cassano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 20, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Andrea Arena
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Antonella Tramutola
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Michele Angelo Lavecchia
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Roma, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Raffaella Coccia
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - D Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry, Markey Cancer Center, and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0055, USA.
| | - Marzia Perluigi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.
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Glucose Transporters at the Blood-Brain Barrier: Function, Regulation and Gateways for Drug Delivery. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:1046-1077. [PMID: 26801191 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9672-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glucose transporters (GLUTs) at the blood-brain barrier maintain the continuous high glucose and energy demands of the brain. They also act as therapeutic targets and provide routes of entry for drug delivery to the brain and central nervous system for treatment of neurological and neurovascular conditions and brain tumours. This article first describes the distribution, function and regulation of glucose transporters at the blood-brain barrier, the major ones being the sodium-independent facilitative transporters GLUT1 and GLUT3. Other GLUTs and sodium-dependent transporters (SGLTs) have also been identified at lower levels and under various physiological conditions. It then considers the effects on glucose transporter expression and distribution of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia associated with diabetes and oxygen/glucose deprivation associated with cerebral ischemia. A reduction in glucose transporters at the blood-brain barrier that occurs before the onset of the main pathophysiological changes and symptoms of Alzheimer's disease is a potential causative effect in the vascular hypothesis of the disease. Mutations in glucose transporters, notably those identified in GLUT1 deficiency syndrome, and some recreational drug compounds also alter the expression and/or activity of glucose transporters at the blood-brain barrier. Approaches for drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier include the pro-drug strategy whereby drug molecules are conjugated to glucose transporter substrates or encapsulated in nano-enabled delivery systems (e.g. liposomes, micelles, nanoparticles) that are functionalised to target glucose transporters. Finally, the continuous development of blood-brain barrier in vitro models is important for studying glucose transporter function, effects of disease conditions and interactions with drugs and xenobiotics.
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Prolonged metformin treatment leads to reduced transcription of Nrf2 and neurotrophic factors without cognitive impairment in older C57BL/6J mice. Behav Brain Res 2015; 301:1-9. [PMID: 26698400 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Long-term use of anti-diabetic agents has become commonplace as rates of obesity, metabolic syndrome and diabetes continue to escalate. Metformin, a commonly used anti-diabetic drug, has been shown to have many beneficial effects outside of its therapeutic regulation of glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Studies on metformin's effects on the central nervous system are limited and predominantly consist of in vitro studies and a few in vivo studies with short-term treatment in relatively young animals; some provide support for metformin as a neuroprotective agent while others show evidence that metformin may be deleterious to neuronal survival. In this study, we examined the effect of long-term metformin treatment on brain neurotrophins and cognition in aged male C57Bl/6 mice. Mice were fed control (C), high-fat (HF) or a high-fat diet supplemented with metformin (HFM) for 6 months. Metformin decreased body fat composition and attenuated declines in motor function induced by a HF diet. Performance in the Morris water maze test of hippocampal based memory function, showed that metformin prevented impairment of spatial reference memory associated with the HF diet. Quantitative RT-PCR on brain homogenates revealed decreased transcription of BDNF, NGF and NTF3; however protein levels were not altered. Metformin treatment also decreased expression of the antioxidant pathway regulator, Nrf2. The decrease in transcription of neurotrophic factors and Nrf2 with chronic metformin intake, cautions of the possibility that extended metformin use may alter brain biochemistry in a manner that creates a vulnerable brain environment and warrants further investigation.
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174
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Zu L, Niu C, Li J, Shan L, Li L, Zhang D, Willard B, Zheng L. Proteomic research of high-glucose-activated endothelial microparticles and related proteins to Alzheimer's disease. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2015; 12:467-70. [PMID: 26246491 DOI: 10.1177/1479164115597865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The study was designed to discover the biological function of endotheliocyte-derived microparticles in diabetes condition. A quantitative shotgun proteomics methodology was performed to study the proteome of these high-glucose-activated endothelial microparticles. A total of 1428 proteins were identified, containing 1421 and 1423 proteins in control and high-glucose groups, respectively. According to the ExoCarta database, 669 proteins have previously been identified in microparticles. The proteins associated with disease were identified in this study, and notably, 30 proteins have been reported to be associated with Alzheimer's disease, including amyloid beta A4 protein. Besides, the peptide abundance of amyloid beta A4 protein from control group was much less than that from high-glucose group. In conclusion, this work revealed the proteome of endothelial microparticles in mimic diabetes condition and provided a new proteomic evidence for Alzheimer's disease to be counted as the type 3 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Zu
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chenguang Niu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jizhao Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Liyang Shan
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention and Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Li
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute Proteomics Laboratory, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute Proteomics Laboratory, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Belinda Willard
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute Proteomics Laboratory, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lemin Zheng
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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175
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Re-engineering a neuroprotective, clinical drug as a procognitive agent with high in vivo potency and with GABAA potentiating activity for use in dementia. BMC Neurosci 2015; 16:67. [PMID: 26480871 PMCID: PMC4612403 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-015-0208-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Synaptic dysfunction is a key event in pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) where synapse loss pathologically correlates with cognitive decline and dementia. Although evidence suggests that aberrant protein production and aggregation are the causative factors in familial subsets of such diseases, drugs singularly targeting these hallmark proteins, such as amyloid-β, have failed in late stage clinical trials. Therefore, to provide a successful disease-modifying compound and address synaptic dysfunction and memory loss in AD and mixed pathology dementia, we repurposed a clinically proven drug, CMZ, with neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties via addition of nitric oxide (NO) and cGMP signaling property. Results The novel compound, NMZ, was shown to retain the GABAA potentiating actions of CMZ in vitro and sedative activity in vivo. Importantly, NMZ restored LTP in hippocampal slices from AD transgenic mice, whereas CMZ was without effect. NMZ reversed amnestic blockade of acetylcholine receptors by scopolamine as well as NMDA receptor blockade by a benzodiazepine and a NO synthase inhibitor in the step-through passive avoidance (STPA) test of learning and working memory. A PK/PD relationship was developed based on STPA analysis coupled with pharmacokinetic measures of drug levels in the brain: at 1 nM concentration in brain and plasma, NMZ was able to restore memory consolidation in mice. Conclusion Our findings show that NMZ embodies a promising pharmacological approach targeting synaptic dysfunction and opens new avenues for neuroprotective intervention strategies in mixed pathology AD, neurodegeneration, and dementia. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12868-015-0208-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Andreetto E, Malideli E, Yan L, Kracklauer M, Farbiarz K, Tatarek‐Nossol M, Rammes G, Prade E, Neumüller T, Caporale A, Spanopoulou A, Bakou M, Reif B, Kapurniotu A. A Hot‐Segment‐Based Approach for the Design of Cross‐Amyloid Interaction Surface Mimics as Inhibitors of Amyloid Self‐Assembly. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:13095-100. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201504973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Andreetto
- Division of Peptide Biochemistry, Technische Universität München, Emil‐Erlenmeyer‐Forum 5, 85354 Freising (Germany)
| | - Eleni Malideli
- Division of Peptide Biochemistry, Technische Universität München, Emil‐Erlenmeyer‐Forum 5, 85354 Freising (Germany)
| | - Li‐Mei Yan
- Division of Peptide Biochemistry, Technische Universität München, Emil‐Erlenmeyer‐Forum 5, 85354 Freising (Germany)
| | - Michael Kracklauer
- Division of Peptide Biochemistry, Technische Universität München, Emil‐Erlenmeyer‐Forum 5, 85354 Freising (Germany)
| | - Karine Farbiarz
- Division of Peptide Biochemistry, Technische Universität München, Emil‐Erlenmeyer‐Forum 5, 85354 Freising (Germany)
| | - Marianna Tatarek‐Nossol
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen (Germany)
| | - Gerhard Rammes
- Department of Anesthesiology, Technische Universität München/Klinikum Rechts der Isar, München (Germany)
| | - Elke Prade
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching (Germany)
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen (HMGU), Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg (Germany)
| | - Tatjana Neumüller
- Department of Anesthesiology, Technische Universität München/Klinikum Rechts der Isar, München (Germany)
| | - Andrea Caporale
- Division of Peptide Biochemistry, Technische Universität München, Emil‐Erlenmeyer‐Forum 5, 85354 Freising (Germany)
| | - Anna Spanopoulou
- Division of Peptide Biochemistry, Technische Universität München, Emil‐Erlenmeyer‐Forum 5, 85354 Freising (Germany)
| | - Maria Bakou
- Division of Peptide Biochemistry, Technische Universität München, Emil‐Erlenmeyer‐Forum 5, 85354 Freising (Germany)
| | - Bernd Reif
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching (Germany)
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen (HMGU), Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg (Germany)
| | - Aphrodite Kapurniotu
- Division of Peptide Biochemistry, Technische Universität München, Emil‐Erlenmeyer‐Forum 5, 85354 Freising (Germany)
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177
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Andreetto E, Malideli E, Yan LM, Kracklauer M, Farbiarz K, Tatarek-Nossol M, Rammes G, Prade E, Neumüller T, Caporale A, Spanopoulou A, Bakou M, Reif B, Kapurniotu A. Eine Hot-Spot-Segmentstrategie zum Entwurf von Mimetika der Kreuzamyloid-Interaktionsflächen als Amyloidinhibitoren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201504973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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178
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Ali MA, El-Abhar HS, Kamel MA, Attia AS. Antidiabetic Effect of Galantamine: Novel Effect for a Known Centrally Acting Drug. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134648. [PMID: 26262991 PMCID: PMC4532414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway is one of the putative biochemical pathways that link diabetes with Alzheimer disease. Hence, we aimed to verify the potential antidiabetic effect of galantamine, unveil the possible mechanisms and evaluate its interaction with vildagliptin. The n5-STZ rat model was adopted and the diabetic animals were treated with galantamine and/or vildagliptin for 4 weeks. Galantamine lowered the n5-STZ-induced elevation in body weight, food/water intake, serum levels of glucose, fructosamine, and ALT/AST, as well as AChE in the tested organs. Moreover, it modulated successfully the lipid profile assessed in serum, liver, and muscle, and increased serum insulin level, as well as % β-cell function, in a pattern similar to that of vildagliptin. Additionally, galantamine confirmed its antioxidant (Nrf2, TAC, MDA), anti-inflammatory (NF-κB, TNF-α, visfatin, adiponectin) and anti-apoptotic (caspase-3, cytochrome c) capabilities by altering the n5-STZ effect on all the aforementioned parameters. On the molecular level, galantamine/vildagliptin have improved the insulin (p-insulin receptor, p-Akt, GLUT4/GLUT2) and Wnt/β-catenin (p-GSK-3β, β-catenin) signaling pathways. On almost all parameters, the galantamine effects surpassed that of vildagliptin, while the combination regimen showed the best effects. The present results clearly proved that galantamine modulated glucose/lipid profile possibly through its anti-oxidant, -apoptotic, -inflammatory and -cholinesterase properties. These effects could be attributed partly to the enhancement of insulin and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways. Galantamine can be strongly considered as a potential antidiabetic agent and as an add-on therapy with other oral antidiabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mennatallah A. Ali
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Manufacturing, Pharos University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hanan S. El-Abhar
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maher A. Kamel
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S. Attia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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179
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Ahmed S, Mahmood Z, Zahid S. Linking insulin with Alzheimer's disease: emergence as type III diabetes. Neurol Sci 2015; 36:1763-9. [PMID: 26248483 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-015-2352-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has characteristic neuropathological abnormalities including regionalized neurodegeneration, neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition, activation of pro-apoptotic genes, and oxidative stress. As the brain functions continue to disintegrate, there is a decline in person's cognitive abilities, memory, mood, spontaneity, and socializing behavior. A framework that sequentially interlinks all these phenomenons under one event is lacking. Accumulating evidence has indicated the role of insulin deficiency and insulin resistance as mediators of AD neurodegeneration. Herein, we reviewed the evidence stemming from the development of diabetes agent-induced AD animal model. Striking evidence has attributed loss of insulin receptor-bearing neurons to precede or accompany initial stage of AD. This state seems to progress with AD such that, in the terminal stages, it worsens and becomes global. Oxidative stress, tau hyperphosphorylation, APP-Aβ deposition, and impaired glucose and energy metabolism have all been linked to perturbation in insulin/IGF signaling. We conclude that AD could be referred to as "type 3 diabetes". Moreover, owing to common pathophysiology with diabetes common therapeutic regime could be effective for AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ahmed
- Neurobiology Research Laboratory, Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zahra Mahmood
- Neurobiology Research Laboratory, Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saadia Zahid
- Neurobiology Research Laboratory, Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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180
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Evaluating the Association between Diabetes, Cognitive Decline and Dementia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:8281-94. [PMID: 26193295 PMCID: PMC4515722 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120708281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this article is to review the association between diabetes mellitus, cognitive decline and dementia, including the effects of cognitive decline and dementia on self management of diabetes. This is a literature review of primary research articles. A number of contemporary research articles that met the inclusion criteria were selected for this review paper. These articles were selected using a number of search strategies and electronic databases, such as EBSCOhost Research and SwetsWise databases. The duration of diabetes, glycated haemoglobin levels and glycaemic fluctuations were associated with cognitive decline and dementia. Similarly, hypoglycaemia was significantly related to increased risk of developing cognitive decline and dementia. Furthermore, cognitive decline and dementia were associated with poorer diabetes management. There is evidence of the association between diabetes, cognitive decline and dementia including the shared pathogenesis between diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease. In addition, the self management of diabetes is affected by dementia and cognitive decline. It could be suggested that the association between diabetes and dementia is bidirectional with the potential to proceed to a vicious cycle. Further studies are needed in order to fully establish the relationship between diabetes, cognitive decline and dementia. Patients who have diabetes and dementia could benefit from structured education strategies, which should involve empowerment programmes and lifestyle changes. The detection of cognitive decline should highlight the need for education strategies.
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181
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Treviño S, Aguilar-Alonso P, Flores Hernandez JA, Brambila E, Guevara J, Flores G, Lopez-Lopez G, Muñoz-Arenas G, Morales-Medina JC, Toxqui V, Venegas B, Diaz A. A high calorie diet causes memory loss, metabolic syndrome and oxidative stress into hippocampus and temporal cortex of rats. Synapse 2015; 69:421-33. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.21832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Treviño
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Departamento de Análisis Clínicos; Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla; CP 72570 Puebla Mexico
| | - Patrícia Aguilar-Alonso
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Departamento de Bioquímica; Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla; CP 72570 Puebla Mexico
| | - Jose Angel Flores Hernandez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Departamento de Análisis Clínicos; Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla; CP 72570 Puebla Mexico
| | - Eduardo Brambila
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Departamento de Análisis Clínicos; Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla; CP 72570 Puebla Mexico
| | - Jorge Guevara
- Facultad de Medicina; Departamento de Bioquímica; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; CP 04510 DF Mexico
| | - Gonzalo Flores
- Laboratorio de Neuropsiquiatría, Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla; CP 72570 Puebla Mexico
| | - Gustavo Lopez-Lopez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Departamento de Farmacia; Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla; CP 72570 Puebla Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Muñoz-Arenas
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Departamento de Farmacia; Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla; CP 72570 Puebla Mexico
| | - Julio Cesar Morales-Medina
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, CINVESTAV, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala; Tlaxcala de Xicohténcatl Mexico
| | - Veronica Toxqui
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Departamento de Análisis Clínicos; Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla; CP 72570 Puebla Mexico
- Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, INNN-MVS; CP14269 Mexico DF Mexico
| | - Berenice Venegas
- Laboratorio de Biologia y Toxicologia de la Reproduccion Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla; CP.72570 Puebla Mexico
| | - Alfonso Diaz
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Departamento de Farmacia; Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla; CP 72570 Puebla Mexico
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Rizvi SMD, Shaikh S, Waseem SMA, Shakil S, Abuzenadah AM, Biswas D, Tabrez S, Ashraf GM, Kamal MA. Role of anti-diabetic drugs as therapeutic agents in Alzheimer's disease. EXCLI JOURNAL 2015; 14:684-96. [PMID: 27152105 PMCID: PMC4849108 DOI: 10.17179/excli2015-252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent data have suggested a strong possible link between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Alzheimer's disease (AD), although exact mechanisms linking the two are still a matter of research and debate. Interestingly, both are diseases with high incidence and prevalence in later years of life. The link appears so strong that some scientists use Alzheimer's and Type 3 Diabetes interchangeably. In depth study of recent data suggests that the anti diabetic drugs not only have possible role in treatment of Alzheimer's but may also arrest the declining cognitive functions associated with it. The present review gives an insight into the possible links, existing therapeutics and clinical trials of anti diabetic drugs in patients suffering from AD primarily or as co-morbidity. It may be concluded that the possible beneficial effects and usefulness of the current anti diabetic drugs in AD cannot be neglected and further research is required to achieve positive results. Currently, several drug trials are in progress to give conclusive evidence based data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shah Mohammad Abbas Waseem
- Department of Physiology, Integral Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Shazi Shakil
- Center of Innovation in Personalized Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences,King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel M. Abuzenadah
- Center of Innovation in Personalized Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences,King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Shams Tabrez
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghulam Md. Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Enzymoic, 7 Peterlee Pl, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia
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183
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Yi SS. Effects of exercise on brain functions in diabetic animal models. World J Diabetes 2015; 6:583-597. [PMID: 25987956 PMCID: PMC4434079 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v6.i4.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human life span has dramatically increased over several decades, and the quality of life has been considered to be equally important. However, diabetes mellitus (DM) characterized by problems related to insulin secretion and recognition has become a serious health problem in recent years that threatens human health by causing decline in brain functions and finally leading to neurodegenerative diseases. Exercise is recognized as an effective therapy for DM without medication administration. Exercise studies using experimental animals are a suitable option to overcome this drawback, and animal studies have improved continuously according to the needs of the experimenters. Since brain health is the most significant factor in human life, it is very important to assess brain functions according to the different exercise conditions using experimental animal models. Generally, there are two types of DM; insulin-dependent type 1 DM and an insulin-independent type 2 DM (T2DM); however, the author will mostly discuss brain functions in T2DM animal models in this review. Additionally, many physiopathologic alterations are caused in the brain by DM such as increased adiposity, inflammation, hormonal dysregulation, uncontrolled hyperphagia, insulin and leptin resistance, and dysregulation of neurotransmitters and declined neurogenesis in the hippocampus and we describe how exercise corrects these alterations in animal models. The results of changes in the brain environment differ according to voluntary, involuntary running exercises and resistance exercise, and gender in the animal studies. These factors have been mentioned in this review, and this review will be a good reference for studying how exercise can be used with therapy for treating DM.
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184
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Barone E, Butterfield DA. Insulin resistance in Alzheimer disease: Is heme oxygenase-1 an Achille's heel? Neurobiol Dis 2015; 84:69-77. [PMID: 25731746 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance, clinically defined as the inability of insulin to increase glucose uptake and utilization, has been found to be associated with the progression of Alzheimer disease (AD). Indeed, postmortem AD brain shows all the signs of insulin resistance including: (i) reduced brain insulin receptor (IR) sensitivity, (ii) hypophosphorylation of the insulin receptor and downstream second messengers such as IRS-1, and (iii) attenuated insulin and insulin growth factor (IGF)-1 receptor expression. However, the exact mechanisms driving insulin resistance have not been completely elucidated. Quite recently, the levels of the peripheral inducible isoform of heme oxygenase (HO-1), a well-known protein up-regulated during cell stress response, were proposed to be among the strongest positive predictors of metabolic disease, including insulin resistance. Because our group previously reported on levels, activation state and oxidative stress-induced post-translational modifications of HO-1 in AD brain and our ongoing studies to better elucidate the role of HO-1 in insulin resistance-associated AD pathology, the aim of this review is to provide reader with a critical analysis on new aspects of the interplay between HO-1 and insulin resistance and on how the available lines of evidence could be useful for further comprehension of processes in AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Barone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - D Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0055, USA.
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185
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Ascher-Svanum H, Chen YF, Hake A, Kahle-Wrobleski K, Schuster D, Kendall D, Heine RJ. Cognitive and Functional Decline in Patients With Mild Alzheimer Dementia With or Without Comorbid Diabetes. Clin Ther 2015; 37:1195-205. [PMID: 25676448 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although diabetes is recognized as a risk factor for the development of cognitive impairment and for accelerated progression to Alzheimer disease (AD), it is unclear whether patients with diabetes who have already progressed to AD have a different rate of cognitive and functional decline compared with that in those without diabetes. This post hoc exploratory analysis compared cognitive and functional decline over an 18-month period in patients with mild AD dementia with and without comorbid diabetes. Decline in quality of life was assessed as a secondary objective. METHODS In a post hoc exploratory analysis, we analyzed data from the placebo groups of three 18-month, randomized, placebo-controlled trials of solanezumab and semagacestat in patients with AD. Data from patients with mild AD dementia (Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE] score, 20-26) and comorbid diabetes at baseline were compared with data from patients with mild AD dementia without diabetes at baseline. Cognition was assessed using the 14-item AD Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-Cog14) and the MMSE. Functioning was assessed with the AD Cooperative Study-Activities of Daily Living Inventory (instrumental subset) (ADCS-iADL). Quality of life was assessed using the European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions scale, proxy version (proxy utility score and visual analog scale score), and the Quality of Life in AD scale, self-report and proxy (caregiver) versions. Group comparisons of changes from baseline to 18 months in cognitive, functional, and quality-of-life measures employed a repeated-measures model adjusted for propensity score, study, baseline cognition score (functional or quality of life), age, sex, level of education, genotype of the apolipoprotein E gene, and concurrent use of an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor or memantine. FINDINGS At baseline, patients with mild AD dementia with and without diabetes did not significantly differ on the cognitive measures, but those without diabetes were functioning at a significantly higher level. At 18 months, compared with patients without diabetes, those with diabetes showed a numerically but statistically nonsignificantly lesser cognitive decline (least squares mean between-group differences: ADAS-Cog14 score, 1.61 [P = 0.21]; MMSE score, -0.40 [P = 0.49]) and a statistically significantly lesser functional decline (least squares mean between-group difference in ADCS-iADL score, -3.07; P = 0.01). The 2 groups did not differ on declines in the quality-of-life measures. IMPLICATIONS The present findings suggest that diabetes may influence the rate of functional decline among patients with mild AD dementia. These results require replication in studies that address the limitations of the present post hoc exploratory analysis and that explore the potential causes of the observed differences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ann Hake
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
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186
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L. Akenhead M, Y. Shin H. The Contribution of Cell Surface Components to the Neutrophil Mechanosensitivity to Shear Stresses. AIMS BIOPHYSICS 2015. [DOI: 10.3934/biophy.2015.3.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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187
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Khowal S, Mustufa MMA, Chaudhary NK, Naqvi SH, Parvez S, Jain SK, Wajid S. Assessment of the therapeutic potential of hesperidin and proteomic resolution of diabetes-mediated neuronal fluctuations expediting Alzheimer’s disease. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra01977j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been proposed as type III diabetes mellitus. Prognosis and early stage diagnosis of AD is essentially required in diabetes to avoid extensive irreversible neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Khowal
- Department of Biotechnology
- Faculty of Science
- Hamdard University (Jamia Hamdard)
- India
| | - Malik M. A. Mustufa
- Department of Biotechnology
- Faculty of Science
- Hamdard University (Jamia Hamdard)
- India
| | - Naveen K. Chaudhary
- Department of Biotechnology
- Faculty of Science
- Hamdard University (Jamia Hamdard)
- India
| | | | - Suhel Parvez
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology
- Faculty of Science
- Hamdard University (Jamia Hamdard)
- India
| | - Swatantra K. Jain
- Department of Biochemistry
- Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research
- Hamdard University (Jamia Hamdard)
- India
| | - Saima Wajid
- Department of Biotechnology
- Faculty of Science
- Hamdard University (Jamia Hamdard)
- India
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188
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SAR-studies of γ-secretase modulators with PPARγ-agonistic and 5-lipoxygenase-inhibitory activity for Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 25:841-6. [PMID: 25575659 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We present the design, synthesis and biological evaluation of compounds containing a 2-(benzylidene)hexanoic acid scaffold as multi-target directed γ-secretase-modulators. Broad structural variations were undertaken to elucidate the structure-activity-relationships at the 5-position of the aromatic core. Compound 13 showed the most potent activity profile with IC50 values of 0.79μM (Aβ42), 0.3μM (5-lipoxygenase) and an EC50 value of 4.64μM for PPARγ-activation. This derivative is the first compound exhibiting low micromolar to nanomolar activities for these three targets. Combining γ-secretase-modulation, PPARγ-agonism and inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase in one compound could be a novel disease-modifying multi-target-strategy for Alzheimer's disease to concurrently address the causative amyloid pathology and secondary pathologies like chronic brain inflammation.
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189
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De Felice FG, Lourenco MV, Ferreira ST. How does brain insulin resistance develop in Alzheimer's disease? Alzheimers Dement 2014; 10:S26-32. [PMID: 24529521 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Compelling preclinical and clinical evidence supports a pathophysiological connection between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and diabetes. Altered metabolism, inflammation, and insulin resistance are key pathological features of both diseases. For many years, it was generally considered that the brain was insensitive to insulin, but it is now accepted that this hormone has central neuromodulatory functions, including roles in learning and memory, that are impaired in AD. However, until recently, the molecular mechanisms accounting for brain insulin resistance in AD have remained elusive. Here, we review recent evidence that sheds light on how brain insulin dysfunction is initiated at a molecular level and why abnormal insulin signaling culminates in synaptic failure and memory decline. We also discuss the cellular basis underlying the beneficial effects of stimulation of brain insulin signaling on cognition. Discoveries summarized here provide pathophysiological background for identification of novel molecular targets and for development of alternative therapeutic approaches in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda G De Felice
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Mychael V Lourenco
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sergio T Ferreira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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190
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Femminella GD, Edison P. Evaluation of neuroprotective effect of glucagon-like peptide 1 analogs using neuroimaging. Alzheimers Dement 2014; 10:S55-61. [PMID: 24529526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence to suggest that glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) analogs are neuroprotective in animal models. In transgenic mice, both insulin and GLP1 analogs reduced inflammation, increased stem cell proliferation, reduced apoptosis, and increased dendritic growth. Furthermore, insulin desensitization was also observed in these animals, and reduced glucose uptake in the brain, as shown on FDG-PET imaging. In this review we discussed the role of PET and MRI in evaluating the effect of GLP1 analogs in disease progression in both Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. We have also discussed the potential novel PET markers that will allow us to understand the mechanism by which GLP1 exerts its effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia D Femminella
- Neurology Imaging Unit, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK
| | - Paul Edison
- Neurology Imaging Unit, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK.
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191
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Is Alzheimer's disease related to metabolic syndrome? A Wnt signaling conundrum. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 121:125-46. [PMID: 25084549 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, affecting more than 36 million people worldwide. AD is characterized by a progressive loss of cognitive functions. For years, it has been thought that age is the main risk factor for AD. Recent studies suggest that life style factors, including nutritional behaviors, play a critical role in the onset of dementia. Evidence about the relationship between nutritional behavior and AD includes the role of conditions such as obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and elevated glucose levels. The coexistence of some of these cardio-metabolic risk factors is generally known as metabolic syndrome (MS). Some clinical studies support the role of MS in the onset of AD. However, the cross-talk between the molecular signaling implicated in these disorders is unknown. In the present review, we focus on the molecular correlates that support the relationship between MS and the onset of AD. We also discuss relevant issues such as the role of leptin, insulin and renin-angiotensin signaling in the brain and the possible role of Wnt signaling in both MS and AD. We discuss the evidence supporting the use of ob/ob mice, high-fructose diets, aortic coarctation-induced hypertension and Octodon degus, which spontaneously develops β-amyloid deposits and metabolic derangements, as suitable animal models to address the relationships between MS and AD. Finally, we examine emergent data supporting the role of Wnt signaling in the modulation of AD and MS, implicating this pathway as a therapeutic target in both conditions.
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192
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Meusel LAC, Kansal N, Tchistiakova E, Yuen W, MacIntosh BJ, Greenwood CE, Anderson ND. A systematic review of type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension in imaging studies of cognitive aging: time to establish new norms. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:148. [PMID: 25071557 PMCID: PMC4085499 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The rising prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and hypertension in older adults, and the deleterious effect of these conditions on cerebrovascular and brain health, is creating a growing discrepancy between the "typical" cognitive aging trajectory and a "healthy" cognitive aging trajectory. These changing health demographics make T2DM and hypertension important topics of study in their own right, and warrant attention from the perspective of cognitive aging neuroimaging research. Specifically, interpretation of individual or group differences in blood oxygenation level dependent magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD MRI) or positron emission tomography (PET H2O(15)) signals as reflective of differences in neural activation underlying a cognitive operation of interest requires assumptions of intact vascular health amongst the study participants. Without adequate screening, inclusion of individuals with T2DM or hypertension in "healthy" samples may introduce unwanted variability and bias to brain and/or cognitive measures, and increase potential for error. We conducted a systematic review of the cognitive aging neuroimaging literature to document the extent to which researchers account for these conditions. Of the 232 studies selected for review, few explicitly excluded individuals with T2DM (9%) or hypertension (13%). A large portion had exclusion criteria that made it difficult to determine whether T2DM or hypertension were excluded (44 and 37%), and many did not mention any selection criteria related to T2DM or hypertension (34 and 22%). Of all the surveyed studies, only 29% acknowledged or addressed the potential influence of intersubject vascular variability on the measured BOLD or PET signals. To reinforce the notion that individuals with T2DM and hypertension should not be overlooked as a potential source of bias, we also provide an overview of metabolic and vascular changes associated with T2DM and hypertension, as they relate to cerebrovascular and brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nisha Kansal
- Baycrest Centre, Rotman Research Institute Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ekaterina Tchistiakova
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Heart and Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery Toronto, ON, Canada ; Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - William Yuen
- Baycrest Centre, Rotman Research Institute Toronto, ON, Canada ; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bradley J MacIntosh
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Heart and Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery Toronto, ON, Canada ; Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carol E Greenwood
- Baycrest Centre, Rotman Research Institute Toronto, ON, Canada ; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicole D Anderson
- Baycrest Centre, Rotman Research Institute Toronto, ON, Canada ; Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
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193
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Paoli A, Bianco A, Damiani E, Bosco G. Ketogenic diet in neuromuscular and neurodegenerative diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:474296. [PMID: 25101284 PMCID: PMC4101992 DOI: 10.1155/2014/474296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An increasing number of data demonstrate the utility of ketogenic diets in a variety of metabolic diseases as obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes. In regard to neurological disorders, ketogenic diet is recognized as an effective treatment for pharmacoresistant epilepsy but emerging data suggests that ketogenic diet could be also useful in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer, Parkinson's disease, and some mitochondriopathies. Although these diseases have different pathogenesis and features, there are some common mechanisms that could explain the effects of ketogenic diets. These mechanisms are to provide an efficient source of energy for the treatment of certain types of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by focal brain hypometabolism; to decrease the oxidative damage associated with various kinds of metabolic stress; to increase the mitochondrial biogenesis pathways; and to take advantage of the capacity of ketones to bypass the defect in complex I activity implicated in some neurological diseases. These mechanisms will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 3, 35031 Padova, Italy
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Via Eleonora Duse 2, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Ernesto Damiani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 3, 35031 Padova, Italy
| | - Gerardo Bosco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 3, 35031 Padova, Italy
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194
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Elevated risk of type 2 diabetes for development of Alzheimer disease: a key role for oxidative stress in brain. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:1693-706. [PMID: 24949886 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia among the elderly and is characterized by progressive loss of memory and cognition. Epidemiological data show that the incidence of AD increases with age and doubles every 5 years after 65 years of age. From a neuropathological point of view, amyloid-β-peptide (Aβ) leads to senile plaques, which, together with hyperphosphorylated tau-based neurofibrillary tangles and synapse loss, are the principal pathological hallmarks of AD. Aβ is associated with the formation of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species, and induces calcium-dependent excitotoxicity, impairment of cellular respiration, and alteration of synaptic functions associated with learning and memory. Oxidative stress was found to be associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which (i) represents another prevalent disease associated with obesity and often aging, and (ii) is considered to be a risk factor for AD development. T2DM is characterized by high blood glucose levels resulting from increased hepatic glucose production, impaired insulin production and peripheral insulin resistance, which close resemble to the brain insulin resistance observed in AD patients. Furthermore, growing evidence suggests that oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the development of insulin resistance and vice versa. This review article provides molecular aspects and the pharmacological approaches from both preclinical and clinical data interpreted from the point of view of oxidative stress with the aim of highlighting progresses in this field.
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195
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Malek-Ahmadi M, Beach T, Obradov A, Sue L, Belden C, Davis K, Walker DG, Lue L, Adem A, Sabbagh MN. Increased Alzheimer's disease neuropathology is associated with type 2 diabetes and ApoE ε.4 carrier status. Curr Alzheimer Res 2014; 10:654-9. [PMID: 23627755 DOI: 10.2174/15672050113109990006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Past studies investigating the association between Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology and diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) have provided conflicting results. While several studies indicate that subjects with comorbid AD and DM2 have less AD pathology, others have found no significant differences in AD pathology between the two groups. Other studies have indicated that individuals with AD and DM2 have significantly greater neuropathology than AD individuals who do not have DM2. Additional research has demonstrated that ApoE ε4 carriers with AD and DM2 have significantly greater pathology than ApoE ε4 non-carriers. METHODS Data on clinically and pathologically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease cases (NINDS-ADRDA clinically and NIA Reagan intermediate or high pathologically) with DM2 (n= 40) and those without DM2 (n= 322) from the Banner Sun Health Research Institute Brain and Body Donation Program were obtained for this study. Plaque and tangle scores from the frontal, parietal, temporal, entorhinal and hippocampal regions were compared between the DM2+ and DM2 - groups. In addition, total plaque count, total tangle count, and Braak scores were also compared between groups. Similar analyses were conducted to determine the effect of ApoE ε4 carrier status on the neuropathological variables while also accounting for and DM2 status. RESULTS The DM2+ and DM2 - groups showed no significant differences on plaque and tangle pathology. Logistic regression analyses, which accounted for the effects of ApoE .ε4 carrier status and age at death, found no association between total plaque [OR 1.05 (0.87, 1.27), p = 0.60] or total tangle [OR 0.97 (0.89, 1.07) p = 0.58] counts and DM2 status. ApoE ε4 carrier status was not significantly associated with DM2 status [.Χ2 = 0.30 (df = 1), p = 0.58]. Within the DM2+ group, significantly greater plaque and tangle pathology was found for ApoE ε4 carriers in relation to DM2+ ApoE ε4 non-carriers. CONCLUSION Overall, the presence of DM2 does not affect plaque and tangle burden in a sample of clinically and pathologically confirmed AD cases. Among AD individuals with DM2, those who are ApoE ε4 carriers had significantly greater neuropathology than those who do not carry an ApoE ε4 allele. Positive DM2 status appears to exacerbate AD neuropathology in the presence of ApoE ε4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Malek-Ahmadi
- The Cleo Robert Center for Clinical Research, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA
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196
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Du LL, Xie JZ, Cheng XS, Li XH, Kong FL, Jiang X, Ma ZW, Wang JZ, Chen C, Zhou XW. Activation of sirtuin 1 attenuates cerebral ventricular streptozotocin-induced tau hyperphosphorylation and cognitive injuries in rat hippocampi. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 36:613-623. [PMID: 24142524 PMCID: PMC4039268 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-013-9592-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Patients with diabetes in the aging population are at high risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and reduction of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) activity occurs simultaneously with the accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau in the AD-affected brain. It is not clear, however, whether SIRT1 is a suitable molecular target for the treatment of AD. Here, we employed a rat model of brain insulin resistance with intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin (ICV-STZ; 3 mg/kg, twice with an interval of 48 h). The ICV-STZ-treated rats were administrated with resveratrol (RSV; SIRT1-specific activator) or a vehicle via intraperitoneal injection for 8 weeks (30 mg/kg, once per day). In ICV-STZ-treated rats, the levels of phosphorylated tau and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) at the hippocampi were increased significantly, whereas SIRT1 activity was decreased without change of its expression level. The capacity of spatial memory was also significantly lower in ICV-STZ-treated rats compared with age-matched control. RSV, a specific activator of SIRT1, which reversed the ICV-STZ-induced decrease in SIRT1 activity, increases in ERK1/2 phosphorylation, tau phosphorylation, and impairment of cognitive capability in rats. In conclusion, SIRT1 protects hippocampus neurons from tau hyperphosphorylation and prevents cognitive impairment induced by ICV-STZ brain insulin resistance with decreased hippocampus ERK1/2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Ling Du
- />Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Jia-Zhao Xie
- />Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Xiang-Shu Cheng
- />Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Xiao-Hong Li
- />Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Fan-Li Kong
- />Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Xia Jiang
- />Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Zhi-Wei Ma
- />Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- />Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Chen Chen
- />School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Xin-Wen Zhou
- />Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Education Ministry of China, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
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Kamal MA, Priyamvada S, Anbazhagan AN, Jabir NR, Tabrez S, Greig NH. Linking Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus via aberrant insulin signaling and inflammation. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2014; 13:338-46. [PMID: 24074448 PMCID: PMC5947865 DOI: 10.2174/18715273113126660137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are two progressive and devastating health disorders afflicting millions of people worldwide. The probability and incidence of both have increased considerably in recent years consequent to increased longevity and population growth. Progressively more links are being continuously found between inflammation and central nervous system disorders like AD, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, motor neuron disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, traumatic brain injury and even cancers of the nervous tissue. The depth of the relationship depends on the timing and extent of anti- or pro-inflammatory gene expression. Inflammation has also been implicated in T2DM. Misfolding and fibrillization (of tissue specific and/or non-specific proteins) are features common to both AD and T2DM and are induced by as well as contribute to inflammation and stress (oxidative/ glycation). This review appraises the roles of inflammation and abnormalities in the insulin signaling system as important shared features of T2DM and AD. The capacity of anti-cholinesterases in reducing the level of certain common inflammatory markers in particular if they may provide therapeutic potential to mitigate awry mechanisms leading to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Nigel H Greig
- Metabolomics & Enzymology Unit, Fundamental and Applied Biology Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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198
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Nagarani G, Abirami A, Siddhuraju P. A comparative study on antioxidant potentials, inhibitory activities against key enzymes related to metabolic syndrome, and anti-inflammatory activity of leaf extract from different Momordica species. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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199
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Schmidt C, Becker H, Peter C, Lange K, Friede T, Zerr I. Plasma prion protein concentration and progression of Alzheimer disease. Prion 2014; 8:27964. [PMID: 24549099 DOI: 10.4161/pri.27964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Recently, PrP(c) has been linked to AD pathogenesis. Second, a relation of PrP(c) plasma levels with cognitive status and decline of healthy elderly subjects has been reported. Therefore, we hypothesized baseline plasma levels of PrP(c) to be associated with AD progression in cognitive and functional domains. MATERIALS AND METHODS AD patients (n = 84) were included into an observational study at time of diagnosis. Baseline plasma PrP(c) levels were determined. Decline was assessed annually (mean follow-up time 3 years) with the aid of different standardized tests (MMSE, iADL, bADL, GDS, UPDRSIII). Multiple regression analyses were used to uncover potential associations between decline and PrP(c) levels. RESULTS No association of PrP(c) and decline could be established. Presence of diabetes mellitus was linked to slower deterioration. Intake of neuroleptic drugs or memantine was associated with faster progression. CONCLUSION Plasma PrP(c) at baseline could not be shown to be related to AD progression in this study. An interesting association of diabetes mellitus and decline warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schmidt
- Clinical Dementia Center; Department of Neurology; Georg-August-University Medical Center; Goettingen, Germany
| | - Harry Becker
- Clinical Dementia Center; Department of Neurology; Georg-August-University Medical Center; Goettingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Peter
- Clinical Dementia Center; Department of Neurology; Georg-August-University Medical Center; Goettingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Lange
- Department of Statistics and Bioinformatics; Georg-August-University; Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tim Friede
- Department of Statistics and Bioinformatics; Georg-August-University; Goettingen, Germany
| | - Inga Zerr
- Clinical Dementia Center; Department of Neurology; Georg-August-University Medical Center; Goettingen, Germany
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Gao C, Liu Y, Jiang Y, Ding J, Li L. Geniposide ameliorates learning memory deficits, reduces tau phosphorylation and decreases apoptosis via GSK3β pathway in streptozotocin-induced alzheimer rat model. Brain Pathol 2014; 24:261-9. [PMID: 24329968 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral-ventricular (ICV) injection of streptozotocin (STZ) induces an insulin-resistant brain state that may underlie the neural pathogenesis of sporadic Alzheimer disease (AD). Our previous work showed that prior ICV treatment of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) could prevent STZ-induced learning memory impairment and tau hyperphosphorylation in the rat brain. The Chinese herbal medicine geniposide is known to relieve symptoms of type 2 diabetes. Because geniposide is thought to act as a GLP-1 receptor agonist, we investigated the potential therapeutic effect of geniposide on STZ-induced AD model in rats. Our result showed that a single injection of geniposide (50 μM, 10 μL) to the lateral ventricle prevented STZ-induced spatial learning deficit by about 40% and reduced tau phosphorylation by about 30% with Morris water maze test and quantitative immunohistochemical analysis, respectively. It has been known that tau protein can be phosphorylated by glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) and STZ can increase the activity of GSK3β. Our result with Western blot analysis showed that central administration of geniposide resulted in an elevated expression of GSK3β(pS-9) but suppressed GSK3β(pY-216) indicating that geniposide reduced STZ-induced GSK3β hyperactivity. In addition, ultrastructure analysis showed that geniposide averted STZ-induced neural pathology, including paired helical filament (PHF)-like structures, accumulation of vesicles in synaptic terminal, abnormalities of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and early stage of apoptosis. In summary, our study suggests that the water soluble and orally active monomer of Chinese herbal medicine geniposide may serve as a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of sporadic AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, PR China
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