151
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Massive yet grossly underestimated global costs of invasive insects. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12986. [PMID: 27698460 PMCID: PMC5059451 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects have presented human society with some of its greatest development challenges by spreading diseases, consuming crops and damaging infrastructure. Despite the massive human and financial toll of invasive insects, cost estimates of their impacts remain sporadic, spatially incomplete and of questionable quality. Here we compile a comprehensive database of economic costs of invasive insects. Taking all reported goods and service estimates, invasive insects cost a minimum of US$70.0 billion per year globally, while associated health costs exceed US$6.9 billion per year. Total costs rise as the number of estimate increases, although many of the worst costs have already been estimated (especially those related to human health). A lack of dedicated studies, especially for reproducible goods and service estimates, implies gross underestimation of global costs. Global warming as a consequence of climate change, rising human population densities and intensifying international trade will allow these costly insects to spread into new areas, but substantial savings could be achieved by increasing surveillance, containment and public awareness. Invasive insects impose many economic costs, for example by consuming crops and spreading disease. Here, Bradshaw et al. compile a database of the costs of invasive insects and conservatively estimate that the yearly global cost (in 2014-equivalent US dollars) is at least $70 billion for goods and services and $6.9 billion for human health.
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152
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Schneider J, Valentini A, Dejean T, Montarsi F, Taberlet P, Glaizot O, Fumagalli L. Detection of Invasive Mosquito Vectors Using Environmental DNA (eDNA) from Water Samples. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162493. [PMID: 27626642 PMCID: PMC5023106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Repeated introductions and spread of invasive mosquito species (IMS) have been recorded on a large scale these last decades worldwide. In this context, members of the mosquito genus Aedes can present serious risks to public health as they have or may develop vector competence for various viral diseases. While the Tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) is a well-known vector for e.g. dengue and chikungunya viruses, the Asian bush mosquito (Ae. j. japonicus) and Ae. koreicus have shown vector competence in the field and the laboratory for a number of viruses including dengue, West Nile fever and Japanese encephalitis. Early detection and identification is therefore crucial for successful eradication or control strategies. Traditional specific identification and monitoring of different and/or cryptic life stages of the invasive Aedes species based on morphological grounds may lead to misidentifications, and are problematic when extensive surveillance is needed. In this study, we developed, tested and applied an environmental DNA (eDNA) approach for the detection of three IMS, based on water samples collected in the field in several European countries. We compared real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays specific for these three species and an eDNA metabarcoding approach with traditional sampling, and discussed the advantages and limitations of these methods. Detection probabilities for eDNA-based approaches were in most of the specific comparisons higher than for traditional survey and the results were congruent between both molecular methods, confirming the reliability and efficiency of alternative eDNA-based techniques for the early and unambiguous detection and surveillance of invasive mosquito vectors. The ease of water sampling procedures in the eDNA approach tested here allows the development of large-scale monitoring and surveillance programs of IMS, especially using citizen science projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Schneider
- Laboratory for Conservation Biology, Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Tony Dejean
- SPYGEN, Savoie Technolac, 73370, Le Bourget du Lac, France
| | - Fabrizio Montarsi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Pierre Taberlet
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Laboratoire d’Ecologie Alpine (LECA), F-38000, Grenoble, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Glaizot
- Museum of Zoology, Place de la Riponne 6, CH-1014, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luca Fumagalli
- Laboratory for Conservation Biology, Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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153
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Armbruster PA. Photoperiodic Diapause and the Establishment of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in North America. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 53:1013-23. [PMID: 27354438 PMCID: PMC5013814 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The invasion and range expansion of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) in North America represents an outstanding opportunity to study processes of invasion, range expansion, and climatic adaptation. Furthermore, knowledge obtained from such research is relevant to developing novel strategies to control this important vector species. Substantial evidence indicates that the photoperiodic diapause response is an important adaptation to climatic variation across the range of Ae. albopictus in North America. Photoperiodic diapause is a key determinant of abundance in both space and time, and the timing of entry into and exit out of diapause strongly affects seasonal population dynamics and thus the potential for arbovirus transmission. Emerging genomic technologies are making it possible to develop high-resolution, genome-wide genetic markers that can be used for genetic mapping of traits relevant to disease transmission and phylogeographic studies to elucidate invasion history. Recent work using next-generation sequencing technologies (e.g., RNA-seq), combined with physiological experiments, has provided extensive insight into the transcriptional basis of the diapause response in Ae. albopictus Applying this knowledge to identify novel targets for vector control represents an important future challenge. Finally, recent studies have begun to identify traits other than diapause that are affected by photoperiodism. Extending this work to identify additional traits influenced by photoperiod should produce important insights into the seasonal biology of Ae. albopictus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Armbruster
- Department of Biology, Reis 406, Georgetown University, 37th and O sts. NW, Washington, DC 20057-1229
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154
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Fader JE. The Importance of Interspecific Interactions on the Present Range of the Invasive Mosquito Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) and Persistence of Resident Container Species in the United States. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 53:992-1001. [PMID: 27354436 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Aedes albopictus (Skuse) established in the United States over 30 yr ago and quickly spread throughout the entire eastern half of the country. It has recently spread into western regions and projected climate change scenarios suggest continued expansion to the west and north. Aedes albopictus has had major impacts on, and been impacted by, a diverse array of resident mosquito species. Laying eggs at the edges of small, water-holding containers, hatched larvae develop within these containers feeding on detritus-based resources. Under limited resource conditions, Ae. albopictus has been shown to be a superior competitor to essentially all native and resident species in the United States. Adult males also mate interspecifically with at least one resident species with significant negative impacts on reproductive output for susceptible females. Despite these strong interference effects on sympatric species, competitor outcomes have been highly variable, ranging from outright local exclusion by Ae. albopictus, to apparent exclusion of Ae. albopictus in the presence of the same species. Context-dependent mechanisms that alter the relative strengths of inter- and intraspecific competition, as well as rapid evolution of satyrization-resistant females, may help explain these patterns of variable coexistence. Although there is a large body of research on interspecific interactions of Ae. albopictus in the United States, there remain substantial gaps in our understanding of the most important species interactions. Addressing these gaps is important in predicting the future distribution of this species and understanding consequences for resident species, including humans, that interact with this highly invasive mosquito.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E Fader
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, 450 Research Dr, Durham, NC 27708
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155
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Samuel GH, Adelman ZN, Myles KM. Temperature-dependent effects on the replication and transmission of arthropod-borne viruses in their insect hosts. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 16:108-113. [PMID: 27720044 PMCID: PMC5367266 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The transmissibility of vector borne viruses can be affected by a combination of factors, both extrinsic (climatic changes, temperature, urbanization, among others) and intrinsic (genetics, life span, immunity, among others). Temperature is of particular importance since the insect vectors of arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are ectothermic and acutely susceptible to temperature changes. Modeling suggests that with increasing global temperature and urbanization, arboviral diseases will continue to emerge or reemerge. This review highlights current literature regarding temperature-dependent effects on virus-vector interactions and their potential to influence the transmission dynamics and epidemiology of arboviral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glady Hazitha Samuel
- Virginia Tech, Fralin Life Science Institute, Department of Entomology, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Zach N Adelman
- Virginia Tech, Fralin Life Science Institute, Department of Entomology, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Kevin M Myles
- Virginia Tech, Fralin Life Science Institute, Department of Entomology, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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156
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Alkhaibari AM, Carolino AT, Yavasoglu SI, Maffeis T, Mattoso TC, Bull JC, Samuels RI, Butt TM. Metarhizium brunneum Blastospore Pathogenesis in Aedes aegypti Larvae: Attack on Several Fronts Accelerates Mortality. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005715. [PMID: 27389584 PMCID: PMC4936676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is the vector of a wide range of diseases (e.g. yellow fever, dengue, Chikungunya and Zika) which impact on over half the world's population. Entomopathogenic fungi such as Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana have been found to be highly efficacious in killing mosquito larvae but only now are the underlying mechanisms for pathogenesis being elucidated. Recently it was shown that conidia of M. anisopliae caused stress induced mortality in Ae. aegypti larvae, a different mode of pathogenicity to that normally seen in terrestrial hosts. Blastospores constitute a different form of inoculum produced by this fungus when cultured in liquid media and although blastospores are generally considered to be more virulent than conidia no evidence has been presented to explain why. In our study, using a range of biochemical, molecular and microscopy methods, the infection process of Metarhizium brunneum (formerly M. anisopliae) ARSEF 4556 blastospores was investigated. It appears that the blastospores, unlike conidia, readily adhere to and penetrate mosquito larval cuticle. The blastospores are readily ingested by the larvae but unlike the conidia are able infect the insect through the gut and rapidly invade the haemocoel. The fact that pathogenicity related genes were upregulated in blastospores exposed to larvae prior to invasion, suggests the fungus was detecting host derived cues. Similarly, immune and defence genes were upregulated in the host prior to infection suggesting mosquitoes were also able to detect pathogen-derived cues. The hydrophilic blastospores produce copious mucilage, which probably facilitates adhesion to the host but do not appear to depend on production of Pr1, a cuticle degrading subtilisin protease, for penetration since protease inhibitors did not significantly alter blastospore virulence. The fact the blastospores have multiple routes of entry (cuticle and gut) may explain why this form of the inoculum killed Ae. aegypti larvae in a relatively short time (12-24hrs), significantly quicker than when larvae were exposed to conidia. This study shows that selecting the appropriate form of inoculum is important for efficacious control of disease vectors such as Ae. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer M. Alkhaibari
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Aline T. Carolino
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, State University of North Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sare I. Yavasoglu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Thierry Maffeis
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Thalles C. Mattoso
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, State University of North Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - James C. Bull
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Richard I. Samuels
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, State University of North Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tariq M. Butt
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, United Kingdom
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157
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Morris A, Murrell EG, Klein T, Noden BH. Effect of two commercial herbicides on life history traits of a human disease vector, Aedes aegypti, in the laboratory setting. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2016; 25:863-70. [PMID: 26965703 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-016-1643-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Some mosquito species utilize the small niches of water that are abundant in farmland habitats. These niches are susceptible to effects from agricultural pesticides, many of which are applied aerially over large tracts of land. One principal form of weed control in agricultural systems involves the development of herbicide-tolerant crops. The impact of sub-agricultural levels of these herbicides on mosquito survival and life-history traits of resulting adults have not been determined. The aim of this study was to test the effect of two commercial herbicides (Beyond and Roundup) on the survivorship, eclosion time, and body mass of Aedes aegypti. First instar A. aegypti larvae were exposed to varying concentrations (270, 550 and 820 μg/m(2) of glyphosate and 0.74, 1.49, 2.24 μL imazamox/m(2)), all treatments being below recommended application rates, of commercial herbicides in a controlled environment and resulting adult mosquitoes were collected and weighed. Exposure to Roundup had a significant negative effect on A. aegypti survivorship at medium and high sub-agricultural application concentrations, and negatively affected adult eclosion time at the highest concentration. However, exposure to low concentrations of Beyond significantly increased A. aegypti survivorship, although adult female mass was decreased at medium sub-agricultural concentrations. These results demonstrate that low concentrations of two different herbicides, which can occur in rural larval habitats as a result of spray drift, can affect the same species of mosquito in both positive and negative ways depending on the herbicide applied. The effects of commercial herbicides on mosquito populations could have an important effect on disease transmission within agricultural settings, where these and other herbicides are extensively applied to reduce weed growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Morris
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Ebony G Murrell
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Talan Klein
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Bruce H Noden
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA.
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158
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Establishment of a satellite rearing facility to support the release of sterile Aedes albopictus males. I. Optimization of mass rearing parameters. Acta Trop 2016; 159:62-8. [PMID: 27021270 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The vector species Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894) was recorded in Turkey for the first time, near the Greek border, in 2011 and a high risk of expansion towards Aegean and Mediterranean coasts of Turkey was estimated. A preliminary study was planned to evaluate the possibility of creating a satellite mass rearing facility for this species and manage a larval rearing procedure by using the new mass-rearing technology proposed by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). For this purpose, the effects of different larval densities (1, 2, 3 and 4 larvae per ml) on the preimaginal development were evaluated by observing pupal, adult and male productivity using life cycle trials. Geometric morphometric analyses were also performed to define all phenotypic differences that occurred on the wing size and shape morphology of adult stage at the four different rearing conditions tested. A high pupation productivity was obtained with a larval density of 2 larvae/ml while adult emergence ratio was not affected by the densities tested. No significant difference was observed in shape of the wings among different densities in males and females. Nevertheless, a significant difference in female's centroid sizes was observed between the treatment groups 1-2 and 3-4 larvae/ml and in males centroid size reared at 1 larvae/ml versus the other densities.
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159
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Zika: As an emergent epidemic. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2016; 9:723-9. [PMID: 27569879 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus is a new global threat for 2016 that has been swept to almost all Americas and is now posing serious threats to the entire globe. This deadly virus is playing havoc to unborn lives because of its reported association with upsurge of fetal deformation called microcephaly and neuropathic disorders including Guillain-Barré syndrome. Till today, there is no vaccine prospect, antiviral therapy or licensed medical countermeasures to curb the teratogenic outcomes of this destructive viral infection. Diagnosis, treatment, chronicity and pathogenesis are still vague and unsettled. Therefore, this review article addresses all the aspects related to this disease to mitigate the explosive rise in Zika virus infection.
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160
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Camara DCP, Codeço CT, Juliano SA, Lounibos LP, Riback TIS, Pereira GR, Honorio NA. Seasonal Differences in Density But Similar Competitive Impact of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) on Aedes aegypti (L.) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157120. [PMID: 27322537 PMCID: PMC4913923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the negative effects of density of Ae. albopictus on Ae. aegypti exceed those of Ae. aegypti on Ae. albopictus for population growth, adult size, survivorship, and developmental rate. This competitive superiority has been invoked to explain the displacement of Ae. aegypti by Ae. albopictus in the southeastern USA. In Brazil, these species coexist in many vegetated suburban and rural areas. We investigated a related, but less-well-studied question: do effects of Ae. albopictus on Ae. aegypti larval development and survival occur under field conditions at realistic densities across multiple seasons in Brazil? We conducted additive competition experiments in a vegetated area of Rio de Janeiro where these species coexist. We tested the hypothesis that Ae. aegypti (the focal species, at a fixed density) suffers negative effects on development and survivorship across a gradient of increasing densities of Ae. albopictus (the associate species) in three seasons. The results showed statistically significant effects of both season and larval density on Ae. aegypti survivorship, and significant effects of season on development rate, with no significant season-density interactions. Densities of Aedes larvae in these habitats differed among seasons by a factor of up to 7x. Overall, Spring was the most favorable season for Ae. aegypti survivorship and development. Results showed that under natural conditions the negative competitive effects of Ae. albopictus on Ae. aegypti were expressed primarily as lower survivorship. Coexistence between Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in vegetated areas is likely affected by seasonal environmental differences, such as detrital resource levels or egg desiccation, which can influence competition between these species. Interactions between these Aedes are important in Brazil, where both species are well established and widely distributed and vector dengue, Zika and chikungunya viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cardoso Portela Camara
- Laboratório de Transmissores de Hematozoários – LATHEMA, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Núcleo Operacional Sentinela de Mosquitos Vetores – NOSMOVE, DIRAC – IOC – VPAAPS, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Steven A. Juliano
- School of Biological Sciences, Behavior, Ecology, Evolution and Systematics Section, Illinois State University, Normal Illinois, United States of America
| | - L. Philip Lounibos
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, Vero Beach Florida, United States of America
| | | | - Glaucio Rocha Pereira
- Núcleo Operacional Sentinela de Mosquitos Vetores – NOSMOVE, DIRAC – IOC – VPAAPS, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nildimar Alves Honorio
- Laboratório de Transmissores de Hematozoários – LATHEMA, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Núcleo Operacional Sentinela de Mosquitos Vetores – NOSMOVE, DIRAC – IOC – VPAAPS, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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161
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Yee DA, Ezeakacha NF, Abbott KC. The interactive effects of photoperiod and future climate change may have negative consequences for a wide‐spread invasive insect. OIKOS 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.03635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donald A. Yee
- Dept of Biological Sciences Univ. of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg MS 39406 USA
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162
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Egizi A, Kiser J, Abadam C, Fonseca DM. The hitchhiker's guide to becoming invasive: exotic mosquitoes spread across a US state by human transport not autonomous flight. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:3033-47. [PMID: 27087539 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Not all exotic species establish and expand aggressively (i.e. become invasive). As potential vectors of disease agents, invasive mosquitoes can have considerable impact on public health, livestock and wildlife; therefore, understanding the species characteristics and ecological circumstances promoting their invasiveness is important. The mosquito Aedes japonicus japonicus, originally from north-east Asia, was introduced at least two separate times to the north-eastern USA, as surmised from the initial existence of two populations with distinct nuclear and mitochondrial genetic signatures that later intermixed. Since these original introductions in the late 1990s, Ae. j. japonicus has expanded across 31 US states, two Canadian provinces and five European countries. Although some of the expanded range was due to other independent introductions, to understand what drove the postintroduction expansion of Ae. j. japonicus within the north-eastern USA, we performed a high-resolution landscape genetic analysis of 461 specimens collected across Virginia, a state south of the original introductions. All specimens were genotyped at seven pre-optimized microsatellite loci, and a subsample was sequenced at one mitochondrial locus. We concluded that throughout Virginia this species has primarily expanded in association with humans: genetic distance and distance along roads remained correlated after controlling for geographic distance, and proximity to I-95, a major interstate highway, strongly predicted nuclear ancestry. In contrast, there was very limited evidence of diffusion even at distances potentially suitable for autonomous mosquito flight. This implies that its association with humans (rather than innate species characteristics) is the single most important determinant of invasiveness in this mosquito.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Egizi
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, 180 Jones Ave, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.,Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolution, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Jay Kiser
- City of Suffolk Mosquito Control, 866 Carolina Rd., Suffolk, VA, 23434, USA
| | - Charles Abadam
- City of Suffolk Mosquito Control, 866 Carolina Rd., Suffolk, VA, 23434, USA
| | - Dina M Fonseca
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, 180 Jones Ave, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.,Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolution, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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163
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Faull KJ, Webb C, Williams CR. Desiccation survival time for eggs of a widespread and invasive Australian mosquito species, Aedes (Finlaya) notoscriptus (Skuse). JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2016; 41:55-62. [PMID: 27232125 DOI: 10.1111/jvec.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The Australian native mosquito Aedes (Finlaya) notoscriptus (Skuse) is closely associated with natural and artificial water holding receptacles. Eggs are laid in habitats where they are exposed to drying conditions as water levels fluctuate. Withstanding desiccation enables survival in challenging environments and increases the potential for establishment in non-native habitats. Until now, the desiccation resistance of Ae. notoscriptus eggs has been unknown despite the historical invasive success of this important dog heartworm and arbovirus vector. Viability and mean survival times of eggs from two Ae. notoscriptus populations (metropolitan areas of Sydney, NSW and Adelaide, SA) were evaluated, with eggs stored under three dryness conditions for up to 367 days. Our results revealed that Ae. notoscriptus eggs can withstand desiccation for extended periods, under a variety of conditions, with approximately 9-13% egg viability recorded after one year. This prolonged egg survival reflects the widespread distribution of this mosquito in Australia and its history of incursions and subsequent establishment in non-native habitats. Differences in mean egg volume were recorded in addition to significantly different egg length to width ratios for the two populations, which may reflect adaptation to biotope of origin and an associated likelihood of drought and drying conditions. The results of this study suggest that the desiccation resistant eggs of Ae. notoscriptus make this species highly adaptable, increasing the risk of movement to non-endemic regions of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Faull
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia, 5001.
| | - C Webb
- Department of Medical Entomology, Pathology West - ICPMR Westmead and University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia, 2145
| | - C R Williams
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia, 5001
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164
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Faraji A, Unlu I, Crepeau T, Healy S, Crans S, Lizarraga G, Fonseca D, Gaugler R. Droplet Characterization and Penetration of an Ultra-Low Volume Mosquito Adulticide Spray Targeting the Asian Tiger Mosquito, Aedes albopictus, within Urban and Suburban Environments of Northeastern USA. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152069. [PMID: 27116103 PMCID: PMC4846071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult control of Aedes albopictus via ultra-low volume is difficult because this species occurs primarily in peridomestic habitats where obstacles such as buildings and vegetation can disrupt spray plumes and droplet dispersion. We determined droplet penetration and characterization of a pyrethroid adulticide applied from the ground at mid (46.77 ml/ha) and maximum (93.53 ml/ha) label rates within cryptic habitats of urban and suburban environments. Droplets were collected from all habitats, with no significant differences detected between locations within the same application rate or collection method. No differences were detected in droplet densities (drops per mm2) between rates within urban environments, but more droplets were collected in urban (149.93 ± 11.07 SE) than suburban sites (114.37 ± 11.32) at the maximum label rate (P = 0.003). The excellent penetration of aerosols into cryptic habitats of an urban site was likely due to the shorter spray paths afforded by our network of roads and alleys. Mid label rates displayed similar droplet density values as maximum label rates in urban areas, indicating that lower rates may be used effectively to reduce costs, lessen non-target effects, and increase environmental stewardship. Advances in formulations and technology are driving changes in adulticide applications, leading to use of the minimum effective dose for maximum efficacy, precision, and accountability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ary Faraji
- Center for Vector Biology, Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- Salt Lake City Mosquito Abatement District, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Isik Unlu
- Center for Vector Biology, Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- Salt Lake City Mosquito Abatement District, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Taryn Crepeau
- Monmouth County Mosquito Extermination Commission, Eatontown, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Sean Healy
- Monmouth County Mosquito Extermination Commission, Eatontown, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Scott Crans
- Center for Vector Biology, Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Griffith Lizarraga
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Clarke Mosquito Control, Roselle, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Dina Fonseca
- Center for Vector Biology, Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Randy Gaugler
- Center for Vector Biology, Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
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165
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Bargielowski IE, Lounibos LP. Satyrization and satyrization-resistance in competitive displacements of invasive mosquito species. INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 23:162-174. [PMID: 26542083 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Competitive displacements or reductions of resident populations of insects, often effected by a related species, may be caused by a variety of mechanisms. Satyrization is a form of mating interference in which males of one species mate with females of another species, significantly decreasing their fitness and not generating hybrids. Satyrization has been established to be the probable cause of competitive displacements of resident mosquitoes by invasive species, especially of Aedes aegypti by Aedes albopictus, two important vectors of dengue and chikungunya viruses. Mathematical models predict that even low levels of asymmetric mating interference are capable of producing competitive displacements or reductions. Couplings of virgin Ae. aegypti females with Ae. albopictus males effectively sterilize these females through the monogamizing actions of male accessory gland products, but the converse interspecific mating does not impact the future reproduction of Ae. albopictus females. Populations of Ae. aegypti exposed to satyrization quickly evolve resistance to interspecific mating, which is believed to ameliorate reproductive interference from, and promote co-existence with, Ae. albopictus. The evolution of satyrization resistance among Ae. aegypti in laboratory cages is accompanied by fitness costs, such as reduced fecundity and slower receptivity to conspecific males. Cage experiments and field observations indicate that Ae. albopictus males are capable of satyrizing females of other species of the Stegomyia subgenus, potentially leading to competitive displacements, and possible extinctions, especially of endemic species on islands. Examination of other examples of reproductive interference in insects reveals few parallels to the mechanism and outcomes of satyrization by Ae. albopictus. We conclude by posing the hypothesis that satyrization may favor the ecological success of Ae. albopictus, and suggest many lines for future research on this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irka Ewa Bargielowski
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, Vero Beach, Florida, USA
| | - Leon Philip Lounibos
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, Vero Beach, Florida, USA
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166
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Adalsteinsson SA, D'Amico V, Shriver WG, Brisson D, Buler JJ. Scale-dependent effects of nonnative plant invasion on host-seeking tick abundance. Ecosphere 2016; 7:e01317. [PMID: 27088044 PMCID: PMC4827432 DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonnative, invasive shrubs can affect human disease risk through direct and indirect effects on vector populations. Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) is a common invader within eastern deciduous forests where tick-borne disease (e.g. Lyme disease) rates are high. We tested whether R. multiflora invasion affects blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis) abundance, and at what scale. We sampled host-seeking ticks at two spatial scales: fine-scale, within R. multiflora-invaded forest fragments; and patch scale, among R. multiflora-invaded and R. multiflora-free forest fragments. At a fine scale, we trapped 2.3 times more ticks under R. multiflora compared to paired traps 25 m away from R. multiflora. At the patch scale, we trapped 3.2 times as many ticks in R. multiflora-free forests compared to R. multiflora-invaded forests. Thus, ticks are concentrated beneath R. multiflora within invaded forests, but uninvaded forests support significantly more ticks. Among all covariates tested, leaf litter volume was the best predictor of tick abundance; at the patch scale, R. multiflora-invaded forests had less leaf litter than uninvaded forests. We suggest that leaf litter availability at the patch-scale plays a greater role in constraining tick abundance than the fine-scale, positive effect of invasive shrubs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solny A Adalsteinsson
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716 USA
| | - Vincent D'Amico
- United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Newark, Delaware 19716 USA
| | - W Gregory Shriver
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716 USA
| | - Dustin Brisson
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 USA
| | - Jeffrey J Buler
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716 USA
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167
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Gonzalez PV, González Audino PA, Masuh HM. Oviposition Behavior in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Response to the Presence of Heterospecific and Conspecific Larvae. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 53:268-272. [PMID: 26634825 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In mosquitoes, location of suitable sites for oviposition requires a set of visual, tactile, and olfactory cues that influences females before laying their eggs. The ability of gravid females to distinguish among potential oviposition sites that will or will not support the growth, development, and survival of their progeny is critical. Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) share ecological niches, being highly competitive in larval stage. We studied the oviposition behavior of both species in the presence of larvae of one or the other species (heterospecific or conspecific larvae). The number of eggs laid by gravid females on oviposition sites (water with different or the same species of Aedes larvae) were compared. The presence and density of heterospecific or conspecific larvae had a positive or negative effect on the ovipositional responses, measured as an oviposition activity index. For both species, the oviposition was not affected by heterospecific larvae with densities between 10 and 100 larvae in water, but a strong attractant behavior was observed for a density of 500 larvae in water. For Ae. albopictus in the presence of larvae of the same species (conspecific oviposition), we observed an attractant effect for larvae density of 10 but not for 100 or 500 larvae in water. Instead, for Ae. aegypti, we observed attraction only for 100 larvae, not for 10 or 500 larvae. Results presented here provide an additional insight about oviposition behavior responses of gravid females in the presence of conspecific and heterospecific larvae in breeding sites.
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168
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Hill MP, Clusella-Trullas S, Terblanche JS, Richardson DM. Drivers, impacts, mechanisms and adaptation in insect invasions. Biol Invasions 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-016-1088-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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169
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Marcondes CB, Ximenes MDFFDM. Zika virus in Brazil and the danger of infestation by Aedes (Stegomyia) mosquitoes. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2015; 49:4-10. [PMID: 26689277 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0220-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus, already widely distributed in Africa and Asia, was recently reported in two Northeastern Brazilian: State of Bahia and State of Rio Grande do Norte, and one Southeastern: State of São Paulo. This finding adds a potentially noxious virus to a list of several other viruses that are widely transmitted by Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti and Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus in Brazil. The pathology and epidemiology, including the distribution and vectors associated with Zika virus, are reviewed. This review is focused on viruses transmitted by Aedes (Stegomyia) mosquitoes, including dengue, Chikungunya, Zika, Mayaro, and yellow fever virus, to emphasize the risks of occurrence for these arboviruses in Brazil and neighboring countries. Other species of Aedes (Stegomyia) are discussed, emphasizing their involvement in arbovirus transmission and the possibility of adaptation to environments modified by human activities and introduction in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Brisola Marcondes
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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170
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Oppold A, Kreß A, Vanden Bussche J, Diogo JB, Kuch U, Oehlmann J, Vandegehuchte MB, Müller R. Epigenetic alterations and decreasing insecticide sensitivity of the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 122:45-53. [PMID: 26188644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A range of environmental factors, including chemicals, can affect epigenetic processes in organisms leading to variations in phenotype. Thus, epigenetics displays an important environmentally responsive element. The transgenerational impact of environmental stressors on DNA methylation and phenotype was the focus of this study. The influence of two known DNA methylation-changing agents, the phytoestrogen genistein and the fungicide vinclozolin, on the overall DNA methylation level in the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus was investigated. The experiment comprised four generations in a full life-cycle design with an exposed parental generation and three consecutive non-exposed offspring generations. Application of the methylation agents to the parental generation of the study led to an alteration of the global DNA methylation level of the exposed individuals and those in two subsequent generations. The phenotypic variability of the offspring generations was assessed by examining their insecticide sensitivity. Here, a significant decrease in sensitivity (p<0.01) towards the model insecticide imidacloprid revealed alterations of the mosquito's phenotype in two subsequent generations. Thus, the evaluation of A. albopictus from an epigenetic perspective can contribute important information to the study of the high adaptability of this invasive disease vector to new environments, and its underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Oppold
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiKF), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - A Kreß
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiKF), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - J Vanden Bussche
- Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - J B Diogo
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiKF), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - U Kuch
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Haus 9b, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - J Oehlmann
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiKF), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - M B Vandegehuchte
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology (GhEnToxLab), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Jozef Plateaustraat 22, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - R Müller
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Haus 9b, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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171
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Medlock JM, Hansford KM, Versteirt V, Cull B, Kampen H, Fontenille D, Hendrickx G, Zeller H, Van Bortel W, Schaffner F. An entomological review of invasive mosquitoes in Europe. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2015; 105:637-63. [PMID: 25804287 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485315000103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Among the invasive mosquitoes registered all over the world, Aedes species are particularly frequent and important. As several of them are potential vectors of disease, they present significant health concerns for 21st century Europe. Five species have established in mainland Europe, with two (Aedes albopictus and Aedes japonicus) becoming widespread and two (Ae. albopictus and Aedes aegypti) implicated in disease transmission to humans in Europe. The routes of importation and spread are often enigmatic, the ability to adapt to local environments and climates are rapid, and the biting nuisance and vector potential are both an ecomonic and public health concern. Europeans are used to cases of dengue and chikungunya in travellers returning from the tropics, but the threat to health and tourism in mainland Europe is substantive. Coupled to that are the emerging issues in the European overseas territorities and this paper is the first to consider the impacts in the remoter outposts of Europe. If entomologists and public health authorities are to address the spread of these mosquitoes and mitigate their health risks they must first be prepared to share information to better understand their biology and ecology, and share data on their distribution and control successes. This paper focusses in greater detail on the entomological and ecological aspects of these mosquitoes to assist with the risk assessment process, bringing together a large amount of information gathered through the ECDC VBORNET project.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Medlock
- Medical Entomology Group,MRA/BS,Emergency Response Department,Public Health England,Porton Down,Salisbury,UK
| | - K M Hansford
- Medical Entomology Group,MRA/BS,Emergency Response Department,Public Health England,Porton Down,Salisbury,UK
| | - V Versteirt
- Avia-GIS,Risschotlei 33,2980 Zoersel,Belgium
| | - B Cull
- Medical Entomology Group,MRA/BS,Emergency Response Department,Public Health England,Porton Down,Salisbury,UK
| | - H Kampen
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health,Südufer 10,17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems,Germany
| | - D Fontenille
- Centre National d'Expertise sur les Vecteurs (CNEV), Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), UMR MIVEGEC,BP 64501,34394 Montpellier,France
| | - G Hendrickx
- Avia-GIS,Risschotlei 33,2980 Zoersel,Belgium
| | - H Zeller
- Emerging and Vector-borne Diseases, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control,Tomtebodavägen 11A,17183 Stockholm,Sweden
| | - W Van Bortel
- Emerging and Vector-borne Diseases, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control,Tomtebodavägen 11A,17183 Stockholm,Sweden
| | - F Schaffner
- Avia-GIS,Risschotlei 33,2980 Zoersel,Belgium
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172
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Faull KJ, Williams CR. Intraspecific variation in desiccation survival time of Aedes aegypti (L.) mosquito eggs of Australian origin. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2015; 40:292-300. [PMID: 26611964 DOI: 10.1111/jvec.12167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti (L.) mosquitoes preferentially oviposit in natural and artificial receptacles where their eggs are able to withstand drying as water levels fluctuate. Desiccation-resistant eggs also increase the potential for establishment in non-native habitats while providing logistical impediments to control programs. Viability and mean survival times of eggs stored under three dryness conditions for up to 367 days were investigated among three field-derived colonies of Australian Ae. aegypti to understand variation in desiccation survival. Further investigations compared egg survival between an established colony and its wild counterpart. Our results confirmed that Ae. aegypti eggs can withstand desiccation for extended periods of time with approximately 2-15% egg viability recorded after one year and viability remaining above 88% under all conditions through 56 days. Intraspecific variations in egg survival times were recorded, suggesting local adaptation while each of the colonies demonstrated a consistent preference for higher humidity. Egg volume varied between the populations, suggesting a relationship between egg volume and survival time, with the marginally larger eggs (Charters Towers and Innisfail) having greater desiccation resistance over the range of conditions. The strong survivorship of Charters Towers eggs in dry, warm conditions demonstrates the adaptive significance of a desiccation-resistant egg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Faull
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia 5001.
| | - Craig R Williams
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia 5001
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173
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Noden BH, Coburn L, Wright R, Bradley K. An Updated Checklist of the Mosquitoes of Oklahoma Including New State Records and West Nile Virus Vectors, 2003-06. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2015; 31:336-345. [PMID: 26675455 DOI: 10.2987/moco-31-04-336-345.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The mosquito fauna of Oklahoma has not been evaluated since 1965 and no report has been published concerning species associated with urban areas in the state. Mosquito collections were conducted as part of the West Nile virus (WNV) surveillance program between April and November from 2003 to 2006, using standard collection methods. A total of 74,756 adults were collected in 26 urban centers in 16 counties of Oklahoma. Altogether, 40 species were recorded during this study period, bringing the total mosquito species recorded in Oklahoma to 62 species in 9 different genera and 18 subgenera. An updated checklist of Oklahoma mosquito fauna is included with a comparison to historical records. New state records include 3 species: Aedes muelleri, Anopheles perplexens, and Culex coronator. In addition to updating the checklist, 12 species of mosquitoes were tested for WNV. Pools of Culex pipiens complex represented the highest proportion testing positive for WNV (134/766, 17.5%), followed by Cx. tarsalis (13/192, 6.8%) and Aedes albopictus (5/215, 2.3%). West Nile virus-positive mosquitoes were detected earliest in June 2005 and latest in November 2004. Infected Cx. pipiens complex testing positive for WNV were more prevalent in the eastern and central areas of Oklahoma, whereas positive Cx. tarsalis were found mainly in the western areas of the state. This distinct geographical difference needs to be monitored and followed up to ensure optimal mosquito control efforts in Oklahoma communities with mosquito control capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce H Noden
- 1 Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74075
| | - Lisa Coburn
- 1 Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74075
| | - Russell Wright
- 1 Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74075
| | - Kristy Bradley
- 2 Oklahoma Department of Health, Oklahoma City, OK 73117
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174
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Widespread evidence for interspecific mating between Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in nature. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 36:456-461. [PMID: 26296606 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, two important vectors of the dengue and chikungunya viruses to humans, often come in contact in their invasive ranges. In these circumstances, a number of factors are thought to influence their population dynamics, including resource competition among the larval stages, prevailing environmental conditions and reproductive interference in the form of satyrization. As the distribution and abundance of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus have profound epidemiological implications, understanding the competitive interactions that influence these patterns in nature is important. While evidence for resource competition and environmental factors had been gathered from the field, the evidence for reproductive interference, though strongly inferred through laboratory trials, remained sparse (one small-scale field trial). In this paper we demonstrate that low rates (1.12-3.73%) of interspecific mating occur in nature among populations of these species that have co-existed sympatrically from 3 to 150yrs. Finally this report contributes a new species-specific primer set for identifying the paternity of sperm extracted from field collected specimens.
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175
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How Diverse Detrital Environments Influence Nutrient Stoichiometry between Males and Females of the Co-Occurring Container Mosquitoes Aedes albopictus, Ae. aegypti, and Culex quinquefasciatus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133734. [PMID: 26244643 PMCID: PMC4526359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Allocation patterns of carbon and nitrogen in animals are influenced by food quality and quantity, as well as by inherent metabolic and physiological constraints within organisms. Whole body stoichiometry also may vary between the sexes who differ in development rates and reproductive allocation patterns. In aquatic containers, such as tree holes and tires, detrital inputs, which vary in amounts of carbon and nitrogen, form the basis of the mosquito-dominated food web. Differences in development times and mass between male and female mosquitoes may be the result of different reproductive constraints, which could also influence patterns of nutrient allocation. We examined development time, survival, and adult mass for males and females of three co-occurring species, Aedes albopictus, Ae. aegypti, and Culex quinquefasciatus, across environments with different ratios of animal and leaf detritus. We quantified the contribution of detritus to biomass using stable isotope analysis and measured tissue carbon and nitrogen concentrations among species and between the sexes. Development times were shorter and adults were heavier for Aedes in animal versus leaf-only environments, whereas Culex development times were invariant across detritus types. Aedes displayed similar survival across detritus types whereas C. quinquefasciatus showed decreased survival with increasing leaf detritus. All species had lower values of 15N and 13C in leaf-only detritus compared to animal, however, Aedes generally had lower tissue nitrogen compared to C. quinquefasciatus. There were no differences in the C:N ratio between male and female Aedes, however, Aedes were different than C. quinquefasciatus adults, with male C. quinquefasciatus significantly higher than females. Culex quinquefasciatus was homeostatic across detrital environments. These results allow us to hypothesize an underlying stoichiometric explanation for the variation in performance of different container species under similar detrital environments, and if supported may assist in explaining the production of vector populations in nature.
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176
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Sivan A, Shriram AN, Sunish IP, Vidhya PT. Host-feeding pattern of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in heterogeneous landscapes of South Andaman, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Parasitol Res 2015. [PMID: 26220560 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4634-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mosquito foraging behavior is a determinant of host-vector contact and has an impact on the risk of arboviral epidemics. Therefore, blood-feeding patterns is a useful tool for assessing the role in pathogen transmission by vector mosquitoes. Competent vectors of dengue and chikungunya viz. Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are widely prevalent in the Andaman and Nicobar archipelago. Considering the vector potential, medical importance of both these mosquito species and lack of information on host-feeding patterns, blood meal analysis of both these vector mosquitoes was undertaken. Biogents Sentinel traps were used for sampling blooded mosquitoes, for identifying the source of blood meal by agar gel-precipitin test. We identified vertebrate source of 147 and 104 blood meals in Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus from heterogeneous landscapes in South Andaman district. Results revealed that Ae. aegypti (88 %) and Ae. albopictus (49 %) fed on human and a small proportion on mammals and fowls, indicative of predominance of anthropophilism. Ae. aegypti predominantly fed on human blood (94.2 %-densely built urban, 89.8 %-low vegetation coverage, and 78.3 %-medium vegetation coverage). Anthropophilism in Ae. albopictus was maximal in densely built urban (90.5 %) and progressively decreased from low vegetation-vegetation/forested continuum (66.7, 36.4, and 8.7 %), indicating plasticity in feeding across these landscapes. Epidemiological significance of the findings is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Sivan
- Regional Medical Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), Post Bag No.13, Port Blair, 744 101, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India,
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Wilkerson RC, Linton YM, Fonseca DM, Schultz TR, Price DC, Strickman DA. Making Mosquito Taxonomy Useful: A Stable Classification of Tribe Aedini that Balances Utility with Current Knowledge of Evolutionary Relationships. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133602. [PMID: 26226613 PMCID: PMC4520491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The tribe Aedini (Family Culicidae) contains approximately one-quarter of the known species of mosquitoes, including vectors of deadly or debilitating disease agents. This tribe contains the genus Aedes, which is one of the three most familiar genera of mosquitoes. During the past decade, Aedini has been the focus of a series of extensive morphology-based phylogenetic studies published by Reinert, Harbach, and Kitching (RH&K). Those authors created 74 new, elevated or resurrected genera from what had been the single genus Aedes, almost tripling the number of genera in the entire family Culicidae. The proposed classification is based on subjective assessments of the "number and nature of the characters that support the branches" subtending particular monophyletic groups in the results of cladistic analyses of a large set of morphological characters of representative species. To gauge the stability of RH&K's generic groupings we reanalyzed their data with unweighted parsimony jackknife and maximum-parsimony analyses, with and without ordering 14 of the characters as in RH&K. We found that their phylogeny was largely weakly supported and their taxonomic rankings failed priority and other useful taxon-naming criteria. Consequently, we propose simplified aedine generic designations that 1) restore a classification system that is useful for the operational community; 2) enhance the ability of taxonomists to accurately place new species into genera; 3) maintain the progress toward a natural classification based on monophyletic groups of species; and 4) correct the current classification system that is subject to instability as new species are described and existing species more thoroughly defined. We do not challenge the phylogenetic hypotheses generated by the above-mentioned series of morphological studies. However, we reduce the ranks of the genera and subgenera of RH&K to subgenera or informal species groups, respectively, to preserve stability as new data become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C. Wilkerson
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Yvonne-Marie Linton
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, United States of America
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Museum Support Center, Smithsonian Institution, Suitland, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Faculty of Preventative Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dina M. Fonseca
- Entomology Department, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Ted R. Schultz
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Dana C. Price
- Entomology Department, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Daniel A. Strickman
- Global Health Program, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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178
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Kraemer MUG, Sinka ME, Duda KA, Mylne A, Shearer FM, Brady OJ, Messina JP, Barker CM, Moore CG, Carvalho RG, Coelho GE, Van Bortel W, Hendrickx G, Schaffner F, Wint GRW, Elyazar IRF, Teng HJ, Hay SI. The global compendium of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus occurrence. Sci Data 2015; 2:150035. [PMID: 26175912 PMCID: PMC4493829 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2015.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus are the main vectors transmitting dengue and chikungunya viruses. Despite being pathogens of global public health importance, knowledge of their vectors’ global distribution remains patchy and sparse. A global geographic database of known occurrences of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus between 1960 and 2014 was compiled. Herein we present the database, which comprises occurrence data linked to point or polygon locations, derived from peer-reviewed literature and unpublished studies including national entomological surveys and expert networks. We describe all data collection processes, as well as geo-positioning methods, database management and quality-control procedures. This is the first comprehensive global database of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus occurrence, consisting of 19,930 and 22,137 geo-positioned occurrence records respectively. Both datasets can be used for a variety of mapping and spatial analyses of the vectors and, by inference, the diseases they transmit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz U G Kraemer
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Marianne E Sinka
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics,University of Oxford , Oxford, UK ; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington , Seattle, USA
| | - Kirsten A Duda
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Adrian Mylne
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics,University of Oxford , Oxford, UK ; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington , Seattle, USA
| | - Freya M Shearer
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics,University of Oxford , Oxford, UK ; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington , Seattle, USA
| | - Oliver J Brady
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics,University of Oxford , Oxford, UK ; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington , Seattle, USA
| | - Jane P Messina
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Christopher M Barker
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California , Davis, CA, USA ; Center for Vectorborne Diseases, University of California , Davis, CA, USA ; Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Chester G Moore
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Roberta G Carvalho
- National Dengue Control Program, Ministry of Health , Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Giovanini E Coelho
- National Dengue Control Program, Ministry of Health , Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Wim Van Bortel
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control , Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - G R William Wint
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK ; Environmental Research Group Oxford Ltd, Department of Zoology , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | | | - Hwa-Jen Teng
- Center for Research, Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control , Taipei, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Simon I Hay
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK ; Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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179
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Bargielowski I, Blosser E, Lounibos LP. The Effects of Interspecific Courtship on the Mating Success of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) Males. ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2015; 108:513-518. [PMID: 27418696 PMCID: PMC4778407 DOI: 10.1093/aesa/sav037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Satyrization, a form of asymmetric reproductive interference, has recently been shown to play a role in competitive displacements of Aedes aegypti (L.) by Aedes albopictus (Skuse). Furthermore, female Ae. aegypti from populations in sympatry with Ae. albopictus have evolved reproductive character displacement and changes in mating behavior to reduce interspecific mating. In this article, we examine evolutionary responses of males to interspecific mating and show that satyrization has also evoked reproductive character displacement in males. We demonstrate that the presence of heterospecific females negatively influences conspecific mating success in male Ae. aegypti, most likely due to misdirected courting or mating efforts, and that males of this species from populations in sympatry with Ae. albopictus have evolved to be less influenced by the presence of heterospecific females than their allopatric counterparts. Conversely, we suggest that the presence of conspecifics may, in some circumstances, increase interspecific mating. This study demonstrates that co-occurrences of these two invasive species may lead to evolution and adaptation of reproductive behaviors to changing circumstances. Understanding the processes driving development of mate choice preferences or avoidance mechanisms may help predict future changes in the distribution and abundance of insect vectors or pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irka Bargielowski
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, 200 9th Street S. E., Vero Beach, FL 32962
| | - Erik Blosser
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, 200 9th Street S. E., Vero Beach, FL 32962
| | - L. P. Lounibos
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, 200 9th Street S. E., Vero Beach, FL 32962
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180
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Mogi M, Armbruster P, Tuno N, Campos R, Eritja R. Simple Indices Provide Insight to Climate Attributes Delineating the Geographic Range of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) Prior to Worldwide Invasion. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 52:647-657. [PMID: 26335471 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Aedes albopictus (Skuse) has expanded its distribution worldwide during the past decades. Despite attempts to explain and predict its geographic occurrence, analyses of the distribution of Ae. albopictus in the context of broad climatic regions (biomes) has not been performed. We analyzed climate conditions at its distribution sites in the range before the worldwide invasions (from the easternmost Hawaii through westernmost Madagascar) by using thermal and aridity-humidity indices descriptive of major biomes. A significant advantage of this approach is that it uses simple indices clearly related to the population dynamics of Ae. albopictus. Although Ae. albopictus has been regarded as a forest species preferring humid climate, in areas with significant human habitation, the distribution sites extended from the perhumid, rain forest zone to the semiarid, steppe zone. This pattern was common from the tropics through the temperate zone. Across the distribution range, there was no seasonal discordance between temperature and precipitation; at sites where winter prevents Ae. albopictus reproduction (monthly means<10°C), precipitation was concentrated in warm months (>10°C) under the Asian summer monsoon. Absence of the species in northern and eastern coastal Australia and eastern coastal Africa was not attributable solely to climate conditions. However, Asia west of the summer monsoon range was climatically unsuitable because of low precipitation throughout the year or in warm months favorable to reproduction (concentration of precipitation in winter). We hypothesized that Ae. albopictus originated in continental Asia under the monsoon climate with distinct dry seasons and hot, wet summer, enabling rapid population growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoyoshi Mogi
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Pathology and Biodefense, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima 5-1-1, Saga, 849-8501, Japan (retired).
| | - Peter Armbruster
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, 37th and O sts. NW, Washington, DC 20057
| | - Nobuko Tuno
- Laboratory of Ecology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Raúl Campos
- Instituto de Limnología Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet, Universidad Nacional de La Plata - CONICET, CCT La Plata, Boulevard 120 y 62 - Casilla de Correo N° 712. 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roger Eritja
- Consell Comarcal del Baix Llobregat, Parc Torreblanca, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Spain
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181
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Sota T, Belton P, Tseng M, Yong HS, Mogi M. Phylogeography of the coastal mosquito Aedes togoi across climatic zones: testing an anthropogenic dispersal hypothesis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131230. [PMID: 26107619 PMCID: PMC4479490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The coastal mosquito Aedes togoi occurs more or less continuously from subarctic to subtropic zones along the coasts of the Japanese islands and the East Asian mainland. It occurs also in tropical Southeast Asia and the North American Pacific coast, and the populations there are thought to have been introduced from Japan by ship. To test this hypothesis, the genetic divergence among geographic populations of A. togoi was studied using one mitochondrial and three nuclear gene sequences. We detected 71 mitochondrial haplotypes forming four lineages, with high nucleotide diversity around temperate Japan and declining towards peripheral ranges. The major lineage (L1) comprised 57 haplotypes from temperate and subarctic zones in Japan and Southeast Asia including southern China and Taiwan. Two other lineages were found from subtropical islands (L3) and a subarctic area (L4) of Japan. The Canadian population showed one unique haplotype (L2) diverged from the other lineages. In the combined nuclear gene tree, individuals with mitochondrial L4 haplotypes diverged from those with the other mitochondrial haplotypes L1—L3; although individuals with L1—L3 haplotypes showed shallow divergences in the nuclear gene sequences, individuals from Southeast Asia and Canada each formed a monophyletic group. Overall, the genetic composition of the Southeast Asian populations was closely related to that of temperate Japanese populations, suggesting recent gene flow between these regions. The Canadian population might have originated from anthropogenic introduction from somewhere in Asia, but the possibility that it could have spread across the Beringian land bridge cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teiji Sota
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606–8502, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Peter Belton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Michelle Tseng
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Hoi Sen Yong
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Motoyoshi Mogi
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Pathology and Biodefense, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, 849–8501, Japan
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182
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Smith CD, Freed TZ, Leisnham PT. Prior Hydrologic Disturbance Affects Competition between Aedes Mosquitoes via Changes in Leaf Litter. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128956. [PMID: 26035819 PMCID: PMC4452726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Allochthonous leaf litter is often the main resource base for invertebrate communities in ephemeral water-filled containers, and detritus quality can be affected by hydrologic conditions. The invasive mosquito Aedes albopictus utilizes container habitats for its development where it competes as larvae for detritus and associated microorganisms with the native Aedes triseriatus. Different hydrologic conditions that containers are exposed to prior to mosquito utilization affect litter decay and associated water quality. We tested the hypothesis that larval competition between A. albopictus and A. triseriatus would be differentially affected by prior hydrologic conditions. Experimental microcosms provisioned with Quercus alba L. litter were subjected to one of three different hydrologic treatments prior to the addition of water and mosquito larvae: dry, flooded, and a wet/dry cycle. Interspecific competition between A. albopictus and A. triseriatus was mediated by hydrologic treatment, and was strongest in the dry treatment vs. the flooded or wet/dry treatments. Aedes triseriatus estimated rate of population change (λ') was lowest in the dry treatment. Aedes albopictus λ' was unaffected by hydrologic treatment, and was on average always increasing (i.e., > 1). Aedes triseriatus λ' was affected by the interaction of hydrologic treatment with interspecific competition, and was on average declining (i.e., < 1.0), at the highest interspecific densities in the dry treatment. Dry treatment litter had the slowest decay rate and leached the highest concentration of tannin-lignin, but supported more total bacteria than the other treatments. These results suggest that dry conditions negatively impact A. triseriatus population performance and may result in the competitive exclusion of A. triseriatus by A. albopictus, possibly by reducing microbial taxa that Aedes species browse. Changing rainfall patterns with climate change are likely to affect competition between A. triseriatus and A. albopictus, probably enhancing negative competitive effects of A. albopictus on A. triseriatus in areas that experience drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra D. Smith
- Ecosystem Health and Natural Resource Management, Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - T. Zachary Freed
- Ecosystem Health and Natural Resource Management, Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paul T. Leisnham
- Ecosystem Health and Natural Resource Management, Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
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183
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Giatropoulos A, Papachristos DP, Koliopoulos G, Michaelakis A, Emmanouel N. Asymmetric Mating Interference between Two Related Mosquito Species: Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus and Aedes (Stegomyia) cretinus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127762. [PMID: 26001099 PMCID: PMC4441505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) and Aedes (Stegomyia) cretinus Edwards are closely related mosquito species with common morphological features and bio-ecological similarities. Recent mosquito surveillance in Athens, Greece, showed that they are sympatric mosquito species, with Ae. albopictus [corrected] developing quite higher population densities than Ae. cretinus [corrected] . The potential of mating interference between these species was investigated by reciprocal and homologous mating experiments in cages under laboratory conditions. In non-choice interspecific crosses (groups of males and females) females of both species produced sterile eggs. Insemination rate was 58% for Ae. cretinus females and only 1% for Ae. albopictus [corrected] females. Aedes albopictus males were sexually aggressive and inseminated Ae. cretinus females (31%) in choice experiments, where males of one species had access to mate with females of both species. Whereas, interspecific mating of Ae. albopictus [corrected] females with Ae. cretinus males in the co-occurrence of Ae. cretinus females was weaker (4%). Aedes cretinus females from non-choice crossing with Ae. albopictus [corrected] or Ae. cretinus males were paired individually with conspecific males. The percentage of fertile Ae. cretinus females was 17.5% when had encaged before with Ae. albopictus [corrected] males, compared to 100% when Ae. cretinus [corrected] females were encaged with conspecific males only. Probable ecological consequences of asymmetric mating between these ecologically homologous species in nature are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanassios Giatropoulos
- Laboratory of Biological Control of Pesticides, Department of Pesticides Control & Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Kifissia, Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- * E-mail:
| | - Dimitrios P. Papachristos
- Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Department of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Kifissia, Athens, Greece
| | - George Koliopoulos
- Laboratory of Biological Control of Pesticides, Department of Pesticides Control & Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Kifissia, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Michaelakis
- Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Department of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Kifissia, Athens, Greece
| | - Nickolaos Emmanouel
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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184
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Nuckols JT, Huang YJS, Higgs S, Miller AL, Pyles RB, Spratt HM, Horne KM, Vanlandingham DL. Evaluation of Simultaneous Transmission of Chikungunya Virus and Dengue Virus Type 2 in Infected Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 52:447-51. [PMID: 26334820 PMCID: PMC4581484 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The simultaneous transmission of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and dengue viruses (DENV) has been a major public health concern because of their sympatric distribution and shared mosquito vectors. Groups of Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) were orally infected with 1.5 × 10(5) PFU/ml of CHIKV and 3.2 × 10(6) FFU/ml of DENV-2 simultaneously or separately in inverse orders and evaluated for dissemination and transmission by qRT-PCR. Simultaneous dissemination of both viruses was detected for all groups in Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus while cotransmission of CHIKV and DENV-2 only occurred at low rates after sequential but not simultaneous infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Nuckols
- Joint Vaccine Acquisition Program, Medical Countermeasure Systems, United States Army, 1564 Freedman Drive, Fort Detrick, MD 21702
| | - Y-J S Huang
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, 1041 Pat Roberts Hall, Manhattan KS 66506. Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, L-222 Mosier Hall, Manhattan KS 66506
| | - S Higgs
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, 1041 Pat Roberts Hall, Manhattan KS 66506. Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, L-222 Mosier Hall, Manhattan KS 66506
| | - A L Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston TX 77555-0436. Assay Development Services Division, Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston TX 77555-0610
| | - R B Pyles
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston TX 77555-0436. Assay Development Services Division, Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston TX 77555-0610
| | - H M Spratt
- Department of Preventative Medicine and Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston TX 77555-1157
| | - K M Horne
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, 1041 Pat Roberts Hall, Manhattan KS 66506
| | - D L Vanlandingham
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, 1041 Pat Roberts Hall, Manhattan KS 66506. Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, L-222 Mosier Hall, Manhattan KS 66506.
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185
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Bara JJ, Muturi EJ. Container Type Influences the Relative Abundance, Body Size, and Susceptibility of Ochlerotatus triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae) to La Crosse Virus. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 52:452-460. [PMID: 26334821 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ochlerotatus triseriatus (Say), the primary vector of La Crosse virus (LAC), develops in a variety of natural and artificial aquatic containers where it often co-occurs with larvae of other mosquito species. We conducted a field study at two woodlots (South Farms and Trelease Woods) in Urbana, IL, to examine how container type influences vector abundance, body size, and susceptibility to LAC. Mosquito pupae were collected from tree holes, plastic bins, and waste tires, and eclosing adults were identified to species morphologically. Oc. triseriatus and Ochlerotatus japonicus (Theobald) females were orally challenged with LAC and midgut infection rate, disseminated infection rate, and body titer were determined by reverse-transcriptase real-time PCR. Oc. triseriatus was the dominant species collected in tree holes while Oc. japonicus and Culex restuans (Theobald) were mostly dominant in artificial containers. Female Oc. triseriatus and Oc. japonicus collected from plastic bins were significantly larger than those collected from tree holes or waste tires. Oc. japonicus females from South Farms were also significantly larger than those from Trelease Woods. Oc. triseriatus females collected from plastic bins and waste tires were significantly more susceptible to LAC infection relative to females collected from tree holes. In addition, Oc. triseriatus females from waste tires had significantly higher LAC titer relative to Oc. triseriatus from tree holes. For each container type and study site, wing length was not correlated to infection or dissemination rates. These findings suggest that the container type in which Oc.triseriatus develop may contribute to the spatial and temporal dynamics of LAC transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Bara
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61820.
| | - Ephantus J Muturi
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61820
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186
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Yee DA, Abuzeineh AA, Ezeakacha NF, Schelble SS, Glasgow WC, Flanagan SD, Skiff JJ, Reeves A, Kuehn K. Mosquito Larvae in Tires from Mississippi, United States: The Efficacy of Abiotic and Biotic Parameters in Predicting Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Mosquito Populations and Communities. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 52:394-407. [PMID: 26334813 PMCID: PMC4581486 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Container systems, including discarded vehicle tires, which support populations of mosquitoes, have been of interest for understanding the variables that produce biting adults that serve as both nuisances and as public health threats. We sampled tires in six sites at three times in 2012 across the state of Mississippi to understand the biotic and abiotic variables responsible for explaining patterns of larvae of common species, species richness, and total abundance of mosquitoes. From 498 tires sampled, we collected >58,000 immatures representing 16 species, with the most common species including Aedes albopictus (Skuse), Culex quinquefasciatus (L.), Orthopodomyia signifera (Coquillett), Aedes triseriatus (Say), Toxorhynchites rutilus septentrionalis (Coquillett), and Culex territans (Walker) accounting for ∼97% of all larvae. We also documented 32 new county records for resident species and recent arrivals in the state, including Aedes japonicus japonicus (Theobald) and Culex coronator (Dyar & Knab). Cluster analysis, which was used to associate sites and time periods based on similar mosquito composition, did reveal patterns across the state; however, there also were more general patterns between species and genera and environmental factors. Broadly, Aedes was often associated with factors related to detritus, whereas Culex was frequently associated with habitat variables (e.g., tire size and water volume) and microorganisms. Some Culex did lack factors connecting variation in early and late instars, suggesting differences between environmental determinants of oviposition and survival. General patterns between the tire environment and mosquito larvae do appear to exist, especially at the generic level, and point to inherent differences between genera that may aid in predicting vector locations and populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald A Yee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, 39406.
| | - Alisa A Abuzeineh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, 39406. Present address: The Oliverian School, 28 Becket Dr., Pike, NH 03780
| | - Nnaemeka F Ezeakacha
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, 39406
| | - Stephanie S Schelble
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, 39406
| | - William C Glasgow
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, 39406
| | - Stephen D Flanagan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, 39406
| | - Jeffrey J Skiff
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, 39406
| | - Ashton Reeves
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, 39406
| | - Kevin Kuehn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, 39406
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187
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Invasion of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) into central Africa: what consequences for emerging diseases? Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:191. [PMID: 25885461 PMCID: PMC4381565 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0808-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes albopictus, a mosquito native to Asia, has invaded all five continents during the past three decades. It was reported in central Africa in the 2000s, first in Cameroon, and, since then, has colonised almost all countries of the region. The species, originally considered a secondary vector of dengue viruses, has been showed to play a major role in transmission of chikungunya virus in numerous countries, including in the central African region. We review the current spread of Ae. albopictus in central Africa, its larval ecology and its impact on indigenous species such as Ae. aegypti. We explore the potential of Ae. albopictus to affect the epidemiology of emerging or re-emerging arboviruses and discuss the conventional means for its control, while emphasizing the importance of data on its susceptibility to insecticides to cope with potential outbreaks.
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188
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Aida HN, Dieng H, Ahmad AH, Satho T, Nurita AT, Salmah MRC, Miake F, Norasmah B. The biology and demographic parameters of Aedes albopictus in northern peninsular Malaysia. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015; 1:472-7. [PMID: 23569816 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(11)60103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To generate life table characteristics for the dengue vector Aedes albopictus (A. albopictus) under uncontrolled conditions, incorporating both the aquatic and the adult stages. METHODS Ten females derived from wild pupae were allowed to fully blood-feed on restrained mice. 774 eggs were hatched in seasoned water. F1 larvae were followed for development until their F2 counterparts emerged as adults. Some population parameters were monitored (F1) or estimated (F2). RESULTS A. albopictus exhibited increased fecundity and egg hatch success. Immature development was quick. Immature survival was high, with lowest rate in the pupal stage. Adult emergence was about 81% and sex ratio was close to 1:1. Generational mortality (K) was about 28%. A high proportion of females completed a reproductive cycle and the obtained parity rate was predicted to lead to higher fecundity in the next generation. CONCLUSIONS It can be concluded that natural A. albopictus populations in Penang seem largely determined by quick development in combination with low immature loss and increased oviposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nur Aida
- Medical Entomology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
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189
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Breaux JA, Schumacher MK, Juliano SA. What does not kill them makes them stronger: larval environment and infectious dose alter mosquito potential to transmit filarial worms. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 281:rspb.2014.0459. [PMID: 24827444 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.0459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
For organisms with complex life cycles, larval environments can modify adult phenotypes. For mosquitoes and other vectors, when physiological impacts of stressors acting on larvae carry over into the adult stage they may interact with infectious dose of a vector-borne pathogen, producing a range of phenotypes for vector potential. Investigation of impacts of a common source of stress, larval crowding and intraspecific competition, on adult vector interactions with pathogens may increase our understanding of the dynamics of pathogen transmission by mosquito vectors. Using Aedes aegypti and the nematode parasite Brugia pahangi, we demonstrate dose dependency of fitness effects of B. pahangi infection on the mosquito, as well as interactions between competitive stress among larvae and infectious dose for resulting adults that affect the physiological and functional ability of mosquitoes to act as vectors. Contrary to results from studies on mosquito-arbovirus interactions, our results suggest that adults from crowded larvae may limit infection better than do adults from uncrowded controls, and that mosquitoes from high-quality larval environments are more physiologically and functionally capable vectors of B. pahangi. Our results provide another example of how the larval environment can have profound effects on vector potential of resulting adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Breaux
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790-4120, USA
| | - Molly K Schumacher
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790-4120, USA
| | - Steven A Juliano
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790-4120, USA
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190
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Murrell EG, Noden BH, Juliano SA. Contributions of temporal segregation, oviposition choice, and non-additive effects of competitors to invasion success of Aedes japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) in North America. Biol Invasions 2014; 17:1669-1681. [PMID: 26101466 DOI: 10.1007/s10530-014-0824-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The mosquito Aedes japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) has spread rapidly through North America since its introduction in the 1990s. The mechanisms underlying its establishment in container communities occupied by competitors Aedes triseriatus and Aedes albopictus are unclear. Possibilities include (A) temporal separation of A. japonicus from other Aedes, (B) oviposition avoidance by A. japonicus of sites containing heterospecific Aedes larvae, and (C) non-additive competitive effects in assemblages of multiple Aedes. Containers sampled throughout the summer in an oak-hickory forest near Eureka, MO showed peak abundance for A. japonicus occurring significantly earlier in the season than either of the other Aedes species. Despite this, A. japonicus co-occurred with one other Aedes species in 53 % of samples when present, and co-occurred with both other Aedes in 18 % of samples. In a field oviposition experiment, A. japonicus laid significantly more eggs in forest edge containers than in forest interior containers, but did not avoid containers with low or high densities of larvae of A. triseriatus, A. albopictus, or both, compared to containers without larvae. Interspecific competitive effects (measured as decrease in the index of performance, λ') of A. triseriatus or A. albopictus alone on A. japonicus larvae were not evident at the densities used, but the effect of both Aedes combined was significantly negative and super-additive of effects of individual interspecific competitors. Thus, neither oviposition avoidance of competitors nor non-additive competitive effects contribute to the invasion success of A. japonicus in North America. Distinct seasonal phenology may reduce competitive interactions with resident Aedes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebony G Murrell
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA
| | - Bruce H Noden
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA
| | - Steven A Juliano
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA
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191
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Degener CM, Ázara TMFD, Roque RA, Codeço CT, Nobre AA, Ohly JJ, Geier M, Eiras ÁE. Temporal abundance of Aedes aegypti in Manaus, Brazil, measured by two trap types for adult mosquitoes. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 109:1030-40. [PMID: 25494470 PMCID: PMC4325619 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276140234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A longitudinal study was conducted in Manaus, Brazil, to monitor changes of
adult Aedes aegypti (L.) abundance. The objectives were to
compare mosquito collections of two trap types, to characterise temporal changes of
the mosquito population, to investigate the influence of meteorological variables on
mosquito collections and to analyse the association between mosquito collections and
dengue incidence. Mosquito monitoring was performed fortnightly using MosquiTRAPs
(MQT) and BG-Sentinel (BGS) traps between December 2008-June 2010. The two traps
revealed opposing temporal infestation patterns, with highest mosquito collections of
MQTs during the dry season and highest collections of BGS during the rainy seasons.
Several meteorological variables were significant predictors of mosquito collections
in the BGS. The best predictor was the relative humidity, lagged two weeks (in a
positive relationship). For MQT, only the number of rainy days in the previous week
was significant (in a negative relationship). The correlation between monthly dengue
incidence and mosquito abundance in BGS and MQT was moderately positive and negative,
respectively. Catches of BGS traps reflected better the dynamic of dengue incidence.
The findings help to understand the effects of meteorological variables on mosquito
infestation indices of two different traps for adult dengue vectors in Manaus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Marlen Degener
- Laboratório de Ecologia Química de Vetores, Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Tatiana Mingote Ferreira de Ázara
- Laboratório de Ecologia Química de Vetores, Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Jörg Johannes Ohly
- Centro de Estudos dos Trópicos Úmidos, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | | | - Álvaro Eduardo Eiras
- Laboratório de Ecologia Química de Vetores, Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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192
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Champion SR, Vitek CJ. Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus Habitat Preferences in South Texas, USA. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2014; 8:35-42. [PMID: 25520559 PMCID: PMC4259515 DOI: 10.4137/ehi.s16004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The South Texas region has a historical record of occasional dengue outbreaks. The recent introduction of chikungunya virus to the Caribbean suggests that this disease may be a concern as well. Six different cities and three field habitat types (residential, tire shops, and cemeteries) were examined for evidence of habitat and longitudinal preference of two vector species, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. A. aegypti was more prevalent in tire shop sites, while A. albopictus was more prevalent in cemetery sites. In residential sites, the relative abundance of the two species varied with longitude, with A. albopictus being more abundant near the coast, and A. aegypti being more abundant inland. There was also a temporal variation, with A. aegypti declining in frequency over time in residential sites. These results have implications for control strategies and disease risk and suggest a greater need for increased surveillance and research in the region.
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193
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Krebs T, Bindler P, L'Ambert G, Toty C, Perrin Y, Jourdain F. First establishment of Aedes japonicus japonicus (Theobald, 1901) (Diptera: Culicidae) in France in 2013 and its impact on public health. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2014; 39:437-440. [PMID: 25424273 DOI: 10.1111/jvec.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Krebs
- Brigade Verte du Haut-Rhin, Service de démoustication, 68360 Soultz, France
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194
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Coffey LL, Failloux AB, Weaver SC. Chikungunya virus-vector interactions. Viruses 2014; 6:4628-63. [PMID: 25421891 PMCID: PMC4246241 DOI: 10.3390/v6114628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus that causes chikungunya fever, a severe, debilitating disease that often produces chronic arthralgia. Since 2004, CHIKV has emerged in Africa, Indian Ocean islands, Asia, Europe, and the Americas, causing millions of human infections. Central to understanding CHIKV emergence is knowledge of the natural ecology of transmission and vector infection dynamics. This review presents current understanding of CHIKV infection dynamics in mosquito vectors and its relationship to human disease emergence. The following topics are reviewed: CHIKV infection and vector life history traits including transmission cycles, genetic origins, distribution, emergence and spread, dispersal, vector competence, vector immunity and microbial interactions, and co-infection by CHIKV and other arboviruses. The genetics of vector susceptibility and host range changes, population heterogeneity and selection for the fittest viral genomes, dual host cycling and its impact on CHIKV adaptation, viral bottlenecks and intrahost diversity, and adaptive constraints on CHIKV evolution are also discussed. The potential for CHIKV re-emergence and expansion into new areas and prospects for prevention via vector control are also briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lark L Coffey
- Center for Vectorborne Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Anna-Bella Failloux
- Department of Virology, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France.
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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195
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Unlu I, Faraji A, Indelicato N, Fonseca DM. The hidden world of Asian tiger mosquitoes: immature Aedes albopictus (Skuse) dominate in rainwater corrugated extension spouts. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2014; 108:699-705. [PMID: 25193027 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/tru139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary sources of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) in its exotic range in North America are artificial containers in backyards, which vary widely in accessibility. In this study we examined their prevalence in two container types that are difficult to inspect: catch basins and corrugated extension spouts (CES), the latter used to divert rainwater in downspouts away from house foundations. METHODS We conducted larval and pupal surveys in catch basins, CES and open containers such as buckets and plant saucers in three urban locations in Mercer County, New Jersey, USA. RESULTS We found that Ae. albopictus were rare in catch basins but prevalent in CES, and were often the only species collected in CES. Specific characteristics of the CES were not significantly associated with the presence or number of Ae. albopictus in them, but those longer and closer to the ground were significantly more likely to contain water, and therefore mosquitoes. During peak season (July-August), the abundance of immature Ae. albopictus was significantly higher in CES than open containers. CONCLUSIONS We found that CES are an important source of Ae. albopictus in our region and propose that effective control strategies should be implemented to minimize mosquito populations from these cryptic habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isik Unlu
- Center for Vector Biology, Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, 180 Jones Ave., New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA Mercer County Mosquito Control, 300 Scotch Road, West Trenton, NJ 08628, USA
| | - Ary Faraji
- Center for Vector Biology, Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, 180 Jones Ave., New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA Mercer County Mosquito Control, 300 Scotch Road, West Trenton, NJ 08628, USA Salt Lake City Mosquito Abatement District, 2020 North Redwood Road, Salt Lake City, Utah 84116, USA
| | - Nicholas Indelicato
- Mercer County Mosquito Control, 300 Scotch Road, West Trenton, NJ 08628, USA
| | - Dina M Fonseca
- Center for Vector Biology, Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, 180 Jones Ave., New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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196
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Vitek CJ, Gutierrez JA, Dirrigl FJ. Dengue vectors, human activity, and dengue virus transmission potential in the lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas, United States. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 51:1019-1028. [PMID: 25276932 DOI: 10.1603/me13005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Dengue virus is an emerging disease of concern in the Americas. Recent outbreaks in Florida highlight the potential for the virus to return to the United States. The Lower Rio Grande Valley region of Texas directly borders Mexico, and has experienced dengue transmission in the past concurrent with outbreaks in Mexico along the border region. We examined the potential for dengue virus transmission by examining the vectors in the region, as well as assessing human behavior. We further hypothesized that dengue vector abundance would influence human behavior. Two dengue vectors, Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse), were found in the region in high abundance. More mosquitoes were collected in rural sites and sites with high vegetation. Of the two species, only Ae. albopictus showed any significant habitat preferences, being more common in rural site. While there was no correlation between human behavior and mosquito abundance, the results support a significant correlation between knowledge of mosquitoes and dengue virus and behavioral practices that might reduce risk of disease transmission. Dengue risk may be higher in certain regions of the Lower Rio Grande Valley based on socioeconomic conditions, specifically in economically poor regions such as the undeveloped colonias found in the region. Because of the proximity of this region to an area with endemic dengue, continued surveillance and risk assessment is suggested.
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197
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Carvalho RG, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R, Braga IA. Updating the geographical distribution and frequency of Aedes albopictus in Brazil with remarks regarding its range in the Americas. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 109:787-96. [PMID: 25317707 PMCID: PMC4238772 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276140304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The geographical distribution of Aedes albopictus in Brazil was updated according to the data recorded across the country over the last eight years. Countrywide house indexes (HI) for Ae. albopictus in urban and suburban areas were described for the first time using a sample of Brazilian municipalities. This mosquito is currently present in at least 59% of the Brazilian municipalities and in 24 of the 27 federal units (i.e., 26 states and the Federal District). In 34 Brazilian municipalities, the HI values for Ae. albopictus were higher than those recorded for Ae. aegypti, reaching figures as high as HI = 7.72 in the Southeast Region. Remarks regarding the current range of this mosquito species in the Americas are also presented. Nineteen American countries are currently infested and few mainland American countries have not confirmed the occurrence of Ae. albopictus. The large distribution and high frequency of Ae. albopictus in the Americas may become a critical factor in the spread of arboviruses like chikungunya in the new world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ima Aparecida Braga
- Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, DF,
Brasil
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198
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Bourtzis K, Dobson SL, Xi Z, Rasgon JL, Calvitti M, Moreira LA, Bossin HC, Moretti R, Baton LA, Hughes GL, Mavingui P, Gilles JRL. Harnessing mosquito-Wolbachia symbiosis for vector and disease control. Acta Trop 2014; 132 Suppl:S150-63. [PMID: 24252486 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mosquito species, members of the genera Aedes, Anopheles and Culex, are the major vectors of human pathogens including protozoa (Plasmodium sp.), filariae and of a variety of viruses (causing dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, West Nile). There is lack of efficient methods and tools to treat many of the diseases caused by these major human pathogens, since no efficient vaccines or drugs are available; even in malaria where insecticide use and drug therapies have reduced incidence, 219 million cases still occurred in 2010. Therefore efforts are currently focused on the control of vector populations. Insecticides alone are insufficient to control mosquito populations since reduced susceptibility and even resistance is being observed more and more frequently. There is also increased concern about the toxic effects of insecticides on non-target (even beneficial) insect populations, on humans and the environment. During recent years, the role of symbionts in the biology, ecology and evolution of insect species has been well-documented and has led to suggestions that they could potentially be used as tools to control pests and therefore diseases. Wolbachia is perhaps the most renowned insect symbiont, mainly due to its ability to manipulate insect reproduction and to interfere with major human pathogens thus providing new avenues for pest control. We herein present recent achievements in the field of mosquito-Wolbachia symbiosis with an emphasis on Aedes albopictus. We also discuss how Wolbachia symbiosis can be harnessed for vector control as well as the potential to combine the sterile insect technique and Wolbachia-based approaches for the enhancement of population suppression programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostas Bourtzis
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Wagrammerstrasse 5, Vienna 1220, Austria.
| | - Stephen L Dobson
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Zhiyong Xi
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Jason L Rasgon
- The Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Maurizio Calvitti
- UTAGRI-ECO, CR ENEA (Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development), Rome, Italy.
| | - Luciano A Moreira
- Laboratório de Malária, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ Minas, Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715, Barro Preto, CEP 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Hervé C Bossin
- Unit of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institut Louis Malardé, Tahiti, BP 30-98713 Papeete, French Polynesia.
| | - Riccardo Moretti
- UTAGRI-ECO, CR ENEA (Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development), Rome, Italy.
| | - Luke Anthony Baton
- Laboratório de Malária, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ Minas, Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715, Barro Preto, CEP 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Grant L Hughes
- The Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Patrick Mavingui
- Université de Lyon, UMR 5557 CNRS, USC INRA 1364, VetAgro Sup, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
| | - Jeremie R L Gilles
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Wagrammerstrasse 5, Vienna 1220, Austria.
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199
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Oliva CF, Damiens D, Benedict MQ. Male reproductive biology of Aedes mosquitoes. Acta Trop 2014; 132 Suppl:S12-9. [PMID: 24308996 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Among Aedes mosquitoes are species responsible for transmission of serious pathogens to humans. To cope with the current threats to long-term effectiveness of the traditional vector control methods, non-conventional control strategies are being developed. These include autocidal control such as the release of sterile males (sterile insect technique) and the release of Wolbachia-infected males to induce sexual sterility (incompatible insect technique) and pathogen-refractory strain replacement variations using Wolbachia. Sterile male types of techniques particularly depend on released males' ability to successfully mate with wild females. For that reason, a good understanding of male mating biology, including a thorough understanding of the reproductive system and mating capacity, increases the likelihood of success of such genetic vector control programmes. Here we review the literature concerning the reproduction of Aedes mosquitoes with an emphasis on the male biology. We consider sexual maturation, mate finding, insemination, male reproductive capacity, and the occurrence of multiple matings. We also discuss which parameters are of greatest importance for the successful implementation of autocidal control methods and propose questions for future research.
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200
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Becker B, Leisnham PT, LaDeau SL. A tale of two city blocks: differences in immature and adult mosquito abundances between socioeconomically different urban blocks in Baltimore (Maryland, USA). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:3256-70. [PMID: 24651396 PMCID: PMC3987033 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110303256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Infrastructure degradation in many post-industrial cities has increased the availability of potential mosquito habitats, including container habitats that support infestations of invasive disease-vectors. This study is unique in examining both immature and adult mosquito abundance across the fine-scale variability in socio-economic condition that occurs block-to-block in many cities. We hypothesized that abundant garbage associated with infrastructure degradation would support greater mosquito production but instead, found more mosquito larvae and host-seeking adults (86%) in parcels across the higher socio-economic, low-decay block. Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens were 5.61 (p < 0.001) and 4.60 (p = 0.001) times more abundant, respectively. Most discarded (garbage) containers were dry during peak mosquito production, which occurred during the 5th hottest July on record. Containers associated with human residence were more likely to hold water and contain immature mosquitoes. We propose that mosquito production switches from rain-fed unmanaged containers early in the season to container habitats that are purposefully shaded or watered by mid-season. This study suggests that residents living in higher socioeconomic areas with low urban decay may be at greater risk of mosquito-borne disease during peak mosquito production when local container habitats are effectively decoupled from environmental constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Becker
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, 2801 Sharon Turnpike, Millbrook, NY 12545, USA.
| | - Paul T Leisnham
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Shannon L LaDeau
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, 2801 Sharon Turnpike, Millbrook, NY 12545, USA.
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