151
|
Zhou Q, Sun E, Ling L, Liu X, Zhang M, Yin H, Lu C. Bioinformatic analysis of computational identified differentially expressed genes in tumor stoma of pregnancy‑associated breast cancer. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:3345-3350. [PMID: 28713995 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to screen the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in tumor‑associated stroma of pregnancy‑associated breast cancer (PABC). By analyzing Affymetrix microarray data (GSE31192) from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, DEGs between tumor asso-ciated stromal cells and normal stromal cells in PABC were identified. Gene Ontology (GO) function and pathway enrichment analyses for the DEGs were then performed, followed by construction of a protein‑protein interaction (PPI) network. A total of 94 upregulated and 386 downregulated DEGs were identified between tumor associated stromal cells and normal stromal cells in patients with PABC. The upregulated DEGs were primarily enriched in the cytokine‑cytokine receptor interaction pathway and GO terms associated with the immune response, which included the DEGs of interleukin 18 (IL18) and cluster of differentiation 274 (CD274). The downregulated DEGs were primarily involved in GO terms associated with cell surface receptor linked signal transduction and pathways of focal adhesion and pathways in cancer. In the PPI network, nodes of jun proto‑oncogene (JUN), FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog (FOS), V‑myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog (MYC), and alpha‑smooth muscle actin (ACTA2) had higher degrees. The hub genes of JUN, FOS, MYC and ACTA2, as well as the DEGs IL18 and CD274 that were associated with the immune response in GO terms may exert important functions in the molecular mechanisms of PABC. These genes may be used as new molecular targets in the treatment of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhou
- Department of Breast, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, P.R. China
| | - Erhu Sun
- Department of Breast, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, P.R. China
| | - Lijun Ling
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Department of Breast, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, P.R. China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Breast, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, P.R. China
| | - Hong Yin
- Department of Breast, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Lu
- Department of Breast, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Mammary Gland Cell Culture of Macaca fascicularis as a Reservoir for Stem Cells. HAYATI JOURNAL OF BIOSCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hjb.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
153
|
Bayerlová M, Menck K, Klemm F, Wolff A, Pukrop T, Binder C, Beißbarth T, Bleckmann A. Ror2 Signaling and Its Relevance in Breast Cancer Progression. Front Oncol 2017; 7:135. [PMID: 28695110 PMCID: PMC5483589 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease and has been classified into five molecular subtypes based on gene expression profiles. Signaling processes linked to different breast cancer molecular subtypes and different clinical outcomes are still poorly understood. Aberrant regulation of Wnt signaling has been implicated in breast cancer progression. In particular Ror1/2 receptors and several other members of the non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway were associated with aggressive breast cancer behavior. However, Wnt signals are mediated via multiple complex pathways, and it is clinically important to determine which particular Wnt cascades, including their domains and targets, are deregulated in poor prognosis breast cancer. To investigate activation and outcome of the Ror2-dependent non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway, we overexpressed the Ror2 receptor in MCF-7 and MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells, stimulated the cells with its ligand Wnt5a, and we knocked-down Ror1 in MDA-MB231 cells. We measured the invasive capacity of perturbed cells to assess phenotypic changes, and mRNA was profiled to quantify gene expression changes. Differentially expressed genes were integrated into a literature-based non-canonical Wnt signaling network. The results were further used in the analysis of an independent dataset of breast cancer patients with metastasis-free survival annotation. Overexpression of the Ror2 receptor, stimulation with Wnt5a, as well as the combination of both perturbations enhanced invasiveness of MCF-7 cells. The expression-responsive targets of Ror2 overexpression in MCF-7 induced a Ror2/Wnt module of the non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway. These targets alter regulation of other pathways involved in cell remodeling processing and cell metabolism. Furthermore, the genes of the Ror2/Wnt module were assessed as a gene signature in patient gene expression data and showed an association with clinical outcome. In summary, results of this study indicate a role of a newly defined Ror2/Wnt module in breast cancer progression and present a link between Ror2 expression and increased cell invasiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Bayerlová
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Menck
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Florian Klemm
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Wolff
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Pukrop
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Clinic for Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Binder
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tim Beißbarth
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Annalen Bleckmann
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
154
|
Pan J, Ding M, Xu K, Yang C, Mao LJ. Exosomes in diagnosis and therapy of prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:97693-97700. [PMID: 29228644 PMCID: PMC5722596 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small vesicular bodies released by a variety of cells. Exosomes contain miRNAs, mRNAs and proteins with the potential to regulate signaling pathways in recipient cells. Exosomes deliver nucleic acids and proteins to mediate the communication between cancer cells and stroma cells. In this review, we summarize recent progress in our understanding of the role of exosomes in prostate cancer. The tumorigenesis, metastasis and drug resistance of prostate cancer are associated with the cargos of exosomes such as miRNAs, lncRNAs and proteins. In addition, prostate cancer cells modulate surrounding stromal cells via the exosomes. Affected stromal cells employ the exosomes to modulate microenvironment and promote tumor growth and metastasis. Exosomes derived from prostate cancer cells contribute to cancer chemoresistance. The lipid bilayer membrane of the exosomes makes them promising carriers of drugs and other therapeutic molecules targeting prostate cancer. Furthermore, exosomes can be detected and isolated from various body fluids for the diagnosis of prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Pan
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, China
| | - Meng Ding
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, China
| | - Kai Xu
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, China
| | - Chunhua Yang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, China.,Radiotherapy Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, China
| | - Li-Jun Mao
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, China
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
Paine IS, Lewis MT. The Terminal End Bud: the Little Engine that Could. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2017; 22:93-108. [PMID: 28168376 PMCID: PMC5488158 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-017-9372-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland is one of the most regenerative organs in the body, with the majority of development occurring postnatally and in the adult mammal. Formation of the ductal tree is orchestrated by a specialized structure called the terminal end bud (TEB). The TEB is responsible for the production of mature cell types leading to the elongation of the subtending duct. The TEB is also the regulatory control point for basement membrane deposition, branching, angiogenesis, and pattern formation. While the hormonal control of TEB growth is well characterized, the local regulatory factors are less well understood. Recent studies of pubertal outgrowth and ductal elongation have yielded surprising details in regards to ongoing processes in the TEB. Here we summarize the current understanding of TEB biology, discuss areas of future study, and discuss the use of the TEB as a model for the study of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid S Paine
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Michael T Lewis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Mishra AK, Parish CR, Wong ML, Licinio J, Blackburn AC. Leptin signals via TGFB1 to promote metastatic potential and stemness in breast cancer. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178454. [PMID: 28542577 PMCID: PMC5444832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown obesity to be linked with poorer outcomes in breast cancer patients. The molecular mechanisms responsible for the increased risk of invasive/metastatic disease with obesity are complex, but may include elevated levels of adipokines such as leptin. Using physiological levels of leptin found in obesity in a novel chronic in vitro treatment model (≤200 ng/ml for 14 days), we confirmed the occurrence of leptin-mediated changes in growth, apoptosis and metastatic behavior, and gene expression changes representing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and a cancer stem cell (CSC) like phenotype in breast epithelial and cancer cell lines (MCF10A, MCF10AT1, MCF7 and MDA-MB-231). Further, we have discovered that these effects were accompanied by increased expression of TGFB1, and could be significantly reduced by co-treatment with neutralizing antibody against TGFB1, indicating that the induction of these characteristics was mediated via TGFB1. Occurring in both MCF7 and MCF10AT1 cells, it suggests these actions of leptin to be independent of estrogen receptor status. By linking leptin signalling to the established TGFB1 pathway of metastasis / EMT, this study gives a direct mechanism by which leptin can contribute to the poorer outcomes of obese cancer patients. Inhibitors of TGFB1 are in currently in phase III clinical trials in other malignancies, thus identifying the connection between leptin and TGFB1 will open new therapeutic opportunities for improving outcomes for obese breast cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ameet K. Mishra
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT Australia
| | - Christopher R. Parish
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT Australia
| | - Ma-Li Wong
- Mind and Brain Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Julio Licinio
- Mind and Brain Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Anneke C. Blackburn
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT Australia
| |
Collapse
|
157
|
Nanoparticles for modulating tumor microenvironment to improve drug delivery and tumor therapy. Pharmacol Res 2017; 126:97-108. [PMID: 28501517 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a critical role in tumorigenesis, tumor invasion and metastasis. TME is composed of stroma, endothelial cells, pericytes, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and immune cells, which is characterized by hypoxia, acidosis, and high interstitial fluid pressure. Due to the important role of TME, we firstly reviewed the composition of TME and discussed the impact of TME on tumor progression, drug and nanoparticle delivery. Next, we reviewed current strategies developed to modulate TME, including modulating tumor vasculature permeability, tumor associated macrophage phenotypes, tumor associated fibroblasts, tumor stroma components, tumor hypoxia, and multiple interventions simultaneously. Also, potential problems and future directions of TME modulation strategy have been discussed.
Collapse
|
158
|
Xiong Y, Russell DL, McDonald LT, Cowart LA, LaRue AC. Hematopoietic Stem Cell-derived Adipocytes Promote Tumor Growth and Cancer Cell Migration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 3. [PMID: 28989976 PMCID: PMC5627654 DOI: 10.16966/2381-3318.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Adipocytes, apart from their critical role as the energy storage depots, contribute to the composition of the tumor microenvironment. Our previous studies based on a single hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation model, have revealed a novel source of adipocytes from HSCs via monocyte/macrophage progenitors. Herein, we extend these studies to examine the role of HSC-derived adipocytes (HSC-Ad) in tumor progression. When cultured under adipogenic conditions, bone marrow-derived monocytic progenitors differentiated into adipocytes that accumulated oil droplets containing triglyceride. The adipokine array and ELISAs confirmed secretion of multiple adipokines by HSC-Ad. These adipocytes underwent further development in vivo when injected subcutaneously into C57Bl/6 mice. When co-injected with melanoma B16F1 cells or breast cancer E0771 cells into syngeneic C57Bl/6 mice, HSC-Ad not only accelerated both melanoma and breast tumor growth, but also enhanced vascularization in both tumors. Conditioned media from HSC-Ad supported B16F1 and E0771 cell proliferation and enhanced cell migration in vitro. Among the HSC-Ad secreted adipokines, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) played an important role in E0771 cell proliferation. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) was indispensable for B16F1 cell migration, whereas HGF and platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) collectively contributed to E0771 cell migration. Expression levels of receptors for IGF-1, HGF, and PDGF-BB correlated with their differential roles in B16F1 and E0771 cell proliferation and migration. Our data suggest that HSC-Ad differentially regulate tumor behavior through distinct mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Xiong
- Research Services, Ralph H Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,The Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - D L Russell
- Research Services, Ralph H Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - L T McDonald
- Research Services, Ralph H Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - L A Cowart
- Research Services, Ralph H Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - A C LaRue
- Research Services, Ralph H Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,The Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Diverse regulation of mammary epithelial growth and branching morphogenesis through noncanonical Wnt signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:3121-3126. [PMID: 28270600 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1701464114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland consists of an adipose tissue that, in a process called branching morphogenesis, is invaded by a ductal epithelial network comprising basal and luminal epithelial cells. Stem and progenitor cells drive mammary growth, and their proliferation is regulated by multiple extracellular cues. One of the key regulatory pathways for these cells is the β-catenin-dependent, canonical wingless-type MMTV integration site family (WNT) signaling pathway; however, the role of noncanonical WNT signaling within the mammary stem/progenitor system remains elusive. Here, we focused on the noncanonical WNT receptors receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2) and receptor-like tyrosine kinase (RYK) and their activation by WNT5A, one of the hallmark noncanonical WNT ligands, during mammary epithelial growth and branching morphogenesis. We found that WNT5A inhibits mammary branching morphogenesis in vitro and in vivo through the receptor tyrosine kinase ROR2. Unexpectedly, WNT5A was able to enhance mammary epithelial growth, which is in contrast to its next closest relative WNT5B, which potently inhibits mammary stem/progenitor proliferation. We found that RYK, but not ROR2, is necessary for WNT5A-mediated promotion of mammary growth. These findings provide important insight into the biology of noncanonical WNT signaling in adult stem/progenitor cell regulation and development. Future research will determine how these interactions go awry in diseases such as breast cancer.
Collapse
|
160
|
Park JW, Zhao L, Willingham MC, Cheng SY. Inhibition of STAT3 signaling blocks obesity-induced mammary hyperplasia in a mouse model. Am J Cancer Res 2017; 7:727-739. [PMID: 28401024 PMCID: PMC5385655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Compelling epidemiologic evidence indicates that obesity is a risk factor for human cancers, including breast. However, molecular mechanisms by which obesity could contribute to the development of breast cancer remain unclear. To understand the impact of obesity on breast cancer development, we used a mutant mouse that expresses a mutated thyroid hormone receptor β (denoted as PV) with haplodeficiency of the Pten gene (ThrbPV/PVPten+/- mice). We previously showed that adult nulliparous female ThrbPV/PVPten+/- mice developed extensive mammary hyperplasia and breast tumors. In this study, we induced obesity in ThrbPV/PVPten+/- mice by feeding them a high fat diet (HFD). We found HFD exacerbated the extent of mammary hyperplasia in ThrbPV/PVPten+/- mice. HFD elevated serum leptin levels but had no effect on the levels of serum thyroid stimulating hormone, thyroid hormones, and estrogens. Molecular analysis showed that the obesity-induced hyperplasia was mediated by the leptin/leptin receptor-JAK1-STAT3 pathway to increase key cell cycle regulators to stimulate mammary epithelial cell proliferation. Activated STAT3 signaling led to altered expression in the key regulators of epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT) to augment invasiveness and migration of mammary proliferating epithelial cells. Moreover, treatment of HFD-ThrbPV/PVPten+/- mice with a STAT3 inhibitor, S3I-201, markedly reversed the obesity-induced mammary hyperplasia and reduced EMT signals to lessen cell invasiveness and migration. Our studies not only elucidated how obesity could contribute to mammary hyperplasia at the molecular level, but also, importantly, demonstrated that inhibition of the STAT3 activity could be a novel treatment strategy for obesity-induced breast cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Won Park
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD 20892-6264, USA
| | - Li Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD 20892-6264, USA
| | - Mark C Willingham
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD 20892-6264, USA
| | - Sheue-Yann Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD 20892-6264, USA
| |
Collapse
|
161
|
Wang M, Zhao J, Zhang L, Wei F, Lian Y, Wu Y, Gong Z, Zhang S, Zhou J, Cao K, Li X, Xiong W, Li G, Zeng Z, Guo C. Role of tumor microenvironment in tumorigenesis. J Cancer 2017; 8:761-773. [PMID: 28382138 PMCID: PMC5381164 DOI: 10.7150/jca.17648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 881] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenesis is a complex and dynamic process, consisting of three stages: initiation, progression, and metastasis. Tumors are encircled by extracellular matrix (ECM) and stromal cells, and the physiological state of the tumor microenvironment (TME) is closely connected to every step of tumorigenesis. Evidence suggests that the vital components of the TME are fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, neuroendocrine cells, adipose cells, immune and inflammatory cells, the blood and lymphatic vascular networks, and ECM. This manuscript, based on the current studies of the TME, offers a more comprehensive overview of the primary functions of each component of the TME in cancer initiation, progression, and invasion. The manuscript also includes primary therapeutic targeting markers for each player, which may be helpful in treating tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maonan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Jingzhou Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Lishen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Fang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Yu Lian
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Yingfeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Zhaojian Gong
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Jianda Zhou
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Ke Cao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Xiayu Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Guiyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Can Guo
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| |
Collapse
|
162
|
Liu R, Cheng Q, Wang X, Chen H, Wang W, Zhang H, Wang L, Song L. The B-cell translocation gene 1 (CgBTG1) identified in oyster Crassostrea gigas exhibit multiple functions in immune response. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 61:68-78. [PMID: 27940367 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
B-cell translocation gene 1 (BTG1) is a member of the anti-proliferative gene family, which plays important roles in regulation of cell cycle. In the present study, a B-cell translocation gene 1 molecule homologue (designed CgBTG1) are identified and characterized in oyster Crassostrea gigas. CgBTG1 contains a conserved BTG domain with Box A and Box B motifs, and it shares high similarities with both BTG1 and BTG2 proteins in vertebrates. CgBTG1 mRNA is predominantly expressed in hemocytes, and its expression level in hemocytes is significantly up-regulated at 6 h (5.40-fold, p < 0.01) post Vibrio splendidus stimulation. The apoptosis rate of oyster hemocytes is significantly decreased (p < 0.05) after CgBTG1 interfered by dsRNA (dsCgBTG1). This is indicated that CgBTG1 participated in the regulation of oyster hemocytes apoptosis. Furthermore, CgBTG1 could also induce the apoptosis of cancer cells (HeLa, A549 and BEL7402) in vitro. Compared with normal oysters, both vessel-like structures and muscle fibers in CgBTG1 interfered oysters are severely damaged after V. splendidus challenge in paraffin section, considering that CgBTG1 possessed an analogous feature of angiogenesis for maintenance of vessel-like structures in adductor muscle of oyster. The results suggests that CgBTG1 is a multi-functional molecule involved in the immune response of C. gigas against pathogen infection, which provides more clues for intensive studies of BTG family proteins in invertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qi Cheng
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Xiudan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
163
|
Zellmer VR, Schnepp PM, Fracci SL, Tan X, Howe EN, Zhang S. Tumor-induced Stromal STAT1 Accelerates Breast Cancer via Deregulating Tissue Homeostasis. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 15:585-597. [PMID: 28108623 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME), the dynamic tissue space in which the tumor exists, plays a significant role in tumor initiation, and is a key contributor in cancer progression; however, little is known about tumor-induced changes in the adjacent tissue stroma. Herein, tumor-induced changes in the TME were explored at the morphologic and molecular level to further understand cancer progression. Tumor-adjacent mammary glands (TAG) displayed altered branching morphology, expansion of myofibroblasts, and increased mammosphere formation, broadly suggesting a tumor-induced field effect. FACS analysis of TAGs demonstrated an increased number of Lin-CD24+/CD49+ enriched mammary gland stem cells (MaSC), suggesting deregulated tissue homeostasis in TAGs. Comparative transcriptome analysis of TAGs and contralateral control glands coupled with meta-analysis on differentially expressed genes with two breast cancer stromal patient microarray datasets identified shared upregulation of STAT1. Knockdown of STAT1 in cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) cocultured with human breast cancer cells altered cancer cell proliferation, indicating a role for STAT1 as a stromal contributor of tumorigenesis. Furthermore, depletion of STAT1 in CAFs significantly reduced periductal reactive fibrosis and delayed early breast cancer progression in vivo Finally, cotreatment with fludarabine, a FDA-approved STAT1 activation inhibitor and DNA synthesis inhibitor, in combination with doxorubicin, showed enhanced therapeutic efficacy in treating mouse mammary gland tumors. Taken together, these results demonstrate that stromal STAT1 expression promotes tumor progression and is a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer.Implications: Tumors induce stromal STAT1-dependent cytokine secretion that promotes tumor cell proliferation and can be targeted using clinically-approved inhibitors of STAT1. Mol Cancer Res; 15(5); 585-97. ©2017 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria R Zellmer
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
- Mike and Josie Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana
| | - Patricia M Schnepp
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
- Mike and Josie Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana
| | - Sarah L Fracci
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Xuejuan Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
- Mike and Josie Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana
| | - Erin N Howe
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
- Mike and Josie Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana
| | - Siyuan Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana.
- Mike and Josie Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana
| |
Collapse
|
164
|
Cai S, Sun PH, Resaul J, Shi L, Jiang A, Satherley LK, Davies EL, Ruge F, Douglas-Jones A, Jiang WG, Ye L. Expression of phospholipase C isozymes in human breast cancer and their clinical significance. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:1707-1715. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|
165
|
Derouiche S, Mariot P, Warnier M, Vancauwenberghe E, Bidaux G, Gosset P, Mauroy B, Bonnal JL, Slomianny C, Delcourt P, Dewailly E, Prevarskaya N, Roudbaraki M. Activation of TRPA1 Channel by Antibacterial Agent Triclosan Induces VEGF Secretion in Human Prostate Cancer Stromal Cells. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2017; 10:177-187. [PMID: 28096238 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-16-0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Accruing evidence indicates that exposure to environmental compounds may adversely affect human health and promote carcinogenesis. Triclosan (TCS), an antimicrobial agent widely used as a preservative in personal care products, has been shown to act as an endocrine disruptor in hormone-dependent tissues. Here, we demonstrate a new molecular mechanism by which TCS stimulates the secretion by human prostate cancer stromal cells of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a factor known to promote tumor growth. This mechanism involves an increase in intracellular calcium levels due to the direct activation of a membrane ion channel. Using calcium imaging and electrophysiology techniques, we show for the first time that environmentally relevant concentrations of TCS activate a cation channel of the TRP family, TRPA1 (Transient Receptor Potential Ankirin 1), in primary cultured human prostate cancer stromal cells. The TCS-induced TRPA1 activation increased basal calcium in stromal cells and stimulated the secretion of VEGF and epithelial cells proliferation. Interestingly, immunofluorescence labeling performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded prostate tissues showed an exclusive expression of the TRPA1 channel in prostate cancer stromal cells. Our data demonstrate an impact of the environmental factor TCS on the tumor microenvironment interactions, by activating a tumor stroma-specific TRPA1 ion channel. Cancer Prev Res; 10(3); 177-87. ©2017 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Derouiche
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U1003 - PHYCEL - Physiologie Cellulaire, F-59000 Lille, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le cancer, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France; Laboratory of Excellence, Ion Channels Science and Therapeutics; Université Lille I Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Pascal Mariot
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U1003 - PHYCEL - Physiologie Cellulaire, F-59000 Lille, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le cancer, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France; Laboratory of Excellence, Ion Channels Science and Therapeutics; Université Lille I Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Marine Warnier
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U1003 - PHYCEL - Physiologie Cellulaire, F-59000 Lille, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le cancer, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France; Laboratory of Excellence, Ion Channels Science and Therapeutics; Université Lille I Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Eric Vancauwenberghe
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U1003 - PHYCEL - Physiologie Cellulaire, F-59000 Lille, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le cancer, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France; Laboratory of Excellence, Ion Channels Science and Therapeutics; Université Lille I Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Gabriel Bidaux
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U1003 - PHYCEL - Physiologie Cellulaire, F-59000 Lille, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le cancer, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France; Laboratory of Excellence, Ion Channels Science and Therapeutics; Université Lille I Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Pierre Gosset
- Département de Pathologies, Laboratoire d'Anatomie et de Cytologie Pathologique, Groupe Hospitalier de l'Institut Catholique de Lille (GHICL), Lille, France
| | - Brigitte Mauroy
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U1003 - PHYCEL - Physiologie Cellulaire, F-59000 Lille, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le cancer, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France; Laboratory of Excellence, Ion Channels Science and Therapeutics; Université Lille I Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
- Service d'Urologie de l'hôpital St-Philibert, Lomme, France
| | - Jean-Louis Bonnal
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U1003 - PHYCEL - Physiologie Cellulaire, F-59000 Lille, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le cancer, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France; Laboratory of Excellence, Ion Channels Science and Therapeutics; Université Lille I Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
- Service d'Urologie de l'hôpital St-Philibert, Lomme, France
| | - Christian Slomianny
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U1003 - PHYCEL - Physiologie Cellulaire, F-59000 Lille, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le cancer, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France; Laboratory of Excellence, Ion Channels Science and Therapeutics; Université Lille I Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Philippe Delcourt
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U1003 - PHYCEL - Physiologie Cellulaire, F-59000 Lille, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le cancer, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France; Laboratory of Excellence, Ion Channels Science and Therapeutics; Université Lille I Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Etienne Dewailly
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U1003 - PHYCEL - Physiologie Cellulaire, F-59000 Lille, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le cancer, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France; Laboratory of Excellence, Ion Channels Science and Therapeutics; Université Lille I Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Natalia Prevarskaya
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U1003 - PHYCEL - Physiologie Cellulaire, F-59000 Lille, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le cancer, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France; Laboratory of Excellence, Ion Channels Science and Therapeutics; Université Lille I Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Morad Roudbaraki
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U1003 - PHYCEL - Physiologie Cellulaire, F-59000 Lille, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le cancer, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France; Laboratory of Excellence, Ion Channels Science and Therapeutics; Université Lille I Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
| |
Collapse
|
166
|
Mammary stem cells: angels or demons in mammary gland? Signal Transduct Target Ther 2017; 2:16038. [PMID: 29263909 PMCID: PMC5661614 DOI: 10.1038/sigtrans.2016.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A highly dynamic development process exits within the epithelia of mammary gland, featuring morphogenetic variation during puberty, pregnancy, lactation, and regression. The identification of mammary stem cells (MaSCs) via lineage-tracing studies has substantiated a hierarchical organization of the mammary epithelia. A single MaSC is capable of reconstituting the entirely functional mammary gland upon orthotopic transplantation. Although different mammary cell subpopulations can be candidate cells-of-origin for distinct breast tumor subtypes, it still lacks experimental proofs whether MaSCs, the most primitive cells, are the ‘seeds’ of malignant transformation during most, if not all, tumorigenesis in the breast. Here, we review current knowledge of mammary epithelial hierarchy, highlighting the roles of mammary stem/progenitor cells and breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) along with their key molecular regulators in organ development and cancer evolution. Clarifying these issues will pave the way for developing novel interventions toward stem/progenitor cells in either prevention or treatment of breast cancer (BrCa).
Collapse
|
167
|
Therapeutic vaccination based on side population cells transduced by the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene elicits potent antitumor immunity. Cancer Gene Ther 2017; 24:165-174. [PMID: 28084317 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2016.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Among cancer immunotherapies, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) gene-transduced tumor cell vaccine (GVAX) therapies appear promising and have been shown to be safe and effective in multiple clinical trials. However, the antitumor efficacies of GVAX therapy alone are in some cases limited. Here we showed that GVAX therapy targeting cancer stem cells (CSCs) substantially suppressed tumor development in syngeneic immunocompetent mice recapitulating normal immune systems. CSCs were isolated as side population (SP) cells from 4T1 murine breast carcinoma cell line and transduced with GM-CSF gene delivered by non-transmissible Sendai virus (4T1-SP/GM). Impaired tumorigenicity of subcutaneously injected 4T1-SP/GM depended on CD8+ T cells in concert with CD4+ T cells and natural killer cells. Mice therapeutically vaccinated with irradiated 4T1-SP/GM cells had markedly suppressed tumor development of subcutaneously transplanted 4T1-SP cells compared with those treated with irradiated cells of non-transduced 4T1-SP cells or non-SP (4T1-NSP/GM) cells. Tumor suppression was accompanied by the robust accumulation of mature dendritic cells at vaccination sites and T-helper type 1-skewed systemic cellular immunity. Our results suggested that CSC cell-based GVAX immunotherapy might be clinically useful for inducing potent tumor-specific antitumor immunity.
Collapse
|
168
|
Nandy SB, Lakshmanaswamy R. Cancer Stem Cells and Metastasis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 151:137-176. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
169
|
Abstract
3D cell culture is an invaluable tool in developmental, cell, and cancer biology. By mimicking crucial features of in vivo environment, including cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions, 3D cell culture enables proper structural architecture and differentiated function of normal tissues or tumors in vitro. Thereby 3D cell culture realistically models in vivo tissue conditions and processes, and provides in vivo like responses. Since its early days in the 1970s, 3D cell culture has revealed important insights into mechanisms of tissue homeostasis and cancer, and accelerated translational research in cancer biology and tissue engineering.
Collapse
|
170
|
Wilson GJ, Hewit KD, Pallas KJ, Cairney CJ, Lee KM, Hansell CA, Stein T, Graham GJ. Atypical chemokine receptor ACKR2 controls branching morphogenesis in the developing mammary gland. Development 2017; 144:74-82. [PMID: 27888192 PMCID: PMC5278629 DOI: 10.1242/dev.139733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are important regulators of branching morphogenesis during development and postnatally in the mammary gland. Regulation of macrophage dynamics during these processes can therefore have a profound impact on development. We demonstrate here that the developing mammary gland expresses high levels of inflammatory CC-chemokines, which are essential in vivo regulators of macrophage migration. We further demonstrate that the atypical chemokine receptor ACKR2, which scavenges inflammatory CC-chemokines, is differentially expressed during mammary gland development. We have previously shown that ACKR2 regulates macrophage dynamics during lymphatic vessel development. Here, we extend these observations to reveal a novel role for ACKR2 in regulating the postnatal development of the mammary gland. Specifically, we show that Ackr2-/- mice display precocious mammary gland development. This is associated with increased macrophage recruitment to the developing gland and increased density of the ductal epithelial network. These data demonstrate that ACKR2 is an important regulator of branching morphogenesis in diverse biological contexts and provide the first evidence of a role for chemokines and their receptors in postnatal development processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gillian J Wilson
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, UK
| | - Kay D Hewit
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, UK
| | - Kenneth J Pallas
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, UK
| | - Claire J Cairney
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Kit M Lee
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, UK
| | - Christopher A Hansell
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, UK
| | - Torsten Stein
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Gerard J Graham
- Chemokine Research Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
171
|
Brancato V, Garziano A, Gioiella F, Urciuolo F, Imparato G, Panzetta V, Fusco S, Netti PA. 3D is not enough: Building up a cell instructive microenvironment for tumoral stroma microtissues. Acta Biomater 2017; 47:1-13. [PMID: 27721010 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We fabricated three-dimensional microtissues with the aim to replicate in vitro the composition and the functionalities of the tumor microenvironment. By arranging either normal fibroblasts (NF) or cancer-activated fibroblasts (CAF) in two different three dimensional (3D) configurations, two kinds of micromodules were produced: spheroids and microtissues. Spheroids were obtained by means of the traditional cell aggregation technique resulting in a 3D model characterized by high cell density and low amount of extracellular proteins. The microtissues were obtained by culturing cells into porous gelatin microscaffolds. In this latter configuration, cells assembled an intricate network of collagen, fibronectin and hyaluronic acid. We investigated the biophysical properties of both 3D models in terms of cell growth, metabolic activity, texture and composition of the extracellular matrix (via histological analysis and multiphoton imaging) and cell mechanical properties (via Particle Tracking Microrheology). In the spheroid models such biophysical properties remained unchanged regardless to the cell type used. In contrast, normal-microtissues and cancer-activated-microtissues displayed marked differences. CAF-microtissues possessed higher proliferation rate, superior contraction capability, different micro-rheological properties and an extracellular matrix richer in collagen fibronectin and hyaluronic acid. At last, multiphoton investigation revealed differences in the collagen network architecture. Taken together, these results suggested that despite to cell spheroids, microtissues better recapitulate the important differences existing in vivo between normal and cancer-activated stroma representing a more suitable system to mimic in vitro the stromal element of the tumor tissues. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE This work concerns the engineering of tumor tissue in vitro. Tumor models serve as biological equivalent to study pathologic progression and to screen or validate the drugs efficacy. Tumor tissue is composed by malignant cells surviving in a microenvironment, or stroma. Stroma plays a pivotal role in cancer progression. Current in vitro models, i.e. spheroids, can't replicate the phenomena related to the tumor stroma remodeling. For this reason, to better replicate the tumor physiology in vitro that include functional and morphological changes, a novel 3D cancer model is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Brancato
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessandro Garziano
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, Napoli, Italy
| | - Filomena Gioiella
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesco Urciuolo
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Giorgia Imparato
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Valeria Panzetta
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Sabato Fusco
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Paolo A Netti
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, Napoli, Italy; Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Napoli, Italy; Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production (DICMAPI), University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, Napoli, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
172
|
Kaushik S, Pickup MW, Weaver VM. From transformation to metastasis: deconstructing the extracellular matrix in breast cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2016; 35:655-667. [PMID: 27914000 PMCID: PMC5215979 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-016-9650-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a guiding force that regulates various developmental stages of the breast. In addition to providing structural support for the cells, it mediates epithelial-stromal communication and provides cues for cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Perturbations in ECM architecture profoundly influence breast tumor progression and metastasis. Understanding how a dysregulated ECM can facilitate malignant transformation is crucial to designing treatments to effectively target the tumor microenvironment. Here, we address the contribution of ECM mechanics to breast cancer progression, metastasis, and treatment resistance and discuss potential therapeutic strategies targeting the ECM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Kaushik
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael W Pickup
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Valerie M Weaver
- Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Anatomy, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- UCSF Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
173
|
Waked K, Colle J, Doornaert M, Cocquyt V, Blondeel P. Systematic review: The oncological safety of adipose fat transfer after breast cancer surgery. Breast 2016; 31:128-136. [PMID: 27837706 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Oncological concerns have risen around the safety of adipose fat transfer (AFT) after breast cancer surgery. In this article, we present the clinical and molecular evidences, and discuss the current contradiction between them. MATERIALS AND METHODS Every clinical trial and experimental study on AFT and its oncological influences was screened. Between September 2014 and September 2016, 856 articles from four databases were found. 105 core articles were selected. RESULTS A total of 18 clinical studies have been published. The loco-regional recurrence (LRR) incidence rates range between 0 and 3.90% per year. For the mastectomy and breast conservative therapy group separately, a LRR per year between 0 and 1.62% and 0-3.90 has been reported, respectively. Some studies included a matched control group and found no significant difference between cases and controls, with the exception of a subgroup of patients with intraepithelial breast carcinoma. Adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells have a potential oncogenic effect on residual cancer cells after breast cancer surgery. Numerous signalling proteins and pathways have been described that can stimulate tumour initiation and growth. CONCLUSION There is a contradiction between experimental and clinical findings. Numerous adipokines have been discovered that could potentially promote tumour initiation and growth, but clinical studies fail to point out a significant increase in LRR in patients who receive AFT after breast cancer surgery. More prospective studies are needed with a sufficient follow-up time and analysis of some critical factors, such as adjuvant radiotherapy and hormonal therapy, the origin and volume of the injected fat, and genetic influences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karl Waked
- University Hospital of Ghent, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Julien Colle
- University Hospital of Ghent, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Maarten Doornaert
- Private Medical Center: Maaltebrugge Ghent, Maaltebruggestraat 288, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | | | - Phillip Blondeel
- University Hospital of Ghent, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
174
|
LPA receptor activity is basal specific and coincident with early pregnancy and involution during mammary gland postnatal development. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35810. [PMID: 27808166 PMCID: PMC5093903 DOI: 10.1038/srep35810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, luminal and basal epithelial cells of the adult mammary gland proliferate and differentiate resulting in remodeling of the adult gland. While pathways that control this process have been characterized in the gland as a whole, the contribution of specific cell subtypes, in particular the basal compartment, remains largely unknown. Basal cells provide structural and contractile support, however they also orchestrate the communication between the stroma and the luminal compartment at all developmental stages. Using RNA-seq, we show that basal cells are extraordinarily transcriptionally dynamic throughout pregnancy when compared to luminal cells. We identified gene expression changes that define specific basal functions acquired during development that led to the identification of novel markers. Enrichment analysis of gene sets from 24 mouse models for breast cancer pinpoint to a potential new function for insulin-like growth factor 1 (Igf1r) in the basal epithelium during lactogenesis. We establish that β-catenin signaling is activated in basal cells during early pregnancy, and demonstrate that this activity is mediated by lysophosphatidic acid receptor 3 (Lpar3). These findings identify novel pathways active during functional maturation of the adult mammary gland.
Collapse
|
175
|
Pamarthy S, Mao L, Katara GK, Fleetwood S, Kulshreshta A, Gilman-Sachs A, Beaman KD. The V-ATPase a2 isoform controls mammary gland development through Notch and TGF-β signaling. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2443. [PMID: 27809299 PMCID: PMC5260869 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Among all tissues and organs, the mammary gland is unique because most of its development occurs in adulthood. Notch signaling has a major role in mammary gland development and has been implicated in breast cancer. The vacuolar-ATPase (V-ATPase) is a proton pump responsible for the regulation and control of pH in intracellular vesicles and the extracellular milieu. We have previously reported that a2V-ATPase (a2V), an isoform of ‘a' subunit of V-ATPase, regulates processing of Notch receptor and alters Notch signaling in breast cancer. To study the role of a2V in mammary gland development, we generated an a2V-KO model (conditional mammary knockout a2V mouse strain). During normal mammary gland development, the basal level expression of a2V increased from puberty, virginity, and pregnancy through the lactation stage and then decreased during involution. Litters of a2V-KO mice weighed significantly less when compared with litters from wild-type mice and showed reduced expression of the lactation marker β-casein. Whole-mount analysis of mammary glands demonstrated impaired ductal elongation and bifurcation in a2V-KO mice. Consequently, we found disintegrated mammary epithelium as seen by basal and luminal epithelial staining, although the rate of proliferation remained unchanged. Delayed mammary morphogenesis in a2V-KO mice was associated with aberrant activation of Notch and TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β) pathways. Notably, Hey1 (hairy/enhancer-of-split related with YRPW motif) and Smad2, the key downstream mediators of Notch and TGF-β pathways, respectively, were upregulated in a2V-KO mice and also in human mammary epithelial cells treated with a2V siRNA. Taken together, our results show that a2V deficiency disrupts the endolysosomal route in Notch and TGF signaling, thereby impairing mammary gland development. Our findings have broader implications in developmental and oncogenic cellular environments where V-ATPase, Notch and TGF-β are crucial for cell survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahithi Pamarthy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Liquin Mao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Gajendra K Katara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Sara Fleetwood
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Arpita Kulshreshta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Alice Gilman-Sachs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Kenneth D Beaman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| |
Collapse
|
176
|
Sizemore GM, Balakrishnan S, Hammer AM, Thies KA, Trimboli AJ, Wallace JA, Sizemore ST, Kladney RD, Woelke SA, Yu L, Fernandez SA, Chakravarti A, Leone G, Ostrowski MC. Stromal PTEN inhibits the expansion of mammary epithelial stem cells through Jagged-1. Oncogene 2016; 36:2297-2308. [PMID: 27797378 PMCID: PMC5398932 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblasts within the mammary tumor microenvironment are active participants in carcinogenesis mediating both tumor initiation and progression. Our group has previously demonstrated that genetic loss of PTEN in mammary fibroblasts induces an oncogenic secretome that remodels the extracellular milieu accelerating ErbB2-driven mammary tumor progression. While these prior studies highlighted a tumor suppressive role for stromal PTEN, how the adjacent normal epithelium transforms in response to PTEN loss was not previously addressed. To identify these early events, we have evaluated both phenotypic and genetic changes within the pre-neoplastic mammary epithelium of mice with and without stromal PTEN expression. We report that fibroblast-specific PTEN deletion greatly restricts mammary ductal elongation and induces aberrant alveolar side-branching. These mice concomitantly exhibit an expansion of the mammary epithelial stem cell (MaSC) enriched basal/myoepithelial population and an increase in in vitro stem cell activity. Further analysis revealed that NOTCH signaling, specifically through NOTCH3, is diminished in these cells. Mechanistically, JAGGED-1, a transmembrane ligand for the NOTCH receptor, is downregulated in the PTEN-null fibroblasts leading to a loss in the paracrine activation of NOTCH signaling from the surrounding stroma. Reintroduction of JAGGED-1 expression within the PTEN-null fibroblasts was sufficient to abrogate the observed increase in colony forming activity implying a direct role for stromal JAGGED-1 in regulation of mammary stem cell properties. Importantly, breast cancer patients whose tumors express both low stromal JAG1 and low stromal PTEN exhibit a shorter time to recurrence than those whose tumors express low levels of either alone suggesting similar stromal signaling in advanced disease. Combined, these results unveil a novel stromal PTEN-to-JAGGED-1 axis in maintaining the mammary epithelial stem cell niche, and subsequently inhibiting breast cancer initiation and disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G M Sizemore
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - S Balakrishnan
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - A M Hammer
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - K A Thies
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - A J Trimboli
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - J A Wallace
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - S T Sizemore
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - R D Kladney
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - S A Woelke
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - L Yu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics' Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - S A Fernandez
- Department of Biomedical Informatics' Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - A Chakravarti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - G Leone
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - M C Ostrowski
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
177
|
Stallcup WB, You WK, Kucharova K, Cejudo-Martin P, Yotsumoto F. NG2 Proteoglycan-Dependent Contributions of Pericytes and Macrophages to Brain Tumor Vascularization and Progression. Microcirculation 2016; 23:122-33. [PMID: 26465118 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The NG2 proteoglycan promotes tumor growth as a component of both tumor and stromal cells. Using intracranial, NG2-negative B16F10 melanomas, we have investigated the importance of PC and Mac NG2 in brain tumor progression. Reduced melanoma growth in Mac-NG2ko and PC-NG2ko mice demonstrates the importance of NG2 in both stromal compartments. In each genotype, the loss of PC-endothelial cell interaction diminishes the formation of endothelial junctions and assembly of the basal lamina. Tumor vessels in Mac-NG2ko mice have smaller diameters, reduced patency, and increased leakiness compared to PC-NG2ko mice, thus decreasing tumor blood supply and increasing hypoxia. While the reduced PC interaction with endothelial cells in PC-NG2ko mice results from the loss of PC activation of β1 integrin signaling in endothelial cells, reduced PC-endothelial cell interaction in Mac-NG2ko mice results from 90% reduced Mac recruitment. The absence of Mac-derived signals in Mac-NG2ko mice causes the loss of PC association with endothelial cells. Reduced Mac recruitment may be due to diminished activation of integrins in the absence of NG2, causing decreased Mac interaction with endothelial adhesion molecules that are needed for extravasation. These results reflect the complex interplay that occurs between Mac, PC, and endothelial cells during tumor vascularization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William B Stallcup
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Cancer Center, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Weon-Kyoo You
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Cancer Center, La Jolla, California, USA.,Biologics Business, Research and Development Center, Hanwha Chemical, Daejon, South Korea
| | - Karolina Kucharova
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Cancer Center, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Pilar Cejudo-Martin
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Cancer Center, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Fusanori Yotsumoto
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Cancer Center, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
178
|
Breast Cancer Cell Colonization of the Human Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue Niche. Neoplasia 2016; 17:849-861. [PMID: 26696367 PMCID: PMC4688564 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Bone is a preferred site of breast cancer metastasis, suggesting the presence of tissue-specific features that attract and promote the outgrowth of breast cancer cells. We sought to identify parameters of human bone tissue associated with breast cancer cell osteotropism and colonization in the metastatic niche. METHODS Migration and colonization patterns of MDA-MB-231-fLuc-EGFP (luciferase-enhanced green fluorescence protein) and MCF-7-fLuc-EGFP breast cancer cells were studied in co-culture with cancellous bone tissue fragments isolated from 14 hip arthroplasties. Breast cancer cell migration into tissues and toward tissue-conditioned medium was measured in Transwell migration chambers using bioluminescence imaging and analyzed as a function of secreted factors measured by multiplex immunoassay. Patterns of breast cancer cell colonization were evaluated with fluorescence microscopy and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Enhanced MDA-MB-231-fLuc-EGFP breast cancer cell migration to bone-conditioned versus control medium was observed in 12/14 specimens (P = .0014) and correlated significantly with increasing levels of the adipokines/cytokines leptin (P = .006) and IL-1β (P = .001) in univariate and multivariate regression analyses. Fluorescence microscopy and immunohistochemistry of fragments underscored the extreme adiposity of adult human bone tissues and revealed extensive breast cancer cell colonization within the marrow adipose tissue compartment. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that breast cancer cells migrate to human bone tissue-conditioned medium in association with increasing levels of leptin and IL-1β, and colonize the bone marrow adipose tissue compartment of cultured fragments. Bone marrow adipose tissue and its molecular signals may be important but understudied components of the breast cancer metastatic niche.
Collapse
|
179
|
Comparative proteomic assessment of matrisome enrichment methodologies. Biochem J 2016; 473:3979-3995. [PMID: 27589945 PMCID: PMC5095915 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The matrisome is a complex and heterogeneous collection of extracellular matrix (ECM) and ECM-associated proteins that play important roles in tissue development and homeostasis. While several strategies for matrisome enrichment have been developed, it is currently unknown how the performance of these different methodologies compares in the proteomic identification of matrisome components across multiple tissue types. In the present study, we perform a comparative proteomic assessment of two widely used decellularisation protocols and two extraction methods to characterise the matrisome in four murine organs (heart, mammary gland, lung and liver). We undertook a systematic evaluation of the performance of the individual methods on protein yield, matrisome enrichment capability and the ability to isolate core matrisome and matrisome-associated components. Our data find that sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) decellularisation leads to the highest matrisome enrichment efficiency, while the extraction protocol that comprises chemical and trypsin digestion of the ECM fraction consistently identifies the highest number of matrisomal proteins across all types of tissue examined. Matrisome enrichment had a clear benefit over non-enriched tissue for the comprehensive identification of matrisomal components in murine liver and heart. Strikingly, we find that all four matrisome enrichment methods led to significant losses in the soluble matrisome-associated proteins across all organs. Our findings highlight the multiple factors (including tissue type, matrisome class of interest and desired enrichment purity) that influence the choice of enrichment methodology, and we anticipate that these data will serve as a useful guide for the design of future proteomic studies of the matrisome.
Collapse
|
180
|
Kalluri R. The biology and function of fibroblasts in cancer. NATURE REVIEWS. CANCER 2016. [PMID: 27550820 DOI: 10.1038/nrc.2016.73.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Among all cells, fibroblasts could be considered the cockroaches of the human body. They survive severe stress that is usually lethal to all other cells, and they are the only normal cell type that can be live-cultured from post-mortem and decaying tissue. Their resilient adaptation may reside in their intrinsic survival programmes and cellular plasticity. Cancer is associated with fibroblasts at all stages of disease progression, including metastasis, and they are a considerable component of the general host response to tissue damage caused by cancer cells. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) become synthetic machines that produce many different tumour components. CAFs have a role in creating extracellular matrix (ECM) structure and metabolic and immune reprogramming of the tumour microenvironment with an impact on adaptive resistance to chemotherapy. The pleiotropic actions of CAFs on tumour cells are probably reflective of them being a heterogeneous and plastic population with context-dependent influence on cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| |
Collapse
|
181
|
Abstract
Among all cells, fibroblasts could be considered the cockroaches of the human body. They survive severe stress that is usually lethal to all other cells, and they are the only normal cell type that can be live-cultured from post-mortem and decaying tissue. Their resilient adaptation may reside in their intrinsic survival programmes and cellular plasticity. Cancer is associated with fibroblasts at all stages of disease progression, including metastasis, and they are a considerable component of the general host response to tissue damage caused by cancer cells. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) become synthetic machines that produce many different tumour components. CAFs have a role in creating extracellular matrix (ECM) structure and metabolic and immune reprogramming of the tumour microenvironment with an impact on adaptive resistance to chemotherapy. The pleiotropic actions of CAFs on tumour cells are probably reflective of them being a heterogeneous and plastic population with context-dependent influence on cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| |
Collapse
|
182
|
Kuzet SE, Gaggioli C. Fibroblast activation in cancer: when seed fertilizes soil. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 365:607-19. [PMID: 27474009 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2467-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In solid cancers, activated fibroblasts acquire the capacity to provide fertile soil for tumor progression. Specifically, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) establish a strong relationship with cancer cells. This provides advantages to both cell types: whereas cancer cells initiate and sustain CAF activation, CAFs support cancer cell growth, motility and invasion. This results in tumor progression, metastasis and chemoresistance. Numerous studies have detailed the mechanisms involved in fibroblast activation and cancer progression, some of which are reviewed in this article. Cancer cells and CAFs are "partners in crime", and their interaction is supported by inflammation. An understanding of the enemy, the cancer cell population and its "allies" should provide novel opportunities for targeted-drug development. Graphical Abstract Molecular mechanism of fibroblast activation. a Normal fibroblasts are the most common cell type in the extracellular matrix and are responsible for the synthesis of collagens and fibrilar proteins. Under normal conditions, fibroblasts maintain tissue homeostasis and contribute to proper cell communication and function. Fibroblasts can be activated by a diverse set of factors secreted from cancer or immune cells. Not only growth factors such as TGF-β, PDGF, HGF and FGF but also interleukins, metalloproteinases and reactive oxygen species can promote activation. Likewise, transcriptional factors such as NF-κB and HSF-1 play an important role, as do the gene family of metalloproteinase inhibitors, Timp and the NF-κB subunit, p62. Interestingly, fibroblasts themselves can stimulate cancer cells to support activation further. b Once activated, fibroblasts undergo a phenotype switch and become cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) expressing various markers such as α-SMA, FSP1, vimentin and periostatin. c Recently, the LIF/GP130/IL6-R pathway has been identified as a signaling cascade involved in fibroblast activation. Upon LIF stimulation, JAK is phosphorylated and further activates STAT3, a transcriptional factor that is then translocated into the nucleus where it promotes the transcription of genes responsible for cell growth, differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. Ruxolitinib can inhibit JAK and prevent STAT3 activation. Further on, the maintenance of JAK activation is supported by epigenetical changes and post-translational modifications. Once pSTAT3 is acetylated by histon acetyltransferase, p300, it leads to the loss of expression of SHP-1, which is a negative regulator of the JAK/STAT pathway. Silencing of SHP-1 steers the constitutive activation of JAK and STAT3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanya-Eduarda Kuzet
- INSERM U1081, CNRS UMR7284, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Medical School, 28 Avenue Valombrose, F-06107, Nice, France
| | - Cedric Gaggioli
- INSERM U1081, CNRS UMR7284, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Medical School, 28 Avenue Valombrose, F-06107, Nice, France.
| |
Collapse
|
183
|
Dobbs JL, Shin D, Krishnamurthy S, Kuerer H, Yang W, Richards-Kortum R. Confocal fluorescence microscopy to evaluate changes in adipocytes in the tumor microenvironment associated with invasive ductal carcinoma and ductal carcinoma in situ. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:1140-9. [PMID: 27116366 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a dynamic organ that provides endocrine, inflammatory and angiogenic factors, which can assist breast carcinoma cells with invasion and metastasis. Previous studies have shown that adipocytes adjacent to carcinoma, known as cancer-associated adipocytes, undergo extensive changes that correspond to an "activated phenotype," such as reduced size relative to adipocytes in non-neoplastic breast tissue. Optical imaging provides a tool that can be used to characterize adipocyte morphology and other features of the tumor microenvironment. In this study, we used confocal fluorescence microscopy to acquire images of freshly excised breast tissue stained topically with proflavine. We developed a computerized algorithm to identify and quantitatively measure phenotypic properties of adipocytes located adjacent to and far from normal collagen, ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive ductal carcinoma. Adipocytes were measured in confocal fluorescence images of fresh breast tissue collected from 22 patients. Results show that adipocytes adjacent to neoplastic tissue margins have significantly smaller area compared to adipocytes far from the margins of neoplastic lesions and compared to adipocytes adjacent to non-neoplastic collagenous stroma. These findings suggest that confocal microscopic images can be utilized to evaluate phenotypic properties of adipocytes in breast stroma which may be useful in defining alterations in microenvironment that may aid in the development and progression of neoplastic lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dongsuk Shin
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX
| | | | - Henry Kuerer
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | |
Collapse
|
184
|
Georgescu I, Gooding RJ, Doiron RC, Day A, Selvarajah S, Davidson C, Berman DM, Park PC. Molecular characterization of Gleason patterns 3 and 4 prostate cancer using reverse Warburg effect-associated genes. Cancer Metab 2016; 4:8. [PMID: 27152194 PMCID: PMC4857335 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-016-0149-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gleason scores (GS) 3+3 and 3+4 prostate cancers (PCa) differ greatly in their clinical courses, with Gleason pattern (GP) 4 representing a major independent risk factor for cancer progression. However, Gleason grade is not reliably ascertained by diagnostic biopsy, largely due to sampling inadequacies, subjectivity in the Gleason grading procedure, and a lack of more objective biomarker assays to stratify prostate cancer aggressiveness. In most aggressive cancer types, the tumor microenvironment exhibits a reciprocal pro-tumorigenic metabolic phenotype consistent with the reverse Warburg effect (RWE). The RWE can be viewed as a physiologic response to the epithelial phenotype that is independent of both the epithelial genotype and of direct tumor sampling. We hypothesize that differential expression of RWE-associated genes can be used to classify Gleason pattern, distinguishing GP3 from GP4 PCa foci. METHODS Gene expression profiling was conducted on RNA extracted from laser-capture microdissected stromal tissue surrounding 20 GP3 and 21 GP4 cancer foci from PCa patients with GS 3+3 and GS ≥4+3, respectively. Genes were probed using a 102-gene NanoString probe set targeted towards biological processes associated with the RWE. Differentially expressed genes were identified from normalized data by univariate analysis. A top-scoring pair (TSP) analysis was completed on raw gene expression values. Genes were analyzed for enriched Gene Ontology (GO) biological processes and protein-protein interactions using STRING and GeneMANIA. RESULTS Univariate analysis identified nine genes (FOXO1 (AUC: 0.884), GPD2, SPARC, HK2, COL1A2, ALDOA, MCT4, NRF2, and ATG5) that were differentially expressed between GP3 and GP4 stroma (p<0.05). However, following correction for false discovery, only FOXO1 retained statistical significance at q<0.05. The TSP analysis identified a significant gene pair, namely ATG5/GLUT1. Greater expression of ATG5 relative to GLUT1 correctly classified 77.4 % of GP3/GP4 samples. Enrichment for GO-biological processes revealed that catabolic glucose processes and oxidative stress response pathways were strongly associated with GP3 foci but not GP4. FOXO1 was identified as being a primary nodal protein. CONCLUSIONS We report that RWE-associated genes can be used to distinguish between GP3 and GP4 prostate cancers. Moreover, we find that the RWE response is downregulated in the stroma surrounding GP4, possibly via modulation of FOXO1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilinca Georgescu
- />Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON Canada
- />Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON Canada
| | - Robert J. Gooding
- />Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON Canada
- />Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON Canada
| | | | - Andrew Day
- />NCIC Clinical Trials Group, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON Canada
| | - Shamini Selvarajah
- />Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON Canada
| | - Chris Davidson
- />Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON Canada
| | - David M. Berman
- />Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON Canada
- />Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON Canada
| | - Paul C. Park
- />Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON Canada
- />Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON Canada
| |
Collapse
|
185
|
Tran TB, Baek C, Min J. Electric Cell-Substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS) with Microelectrode Arrays for Investigation of Cancer Cell-Fibroblasts Interaction. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153813. [PMID: 27088611 PMCID: PMC4835071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment, including stromal cells, surrounding blood vessels and extracellular matrix components, has been defined as a crucial factor that influences the proliferation, drug-resistance, invasion and metastasis of malignant epithelial cells. Among other factors, the communications and interaction between cancer cells and stromal cells have been reported to play pivotal roles in cancer promotion and progression. To investigate these relationships, an on-chip co-culture model was developed to study the cellular interaction between A549—human lung carcinoma cells and MRC-5—human lung epithelial cells in both normal proliferation and treatment conditions. In brief, a co-culture device consisting of 2 individual fluidic chambers in parallel, which were separated by a 100 μm fence was utilized for cell patterning. Microelectrodes arrays were installed within each chamber including electrodes at various distances away from the confrontation line for the electrochemical impedimetric sensing assessment of cell-to-cell influence. After the fence was removed and cell-to-cell contact occurred, by evaluating the impedance signal responses representing cell condition and behavior, both direct and indirect cell-to-cell interactions through conditioned media were investigated. The impact of specific distances that lead to different influences of fibroblast cells on cancer cells in the co-culture environment was also defined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trong Binh Tran
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Changyoon Baek
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhong Min
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
186
|
Zheng L, Xu C, Guan Z, Su X, Xu Z, Cao J, Teng L. Galectin-1 mediates TGF-β-induced transformation from normal fibroblasts into carcinoma-associated fibroblasts and promotes tumor progression in gastric cancer. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:1641-1658. [PMID: 27186290 PMCID: PMC4859895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Rcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a major constituent of the tumor microenvironment. Cancer cells can induce the transformation from normal fibroblasts (NFs) into CAFs, reciprocally, CAFs promote tumor invasion and proliferation. TGF-β has been the mostly accepted factor to fuel NFs transformation into CAFs. Galectin-1 (Gal1) is highly upregulated in CAFs of multiple human cancers, and overexpression of Gal1 in CAFs promotes tumor progression. The effect of Gal1 on TGF-β-induced CAFs activation has not yet been established in gastric cancer (GC). In this study, we show that Gal1 expression in stroma is positively related to TGF-β in epithelial cells by retrospective analysis of GC patient samples. Meanwhile, conditioned media (CMs) from gastric cancer cells induce expression of both Gal1 and the CAFs marker alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in NFs via TGF-β secretion. Knockdown of Gal1 prevents TGF-β-induced the conversion of NFs to CAFs. CMs from fibroblasts overexpressing Gal1 inhibits cancer cells apoptosis, promotes migration and invasion in vitro. Thus, Gal1 is significantly involved in the development of tumor-promoting microenvironment by enhancing TGF-β signaling in a positive feedback loop. Targeting Gal1 in tumor stroma should be considered as a potential therapeutic target for GC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Zheng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cong Xu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhonghai Guan
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xingyun Su
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhenzhen Xu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiang Cao
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lisong Teng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
187
|
Barcellos-Hoff MH, Mao JH. HZE Radiation Non-Targeted Effects on the Microenvironment That Mediate Mammary Carcinogenesis. Front Oncol 2016; 6:57. [PMID: 27014632 PMCID: PMC4786544 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clear mechanistic understanding of the biological processes elicited by radiation that increase cancer risk can be used to inform prediction of health consequences of medical uses, such as radiotherapy, or occupational exposures, such as those of astronauts during deep space travel. Here, we review the current concepts of carcinogenesis as a multicellular process during which transformed cells escape normal tissue controls, including the immune system, and establish a tumor microenvironment. We discuss the contribution of two broad classes of radiation effects that may increase cancer: radiation targeted effects that occur as a result of direct energy deposition, e.g., DNA damage, and non-targeted effects (NTE) that result from changes in cell signaling, e.g., genomic instability. It is unknown whether the potentially greater carcinogenic effect of high Z and energy (HZE) particle radiation is a function of the relative contribution or extent of NTE or due to unique NTE. We addressed this problem using a radiation/genetic mammary chimera mouse model of breast cancer. Our experiments suggest that NTE promote more aggressive cancers, as evidenced by increased growth rate, transcriptomic signatures, and metastasis, and that HZE particle NTE are more effective than reference γ-radiation. Emerging evidence suggest that HZE irradiation dampens antitumor immunity. These studies raise concern that HZE radiation exposure not only increases the likelihood of developing cancer but also could promote progression to more aggressive cancer with a greater risk of mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jian-Hua Mao
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, CA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
188
|
Sokol ES, Miller DH, Breggia A, Spencer KC, Arendt LM, Gupta PB. Growth of human breast tissues from patient cells in 3D hydrogel scaffolds. Breast Cancer Res 2016; 18:19. [PMID: 26926363 PMCID: PMC4772689 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-016-0677-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Three-dimensional (3D) cultures have proven invaluable for expanding human tissues for basic research and clinical applications. In both contexts, 3D cultures are most useful when they (1) support the outgrowth of tissues from primary human cells that have not been immortalized through extensive culture or viral infection and (2) include defined, physiologically relevant components. Here we describe a 3D culture system with both of these properties that stimulates the outgrowth of morphologically complex and hormone-responsive mammary tissues from primary human breast epithelial cells. Methods Primary human breast epithelial cells isolated from patient reduction mammoplasty tissues were seeded into 3D hydrogels. The hydrogel scaffolds were composed of extracellular proteins and carbohydrates present in human breast tissue and were cultured in serum-free medium containing only defined components. The physical properties of these hydrogels were determined using atomic force microscopy. Tissue growth was monitored over time using bright-field and fluorescence microscopy, and maturation was assessed using morphological metrics and by immunostaining for markers of stem cells and differentiated cell types. The hydrogel tissues were also studied by fabricating physical models from confocal images using a 3D printer. Results When seeded into these 3D hydrogels, primary human breast epithelial cells rapidly self-organized in the absence of stromal cells and within 2 weeks expanded to form mature mammary tissues. The mature tissues contained luminal, basal, and stem cells in the correct topological orientation and also exhibited the complex ductal and lobular morphologies observed in the human breast. The expanded tissues became hollow when treated with estrogen and progesterone, and with the further addition of prolactin produced lipid droplets, indicating that they were responding to hormones. Ductal branching was initiated by clusters of cells expressing putative mammary stem cell markers, which subsequently localized to the leading edges of the tissue outgrowths. Ductal elongation was preceded by leader cells that protruded from the tips of ducts and engaged with the extracellular matrix. Conclusions These 3D hydrogel scaffolds support the growth of complex mammary tissues from primary patient-derived cells. We anticipate that this culture system will empower future studies of human mammary gland development and biology. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-016-0677-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ethan S Sokol
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA. .,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Daniel H Miller
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA. .,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Anne Breggia
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, 04074, USA.
| | - Kevin C Spencer
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Lisa M Arendt
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53711, USA.
| | - Piyush B Gupta
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA. .,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA. .,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA. .,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
189
|
Kweon S, Song KH, Park H, Choi JC, Doh J. Dynamic Micropatterning of Cells on Nanostructured Surfaces Using a Cell-friendly Photoresist. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:4266-4274. [PMID: 26760679 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cellular dynamics under complex topographical microenvironments are important for many biological processes in development and diseases, but systematic investigation has been limited due to the lack of technology. Herein, we developed a new dynamic cell patterning method based on a cell-friendly photoresist polymer that allows in situ control of cell dynamics on nanostructured surfaces. Using this method, we quantitatively compared the spreading dynamics of cells on nanostructured surfaces to those on flat surfaces. Furthermore, we investigated how cells behaved when they simultaneously encountered two topographically distinct surfaces during spreading. This method will allow many exciting opportunities in the fundamental study of cellular dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- SoonHo Kweon
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering (I-Bio) and ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology , San31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
| | - Kwang Hoon Song
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering (I-Bio) and ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology , San31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
| | - HyoungJun Park
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering (I-Bio) and ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology , San31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
| | - Jong-Cheol Choi
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering (I-Bio) and ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology , San31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
| | - Junsang Doh
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering (I-Bio) and ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology , San31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
190
|
Zang C, Eucker J, Habbel P, Neumann C, Schulz CO, Bangemann N, Kissner L, Riess H, Liu H. Targeting multiple tyrosine kinase receptors with Dovitinib blocks invasion and the interaction between tumor cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts in breast cancer. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:1291-9. [PMID: 25714853 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.995050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A constitutive and dynamic interaction between tumor cells and their surrounding stroma is a prerequisite for tumor invasion and metastasis. Fibroblasts and myofibroblasts (collectively called cancer associated fibroblasts, CAFs) often represent the major cellular components of tumor stroma. Tumor cells secret different growth factors which induce CAFs proliferation and differentiation, and, consequently, CAFs secrete different chemokines, cytokines or growth factors which induce tumor cell invasion and metastasis. In this study we showed here that CAFs from breast cancer surgical specimens significantly induced the invasion of breast cancer cells in vitro. Most interestingly, the novel multiple tyrosine kinase inhibitor Dovitinib significantly blocked the CAFs-induced invasion of breast cancer cells by, at least in part, inhibition of the expression and secretion of CCL2, CCL5 and VEGF in CAFs. Inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling could be responsible for the effects of Dovitinib, since Dovitinib antagonized the promoted phosphorylated Akt after treatment with PDGF, FGF or breast cancer cell-conditioned media. Treatment with Dovitinib in combination with PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling inhibitors Ly294002 or RAD001 resulted in additive inhibition of cell invasion. This is the first in vitro study to show that the multiple tyrosine kinase inhibitor has therapeutic activities against breast cancer metastasis by targeting both tumor cells and CAFs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanbing Zang
- a Division of Hematology and Oncology ; Charité-University Medicine; Charitéplatz 1 ; Berlin , Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
191
|
Yoshimura T, Imamichi T, Weiss JM, Sato M, Li L, Matsukawa A, Wang JM. Induction of Monocyte Chemoattractant Proteins in Macrophages via the Production of Granulocyte/Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor by Breast Cancer Cells. Front Immunol 2016; 7:2. [PMID: 26834744 PMCID: PMC4718995 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)/CCL2 plays an important role in the initiation and progression of cancer. We previously reported that in 4T1 murine breast cancer, non-tumor stromal cells, including macrophages, were the major source of MCP-1. In the present study, we analyzed the potential mechanisms by which MCP-1 is upregulated in macrophages infiltrating 4T1 tumors. We found that cell-free culture supernatants of 4T1 cells (4T1-sup) markedly upregulated MCP-1 production by peritoneal inflammatory macrophages. 4T1-sup also upregulated other MCPs, such as MCP-3/CCL7 and MCP-5/CCL12, but modestly upregulated neutrophil chemotactic chemokines, such as KC/CXCL1 or MIP-2/CXCL2. Physicochemical analysis indicated that an approximately 20-30 kDa 4T1 cell product was responsible for the capacity of 4T1-sup to upregulate MCP-1 expression by macrophages. A neutralizing antibody against granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), but not macrophage CSF, almost completely abrogated MCP-1-inducing activity of 4T1-sup, and recombinant GM-CSF potently upregulated MCP-1 production by macrophages. The expression levels of GM-CSF in 4T1 tumors in vivo were higher than other tumors, such as Lewis lung carcinoma. Treatment of mice with anti-GM-CSF antibody significantly reduced the growth of 4T1 tumors at the injection sites but did not reduce MCP-1 production or lung metastasis in tumor-bearing mice. These results indicate that 4T1 cells have the capacity to directly upregulate MCP-1 production by macrophages by releasing GM-CSF; however, other mechanisms are also involved in increased MCP-1 levels in the 4T1 tumor microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teizo Yoshimura
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tomozumi Imamichi
- Laboratory of Human Retrovirology and Immunoinformatics, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan M. Weiss
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Miwa Sato
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Liangzhu Li
- Engineering Research Center for Cell and Therapeutic Antibody of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Akihiro Matsukawa
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ji Ming Wang
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
192
|
Sandhu GK, Milevskiy MJG, Wilson W, Shewan AM, Brown MA. Non-coding RNAs in Mammary Gland Development and Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 886:121-153. [PMID: 26659490 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-7417-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are untranslated RNA molecules that function to regulate the expression of numerous genes and associated biochemical pathways and cellular functions. NcRNAs include small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). They participate in the regulation of all developmental processes and are frequently aberrantly expressed or functionally defective in disease. This Chapter will focus on the role of ncRNAs, in particular miRNAs and lncRNAs, in mammary gland development and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gurveen K Sandhu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Michael J G Milevskiy
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Wesley Wilson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Annette M Shewan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Melissa A Brown
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
193
|
Stylianou A, Stylianopoulos T. Atomic Force Microscopy Probing of Cancer Cells and Tumor Microenvironment Components. BIONANOSCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-015-0187-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
194
|
Mocanu MM, Nagy P, Szöllősi J. Chemoprevention of Breast Cancer by Dietary Polyphenols. Molecules 2015; 20:22578-620. [PMID: 26694341 PMCID: PMC6332464 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201219864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The review will discuss in detail the effects of polyphenols on breast cancer, including both the advantages and disadvantages of the applications of these natural compounds. First, we focus on the characterization of the main classes of polyphenols and then on in vitro and in vivo experiments carried out in breast cancer models. Since the therapeutic effects of the administration of a single type of polyphenol might be limited because of the reduced bioavailability of these drugs, investigations on combination of several polyphenols or polyphenols with conventional therapy will also be discussed. In addition, we present recent data focusing on clinical trials with polyphenols and new approaches with nanoparticles in breast cancer. Besides the clinical and translational findings this review systematically summarizes our current knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of anti-cancer effects of polyphenols, which are related to apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, plasma membrane receptors, signaling pathways and epigenetic mechanisms. At the same time the effects of polyphenols on primary tumor, metastasis and angiogenesis in breast cancer are discussed. The increasing enthusiasm regarding the combination of polyphenols and conventional therapy in breast cancer might lead to additional efforts to motivate further research in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Magdalena Mocanu
- Department of Biophysics, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Péter Nagy
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - János Szöllősi
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
- MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
195
|
Bhat M, Skill N, Marcus V, Deschenes M, Tan X, Bouteaud J, Negi S, Awan Z, Aikin R, Kwan J, Amre R, Tabaries S, Hassanain M, Seidah NG, Maluccio M, Siegel P, Metrakos P. Decreased PCSK9 expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Gastroenterol 2015; 15:176. [PMID: 26674961 PMCID: PMC4682218 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-015-0371-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The management of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is limited by the lack of adequate screening biomarkers and chemotherapy. In response, there has been much interest in tumor metabolism as a therapeutic target. PCSK9 stimulates internalization of the LDL-receptor, decreases cholesterol uptake into hepatocytes and affects liver regeneration. Thus, we investigated whether PCSK9 expression is altered in HCC, influencing its ability to harness cholesterol metabolism. METHODS Thirty-nine patients undergoing partial hepatectomy or liver transplantation for HCC were consented for use of HCC tissue to construct a tissue microarray (TMA). The TMA was immunostained for PCSK9. Imagescope software was used to objectively determine staining, and assess for pathological and clinical correlations. PCSK9 and LDL receptor mRNA levels in flash-frozen HCC and adjacent liver tissue were determined by quantitative RT-PCR. Serum PCSK9 levels were determined by ELISA. RESULTS By immunohistochemistry, there was significantly lower expression of PCSK9 in HCC as compared to adjacent cirrhosis (p-value < 0.0001, wilcoxon signed-rank test). Significantly greater staining of PCSK9 was present in cirrhosis compared to HCC (p value <0.0001), and positivity (percentage of positive cells) was significantly greater in cirrhosis compared to HCC (p-value < 0.0001). Conversely, significantly higher expression of LDL-R was present in HCC as compared to the adjacent cirrhosis (p-value < 0.0001). There was no significant correlation of PCSK9 staining with grade of tumor, but there were significant correlations between PCSK9 staining and stage of fibrosis, according to spearman correlation test. PCSK9 mRNA levels were relatively less abundant within HCC compared to adjacent liver tissue (p-value =0.08) and normal control tissue (p-value =0.02). In contrast, serum PCSK9 levels were significantly increased among patients with HCC compared to those with chronic liver disease without HCC (p-value =0.029). LDL receptor mRNA was consistantly greater in HCC when compared to normal control tissue (p-value = 0.06) and, in general, was significantly greater in HCC when compared to adjacent liver (p-value = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS The decreased expression of PCSK9 and conversely increased LDL-R expression in HCC suggests that HCC modulates its local microenvironment to enable a constant energy supply. Larger-scale studies should be conducted to determine whether PCSK9 could be a therapeutic target for HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mamatha Bhat
- Division of Gastroenterology, McGill University Health Centre, 687 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, H3A1A1, Canada.
| | - Nicolas Skill
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Victoria Marcus
- Department of Pathology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Marc Deschenes
- Division of Gastroenterology, McGill University Health Centre, 687 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, H3A1A1, Canada.
| | - Xianming Tan
- Biostatistics Core Facility, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Jeanne Bouteaud
- Hepatopancreatobiliary and Multi-Organ Transplant Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Sarita Negi
- Hepatopancreatobiliary and Multi-Organ Transplant Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Zuhier Awan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Reid Aikin
- Hepatopancreatobiliary and Multi-Organ Transplant Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Janet Kwan
- Hepatopancreatobiliary and Multi-Organ Transplant Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Ramila Amre
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Sebastien Tabaries
- Department of Medicine, Goodman Cancer Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Mazen Hassanain
- Department of Pathology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Surgery, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Nabil G Seidah
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mary Maluccio
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Peter Siegel
- Department of Medicine, Goodman Cancer Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Peter Metrakos
- Department of Pathology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
196
|
Raja AM, Xu S, Zhuo S, Tai DCS, Sun W, So PTC, Welsch RE, Chen CS, Yu H. Differential remodeling of extracellular matrices by breast cancer initiating cells. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2015; 8:804-15. [PMID: 25597396 PMCID: PMC4761427 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201400079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cancer initiating cells (CICs) have been the focus of recent anti-cancer therapies, exhibiting strong invasion capability via potentially enhanced ability to remodel extracellular matrices (ECM). We have identified CICs in a human breast cancer cell line, MX-1, and developed a xenograft model in SCID mice. We investigated the CICs' matrix-remodeling effects using Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) microscopy to identify potential phenotypic signatures of the CIC-rich tumors. The isolated CICs exhibit higher proliferation, drug efflux and drug resistant properties in vitro; were more tumorigenic than non-CICs, resulting in more and larger tumors in the xenograft model. The CIC-rich tumors have less collagen in the tumor interior than in the CIC-poor tumors supporting the idea that the CICs can remodel the collagen more effectively. The collagen fibers were preferentially aligned perpendicular to the CIC-rich tumor boundary while parallel to the CIC-poor tumor boundary suggesting more invasive behavior of the CIC-rich tumors. These findings would provide potential translational values in quantifying and monitoring CIC-rich tumors in future anti-cancer therapies. CIC-rich tumors remodel the collagen matrix more than CIC-poor tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anju M Raja
- Biomedical Engineering Division, Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, 535 Clementi Road, Singapore, 599489
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A*STAR, Singapore, 138669
- NUS Graduate Programme in Bioengineering, NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shuoyu Xu
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A*STAR, Singapore, 138669
- BioSystems and Micromechanics, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, #04-13/14 Enterprise Wing, Singapore, 138602
| | - Shuangmu Zhuo
- BioSystems and Micromechanics, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, #04-13/14 Enterprise Wing, Singapore, 138602
- Institute of Laser and Optoelectronics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Dean C S Tai
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A*STAR, Singapore, 138669
| | - Wanxin Sun
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A*STAR, Singapore, 138669
| | - Peter T C So
- BioSystems and Micromechanics, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, #04-13/14 Enterprise Wing, Singapore, 138602
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Roy E Welsch
- Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Chien-Shing Chen
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456
- School of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Loma Linda University, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Hanry Yu
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A*STAR, Singapore, 138669.
- NUS Graduate Programme in Bioengineering, NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597.
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
- BioSystems and Micromechanics, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, #04-13/14 Enterprise Wing, Singapore, 138602.
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, 117597.
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab, #05-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411.
| |
Collapse
|
197
|
Líška J, Brtko J, Dubovický M, Macejová D, Kissová V, Polák Š, Ujházy E. Relationship between histology, development and tumorigenesis of mammary gland in female rat. Exp Anim 2015; 65:1-9. [PMID: 26424555 PMCID: PMC4783645 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.15-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland is a dynamic organ that undergoes structural and functional changes
associated with growth, reproduction, and post-menopausal regression. The postnatal
transformations of the epithelium and stromal cells of the mammary gland may contribute to
its susceptibility to carcinogenesis. The increased cancer incidence in mammary glands of
humans and similarly of rodents in association with their development is believed to be
partly explained by proliferative activity together with lesser degree of differentiation,
but it is not completely understood how the virgin gland retains its higher susceptibility
to carcinogenesis. During its developmental cycle, the mammary gland displays many of the
properties associated with breast cancer. An early first full-term pregnancy may have a
protective effect. Rodent models are useful for investigating potential breast
carcinogens. The purpose of this review is to help recognizing histological appearance of
the epithelium and the stroma of the normal mammary gland in rats, and throughout its
development in relation to tumorigenic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ján Líška
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty of Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, Bratislava 811 08, Slovak Republic
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
198
|
Santi A, Caselli A, Ranaldi F, Paoli P, Mugnaioni C, Michelucci E, Cirri P. Cancer associated fibroblasts transfer lipids and proteins to cancer cells through cargo vesicles supporting tumor growth. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:3211-23. [PMID: 26384873 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblasts are the most abundant cells in connective tissue and, with fibrillar extracellular matrix, form the structural scaffolding of organs. In solid tumors, interaction with cancer cells induces fibroblasts transdifferentiation into an activated form, which become a fundamental part of the tumor stroma. Within tumor microenvironment stromal and cancer cells engage a crosstalk that is mediated by soluble factors, cellcell contacts and extracellular vesicles trafficlking. Here we report that fibroblasts have the ability to transfer a remarkable amount of proteins and lipids to neighboring cells, in an ectosome-dependent fashion, identifying a novel and native property of these cells. Cancer-associated fibroblasts show an enhanced production and delivering of ectc:Jsomes to cancer cells compared to normal fibroblasts. As a consequence of this phenomenon, tumor cells increase their proliferation rate, indicating that ectosome-mediated trafficking could be a relevant mechanism mediating the trophic function of activated connective tissue on tumor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Santi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Anna Caselli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Francesco Ranaldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Paolo Paoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Camilla Mugnaioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Elena Michelucci
- Mass Spectrometry Center, Università degli Studi di Firenze,, 50139 Firenze, Italy
| | - Paolo Cirri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
199
|
Wang X, Sang X, Diorio C, Lin SX, Doillon CJ. In vitro interactions between mammary fibroblasts (Hs 578Bst) and cancer epithelial cells (MCF-7) modulate aromatase, steroid sulfatase and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 412:339-48. [PMID: 26044867 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Our objectives were to investigate the interactions between mammary cancer epithelial cells (MCF-7) and stromal cells (Hs-578Bst) at the level of the expression and inhibition of steroidogenesis enzymes by using monolayer and three dimensional co-culture models. Expressions of steroidogenesis enzymes and E2/DHT conversions in co-cultured MCF-7 and Hs-578Bst cells as well as the effects of aromatase inhibitor combined to steroid sulfatase (STS) and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17βHSDs) inhibitors were evaluated. 17β-HSD type 7 was mostly modulated in MCF-7 cells whereas aromatase was mostly regulated in Hs578Bst cells thereby increasing E2 conversion and MCF-7 cell growth. A combination of inhibitors toward aromatase, STS and 17β-HSD7, was found to be the most significant treatment in decreasing E2 and elevating DHT thus inhibiting MCF-7 cell proliferation and spheroid-like cancer cell aggregation in collagen gel. The interactions between those cells modulated E2 formation in paracrine/intracrine manners by synergistically regulating aromatase, 17β-HSD7 and STS. Among tumor-associated cells, stromal fibroblasts may participate in intratumoral E2 deposition; therefore promoting breast cancer cell growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Wang
- Research Center of the CHU de Québec, CHUL, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Quebec City, G1V 4G2, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 1050, Avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, G1V OA6, Canada
| | - Xiaoye Sang
- Research Center of the CHU de Québec, CHUL, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Quebec City, G1V 4G2, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 1050, Avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, G1V OA6, Canada
| | - Caroline Diorio
- Centre des Maladie du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, 1050, Chemin Sainte-Foy, Quebec City, G1S 4L8, Canada; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 1050, Avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, G1V OA6, Canada
| | - Sheng-Xiang Lin
- Research Center of the CHU de Québec, CHUL, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Quebec City, G1V 4G2, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 1050, Avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, G1V OA6, Canada
| | - Charles J Doillon
- Research Center of the CHU de Québec, CHUL, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Quebec City, G1V 4G2, Canada; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 1050, Avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, G1V OA6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
200
|
Plaks V, Boldajipour B, Linnemann JR, Nguyen NH, Kersten K, Wolf Y, Casbon AJ, Kong N, van den Bijgaart RJE, Sheppard D, Melton AC, Krummel MF, Werb Z. Adaptive Immune Regulation of Mammary Postnatal Organogenesis. Dev Cell 2015; 34:493-504. [PMID: 26321127 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Postnatal organogenesis occurs in an immune competent environment and is tightly controlled by interplay between positive and negative regulators. Innate immune cells have beneficial roles in postnatal tissue remodeling, but roles for the adaptive immune system are currently unexplored. Here we show that adaptive immune responses participate in the normal postnatal development of a non-lymphoid epithelial tissue. Since the mammary gland (MG) is the only organ developing predominantly after birth, we utilized it as a powerful system to study adaptive immune regulation of organogenesis. We found that antigen-mediated interactions between mammary antigen-presenting cells and interferon-γ (IFNγ)-producing CD4+ T helper 1 cells participate in MG postnatal organogenesis as negative regulators, locally orchestrating epithelial rearrangement. IFNγ then affects luminal lineage differentiation. This function of adaptive immune responses, regulating normal development, changes the paradigm for studying players of postnatal organogenesis and provides insights into immune surveillance and cancer transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vicki Plaks
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Bijan Boldajipour
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jelena R Linnemann
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Nguyen H Nguyen
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kelly Kersten
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yochai Wolf
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Amy-Jo Casbon
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Niwen Kong
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Dean Sheppard
- Lung Biology Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Andrew C Melton
- Lung Biology Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Matthew F Krummel
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Zena Werb
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| |
Collapse
|