151
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Niogret C, Miah SMS, Rota G, Fonta NP, Wang H, Held W, Birchmeier W, Sexl V, Yang W, Vivier E, Ho PC, Brossay L, Guarda G. Shp-2 is critical for ERK and metabolic engagement downstream of IL-15 receptor in NK cells. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1444. [PMID: 30926899 PMCID: PMC6441079 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09431-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphatase Shp-2 was implicated in NK cell development and functions due to its interaction with NK inhibitory receptors, but its exact role in NK cells is still unclear. Here we show, using mice conditionally deficient for Shp-2 in the NK lineage, that NK cell development and responsiveness are largely unaffected. Instead, we find that Shp-2 serves mainly to enforce NK cell responses to activation by IL-15 and IL-2. Shp-2-deficient NK cells have reduced proliferation and survival when treated with high dose IL-15 or IL-2. Mechanistically, Shp-2 deficiency hampers acute IL-15 stimulation-induced raise in glycolytic and respiration rates, and causes a dramatic defect in ERK activation. Moreover, inhibition of the ERK and mTOR cascades largely phenocopies the defect observed in the absence of Shp-2. Together, our data reveal a critical function of Shp-2 as a molecular nexus bridging acute IL-15 signaling with downstream metabolic burst and NK cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlène Niogret
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - S M Shahjahan Miah
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Graduate Program in Pathobiology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Giorgia Rota
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas P Fonta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland.,Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Haiping Wang
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland.,Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Werner Held
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Walter Birchmeier
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Society, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Veronica Sexl
- Department for Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wentian Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University Alpert Medical School, 1 Hoppin Street, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Eric Vivier
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, Avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille, France.,Service d'Immunologie, Hôpital de la Timone, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, 13385, Marseille, France.,Innate Pharma Research Labs., Innate Pharma, 117 Avenue de Luminy, 13276, Marseille, France
| | - Ping-Chih Ho
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland.,Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Brossay
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Graduate Program in Pathobiology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
| | - Greta Guarda
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland. .,Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, 6500, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
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152
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Protein Phosphatases-A Touchy Enemy in the Battle Against Glioblastomas: A Review. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11020241. [PMID: 30791455 PMCID: PMC6406705 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11020241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant tumor arising from brain parenchyma. Although many efforts have been made to develop therapies for GBM, the prognosis still remains poor, mainly because of the difficulty in total resection of the tumor mass from brain tissue and the resistance of the residual tumor against standard chemoradiotherapy. Therefore, novel adjuvant therapies are urgently needed. Recent genome-wide analyses of GBM cases have clarified molecular signaling mechanisms underlying GBM biology. However, results of clinical trials targeting phosphorylation-mediated signaling have been unsatisfactory to date. Protein phosphatases are enzymes that antagonize phosphorylation signaling by dephosphorylating phosphorylated signaling molecules. Recently, the critical roles of phosphatases in the regulation of oncogenic signaling in malignant tumor cells have been reported, and tumorigenic roles of deregulated phosphatases have been demonstrated in GBM. However, a detailed mechanism underlying phosphatase-mediated signaling transduction in the regulation of GBM has not been elucidated, and such information is necessary to apply phosphatases as a therapeutic target for GBM. This review highlights and summarizes the phosphatases that have crucial roles in the regulation of oncogenic signaling in GBM cells.
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153
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Chen MJ, Wang YC, Wu DW, Chen CY, Lee H. Association of nuclear localization of SHP2 and YAP1 with unfavorable prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 215:801-806. [PMID: 30685130 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Src homology region 2 (SH2)-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2) is ubiquitously expressed in cytoplasmic localization, which in turn confers tumor malignancy and poor prognosis in various human cancers. YAP1 interacts with SHP2 to promote translocation of SHP2 to nucleus, which consequently promotes Wnt target activation. However, the oncogenic role of the nuclear localization of SHP2 in human cancers remains unclear. We hypothesized that nuclear SHP2 localization, in combination with nuclear YAP1 expression, could be associated with poor overall survival (OS) and relapse free survival (RFS) due to an increase in cyclin D1 and c-Myc mRNA expression following activation of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling. Immunohistochemical analysis of SHP2 and YAP1 protein expression in 102 tumors resected from patients with NSCLC revealed that nuclear SHP2 expression was well correlated with nuclear YAP1 expression (P < 0.001). Evaluation of cyclin D1 and c-Myc mRNA levels by the real-time reverse-phase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed that patients with high cyclin D1 and high c-Myc mRNA expressing tumors more commonly showed high nuclear YAP1 and high nuclear SHP2 (high/high) rather than the high/low, low/high, or low/low combinations (P < 0.001 for cyclin D1 and c-Myc). Kaplan-Meier and Cox-regression models showed OS and RFS to be poorer in patients in the high/high subgroup than in the low/low subgroup (OS: HR = 2.85, 95% CI, 1.52-5.35, P = 0.001; RFS: HR = 2.55, 95% CI, 1.37-4.72, P = 0.003). No prognostic significance was observed for the other two subgroups (low/high and high/low) when compared to the low/low subgroup in this study population. Therefore, we suggest that the prognostic value of SHP2 could reflect the nuclear localization of SHP2 and its interaction with nuclear YAP1, which led to subsequent upregulation of cyclin D1 and c-Myc mRNA expression via activation of the Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jenn Chen
- Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Sports Management, College of Leisure and Recreation Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Yao-Chen Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - De-Wei Wu
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yi Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Huei Lee
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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154
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Skoko J, Rožanc J, Charles EM, Alexopoulos LG, Rehm M. Post-treatment de-phosphorylation of p53 correlates with dasatinib responsiveness in malignant melanoma. BMC Cell Biol 2018; 19:28. [PMID: 30587121 PMCID: PMC6307246 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-018-0180-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dasatinib (Sprycel) was developed as a tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting Bcr-Abl and the family of Src kinases. Dasatinib is commonly used for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic and chronic myelogenous leukemia. Previous clinical studies in melanoma returned inconclusive results and suggested that patients respond highly heterogeneously to dasatinib as single agent or in combination with standard-of-care chemotherapeutic dacarbazine. Reliable biomarkers to predict dasatinib responsiveness in melanoma have not yet been developed. RESULTS Here, we collected comprehensive in vitro data from experimentally well-controlled conditions to study the effect of dasatinib, alone and in combination with dacarbazine, on cell proliferation and cell survival. Sixteen treatment conditions, covering therapeutically relevant concentrations ranges of both drugs, were tested in 12 melanoma cell lines with diverse mutational backgrounds. Melanoma cell lines responded heterogeneously and, importantly, dasatinib and dacarbazine did not synergize in suppressing proliferation or inducing cell death. Since dasatinib is a promiscuous kinase inhibitor, possibly affecting multiple disease-relevant pathways, we also determined if basal phospho-protein amounts and treatment-induced changes in phospho-protein levels are indicative of dasatinib responsiveness. We found that treatment-induced de-phosphorylation of p53 correlates with dasatinib responsiveness in malignant melanoma. CONCLUSIONS Loss of p53 phosphorylation might be an interesting candidate for a kinetic marker of dasatinib responsiveness in melanoma, pending more comprehensive validation in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josip Skoko
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jan Rožanc
- ProtATonce Ltd, Science Park Demokritos, Athens, Greece
| | - Emilie M Charles
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Leonidas G Alexopoulos
- ProtATonce Ltd, Science Park Demokritos, Athens, Greece.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Markus Rehm
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland. .,Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland. .,Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany. .,Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
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155
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Pike KA, Tremblay ML. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases: Regulators of CD4 T Cells in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2504. [PMID: 30429852 PMCID: PMC6220082 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) play a critical role in co-ordinating the signaling networks that maintain lymphocyte homeostasis and direct lymphocyte activation. By dephosphorylating tyrosine residues, PTPs have been shown to modulate enzyme activity and both mediate and disrupt protein-protein interactions. Through these molecular mechanisms, PTPs ultimately impact lymphocyte responses to environmental cues such as inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, as well as antigenic stimulation. Mouse models of acute and chronic intestinal inflammation have been shown to be exacerbated in the absence of PTPs such as PTPN2 and PTPN22. This increase in disease severity is due in part to hyper-activation of lymphocytes in the absence of PTP activity. In accordance, human PTPs have been linked to intestinal inflammation. Genome wide association studies (GWAS) identified several PTPs within risk loci for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Therapeutically targeting PTP substrates and their associated signaling pathways, such as those implicated in CD4+ T cell responses, has demonstrated clinical efficacy. The current review focuses on the role of PTPs in controlling CD4+ T cell activity in the intestinal mucosa and how disruption of PTP activity in CD4+ T cells can contribute to intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Pike
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Inception Sciences Canada, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Michel L Tremblay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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156
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Structural reorganization of SHP2 by oncogenic mutations and implications for oncoprotein resistance to allosteric inhibition. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4508. [PMID: 30375388 PMCID: PMC6207684 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06823-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Activating mutations in PTPN11, encoding the cytosolic protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2, result in developmental disorders and act as oncogenic drivers in patients with hematologic cancers. The allosteric inhibitor SHP099 stabilizes the wild-type SHP2 enzyme in an autoinhibited conformation that is itself destabilized by oncogenic mutations. Here, we report the impact of the highly activated and most frequently observed mutation, E76K, on the structure of SHP2, and investigate the effect of E76K and other oncogenic mutations on allosteric inhibition by SHP099. SHP2E76K adopts an open conformation but can be restored to the closed, autoinhibited conformation, near-identical to the unoccupied wild-type enzyme, when complexed with SHP099. SHP099 inhibitory activity against oncogenic SHP2 variants in vitro and in cells scales inversely with the activating strength of the mutation, indicating that either oncoselective or vastly more potent inhibitors will be necessary to suppress oncogenic signaling by the most strongly activating SHP2 mutations in cancer. Activating mutations of the non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 can cause cancer. Here the authors present the crystal structure of SHP2E76K, the most frequent cancer-associated SHP2 mutation, which adopts an open-state structure and show that the allosteric inhibitor SHP099 can revert SHP2E76K to its closed, autoinhibited conformation.
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157
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Sun YZ, Chen XB, Wang RR, Li WY, Ma Y. Exploring the effect of N308D mutation on protein tyrosine phosphatase-2 cause gain-of-function activity by a molecular dynamics study. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:5949-5961. [PMID: 30304563 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
One of the most common protein tyrosine phosphatase-2 (SHP2) mutations in Noonan syndrome is the N308D mutation, and it increases the activity of the protein. However, the molecular basis of the activation of N308D mutation on SHP2 conformations is poorly understood. Here, molecular dynamic simulations were performed on SHP2 and SHP2-N308D to explore the effect of N308D mutation on SHP2 cause gain of function activity, respectively. The principal component analysis, dynamic cross-correlation map, secondary structure analysis, residue interaction networks, and solvent accessible surface area analysis suggested that the N308D mutation distorted the residues interactions network between the allosteric site (residue Gly244-Gly246) and C-SH2 domain, including the hydrogen bond formation and the binding energy. Meanwhile, the activity of catalytic site (residue Gly503-Val505) located in the Q-loop in mutant increased due to this region's high fluctuations. Therefore, the substrate had more chances to access to the catalytic activity site of the precision time protocol domain of SHP2-N308D, which was easy to be exposed. In addition, we had speculated that the Lys244 located in the allosteric site was the key residue which lead to the protein conformation changes. Consequently, overall calculations presented in this study ultimately provide a useful understanding of the increased activity of SHP2 caused by the N308D mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Zhan Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiu-Bo Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Eye Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Rui-Rui Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei-Ya Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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158
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Dorenkamp M, Müller JP, Shanmuganathan KS, Schulten H, Müller N, Löffler I, Müller UA, Wolf G, Böhmer FD, Godfrey R, Waltenberger J. Hyperglycaemia-induced methylglyoxal accumulation potentiates VEGF resistance of diabetic monocytes through the aberrant activation of tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2/SRC kinase signalling axis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14684. [PMID: 30279491 PMCID: PMC6168515 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33014-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major cardiovascular risk factor contributing to cardiovascular complications by inducing vascular cell dysfunction. Monocyte dysfunction could contribute to impaired arteriogenesis response in DM patients. DM monocytes show blunted chemotactic responses to arteriogenic stimuli, a condition termed as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) resistance. We hypothesize that methylglyoxal (MG), a glucose metabolite, induces monocyte dysfunction and aimed to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. Human monocytes exposed to MG or monocytes from DM patients or mice (db/db) showed VEGF-resistance secondary to a pro-migratory phenotype. Mechanistically, DM conditions or MG exposure resulted in the upregulation of the expression of SHP-2 phosphatase. This led to the enhanced activity of SHP-2 and aided an interaction with SRC kinase. SHP-2 dephosphorylated the inhibitory phosphorylation site of SRC leading to its abnormal activation and phosphorylation of cytoskeletal protein, paxillin. We demonstrated that MG-induced molecular changes could be reversed by pharmacological inhibitors of SHP-2 and SRC and by genetic depletion of SHP-2. Finally, a SHP-2 inhibitor completely reversed the dysfunction of monocytes isolated from DM patients and db/db mice. In conclusion, we identified SHP-2 as a hitherto unknown target for improving monocyte function in diabetes. This opens novel perspectives for treating diabetic complications associated with impaired monocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Dorenkamp
- Experimental and Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003-CiM), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jörg P Müller
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Biomedicine, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Kallipatti Sanjith Shanmuganathan
- Experimental and Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003-CiM), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Henny Schulten
- Experimental and Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.,Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolle Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ivonne Löffler
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich A Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Gunter Wolf
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Frank-D Böhmer
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for Molecular Biomedicine, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Rinesh Godfrey
- Experimental and Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany. .,Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, The Netherlands. .,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003-CiM), University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | - Johannes Waltenberger
- Experimental and Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany. .,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003-CiM), University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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159
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Li X, Pang J, Xue W, Wang Y, Tian T, Elgehama A, Wu X, Wu X, Sun Y, Qiu H, Shen Y, Xu Q. Inducible SHP-2 activation confers resistance to imatinib in drug-tolerant chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 360:249-256. [PMID: 30290167 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BCR-ABL kinase mutations, accounting for clinical resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) such as imatinib, frequently occur in acquired resistance or in advanced phases of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Emerging evidence implicates a critical role for non-mutational drug resistance mechanisms underlying the survival of residual cancer 'persister' cells. Here, we utilized non-mutational imatinib-resistant K562/G cells to reveal SHP-2 as a resistance modulator of imatinib treatment response during the early phase. SHP-2 phosphorylation was significantly higher in K562/G cells than in sensitive K562 cells. In K562 cells, both short-term and long-term exposure to imatinib induced SHP-2 phosphorylation. Consistently, gain- and loss-of-function mutants in SHP-2 proved its regulation of imatinib resistance. SHP-2 inhibitor and imatinib exhibited a strong antitumor synergy in in vitro and in vivo K562/G models. Mechanistically, dual SHP-2 and BCR-ABL inhibition blocked RAF/MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways, respectively, leading to dramatic apoptotic death of K562/G cells. In conclusion, our results highlight that SHP-2 could be exploited as a biomarker and therapeutic target during the early phase of imatinib resistance development in CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Juan Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Wenwen Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yixuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Ahmed Elgehama
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xuefeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xudong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Hongxia Qiu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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160
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Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases as Potential Regulators of STAT3 Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092708. [PMID: 30208623 PMCID: PMC6164089 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) protein is a major transcription factor involved in many cellular processes, such as cell growth and proliferation, differentiation, migration, and cell death or cell apoptosis. It is activated in response to a variety of extracellular stimuli including cytokines and growth factors. The aberrant activation of STAT3 contributes to several human diseases, particularly cancer. Consequently, STAT3-mediated signaling continues to be extensively studied in order to identify potential targets for the development of new and more effective clinical therapeutics. STAT3 activation can be regulated, either positively or negatively, by different posttranslational mechanisms including serine or tyrosine phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, acetylation, or demethylation. One of the major mechanisms that negatively regulates STAT3 activation is dephosphorylation of the tyrosine residue essential for its activation by protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). There are seven PTPs that have been shown to dephosphorylate STAT3 and, thereby, regulate STAT3 signaling: PTP receptor-type D (PTPRD), PTP receptor-type T (PTPRT), PTP receptor-type K (PTPRK), Src homology region 2 (SH-2) domain-containing phosphatase 1(SHP1), SH-2 domain-containing phosphatase 2 (SHP2), MEG2/PTP non-receptor type 9 (PTPN9), and T-cell PTP (TC-PTP)/PTP non-receptor type 2 (PTPN2). These regulators have great potential as targets for the development of more effective therapies against human disease, including cancer.
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161
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Vazhappilly CG, Saleh E, Ramadan W, Menon V, Al-Azawi AM, Tarazi H, Abdu-Allah H, El-Shorbagi AN, El-Awady R. Inhibition of SHP2 by new compounds induces differential effects on RAS/RAF/ERK and PI3K/AKT pathways in different cancer cell types. Invest New Drugs 2018; 37:252-261. [PMID: 29947013 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-018-0626-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Kinases and phosphatases are important players in growth signaling and are involved in cancer development. For development of targeted cancer therapy, attention is given to kinases rather than phosphatases inhibitors. Src homology region 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase2 (SHP2) is overexpressed in different types of cancers. We investigated the SHP2-inhibitory effects of two new 5-aminosalicylate-4-thiazolinones in human cervical (HeLa) and breast (MCF-7 & MDA-MB-231) cancer cells. In-silico molecular docking showed preferential affinity of the two compounds towards the catalytic over the allosteric site of SHP2. An enzymatic assay confirmed the docking results whereby 0.01 μM of both compounds reduced SHP2 activity to 50%. On cellular level, the two compounds significantly reduced the expression of SHP2, KRAS, p-ERK and p-STAT3 in HeLa but not in the other two cell lines. Phosphorylation of AKT and JNK was enhanced in HeLa and MCF7. Both compounds exhibited anti-proliferative/anti-migratory effects on HeLa and MCF7 but not in MDA-MB-231 cells. These results indicate that inhibition of SHP2 and its downstream pathways by the two compounds might be a promising strategy for cancer therapy in some but not all cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cijo George Vazhappilly
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ekram Saleh
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wafaa Ramadan
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Varsha Menon
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Aya Mudhafar Al-Azawi
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hamadeh Tarazi
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, University City Road, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hajjaj Abdu-Allah
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Assuit University, Assuit, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Nasser El-Shorbagi
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, University City Road, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Medicinal Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Assuit University, Assuit, Egypt
| | - Raafat El-Awady
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. .,College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, University City Road, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
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162
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Myeloid-restricted ablation of Shp2 restrains melanoma growth by amplifying the reciprocal promotion of CXCL9 and IFN-γ production in tumor microenvironment. Oncogene 2018; 37:5088-5100. [PMID: 29795405 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0337-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (Shp2) is generally considered to be an oncogene owing to its ability in enhancing the malignancy of multiple types of tumor cells; however, its role in modulating tumor immunity remains largely elusive. Here, we reported that myeloid-restricted ablation of Shp2 suppressed melanoma growth. Mechanistically, loss of Shp2 potentiates macrophage production of CXCL9 in response to IFN-γ and tumor cell-derived cytokines, thereby facilitating the tumor infiltration of IFN-γ-producing T cells that could in turn support CXCL9 production within tumor microenvironment. Collectively, our findings highlight a causative role of myeloid Shp2 in dampening T cell-mediated antitumor immunity by restraining the macrophage/CXCL9-T cell/IFN-γ feedback loop. Thus, targeting macrophage Shp2 may help to create a Th1-dominant tumor immune microenvironment.
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163
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MicroRNA-186 serves as a tumor suppressor in oral squamous cell carcinoma by negatively regulating the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 expression. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 89:20-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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164
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Large-Scale Phosphoproteomics Reveals Shp-2 Phosphatase-Dependent Regulators of Pdgf Receptor Signaling. Cell Rep 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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165
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A shift in the IL-6/STAT3 signalling pathway imbalance towards the SHP2 pathway in severe asthma results in reduced proliferation process. Cell Signal 2017; 43:47-54. [PMID: 29242170 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchial fibroblasts are the main structural cells responsible for extracellular matrix production and turnover in lung tissue. They play a key role in airway remodelling in asthma through different cytokines including interleukin (IL-6). OBJECTIVE To decipher IL-6 signalling in bronchial fibroblasts obtained from severe eosinophilic asthmatics compared to mild asthmatics and healthy controls. METHODS Human bronchial fibroblasts were isolated from bronchial biopsies of mild and severe eosinophilic asthmatics and non-atopic healthy controls. IL-6 was assessed by qRT-PCR and ELISA. Phosphorylated STAT3, SHP2 and p38/MAPK were evaluated by Western blot. Chemical inhibitors for SHP2 and p38 were used. Fibroblast proliferation was evaluated by BrdU incorporation test. RESULTS IL-6 release was significantly increased in fibroblasts from mild and severe asthmatics compared to healthy controls. Fibroblasts from severe asthmatics showed a reduced STAT3 activation compared to mild asthmatics and healthy controls. Constitutive activation of phosphatase SHP2 was found to negatively regulate IL-6 induced STAT3 phosphorylation in fibroblasts from severe asthmatics. This effect was accompanied by a decrease in fibroblast proliferation rate due to the activated p38/mitogen-activated protein kinase. SHP2 and p38/MAPK specific inhibitors (PHPS1 and SB212190) significantly induce a restoration of STAT3 phosphorylation, IL-6 target gene expression and cell proliferation. CONCLUSION These data show dysregulated IL-6 signalling in bronchial fibroblasts derived from severe eosinophilic asthmatic subjects involving the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 and p38MAPK. Collectively, our data provides new insights into the mechanisms by which bronchial fibroblasts regulate airway remodelling in severe asthma.
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166
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Burkitt MD, Duckworth CA, Williams JM, Pritchard DM. Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric pathology: insights from in vivo and ex vivo models. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:89-104. [PMID: 28151409 PMCID: PMC5312008 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.027649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric colonization with Helicobacter pylori induces diverse human pathological conditions, including superficial gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, and gastric adenocarcinoma and its precursors. The treatment of these conditions often relies on the eradication of H. pylori, an intervention that is increasingly difficult to achieve and that does not prevent disease progression in some contexts. There is, therefore, a pressing need to develop new experimental models of H. pylori-associated gastric pathology to support novel drug development in this field. Here, we review the current status of in vivo and ex vivo models of gastric H. pylori colonization, and of Helicobacter-induced gastric pathology, focusing on models of gastric pathology induced by H. pylori, Helicobacter felis and Helicobacter suis in rodents and large animals. We also discuss the more recent development of gastric organoid cultures from murine and human gastric tissue, as well as from human pluripotent stem cells, and the outcomes of H. pylori infection in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Burkitt
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Carrie A Duckworth
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Jonathan M Williams
- Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms AL9 7TA, UK
| | - D Mark Pritchard
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
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167
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Wang WL, Chen XY, Gao Y, Gao LX, Sheng L, Zhu J, Xu L, Ding ZZ, Zhang C, Li JY, Li J, Zhou YB. Benzo[ c ][1,2,5]thiadiazole derivatives: A new class of potent Src homology-2 domain containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-2 (SHP2) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:5154-5157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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168
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Yang X, Tang C, Luo H, Wang H, Zhou X. Shp2 confers cisplatin resistance in small cell lung cancer via an AKT-mediated increase in CA916798. Oncotarget 2017; 8:23664-23674. [PMID: 28423588 PMCID: PMC5410335 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The tyrosine phosphatase Shp2 is associated with tumorigenesis in small cell lung cancer (SCLC). However, the relationship between Shp2 and resistance to chemotherapy remains unclear. Here, we show that Shp2 plays an important role in inducing resistance to cisplatin-based chemotherapy via the SHP2-AKT-CA916798 pathway. In an SCLC cell line, overexpression of Shp2 induced cisplatin resistance and the increased expression of AKT, pAKT, pmTOR, and CA916798. Conversely, depletion of Shp2 in a cisplatin-resistant cell line via RNA interference increased cisplatin sensitivity and decreased AKT, pAKT, pmTOR, and CA916798 expression levels. Activation of AKT stimulated CA916798 expression and altered the level of Shp2. A mouse xenograft model verified the results obtained from the in vitro experiments. In addition, we collected and analyzed clinical SCLC specimens and found that Shp2 levels correlated with CA916798 expression in tumor tissues. Importantly, higher levels of Shp2 or CA916798 were associated with a poorer prognosis in SCLC patients who received chemotherapy. Together, our findings indicate that Shp2 induces cisplatin resistance in SCLC patients via the SHP2-AKT-CA916798 pathway. Therefore, Shp2 and CA916798 may be promising biomarkers for predicting resistance to chemotherapy and may function as targets for enhancing treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Yang
- Department of Respiratory, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, PR China.,Department of Respiratory, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400042, PR China
| | - Chunlan Tang
- Department of Respiratory, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Hu Luo
- Department of Respiratory, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Haijing Wang
- Department of Respiratory, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Xiangdong Zhou
- Department of Respiratory, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, PR China
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169
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Small molecule targeting of PTPs in cancer. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 96:171-181. [PMID: 28943273 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) undeniably have a central role in the development and progression of human cancers. Historically, however, PTPs have not been viewed as privileged drug targets, and progress on identifying potent, selective, and cell-active small molecule PTP inhibitors has suffered accordingly. This situation is rapidly changing, however, due to biochemical advances in the study of PTPs and recent small molecule screening campaigns, which have identified potent and mechanistically diverse lead structures. These compounds are facilitating the exploration of the fundamental cellular processes controlled by PTPs in cancers, and could form the inflection point for new therapeutic paradigms for the treatment of a range of cancers. Herein, we review recent advances in the discovery and biological annotation of cancer-relevant small molecule PTP inhibitors.
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170
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Thaiwong T, Sirivisoot S, Takada M, Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan V, Kiupel M. Gain-of-function mutation inPTPN11in histiocytic sarcomas of Bernese Mountain Dogs. Vet Comp Oncol 2017; 16:220-228. [DOI: 10.1111/vco.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Thaiwong
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory; Michigan State University; Lansing Michigan
| | - S. Sirivisoot
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory; Michigan State University; Lansing Michigan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences; Chulalongkorn University; Bangkok Thailand
| | - M. Takada
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology Program, College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan
| | - V. Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology Program, College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan
| | - M. Kiupel
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory; Michigan State University; Lansing Michigan
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology Program, College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing Michigan
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171
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Hu Z, Li J, Gao Q, Wei S, Yang B. SHP2 overexpression enhances the invasion and metastasis of ovarian cancer in vitro and in vivo. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:3881-3891. [PMID: 28814887 PMCID: PMC5546810 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s138833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose SHP2 has roles in a variety of signal transduction pathways and in many important cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, movement regulation, and apoptosis. In addition, SHP2 expression is closely associated with multiple types of malignancies. In this study, we examined the role of SHP2 in epithelial ovarian cancer. Patients and methods SHP2 expression in cancer and normal ovarian tissue specimens was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining and Western blot analyses. The correlation between the SHP2 expression level and clinicopathological features was analyzed. The role of SHP2 in epithelial ovarian cancer was evaluated by assessing SHP2 expression patterns in vitro and in vivo, and activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway was examined. Results SHP2 is expressed at higher levels in ovarian cancer tissues than in normal ovarian tissues and in an ovarian cancer cell line than in a normal ovarian cell line. On the basis of these findings, SHP2 is overexpressed in ovarian cancer both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, SHP2 overexpression is associated with tumor stage and differentiation, enhanced cell proliferation and invasion, and tumorigenesis and metastasis. Conclusion SHP2 overexpression enhances ovarian tumor proliferation and invasion by activating the PI3K-AKT axis, indicating that SHP2 potentially plays a direct role in the pathogenesis of ovarian epithelial cell cancer. These novel findings provide key insights that are applicable to basic cancer research and to the prevention and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhongQian Hu
- Department of Ultrasound, Jinling Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Gao
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuping Wei
- Department of Ultrasound, Jinling Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Ultrasound, Jinling Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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172
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Grohmann U, Mondanelli G, Belladonna ML, Orabona C, Pallotta MT, Iacono A, Puccetti P, Volpi C. Amino-acid sensing and degrading pathways in immune regulation. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2017; 35:37-45. [PMID: 28545736 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenases (IDOs) - belonging in the heme dioxygenase family and degrading tryptophan - are responsible for the de novo synthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). As such, they are expressed by a variety of invertebrate and vertebrate species. In mammals, IDO1 has remarkably evolved to expand its functions, so to become a prominent homeostatic regulator, capable of modulating infection and immunity in multiple ways, including local tryptophan deprivation, production of biologically active tryptophan catabolites, and non-enzymatic cell-signaling activity. Much like IDO1, arginase 1 (Arg1) is an immunoregulatory enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of arginine. Here, we discuss the possible role of amino-acid degradation as related to the evolution of the immune systems and how the functions of those enzymes are linked by an entwined pathway selected by phylogenesis to meet the newly arising needs imposed by an evolving environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Grohmann
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Giada Mondanelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria L Belladonna
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Ciriana Orabona
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria T Pallotta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Alberta Iacono
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Puccetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudia Volpi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
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173
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Fulcher LJ, Hutchinson LD, Macartney TJ, Turnbull C, Sapkota GP. Targeting endogenous proteins for degradation through the affinity-directed protein missile system. Open Biol 2017; 7:170066. [PMID: 28490657 PMCID: PMC5451546 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted proteolysis of endogenous proteins is desirable as a research toolkit and in therapeutics. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene knockouts are irreversible and often not feasible for many genes. Similarly, RNA interference approaches necessitate prolonged treatments, can lead to incomplete knockdowns and are often associated with off-target effects. Targeted proteolysis can overcome these limitations. In this report, we describe an affinity-directed protein missile (AdPROM) system that harbours the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) protein, the substrate receptor of the Cullin2 (CUL2) E3 ligase complex, tethered to polypeptide binders that selectively bind and recruit endogenous target proteins to the CUL2-E3 ligase complex for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. By using synthetic monobodies that selectively bind the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 and a camelid-derived VHH nanobody that selectively binds the human ASC protein, we demonstrate highly efficient AdPROM-mediated degradation of endogenous SHP2 and ASC in human cell lines. We show that AdPROM-mediated loss of SHP2 in cells impacts SHP2 biology. This study demonstrates for the first time that small polypeptide binders that selectively recognize endogenous target proteins can be exploited for AdPROM-mediated destruction of the target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J Fulcher
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Dundee, UK
| | - Luke D Hutchinson
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Dundee, UK
| | - Thomas J Macartney
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Dundee, UK
| | - Craig Turnbull
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Dundee, UK
| | - Gopal P Sapkota
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Dundee, UK
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174
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Jiang G, Huang C, Li J, Huang H, Jin H, Zhu J, Wu XR, Huang C. Role of STAT3 and FOXO1 in the Divergent Therapeutic Responses of Non-metastatic and Metastatic Bladder Cancer Cells to miR-145. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:924-935. [PMID: 28223425 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although miR-145 is the most frequently downregulated miRNA in bladder cancer, its exact stage association and downstream effector have not been defined. Here, we found that miR-145 was upregulated in human patients with bladder cancer with lymph node metastasis and in metastatic T24T cell line. Forced expression of miR-145 promoted anchorage-independent growth of T24T cells accompanied by the downregulation of forkhead box class O1 (FOXO1). In contrast, in non-metastatic T24 cells, miR-145 overexpression inhibited cell growth with upregulation of FOXO1, and the knockdown of FOXO1 abolished the miR-145-mediated inhibition of cell growth. Mechanistic studies revealed that miR-145 directly bound to and attenuated 3'-untranslated region (UTR) activity of foxo1 mRNA in both T24 and T24T cells. Interestingly, miR-145 suppressed STAT3 phosphorylation at Tyr705 and increased foxo1 promoter transcriptional activity in T24 cells, but not in T24T cells, suggesting a role of STAT3 in the divergent responses to miR-145. Supporting this was our finding that STAT3 knockdown mimicked miR-145-mediated upregulation of FOXO1 in T24T cells and inhibition of anchorage-independent growth. Consistently, ectopic expression of miR-145 promoted tumor formation of xenograft T24T cells, whereas such promoting effect became inhibitory due to specific knockdown of STAT3. Together, our findings demonstrate the stage-specific association and function of miR-145 in bladder cancers and provide novel insights into the therapeutic targeting of miR-145. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(5); 924-35. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guosong Jiang
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York.,Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York.,Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jingxia Li
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York
| | - Haishan Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology & Application of Model Organisms, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Honglei Jin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology & Application of Model Organisms, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junlan Zhu
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York
| | - Xue-Ru Wu
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York; Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Manhattan, New York, New York
| | - Chuanshu Huang
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York.
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175
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Lin CF, Lin CM, Lee KY, Wu SY, Feng PH, Chen KY, Chuang HC, Chen CL, Wang YC, Tseng PC, Tsai TT. Escape from IFN-γ-dependent immunosurveillance in tumorigenesis. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:10. [PMID: 28143527 PMCID: PMC5286687 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0317-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune interferon (IFN), also known as IFN-γ, promotes not only immunomodulation but also antimicrobial and anticancer activity. After IFN-γ binds to the complex of IFN-γ receptor (IFNGR) 1-IFNGR2 and subsequently activates its downstream signaling pathways, IFN-γ immediately causes transcriptional stimulation of a variety of genes that are principally involved in its biological activities. Regarding IFN-γ-dependent immunosurveillance, IFN-γ can directly suppress tumorigenesis and infection and/or can modulate the immunological status in both cancer cells and infected cells. Regarding the anticancer effects of IFN-γ, cancer cells develop strategies to escape from IFN-γ-dependent cancer immunosurveillance. Immune evasion, including the recruitment of immunosuppressive cells, secretion of immunosuppressive factors, and suppression of cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses, is speculated to be elicited by the oncogenic microenvironment. All of these events effectively downregulate IFN-γ-expressing cells and IFN-γ production. In addition to these extrinsic pathways, cancer cells may develop cellular tolerance that manifests as hyporesponsiveness to IFN-γ stimulation. This review discusses the potential escape mechanisms from IFN-γ-dependent immunosurveillance in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiou-Feng Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Ming Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Lotung Poh-Ai Hospital, Yilan, 265, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Yun Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Yuan Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, Hung Kuang University, Taichung, 433, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hao Feng
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Yuan Chen
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Chi Chuang
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ling Chen
- Translational Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chih Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chun Tseng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ting Tsai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
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176
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Madhunapantula SV, Robertson GP. Targeting protein kinase-b3 (akt3) signaling in melanoma. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:273-290. [PMID: 28064546 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1279147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Deregulated Akt activity leading to apoptosis inhibition, enhanced proliferation and drug resistance has been shown to be responsible for 35-70% of advanced metastatic melanomas. Of the three isoforms, the majority of melanomas have elevated Akt3 expression and activity. Hence, potent inhibitors targeting Akt are urgently required, which is possible only if (a) the factors responsible for the failure of Akt inhibitors in clinical trials is known; and (b) the information pertaining to synergistically acting targeted therapeutics is available. Areas covered: This review provides a brief introduction of the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and its role in melanoma development. In addition, the functional role of key Akt pathway members such as PRAS40, GSK3 kinases, WEE1 kinase in melanoma development are discussed together with strategies to modulate these targets. Efficacy and safety of Akt inhibitors is also discussed. Finally, the mechanism(s) through which Akt leads to drug resistance is discussed in this expert opinion review. Expert opinion: Even though Akt play key roles in melanoma tumor progression, cell survival and drug resistance, many gaps still exist that require further understanding of Akt functions, especially in the (a) metastatic spread; (b) circulating melanoma cells survival; and
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Affiliation(s)
- SubbaRao V Madhunapantula
- a Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry , JSS Medical College, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara University (Accredited 'A' Grade by NAAC and Ranked 35 by National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF)-2015, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India) , Mysuru , India
| | - Gavin P Robertson
- b Department of Pharmacology , The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA.,c Department of Pathology , The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA.,d Department of Dermatology , The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA.,e Department of Surgery , The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA.,f The Melanoma Center , The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA.,g The Melanoma Therapeutics Program , The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA
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177
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Donakonda S, Sinha S, Dighe SN, Rao MRS. System analysis identifies distinct and common functional networks governed by transcription factor ASCL1, in glioma and small cell lung cancer. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 13:1481-1494. [DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00851h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Systematic functional network analysis of ASCL1 revealed that it regulates mitosis and cell proliferation pathways and has distinct functions in glioma and SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sainitin Donakonda
- Chromatin Biology Laboratory
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research
- Bangalore-560064
- India
| | - Swati Sinha
- Chromatin Biology Laboratory
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research
- Bangalore-560064
- India
| | - Shrinivas Nivrutti Dighe
- Chromatin Biology Laboratory
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research
- Bangalore-560064
- India
| | - Manchanahalli R Satyanarayana Rao
- Chromatin Biology Laboratory
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research
- Bangalore-560064
- India
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178
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Chen C, Liang F, Chen B, Sun Z, Xue T, Yang R, Luo D. Identification of demethylincisterol A 3 as a selective inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatase Shp2. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 795:124-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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179
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Halaban R, Krauthammer M. RASopathy Gene Mutations in Melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:1755-1759. [PMID: 27236105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.05.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing of melanomas has unraveled critical driver genes and genomic abnormalities, mostly defined as occurring at high frequency. In addition, less abundant mutations are present that link melanoma to a set of disorders, commonly called RASopathies. These disorders, which include neurofibromatosis and Noonan and Legius syndromes, harbor germline mutations in various RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway genes. We highlight shared amino acid substitutions between this set of RASopathy mutations and those observed in large-scale melanoma sequencing data, uncovering a significant overlap. We review the evidence that these mutations activate the RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in melanoma and are involved in melanomagenesis. Furthermore, we discuss the observations that two or more RASopathy mutations often co-occur in melanoma and may act synergistically on activating the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Halaban
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
| | - Michael Krauthammer
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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180
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Pancreatic cancer risk variant in LINC00673 creates a miR-1231 binding site and interferes with PTPN11 degradation. Nat Genet 2016; 48:747-57. [DOI: 10.1038/ng.3568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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181
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Fan D, Liu S, Jiang S, Li Z, Mo X, Ruan H, Zou GM, Fan C. The use of SHP-2 gene transduced bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to promote osteogenic differentiation and bone defect repair in rat. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 104:1871-81. [PMID: 26999642 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering is a promising approach for bone regeneration, in which growth factors play an important role. The tyrosine phosphatase Src-homology region 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2), encoded by the PTPN11 gene, is essential for the differentiation, proliferation and metabolism of osteoblasts. However, SHP-2 has never been systematically studied for its effect in osteogenesis. We predicted that overexpression of SHP-2 could promote bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC)osteogenic differentiation and SHP-2 transduced BMSCs could enhance new bone formation, determined using the following study groups: (1) BMSCs transduced with SHP-2 and induced with osteoblast-inducing liquid (BMSCs/SHP-2/OL); (2) BMSCs transduced with SHP-2 (BMSCs/-SHP-2); (3) BMSCs induced with osteoblast-inducing liquid (BMSCs/OL) and (4) pure BMSCs. Cells were assessed for osteogenic differentiation by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis, western blot analysis, alkaline phosphatase activity and alizarin red S staining. For in vivo assessment, cells were combined with beta-tricalcium phosphate scaffolds and transplanted into rat calvarial defects for 8 weeks. Following euthanasia, skull samples were explanted for osteogenic evaluation, including micro-computed tomography measurement, histology and immunohistochemistry staining. SHP-2 and upregulation of its gene promoted BMSC osteogenic differentiation and therefore represents a potential new therapeutic approach to bone repair. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 1871-1881, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Fan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Shen Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Shichao Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, No.324 Jingwu Road, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiumei Mo
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Hongjiang Ruan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang-Ming Zou
- Hawaii Gangze Inc, 421 Nahua Street, Suite 146, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96815
| | - Cunyi Fan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
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182
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Varughese EA, Kasper S, Anneken EM, Yadav JS. SHP-2 Mediates Cryptosporidium parvum Infectivity in Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142219. [PMID: 26556238 PMCID: PMC4640876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The parasite, Cryptosporidium parvum, induces human gastroenteritis through infection of host epithelial cells in the small intestine. During the initial stage of infection, C. parvum is reported to engage host mechanisms at the host cell-parasite interface to form a parasitophorous vacuole. We determined that upon infection, the larger molecular weight proteins in human small intestinal epithelial host cells (FHs 74 Int) appeared to globally undergo tyrosine dephosphorylation. In parallel, expression of the cytoplasmic protein tyrosine phosphatase Src homology-2 domain-containing phosphatase 2 (SHP-2) increased in a time-dependent manner. SHP-2 co-localized with the C. parvum sporozoite and this interaction increased the rate of C. parvum infectivity through SH2-mediated SHP-2 activity. Furthermore, we show that one potential target that SHP-2 acts upon is the focal adhesion protein, paxillin, which undergoes moderate dephosphorylation following infection, with inhibition of SHP-2 rescuing paxillin phosphorylation. Importantly, treatment with an inhibitor to SHP-2 and with an inhibitor to paxillin and Src family kinases, effectively decreased the multiplicity of C. parvum infection in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, our study reveals an important role for SHP-2 in the pathogenesis of C. parvum. Furthermore, while host proteins can be recruited to participate in the development of the electron dense band at the host cell-parasite interface, our study implies for the first time that SHP-2 appears to be recruited by the C. parvum sporozoite to regulate infectivity. Taken together, these findings suggest that SHP-2 and its down-stream target paxillin could serve as targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice A. Varughese
- Division of Environmental Genetics and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EAV); (JSY)
| | - Susan Kasper
- Division of Environmental Genetics and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Emily M. Anneken
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jagjit S. Yadav
- Division of Environmental Genetics and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EAV); (JSY)
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