151
|
Gao X, Enten GA, DeSantis AJ, Majetschak M. Class A G protein-coupled receptors assemble into functional higher-order hetero-oligomers. FEBS Lett 2021; 595:1863-1875. [PMID: 34032285 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although class A seven-transmembrane helix (7TM) receptor hetero-oligomers have been proposed, information on the assembly and function of such higher-order hetero-oligomers is not available. Utilizing bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET), bimolecular luminescence/fluorescence complementation (BiLC/BiFC), and BiLC/BiFC BRET in HEK293T cells, we provide evidence that chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4, atypical chemokine receptor 3, α1a -adrenoceptor, and arginine vasopressin receptor 1A form hetero-oligomers composed of 2-4 different protomers. We show that hetero-oligomerization per se and ligand binding to individual protomers regulate agonist-induced coupling to the signaling transducers of interacting receptor partners. Our findings support the concept that receptor hetero-oligomers form supramolecular machineries with molecular signaling properties distinct from the individual protomers. These findings provide a mechanism for the phenomenon of context-dependent receptor function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianlong Gao
- Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Garrett A Enten
- Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Anthony J DeSantis
- Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Matthias Majetschak
- Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Huang B, Wang H, Zheng Y, Li M, Kang G, Barreto-de-Souza V, Nassehi N, Knapp PE, Selley DE, Hauser KF, Zhang Y. Structure-Based Design and Development of Chemical Probes Targeting Putative MOR-CCR5 Heterodimers to Inhibit Opioid Exacerbated HIV-1 Infectivity. J Med Chem 2021; 64:7702-7723. [PMID: 34027668 PMCID: PMC10548452 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Crystal structures of ligand-bound G-protein-coupled receptors provide tangible templates for rationally designing molecular probes. Herein, we report the structure-based design, chemical synthesis, and biological investigations of bivalent ligands targeting putative mu opioid receptor C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (MOR-CCR5) heterodimers. The bivalent ligand VZMC013 possessed nanomolar level binding affinities for both the MOR and CCR5, inhibited CCL5-stimulated calcium mobilization, and remarkably improved anti-HIV-1BaL activity over previously reported bivalent ligands. VZMC013 inhibited viral infection in TZM-bl cells coexpressing CCR5 and MOR to a greater degree than cells expressing CCR5 alone. Furthermore, VZMC013 blocked human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 entry in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) cells in a concentration-dependent manner and inhibited opioid-accelerated HIV-1 entry more effectively in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated PBMC cells than in the absence of opioids. A three-dimensional molecular model of VZMC013 binding to the MOR-CCR5 heterodimer complex is constructed to elucidate its mechanism of action. VZMC013 is a potent chemical probe targeting MOR-CCR5 heterodimers and may serve as a pharmacological agent to inhibit opioid-exacerbated HIV-1 entry.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Anti-HIV Agents/chemistry
- Anti-HIV Agents/metabolism
- Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology
- Binding Sites
- Dimerization
- Drug Design
- HIV-1/drug effects
- HIV-1/physiology
- Humans
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology
- Ligands
- Maraviroc/chemistry
- Molecular Docking Simulation
- Molecular Dynamics Simulation
- Naltrexone/chemistry
- Phytohemagglutinins/pharmacology
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, CCR5/chemistry
- Receptors, CCR5/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/chemistry
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Virus Internalization/drug effects
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boshi Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Huiqun Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Mengchu Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Guifeng Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Victor Barreto-de-Souza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 N. 12th Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Nima Nassehi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 N. 12th Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Pamela E Knapp
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 N. 12th Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 E. Marshall Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Dana E Selley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 N. 12th Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 N. 12th Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 E. Marshall Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Jørgensen AS, Daugvilaite V, De Filippo K, Berg C, Mavri M, Benned-Jensen T, Juzenaite G, Hjortø G, Rankin S, Våbenø J, Rosenkilde MM. Biased action of the CXCR4-targeting drug plerixafor is essential for its superior hematopoietic stem cell mobilization. Commun Biol 2021; 4:569. [PMID: 33980979 PMCID: PMC8115334 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02070-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the FDA-approval of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) mobilizer plerixafor, orally available and potent CXCR4 antagonists were pursued. One such proposition was AMD11070, which was orally active and had superior antagonism in vitro; however, it did not appear as effective for HSC mobilization in vivo. Here we show that while AMD11070 acts as a full antagonist, plerixafor acts biased by stimulating β-arrestin recruitment while fully antagonizing G protein. Consequently, while AMD11070 prevents the constitutive receptor internalization, plerixafor allows it and thereby decreases receptor expression. These findings are confirmed by the successful transfer of both ligands' binding sites and action to the related CXCR3 receptor. In vivo, plerixafor exhibits superior HSC mobilization associated with a dramatic reversal of the CXCL12 gradient across the bone marrow endothelium, which is not seen for AMD11070. We propose that the biased action of plerixafor is central for its superior therapeutic effect in HSC mobilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Astrid S Jørgensen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Viktorija Daugvilaite
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katia De Filippo
- Department of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Berg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Unit for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Masa Mavri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tau Benned-Jensen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Goda Juzenaite
- Department of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gertrud Hjortø
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sara Rankin
- Department of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Våbenø
- Helgeland Hospital Trust, Sandnessjøen, Norway.
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
154
|
Luker GD, Yang J, Richmond A, Scala S, Festuccia C, Schottelius M, Wester HJ, Zimmermann J. At the Bench: Pre-clinical evidence for multiple functions of CXCR4 in cancer. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 109:969-989. [PMID: 33104270 PMCID: PMC8254203 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2bt1018-715rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling through chemokine receptor, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) regulates essential processes in normal physiology, including embryogenesis, tissue repair, angiogenesis, and trafficking of immune cells. Tumors co-opt many of these fundamental processes to directly stimulate proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of cancer cells. CXCR4 signaling contributes to critical functions of stromal cells in cancer, including angiogenesis and multiple cell types in the tumor immune environment. Studies in animal models of several different types of cancers consistently demonstrate essential functions of CXCR4 in tumor initiation, local invasion, and metastasis to lymph nodes and distant organs. Data from animal models support clinical observations showing that integrated effects of CXCR4 on cancer and stromal cells correlate with metastasis and overall poor prognosis in >20 different human malignancies. Small molecules, Abs, and peptidic agents have shown anticancer efficacy in animal models, sparking ongoing efforts at clinical translation for cancer therapy. Investigators also are developing companion CXCR4-targeted imaging agents with potential to stratify patients for CXCR4-targeted therapy and monitor treatment efficacy. Here, pre-clinical studies demonstrating functions of CXCR4 in cancer are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary D Luker
- Departments of Radiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jinming Yang
- School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ann Richmond
- School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Stefania Scala
- Research Department, Microenvironment Molecular Targets, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS "Fondazione G. Pascale", Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudio Festuccia
- Department of Applied Clinical Science and Biotechnologies, Laboratory of Radiobiology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Margret Schottelius
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, and Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Jürgen Wester
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
155
|
Development of an Antigen-Antibody Co-Display System for Detecting Interaction of G-Protein-Coupled Receptors and Single-Chain Variable Fragments. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094711. [PMID: 33946798 PMCID: PMC8125734 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), especially chemokine receptors, are ideal targets for monoclonal antibody drugs. Considering the special multi-pass transmembrane structure of GPCR, it is often a laborious job to obtain antibody information about off-targets and epitopes on antigens. To accelerate the process, a rapid and simple method needs to be developed. The split-ubiquitin-based yeast two hybrid system (YTH) was used as a blue script for a new method. By fusing with transmembrane peptides, scFv antibodies were designed to be anchored on the cytomembrane, where the GPCR was co-displayed as well. The coupled split-ubiquitin system transformed the scFv-GPCR interaction signal into the expression of reporter genes. By optimizing the topological structure of scFv fusion protein and key elements, including signal peptides, transmembrane peptides, and flexible linkers, a system named Antigen-Antibody Co-Display (AACD) was established, which rapidly detected the interactions between antibodies and their target GPCRs, CXCR4 and CXCR5, while also determining the off-target antibodies and antibody-associated epitopes. The AACD system can rapidly determine the association between GPCRs and their candidate antibodies and shorten the research period for off-target detection and epitope identification. This system should improve the process of GPCR antibody development and provide a new strategy for GPCRs antibody screening.
Collapse
|
156
|
HIV-1 Entry and Membrane Fusion Inhibitors. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050735. [PMID: 33922579 PMCID: PMC8146413 DOI: 10.3390/v13050735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus type 1) infection begins with the attachment of the virion to a host cell by its envelope glycoprotein (Env), which subsequently induces fusion of viral and cell membranes to allow viral entry. Upon binding to primary receptor CD4 and coreceptor (e.g., chemokine receptor CCR5 or CXCR4), Env undergoes large conformational changes and unleashes its fusogenic potential to drive the membrane fusion. The structural biology of HIV-1 Env and its complexes with the cellular receptors not only has advanced our knowledge of the molecular mechanism of how HIV-1 enters the host cells but also provided a structural basis for the rational design of fusion inhibitors as potential antiviral therapeutics. In this review, we summarize our latest understanding of the HIV-1 membrane fusion process and discuss related therapeutic strategies to block viral entry.
Collapse
|
157
|
Liu K, Shen L, Wu M, Liu ZJ, Hua T. Structural insights into the activation of chemokine receptor CXCR2. FEBS J 2021; 289:386-393. [PMID: 33835690 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The C-X-C motif chemokine CXCL8 (interleukin-8, IL-8) and its receptor chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) mediate neutrophil migration during cell development and inflammatory responses and thus are related to numerous inflammatory diseases and cancers. We have determined the cryo-electron microscopy structure of CXCL8 bound CXCR2 coupled to Gi protein, as well as the crystal structure of inactive CXCR2 in complex with a designed allosteric antagonist. These results reveal the binding modes between CXCL8 and CXCR2, CXCR2 and G protein, and the detailed binding pattern of the allosteric antagonist, 00767013. Further structural analysis of the inactive- and active- states of CXCR2 reveals the unique shallow-pocket activation mechanism of C-X-C chemokine receptors and promotes our understanding on how a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) is activated by an endogenous protein molecule. In addition, the cholesterol molecule is observed in the activated CXCR2 structure, providing the structural basis of the potential allosteric modulation role of cholesterol in chemokine receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwen Liu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, China
| | - Ling Shen
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Wu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, China
| | - Zhi-Jie Liu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, China
| | - Tian Hua
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, China
| |
Collapse
|
158
|
Albanese V, Ruzza C, Marzola E, Bernardi T, Fabbri M, Fantinati A, Trapella C, Reinscheid RK, Ferrari F, Sturaro C, Calò G, Amendola G, Cosconati S, Pacifico S, Guerrini R, Preti D. Structure-Activity Relationship Studies on Oxazolo[3,4- a]pyrazine Derivatives Leading to the Discovery of a Novel Neuropeptide S Receptor Antagonist with Potent In Vivo Activity. J Med Chem 2021; 64:4089-4108. [PMID: 33733768 PMCID: PMC8041306 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide S modulates important neurobiological functions including locomotion, anxiety, and drug abuse through interaction with its G protein-coupled receptor known as neuropeptide S receptor (NPSR). NPSR antagonists are potentially useful for the treatment of substance abuse disorders against which there is an urgent need for new effective therapeutic approaches. Potent NPSR antagonists in vitro have been discovered which, however, require further optimization of their in vivo pharmacological profile. This work describes a new series of NPSR antagonists of the oxazolo[3,4-a]pyrazine class. The guanidine derivative 16 exhibited nanomolar activity in vitro and 5-fold improved potency in vivo compared to SHA-68, a reference pharmacological tool in this field. Compound 16 can be considered a new tool for research studies on the translational potential of the NPSergic system. An in-depth molecular modeling investigation was also performed to gain new insights into the observed structure-activity relationships and provide an updated model of ligand/NPSR interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Albanese
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Chiara Ruzza
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- LTTA Laboratory for Advanced Therapies, Technopole of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Erika Marzola
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Tatiana Bernardi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Martina Fabbri
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Anna Fantinati
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Claudio Trapella
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- LTTA Laboratory for Advanced Therapies, Technopole of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rainer K Reinscheid
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, 07747 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physiology I, University Hospital Münster, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Federica Ferrari
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Chiara Sturaro
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Girolamo Calò
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Largo Meneghetti, 2, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Amendola
- "DiSTABiF", Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Sandro Cosconati
- "DiSTABiF", Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Salvatore Pacifico
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Remo Guerrini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- LTTA Laboratory for Advanced Therapies, Technopole of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Delia Preti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Chandrabalan A, Ramachandran R. Molecular mechanisms regulating Proteinase‐Activated Receptors (PARs). FEBS J 2021; 288:2697-2726. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arundhasa Chandrabalan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry University of Western Ontario London Canada
| | - Rithwik Ramachandran
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry University of Western Ontario London Canada
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
Jin H, Xia J, Liu Z, Wang XS, Zhang L. A unique ligand-steered strategy for CC chemokine receptor 2 homology modeling to facilitate structure-based virtual screening. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 97:944-961. [PMID: 33386704 PMCID: PMC8048943 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) antagonists that disrupt CCR2/MCP-1 interaction are expected to treat a variety of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The lack of CCR2 crystal structure limits the application of structure-based drug design (SBDD) to this target. Although a few three-dimensional theoretical models have been reported, their accuracy remains to be improved in terms of templates and modeling approaches. In this study, we developed a unique ligand-steered strategy for CCR2 homology modeling. It starts with an initial model based on the X-ray structure of the closest homolog so far, that is, CXCR4. Then, it uses Elastic Network Normal Mode Analysis (EN-NMA) and flexible docking (FD) by AutoDock Vina software to generate ligand-induced fit models. It selects optimal model(s) as well as scoring function(s) via extensive evaluation of model performance based on a unique benchmarking set constructed by our in-house tool, that is, MUBD-DecoyMaker. The model of 81_04 presents the optimal enrichment when combined with the scoring function of PMF04, and the proposed binding mode between CCR2 and Teijin lead by this model complies with the reported mutagenesis data. To highlight the advantage of our strategy, we compared it with the only reported ligand-steered strategy for CCR2 homology modeling, that is, Discovery Studio/Ligand Minimization. Lastly, we performed prospective virtual screening based on 81_04 and CCR2 antagonist bioassay. The identification of two hit compounds, that is, E859-1281 and MolPort-007-767-945, validated the efficacy of our model and the ligand-steered strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic DrugsSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jie Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural MedicinesDepartment of New Drug Research and DevelopmentInstitute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Zhenming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic DrugsSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiang Simon Wang
- Molecular Modeling and Drug Discovery Core for District of Columbia Center for AIDS Research (DC CFAR)Laboratory of Cheminformatics and Drug DesignDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of PharmacyHoward UniversityWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Liangren Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic DrugsSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
161
|
Franco R, Cordomí A, Llinas Del Torrent C, Lillo A, Serrano-Marín J, Navarro G, Pardo L. Structure and function of adenosine receptor heteromers. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:3957-3968. [PMID: 33580270 PMCID: PMC11072997 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03761-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine is one of the most ancient signaling molecules and has receptors in both animals and plants. In mammals there are four specific receptors, A1, A2A, A2B, and A3, which belong to the superfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Evidence accumulated in the last 20 years indicates that GPCRs are often expressed as oligomeric complexes formed by a number of equal (homomers) or different (heteromers) receptors. This review presents the data showing the occurrence of heteromers formed by A1 and A2A, A2A and A2B, and A2A and A3 receptors highlighting (i) their tetrameric structural arrangements, and (ii) the functional diversity that those heteromers provide to adenosinergic signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Franco
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Catalonia, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CiberNed), Instituto de Salud Carlos iii, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Arnau Cordomí
- Laboratori de Medicina Computacional, Unitat de Bioestadística, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus Universitari, 08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Claudia Llinas Del Torrent
- Laboratori de Medicina Computacional, Unitat de Bioestadística, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus Universitari, 08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Alejandro Lillo
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Serrano-Marín
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Catalonia, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Navarro
- Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CiberNed), Instituto de Salud Carlos iii, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leonardo Pardo
- Laboratori de Medicina Computacional, Unitat de Bioestadística, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus Universitari, 08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| |
Collapse
|
162
|
A highly selective and potent CXCR4 antagonist for hepatocellular carcinoma treatment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2015433118. [PMID: 33753481 PMCID: PMC8020795 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2015433118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The CXC chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) receptor and its ligand, CXCL12, are overexpressed in various cancers and mediate tumor progression and hypoxia-mediated resistance to cancer therapy. While CXCR4 antagonists have potential anticancer effects when combined with conventional anticancer drugs, their poor potency against CXCL12/CXCR4 downstream signaling pathways and systemic toxicity had precluded clinical application. Herein, BPRCX807, known as a safe, selective, and potent CXCR4 antagonist, has been designed and experimentally realized. In in vitro and in vivo hepatocellular carcinoma mouse models it can significantly suppress primary tumor growth, prevent distant metastasis/cell migration, reduce angiogenesis, and normalize the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment by reducing tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) infiltration, reprogramming TAMs toward an immunostimulatory phenotype and promoting cytotoxic T cell infiltration into tumor. Although BPRCX807 treatment alone prolongs overall survival as effectively as both marketed sorafenib and anti-PD-1, it could synergize with either of them in combination therapy to further extend life expectancy and suppress distant metastasis more significantly.
Collapse
|
163
|
D’Arrigo G, Gianquinto E, Rossetti G, Cruciani G, Lorenzetti S, Spyrakis F. Binding of Androgen- and Estrogen-Like Flavonoids to Their Cognate (Non)Nuclear Receptors: A Comparison by Computational Prediction. Molecules 2021; 26:1613. [PMID: 33799482 PMCID: PMC8001607 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are plant bioactives that are recognized as hormone-like polyphenols because of their similarity to the endogenous sex steroids 17β-estradiol and testosterone, and to their estrogen- and androgen-like activity. Most efforts to verify flavonoid binding to nuclear receptors (NRs) and explain their action have been focused on ERα, while less attention has been paid to other nuclear and non-nuclear membrane androgen and estrogen receptors. Here, we investigate six flavonoids (apigenin, genistein, luteolin, naringenin, quercetin, and resveratrol) that are widely present in fruits and vegetables, and often used as replacement therapy in menopause. We performed comparative computational docking simulations to predict their capability of binding nuclear receptors ERα, ERβ, ERRβ, ERRγ, androgen receptor (AR), and its variant ART877A and membrane receptors for androgens, i.e., ZIP9, GPRC6A, OXER1, TRPM8, and estrogens, i.e., G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor (GPER). In agreement with data reported in literature, our results suggest that these flavonoids show a relevant degree of complementarity with both estrogen and androgen NR binding sites, likely triggering genomic-mediated effects. It is noteworthy that reliable protein-ligand complexes and estimated interaction energies were also obtained for some suggested estrogen and androgen membrane receptors, indicating that flavonoids could also exert non-genomic actions. Further investigations are needed to clarify flavonoid multiple genomic and non-genomic effects. Caution in their administration could be necessary, until the safe assumption of these natural molecules that are largely present in food is assured.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia D’Arrigo
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy; (G.D.); (E.G.)
| | - Eleonora Gianquinto
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy; (G.D.); (E.G.)
| | - Giulia Rossetti
- Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-9) and Institute for Advanced Simulations (IAS-5) “Computational Biomedicine”, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Supercomputing Center (JSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, RWTH, Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Gabriele Cruciani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Stefano Lorenzetti
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Spyrakis
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Via Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy; (G.D.); (E.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
164
|
Fischer TF, Schoeder CT, Zellmann T, Stichel J, Meiler J, Beck-Sickinger AG. Cyclic Analogues of the Chemerin C-Terminus Mimic a Loop Conformation Essential for Activating the Chemokine-like Receptor 1. J Med Chem 2021; 64:3048-3058. [PMID: 33705662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1) is a promising target for treating autoinflammatory diseases, cancer, and reproductive disorders. However, the interaction between CMKLR1 and its protein-ligand chemerin remains uncharacterized, and no drugs targeting this interaction have passed clinical trials. Here, we identify the binding mode of chemerin-9, the C-terminus of chemerin, at the receptor by combining complementary mutagenesis with structure-based modeling. Incorporating our experimental data, we present a detailed model of this binding site, including experimentally confirmed pairwise interactions for the most critical ligand residues: Chemerin-9 residue F8 binds to a hydrophobic pocket in CMKLR1 formed by the extracellular loop (ECL) 2, while F6 interacts with Y2.68, suggesting a turn-like structure. On the basis of this model, we created the first cyclic peptide with nanomolar activity, confirming the overall binding conformation. This constrained agonist mimics the loop conformation adopted by the natural ligand and can serve as a lead compound for future drug design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias F Fischer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstraße 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Clara T Schoeder
- Center for Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, Tennessee37212, United States
| | - Tristan Zellmann
- Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstraße 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Stichel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstraße 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jens Meiler
- Center for Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, Tennessee37212, United States.,Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University Medical School, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
165
|
Brouwers B, de Oliveira EM, Marti-Solano M, Monteiro FBF, Laurin SA, Keogh JM, Henning E, Bounds R, Daly CA, Houston S, Ayinampudi V, Wasiluk N, Clarke D, Plouffe B, Bouvier M, Babu MM, Farooqi IS, Mokrosiński J. Human MC4R variants affect endocytosis, trafficking and dimerization revealing multiple cellular mechanisms involved in weight regulation. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108862. [PMID: 33761344 PMCID: PMC7994375 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Melanocortin-4 Receptor (MC4R) plays a pivotal role in energy homeostasis. We used human MC4R mutations associated with an increased or decreased risk of obesity to dissect mechanisms that regulate MC4R function. Most obesity-associated mutations impair trafficking to the plasma membrane (PM), whereas obesity-protecting mutations either accelerate recycling to the PM or decrease internalization, resulting in enhanced signaling. MC4R mutations that do not affect canonical Gαs protein-mediated signaling, previously considered to be non-pathogenic, nonetheless disrupt agonist-induced internalization, β-arrestin recruitment, and/or coupling to Gαs, establishing their causal role in severe obesity. Structural mapping reveals ligand-accessible sites by which MC4R couples to effectors and residues involved in the homodimerization of MC4R, which is disrupted by multiple obesity-associated mutations. Human genetic studies reveal that endocytosis, intracellular trafficking, and homodimerization regulate MC4R function to a level that is physiologically relevant, supporting the development of chaperones, agonists, and allosteric modulators of MC4R for weight loss therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bas Brouwers
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Edson Mendes de Oliveira
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - Fabiola B F Monteiro
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Suli-Anne Laurin
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Julia M Keogh
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Elana Henning
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Rebecca Bounds
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Carole A Daly
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Shane Houston
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Vikram Ayinampudi
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Natalia Wasiluk
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - David Clarke
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Bianca Plouffe
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - M Madan Babu
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK; Department of Structural Biology and Center for Data Driven Discovery, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - I Sadaf Farooqi
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Jacek Mokrosiński
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
166
|
Kaiser LM, Hunter ZR, Treon SP, Buske C. CXCR4 in Waldenström's Macroglobulinema: chances and challenges. Leukemia 2021; 35:333-345. [PMID: 33273682 PMCID: PMC7862063 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-020-01102-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is one of the major aims in cancer research to improve our understanding of the underlying mechanisms which initiate and maintain tumor growth and to translate these findings into novel clinical diagnostic and therapeutic concepts with the ultimate goal to improve patient care. One of the greater success stories in this respect has been Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia (WM), which is an incurable B-cell neoplasm characterized by serum monoclonal immunoglobulin M (IgM) and clonal lymphoplasmacytic cells infiltrating the bone marrow. Recent years have succeeded to describe the molecular landscape of WM in detail, highlighting two recurrently mutated genes, the MYD88 and the CXCR4 genes: MYD88 with an almost constant and recurrent point mutation present in over 90% of patients and CXCR4 with over 40 different mutations in the coding region affecting up to 40% of patients. Intriguingly, both mutations are activating mutations leading in the case of CXCR4 to an indelible activation and perpetual signaling of the chemokine receptor. These data have shed light on the essential role of CXCR4 in this disease and have paved the way to use these findings for predicting treatment response to the Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor ibrutinib and novel therapeutic approaches in WM, which might be transferable to other related CXCR4 positive diseases. Well known for its central role in cancer progression and distribution, CXCR4 is highlighted in this review with regard to its biology, prognostic and predictive relevance and therapeutic implications in WM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Marie Kaiser
- Institute of Experimental Cancer Research, CCC and University Hospital Ulm, Germany, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Zachary R Hunter
- Bing Center for Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven P Treon
- Bing Center for Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christian Buske
- Institute of Experimental Cancer Research, CCC and University Hospital Ulm, Germany, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
167
|
Slater O, Miller B, Kontoyianni M. Decoding Protein-protein Interactions: An Overview. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 20:855-882. [PMID: 32101126 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200226105312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Drug discovery has focused on the paradigm "one drug, one target" for a long time. However, small molecules can act at multiple macromolecular targets, which serves as the basis for drug repurposing. In an effort to expand the target space, and given advances in X-ray crystallography, protein-protein interactions have become an emerging focus area of drug discovery enterprises. Proteins interact with other biomolecules and it is this intricate network of interactions that determines the behavior of the system and its biological processes. In this review, we briefly discuss networks in disease, followed by computational methods for protein-protein complex prediction. Computational methodologies and techniques employed towards objectives such as protein-protein docking, protein-protein interactions, and interface predictions are described extensively. Docking aims at producing a complex between proteins, while interface predictions identify a subset of residues on one protein that could interact with a partner, and protein-protein interaction sites address whether two proteins interact. In addition, approaches to predict hot spots and binding sites are presented along with a representative example of our internal project on the chemokine CXC receptor 3 B-isoform and predictive modeling with IP10 and PF4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Slater
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, IL 62026, United States
| | - Bethany Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, IL 62026, United States
| | - Maria Kontoyianni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, IL 62026, United States
| |
Collapse
|
168
|
Fang X, Fang X, Mao Y, Ciechanover A, Xu Y, An J, Huang Z. A novel small molecule CXCR4 antagonist potently mobilizes hematopoietic stem cells in mice and monkeys. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:17. [PMID: 33413613 PMCID: PMC7791974 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-02073-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation is an effective treatment strategy for many types of diseases. Peripheral blood (PB) is the most commonly used source of bone marrow (BM)-derived stem cells for current HSC transplantation. However, PB usually contains very few HSCs under normal conditions, as these cells are normally retained within the BM. This retention depends on the interaction between the CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) expressed on the HSCs and its natural chemokine ligand, stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1α (also named CXCL12) present in the BM stromal microenvironment. In clinical practice, blocking this interaction with a CXCR4 antagonist can induce the rapid mobilization of HSCs from the BM into the PB. Methods C3H/HEJ, DBA/2, CD45.1+, and CD45.2+ mice and monkeys were employed in colony-forming unit (CFU) assays, flow cytometry assays, and competitive/noncompetitive transplantation assays, to assess the short-term mobilization efficacy of HF51116 and the long-term repopulating (LTR) ability of HSCs. Kinetics of different blood cells and the concentration of HF51116 in PB were also explored by blood routine examinations and pharmacokinetic assays. Results In this paper, we report that a novel small molecule CXCR4 antagonist, HF51116, which was designed and synthesized by our laboratory, can rapidly and potently mobilize HSCs from BM to PB in mice and monkeys. HF51116 not only mobilized HSCs when used alone but also synergized with the mobilizing effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) after co-administration. Following mobilization by HF51116 and G-CSF, the long-term repopulating (LTR) and self-renewing HSCs were sufficiently engrafted in primary and secondary lethally irradiated mice and were able to rescue and support long-term mouse survival. In monkeys, HF51116 exhibited strong HSC mobilization activity and quickly reached the highest in vivo blood drug concentration. Conclusions These results demonstrate that HF51116 is a new promising stem cell mobilizer which specifically targets CXCR4 and merits further preclinical and clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiong Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujia Mao
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Aaron Ciechanover
- The Rapport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 3109601, Haifa, Israel.,Nobel Institute of Biomedicine, Zhuhai, 519080, China.,Ciechanover Institute of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, School of Life and Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Nobel Institute of Biomedicine, Zhuhai, 519080, China.,Ciechanover Institute of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, School of Life and Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing An
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Ziwei Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. .,Ciechanover Institute of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, School of Life and Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China. .,Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
169
|
Liang GQ, Liu J, Zhou XX, Lin ZX, Chen T, Chen G, Wei H. Anti-CXCR4 Single-Chain Variable Fragment Antibodies Have Anti-Tumor Activity. Front Oncol 2021; 10:571194. [PMID: 33392074 PMCID: PMC7775505 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.571194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are large and have limitations as cancer therapeutics. Human single-chain variable fragment (scFv) is a small antibody as a good alternative. It can easily enter cancer tissues, has no immunogenicity and can be produced in bacteria to decrease the cost. The chemokine receptor CXCR4 is overexpressed in different cancer cells. It plays an important role in tumor growth and metastasis. Its overexpression is associated with poor prognosis in cancer patients and is regarded as an attractive target for cancer treatment. In this study, a peptide on the CXCR4 extracellular loop 2 (ECL2) was used as an antigen for screening a human scFv antibody library by yeast two-hybrid method. Three anti-CXCR4 scFv antibodies were isolated. They could bind to CXCR4 protein and three cancer cell lines (DU145, PC3, and MDA-MB-231) and not to 293T and 3T3 cells as negative controls. These three scFvs could decrease the proliferation, migration, and invasion of these cancer cells and promote their apoptosis. The two scFvs were further examined in a mouse xenograft model, and they inhibited the tumor growth. Tumor immunohistochemistry also demonstrated that the two scFvs decreased cancer cell proliferation and tumor angiogenesis and increased their apoptosis. These results show that these anti-CXCR4 scFvs can decrease cancer cell proliferation and inhibit tumor growth in mice, and may provide therapy for various cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Quan Liang
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug and Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug and Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Xin Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug and Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ze-Xiong Lin
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug and Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug and Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guo Chen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Henry Wei
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug and Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
170
|
Corin K, Tegler LT, Koutsopoulos S. G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Expression and Purification. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2178:439-467. [PMID: 33128765 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0775-6_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are integral proteins of the cell membrane and are directly involved in the regulation of many biological functions and in drug targeting. However, our knowledge of GPCRs' structure and function remains limited. The first bottleneck in GPCR studies is producing sufficient quantities of soluble, functional, and stable receptors. Currently, GPCR production largely depends on the choice of the host system and the type of detergent used to extract the GPCR from the cell membrane and stabilize the protein outside the membrane bilayer. Here, we present three protocols that we employ in our lab to produce and solubilize stable GPCRs: (1) cell-free in vitro translation, (2) HEK cells, and (3) Escherichia coli. Stable receptors can be purified using immunoaffinity chromatography and gel filtration, and can be analyzed with standard biophysical techniques and biochemical assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Corin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA-DOE Institute, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lotta T Tegler
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sotirios Koutsopoulos
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
171
|
Ward RJ, Pediani JD, Marsango S, Jolly R, Stoneman MR, Biener G, Handel TM, Raicu V, Milligan G. Chemokine receptor CXCR4 oligomerization is disrupted selectively by the antagonist ligand IT1t. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100139. [PMID: 33268380 PMCID: PMC7949023 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.016612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCR4, a member of the family of chemokine-activated G protein-coupled receptors, is widely expressed in immune response cells. It is involved in both cancer development and progression as well as viral infection, notably by HIV-1. A variety of methods, including structural information, have suggested that the receptor may exist as a dimer or an oligomer. However, the mechanistic details surrounding receptor oligomerization and its potential dynamic regulation remain unclear. Using both biochemical and biophysical means, we confirm that CXCR4 can exist as a mixture of monomers, dimers, and higher-order oligomers in cell membranes and show that oligomeric structure becomes more complex as receptor expression levels increase. Mutations of CXCR4 residues located at a putative dimerization interface result in monomerization of the receptor. Additionally, binding of the CXCR4 antagonist IT1t-a small drug-like isothiourea derivative-rapidly destabilizes the oligomeric structure, whereas AMD3100, another well-characterized CXCR4 antagonist, does not. Although a mutation that regulates constitutive activity of CXCR4 also results in monomerization of the receptor, binding of IT1t to this variant promotes receptor dimerization. These results provide novel insights into the basal organization of CXCR4 and how antagonist ligands of different chemotypes differentially regulate its oligomerization state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Ward
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - John D Pediani
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Marsango
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Jolly
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R Stoneman
- Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Gabriel Biener
- Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Tracy M Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Valerică Raicu
- Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Graeme Milligan
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
172
|
Kermani AA. A guide to membrane protein X‐ray crystallography. FEBS J 2020; 288:5788-5804. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali A. Kermani
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| |
Collapse
|
173
|
Insights into the Interaction of LVV-Hemorphin-7 with Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010209. [PMID: 33379211 PMCID: PMC7795518 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemorphins are known for their role in the control of blood pressure. Recently, we revealed the positive modulation of the angiotensin II (AngII) type 1 receptor (AT1R) by LVV-hemorphin-7 (LVV-H7) in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. Here, we examined the molecular binding behavior of LVV-H7 on AT1R and its effect on AngII binding using a nanoluciferase-based bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (NanoBRET) assay in HEK293FT cells, as well as molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) studies. Saturation and real-time kinetics supported the positive effect of LVV-H7 on the binding of AngII. While the competitive antagonist olmesartan competed with AngII binding, LVV-H7 slightly, but significantly, decreased AngII’s kD by 2.6 fold with no effect on its Bmax. Molecular docking and MD simulations indicated that the binding of LVV-H7 in the intracellular region of AT1R allosterically potentiates AngII binding. LVV-H7 targets residues on intracellular loops 2 and 3 of AT1R, which are known binding sites of allosteric modulators in other GPCRs. Our data demonstrate the allosteric effect of LVV-H7 on AngII binding, which is consistent with the positive modulation of AT1R activity and signaling previously reported. This further supports the pharmacological targeting of AT1R by hemorphins, with implications in vascular and renal physiology.
Collapse
|
174
|
Kumar Bhardwaj V, Purohit R, Kumar S. Himalayan bioactive molecules as potential entry inhibitors for the human immunodeficiency virus. Food Chem 2020; 347:128932. [PMID: 33465692 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus interacts with the cluster of differentiation 4 receptors and one of the two chemokine receptors (CCR5 and CXCR4) to gain entry in human cells. Both the co-receptors are essential for viral entry, replication, and are considered critical targets for antiviral drugs. In this study, bioactive molecules from different Himalayan plants were screened considering their potential to bind with the CCR5 and CXCR4 co-receptors. We utilized computational and thermodynamic parameters to validate the binding of the selected biomolecules to the active site of the co-receptors. The molecules Butyl 2-ethylhexyl phthalate and Dactylorhin-A showed a higher binding affinity with CCR5 co-receptor than the standard antagonist Maraviroc. Moreover, Pseudohypericin, Amarogentin, and Dactylorhin-E exhibited stronger interactions with CXCR4 than the co-crystallized inhibitor Isothiourea-1 t. Hence, we suggest that these molecules could be developed as potential inhibitors of the CCR5 and CXCR4 co-receptors. However, this require further in-vitro and in-vivo validation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar Bhardwaj
- Structural Bioinformatics Lab, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, HP, 176061, India; Biotechnology Division, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur, HP, 176061, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IHBT Campus, Palampur, HP, 176061, India
| | - Rituraj Purohit
- Structural Bioinformatics Lab, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, HP, 176061, India; Biotechnology Division, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur, HP, 176061, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IHBT Campus, Palampur, HP, 176061, India.
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur, HP, 176061, India
| |
Collapse
|
175
|
Shi Y, Riese DJ, Shen J. The Role of the CXCL12/CXCR4/CXCR7 Chemokine Axis in Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:574667. [PMID: 33363463 PMCID: PMC7753359 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.574667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are a family of small, secreted cytokines which regulate a variety of cell functions. The C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) binds to C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) and C-X-C chemokine receptor type 7 (CXCR7). The interaction of CXCL12 and its receptors subsequently induces downstream signaling pathways with broad effects on chemotaxis, cell proliferation, migration, and gene expression. Accumulating evidence suggests that the CXCL12/CXCR4/CXCR7 axis plays a pivotal role in tumor development, survival, angiogenesis, metastasis, and tumor microenvironment. In addition, this chemokine axis promotes chemoresistance in cancer therapy via complex crosstalk with other pathways. Multiple small molecules targeting CXCR4/CXCR7 have been developed and used for preclinical and clinical cancer treatment. In this review, we describe the roles of the CXCL12/CXCR4/CXCR7 axis in cancer progression and summarize strategies to develop novel targeted cancer therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jianzhong Shen
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
176
|
Kleynhans J, Kruger HG, Cloete T, Zeevaart JR, Ebenhan T. In Silico Modelling in the Development of Novel Radiolabelled Peptide Probes. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:7048-7063. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200504082256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the usefulness of in silico design approaches in the design of
new radiopharmaceuticals, especially peptide-based radiotracers (including peptidomimetics).
Although not part of the standard arsenal utilized during radiopharmaceutical design, the use
of in silico strategies is steadily increasing in the field of radiochemistry as it contributes to a
more rational and scientific approach. The development of new peptide-based radiopharmaceuticals
as well as a short introduction to suitable computational approaches are provided in
this review. The first section comprises a concise overview of the three most useful computeraided
drug design strategies used, namely i) a Ligand-based Approach (LBDD) using pharmacophore
modelling, ii) a Structure-based Design Approach (SBDD) using molecular docking
strategies and iii) Absorption-Distribution-Metabolism-Excretion-Toxicity (ADMET)
predictions. The second section summarizes the challenges connected to these computer-aided
techniques and discusses successful applications of in silico radiopharmaceutical design in
peptide-based radiopharmaceutical development, thereby improving the clinical procedure in
Nuclear Medicine. Finally, the advances and future potential of in silico modelling as a design
strategy is highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janke Kleynhans
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI) NPC, Pelindaba 0420, South Africa
| | | | - Theunis Cloete
- Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Jan Rijn Zeevaart
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI) NPC, Pelindaba 0420, South Africa
| | - Thomas Ebenhan
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure (NuMeRI) NPC, Pelindaba 0420, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
177
|
The G protein coupled receptor CXCR4 designed by the QTY code becomes more hydrophilic and retains cell signaling activity. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21371. [PMID: 33288780 PMCID: PMC7721705 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77659-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are vital for diverse biological functions, including vision, smell, and aging. They are involved in a wide range of diseases, and are among the most important targets of medicinal drugs. Tools that facilitate GPCR studies or GPCR-based technologies or therapies are thus critical to develop. Here we report using our QTY (glutamine, threonine, tyrosine) code to systematically replace 29 membrane-facing leucine, isoleucine, valine, and phenylalanine residues in the transmembrane α-helices of the GPCR CXCR4. This variant, CXCR4QTY29, became more hydrophilic, while retaining the ability to bind its ligand CXCL12. When transfected into HEK293 cells, it inserted into the cell membrane, and initiated cellular signaling. This QTY code has the potential to improve GPCR and membrane protein studies by making it possible to design functional hydrophilic receptors. This tool can be applied to diverse α-helical membrane proteins, and may aid in the development of other applications, including clinical therapies.
Collapse
|
178
|
Patwardhan A, Cheng N, Trejo J. Post-Translational Modifications of G Protein-Coupled Receptors Control Cellular Signaling Dynamics in Space and Time. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 73:120-151. [PMID: 33268549 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large family comprising >800 signaling receptors that regulate numerous cellular and physiologic responses. GPCRs have been implicated in numerous diseases and represent the largest class of drug targets. Although advances in GPCR structure and pharmacology have improved drug discovery, the regulation of GPCR function by diverse post-translational modifications (PTMs) has received minimal attention. Over 200 PTMs are known to exist in mammalian cells, yet only a few have been reported for GPCRs. Early studies revealed phosphorylation as a major regulator of GPCR signaling, whereas later reports implicated a function for ubiquitination, glycosylation, and palmitoylation in GPCR biology. Although our knowledge of GPCR phosphorylation is extensive, our knowledge of the modifying enzymes, regulation, and function of other GPCR PTMs is limited. In this review we provide a comprehensive overview of GPCR post-translational modifications with a greater focus on new discoveries. We discuss the subcellular location and regulatory mechanisms that control post-translational modifications of GPCRs. The functional implications of newly discovered GPCR PTMs on receptor folding, biosynthesis, endocytic trafficking, dimerization, compartmentalized signaling, and biased signaling are also provided. Methods to detect and study GPCR PTMs as well as PTM crosstalk are further highlighted. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of the implications of GPCR PTMs in human disease and their importance for drug discovery. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Post-translational modification of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) controls all aspects of receptor function; however, the detection and study of diverse types of GPCR modifications are limited. A thorough understanding of the role and mechanisms by which diverse post-translational modifications regulate GPCR signaling and trafficking is essential for understanding dysregulated mechanisms in disease and for improving and refining drug development for GPCRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anand Patwardhan
- Department of Pharmacology and the Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Norton Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and the Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - JoAnn Trejo
- Department of Pharmacology and the Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| |
Collapse
|
179
|
Eiger DS, Boldizsar N, Honeycutt CC, Gardner J, Rajagopal S. Biased agonism at chemokine receptors. Cell Signal 2020; 78:109862. [PMID: 33249087 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the human chemokine system, interactions between the approximately 50 known endogenous chemokine ligands and 20 known chemokine receptors (CKRs) regulate a wide range of cellular functions and biological processes including immune cell activation and homeostasis, development, angiogenesis, and neuromodulation. CKRs are a family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), which represent the most common and versatile class of receptors in the human genome and the targets of approximately one third of all Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs. Chemokines and CKRs bind with significant promiscuity, as most CKRs can be activated by multiple chemokines and most chemokines can activate multiple CKRs. While these ligand-receptor interactions were previously regarded as redundant, it is now appreciated that many chemokine:CKR interactions display biased agonism, the phenomenon in which different ligands binding to the same receptor signal through different pathways with different efficacies, leading to distinct biological effects. Notably, these biased responses can be modulated through changes in ligand, receptor, and or the specific cellular context (system). In this review, we explore the biochemical mechanisms, functional consequences, and therapeutic potential of biased agonism in the chemokine system. An enhanced understanding of biased agonism in the chemokine system may prove transformative in the understanding of the mechanisms and consequences of biased signaling across all GPCR subtypes and aid in the development of biased pharmaceuticals with increased therapeutic efficacy and safer side effect profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Noelia Boldizsar
- Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | | | - Julia Gardner
- Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Sudarshan Rajagopal
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
180
|
Sepuru KM, Nair V, Prakash P, Gorfe AA, Rajarathnam K. Long-Range Coupled Motions Underlie Ligand Recognition by a Chemokine Receptor. iScience 2020; 23:101858. [PMID: 33344917 PMCID: PMC7736917 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are unusual class-A G protein-coupled receptor agonists because of their large size (∼10 kDa) and binding at two distinct receptor sites: N-terminal domain (Site-I, unique to chemokines) and a groove defined by extracellular loop/transmembrane helices (Site-II, shared with all small molecule class-A ligands). Structures and sequence analysis reveal that the receptor N-terminal domains (N-domains) are flexible and contain intrinsic disorder. Using a hybrid NMR-MD approach, we characterized the role of Site-I interactions for the CXCL8-CXCR1 pair. NMR data indicate that the CXCR1 N-domain becomes structured on binding and that the binding interface is extensive with 30% CXCL8 residues participating in this initial interaction. MD simulations indicate that CXCL8 bound at Site-I undergoes extensive reorganization on engaging Site-II with several residues initially engaged at Site-I also engaging at Site-II. We conclude that structural plasticity of Site-I interactions plays an active role in driving ligand recognition by a chemokine receptor. Structural plasticity governs chemokine-receptor interactions Receptor N-terminal domain captures the chemokine by a fly-casting mechanism Crosstalk between two distinct binding sites determines recognition and function A hybrid NMR-MD approach provides crucial insights into receptor binding mechanism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Mohan Sepuru
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.,Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Vinay Nair
- Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Priyanka Prakash
- Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Alemayehu A Gorfe
- Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Krishna Rajarathnam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.,Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| |
Collapse
|
181
|
Kontos C, El Bounkari O, Krammer C, Sinitski D, Hille K, Zan C, Yan G, Wang S, Gao Y, Brandhofer M, Megens RTA, Hoffmann A, Pauli J, Asare Y, Gerra S, Bourilhon P, Leng L, Eckstein HH, Kempf WE, Pelisek J, Gokce O, Maegdefessel L, Bucala R, Dichgans M, Weber C, Kapurniotu A, Bernhagen J. Designed CXCR4 mimic acts as a soluble chemokine receptor that blocks atherogenic inflammation by agonist-specific targeting. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5981. [PMID: 33239628 PMCID: PMC7689490 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19764-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting a specific chemokine/receptor axis in atherosclerosis remains challenging. Soluble receptor-based strategies are not established for chemokine receptors due to their discontinuous architecture. Macrophage migration-inhibitory factor (MIF) is an atypical chemokine that promotes atherosclerosis through CXC-motif chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR4). However, CXCR4/CXCL12 interactions also mediate atheroprotection. Here, we show that constrained 31-residue-peptides ('msR4Ms') designed to mimic the CXCR4-binding site to MIF, selectively bind MIF with nanomolar affinity and block MIF/CXCR4 without affecting CXCL12/CXCR4. We identify msR4M-L1, which blocks MIF- but not CXCL12-elicited CXCR4 vascular cell activities. Its potency compares well with established MIF inhibitors, whereas msR4M-L1 does not interfere with cardioprotective MIF/CD74 signaling. In vivo-administered msR4M-L1 enriches in atherosclerotic plaques, blocks arterial leukocyte adhesion, and inhibits atherosclerosis and inflammation in hyperlipidemic Apoe-/- mice in vivo. Finally, msR4M-L1 binds to MIF in plaques from human carotid-endarterectomy specimens. Together, we establish an engineered GPCR-ectodomain-based mimicry principle that differentiates between disease-exacerbating and -protective pathways and chemokine-selectively interferes with atherosclerosis.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Aged
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/drug therapy
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/surgery
- Binding Sites
- Carotid Artery, Common/pathology
- Carotid Artery, Common/surgery
- Chemokine CXCL12/metabolism
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Design
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Endarterectomy, Carotid
- Female
- Humans
- Intramolecular Oxidoreductases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Intramolecular Oxidoreductases/metabolism
- Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout, ApoE
- Middle Aged
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Peptide Fragments/therapeutic use
- Receptors, CXCR4/chemistry
- Receptors, CXCR4/metabolism
- Receptors, CXCR4/ultrastructure
- Sialyltransferases/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christos Kontos
- Division of Peptide Biochemistry, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München (TUM), 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Omar El Bounkari
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Krammer
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Dzmitry Sinitski
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathleen Hille
- Division of Peptide Biochemistry, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München (TUM), 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Chunfang Zan
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Guangyao Yan
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Sijia Wang
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Ying Gao
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Brandhofer
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Remco T A Megens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian Hoffmann
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Jessica Pauli
- Department for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München (TUM), 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Yaw Asare
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Simona Gerra
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Priscila Bourilhon
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Lin Leng
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Hans-Henning Eckstein
- Department for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München (TUM), 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E Kempf
- Department for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München (TUM), 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Jaroslav Pelisek
- Department for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München (TUM), 81675, Munich, Germany
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ozgun Gokce
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Lars Maegdefessel
- Department for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München (TUM), 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Richard Bucala
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Martin Dichgans
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, 80336, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377, Munich, Germany
- Munich Heart Alliance, 80802, Munich, Germany
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6229, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Aphrodite Kapurniotu
- Division of Peptide Biochemistry, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München (TUM), 85354, Freising, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Bernhagen
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, 81377, Munich, Germany.
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377, Munich, Germany.
- Munich Heart Alliance, 80802, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
182
|
Chemical mutagenesis of a GPCR ligand: Detoxifying "inflammo-attraction" to direct therapeutic stem cell migration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:31177-31188. [PMID: 33219123 PMCID: PMC7733796 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1911444117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While inflammatory chemokines, constitutively produced by pathologic regions, are pivotal for attracting reparative stem cells, one would certainly not want to further “inflame” a diseased brain by instilling such molecules. Exploiting the fact that receptors for such cytokines (G protein-coupled receptors [GPCR]) possess two “pockets”—one for binding, the other for signaling—we created a synthetic GPCR-agonist that maximizes interaction with the former and narrows that with the latter. Homing is robust with no inflammation. The peptide successfully directed the integration of human induced pluripotent stem cell derivatives (known to have muted migration) in a model of a prototypical neurodegenerative condition, ameliorating symptomatology. A transplanted stem cell’s engagement with a pathologic niche is the first step in its restoring homeostasis to that site. Inflammatory chemokines are constitutively produced in such a niche; their binding to receptors on the stem cell helps direct that cell’s “pathotropism.” Neural stem cells (NSCs), which express CXCR4, migrate to sites of CNS injury or degeneration in part because astrocytes and vasculature produce the inflammatory chemokine CXCL12. Binding of CXCL12 to CXCR4 (a G protein-coupled receptor, GPCR) triggers repair processes within the NSC. Although a tool directing NSCs to where needed has been long-sought, one would not inject this chemokine in vivo because undesirable inflammation also follows CXCL12–CXCR4 coupling. Alternatively, we chemically “mutated” CXCL12, creating a CXCR4 agonist that contained a strong pure binding motif linked to a signaling motif devoid of sequences responsible for synthetic functions. This synthetic dual-moity CXCR4 agonist not only elicited more extensive and persistent human NSC migration and distribution than did native CXCL 12, but induced no host inflammation (or other adverse effects); rather, there was predominantly reparative gene expression. When co-administered with transplanted human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hNSCs in a mouse model of a prototypical neurodegenerative disease, the agonist enhanced migration, dissemination, and integration of donor-derived cells into the diseased cerebral cortex (including as electrophysiologically-active cortical neurons) where their secreted cross-corrective enzyme mediated a therapeutic impact unachieved by cells alone. Such a “designer” cytokine receptor-agonist peptide illustrates that treatments can be controlled and optimized by exploiting fundamental stem cell properties (e.g., “inflammo-attraction”).
Collapse
|
183
|
Martin C, Gimenez LE, Williams SY, Jing Y, Wu Y, Hollanders C, Van der Poorten O, Gonzalez S, Van Holsbeeck K, Previti S, Lamouroux A, Zhao S, Tourwé D, Stevens RC, Cone RD, Ballet S. Structure-Based Design of Melanocortin 4 Receptor Ligands Based on the SHU-9119-hMC4R Cocrystal Structure†. J Med Chem 2020; 64:357-369. [PMID: 33190475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The melanocortin receptors (MC1R-MC5R) belong to class A G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and are known to have receptor-specific roles in normal and diseased states. Selectivity for MC4R is of particular interest due to its involvement in various metabolic disorders, including obesity, feeding regulation, and sexual dysfunctions. To further improve the potency and selectivity of MC4R (ant)agonist peptide ligands, we designed and synthesized a series of cyclic peptides based on the recent crystal structure of MC4R in complex with the well-characterized antagonist SHU-9119 (Ac-Nle4-c[Asp5-His6-DNal(2')7-Arg8-Trp9-Lys10]-NH2). These analogues were pharmacologically characterized in vitro, giving key insights into exploiting binding site subpockets to deliver more selective ligands. More specifically, the side chains of the Nle4, DNal(2')7, and Trp9 residues in SHU-9119, as well as the amide linkage between the Asp5 and Lys10 side chains, were found to represent structural features engaging a hMC4R/hMC3R selectivity switch.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Martin
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luis E Gimenez
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Savannah Y Williams
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yu Jing
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Ren Building, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yiran Wu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Ren Building, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Charlie Hollanders
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Van der Poorten
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Simon Gonzalez
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kevin Van Holsbeeck
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Santo Previti
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Arthur Lamouroux
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Suwen Zhao
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Ren Building, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Dirk Tourwé
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Raymond C Stevens
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Ren Building, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Roger D Cone
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Steven Ballet
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
184
|
Ma H, Wang H, Li M, Barreto-de-Souza V, Reinecke BA, Gunta R, Zheng Y, Kang G, Nassehi N, Zhang H, An J, Selley DE, Hauser KF, Zhang Y. Bivalent Ligand Aiming Putative Mu Opioid Receptor and Chemokine Receptor CXCR4 Dimers in Opioid Enhanced HIV-1 Entry. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:2318-2324. [PMID: 33214847 PMCID: PMC7667867 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A bivalent compound 1a featuring both a mu opioid receptor (MOR) and a CXCR4 antagonist pharmacophore (naltrexone and IT1t) was designed and synthesized. Further binding and functional studies demonstrated 1a acting as a MOR and a CXCR4 dual antagonist with reasonable binding affinities at both receptors. Furthermore, compound 1a seemed more effective than a combination of IT1t and naltrexone in inhibiting HIV entry at the presence of morphine. Additional molecular modeling results suggested that 1a may bind with the putative MOR-CXCR4 heterodimer to induce its anti-HIV activity. Collectively, bivalent ligand 1a may serve as a promising lead to develop chemical probes targeting the putative MOR-CXCR4 heterodimer in comprehending opioid exacerbated HIV-1 invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongguang Ma
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Huiqun Wang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Mengchu Li
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Victor Barreto-de-Souza
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia
Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United
States
| | - Bethany A. Reinecke
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Rama Gunta
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Guifeng Kang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Nima Nassehi
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia
Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United
States
| | - Huijun Zhang
- Department
of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Stein Clinical
Research Building, Suite 410, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jing An
- Department
of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Stein Clinical
Research Building, Suite 410, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Dana E. Selley
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia
Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United
States
| | - Kurt F. Hauser
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia
Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United
States
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| |
Collapse
|
185
|
Advanced fluorescence microscopy reveals disruption of dynamic CXCR4 dimerization by subpocket-specific inverse agonists. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:29144-29154. [PMID: 33148803 PMCID: PMC7682396 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2013319117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Class A G protein−coupled receptors (GPCRs) can form dimers and oligomers via poorly understood mechanisms. We show here that the chemokine receptor CXCR4, which is a major pharmacological target, has an oligomerization behavior modulated by its active conformation. Combining advanced, single-molecule, and single-cell optical tools with functional assays and computational approaches, we unveil three key features of CXCR4 quaternary organization: CXCR4 dimerization 1) is dynamic, 2) increases with receptor expression level, and 3) can be disrupted by stabilizing an inactive receptor conformation. Ligand binding motifs reveal a ligand binding subpocket essential to modulate both CXCR4 basal activity and dimerization. This is relevant to develop new strategies to design CXCR4-targeting drugs. Although class A G protein−coupled receptors (GPCRs) can function as monomers, many of them form dimers and oligomers, but the mechanisms and functional relevance of such oligomerization is ill understood. Here, we investigate this problem for the CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), a GPCR that regulates immune and hematopoietic cell trafficking, and a major drug target in cancer therapy. We combine single-molecule microscopy and fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy to investigate CXCR4 membrane organization in living cells at densities ranging from a few molecules to hundreds of molecules per square micrometer of the plasma membrane. We observe that CXCR4 forms dynamic, transient homodimers, and that the monomer−dimer equilibrium is governed by receptor density. CXCR4 inverse agonists that bind to the receptor minor pocket inhibit CXCR4 constitutive activity and abolish receptor dimerization. A mutation in the minor binding pocket reduced the dimer-disrupting ability of these ligands. In addition, mutating critical residues in the sixth transmembrane helix of CXCR4 markedly diminished both basal activity and dimerization, supporting the notion that CXCR4 basal activity is required for dimer formation. Together, these results link CXCR4 dimerization to its density and to its activity. They further suggest that inverse agonists binding to the minor pocket suppress both dimerization and constitutive activity and may represent a specific strategy to target CXCR4.
Collapse
|
186
|
Development of a Novel SPR Assay to Study CXCR4-Ligand Interactions. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2020; 10:bios10100150. [PMID: 33096938 PMCID: PMC7589327 DOI: 10.3390/bios10100150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are involved in a plethora of different diseases. Consequently, these proteins are considered as an important class of drug targets. Measuring detailed kinetic information on these types of proteins has been challenging. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) can provide this information, however, the use of SPR on GPCRs remains a complex issue. Here, we report an SPR assay to investigate the interactions between the full-length chemokine receptor CXCR4 and nanobody-Fc (Nb-Fc) ligands. Nb-Fcs consist of two monovalent VHH domains fused with an Fc domain of a human IgG molecule. The CXCR4 protein used in this assay was produced with a C-terminal 10x-histidine tag and was immobilized on a nitrilotriacetic acid chip. In order to verify the sensitivity and effectiveness of this assay, the results were compared to data obtained from cellular assays as well as from another SPR assay using CXCR4 virus-like particles (VLPs). CXCR4 remained intact and stable for at least 12 h, and the kinetic results correlated well with both the cellular assays and the VLP SPR assay results. Apart from determining the binding kinetics of Nb-Fc with CXCR4, our results contributed to understanding CXCR4 interaction dynamics. In conclusion, this assay provides a viable experimental platform that has high potential to be expanded for studying other molecules as well as other histidine-tagged GPCRs.
Collapse
|
187
|
Yan W, Cheng L, Wang W, Wu C, Yang X, Du X, Ma L, Qi S, Wei Y, Lu Z, Yang S, Shao Z. Structure of the human gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor GnRH1R reveals an unusual ligand binding mode. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5287. [PMID: 33082324 PMCID: PMC7576152 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19109-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH), also known as luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, is the main regulator of the reproductive system, acting on gonadotropic cells by binding to the GnRH1 receptor (GnRH1R). The GnRH-GnRH1R system is a promising therapeutic target for maintaining reproductive function; to date, a number of ligands targeting GnRH1R for disease treatment are available on the market. Here, we report the crystal structure of GnRH1R bound to the small-molecule drug elagolix at 2.8 Å resolution. The structure reveals an interesting N-terminus that could co-occupy the enlarged orthosteric binding site together with elagolix. The unusual ligand binding mode was further investigated by structural analyses, functional assays and molecular docking studies. On the other hand, because of the unique characteristic of lacking a cytoplasmic C-terminal helix, GnRH1R exhibits different microswitch structural features from other class A GPCRs. In summary, this study provides insight into the ligand binding mode of GnRH1R and offers an atomic framework for rational drug design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yan
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Xiaozhe Du
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Liang Ma
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Shiqian Qi
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Zhiliang Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Shengyong Yang
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Zhenhua Shao
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
188
|
Internal water channel formation in CXCR4 is crucial for G i-protein coupling upon activation by CXCL12. Commun Chem 2020; 3:133. [PMID: 36703316 PMCID: PMC9814148 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-020-00383-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptor CXCR4 is a major drug target for numerous diseases because of its involvement in the regulation of cell migration and the developmental process. In this study, atomic-level molecular dynamics simulations were used to determine the activation mechanism and internal water formation of CXCR4 in complex with chemokine CXCL12 and Gi-protein. The results indicated that CXCL12-bound CXCR4 underwent transmembrane 6 (TM6) outward movement and a decrease in tyrosine toggle switch by eliciting the breakage of hydrophobic layer to form a continuous internal water channel. In the GDP-bound Gαi-protein state, the rotation and translation of the α5-helix of Gαi-protein toward the cytoplasmic pocket of CXCR4 induced an increase in interdomain distance for GDP leaving. Finally, an internal water channel formation model was proposed based on our simulations for CXCL12-bound CXCR4 in complex with Gαi-protein upon activation for downstream signaling. This model could be useful in anticancer drug development.
Collapse
|
189
|
Migliari S, Sammartano A, Scarlattei M, Baldari G, Silva C, Ruffini L. A Rapid and Specific HPLC Method to Determine Chemical and Radiochemical Purity of [ 68Ga]Ga-DOTA-Pentixafor (PET) Tracer: Development and Validation. Curr Radiopharm 2020; 14:121-130. [PMID: 32990551 DOI: 10.2174/1874471013666200929125102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to its overexpression in a variety of tumor types, the chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) represents a highly relevant diagnostic and therapeutic target in nuclear oncology. Recently, [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-Pentixafor has emerged as an excellent imaging agent for positron emission tomography (PET) of CXCR4 expression in vivo. Preparation conditions may influence the quality and in vivo behaviour of this tracer and no standard procedure for the quality controls (QCs) is available. OBJECTIVE The developed analytical test method was validated because a specific monograph in the Pharmacopoeia is not available for [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-Pentixafor. METHOD A stepwise approach was used based on the quality by design (QbD) concept of the ICH Q2 (R1) and Q8 (Pharmaceutical Development) guidelines in accordance with the regulations and requirements of EANM, SNM, IAEA and WHO. RESULTS The purity and quality of the radiopharmaceutical obtained according to the proposed method were found to be high enough to safely administrate it to patients. Excellent linearity was found between 0.5 and 4 μg/mL, with a correlation coefficient (r2) for calibration curves being equal to 0.999, the average coefficient of variation (CV%) < 2% and average bias% that did not deviate more than 5% for all concentrations. CONCLUSION This study developed a new rapid and simple HPLC method of analysis for the routine QCs of [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-Pentixafor to guarantee the high quality of the finished product before release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Migliari
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, via Gramsci 14, 43126Parma, Italy
| | - Antonino Sammartano
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, via Gramsci 14, 43126Parma, Italy
| | - Maura Scarlattei
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, via Gramsci 14, 43126Parma, Italy
| | - Giorgio Baldari
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, via Gramsci 14, 43126Parma, Italy
| | - Claudia Silva
- Food and Drug Sciences Department, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, University of Parma- 43124Parma, Italy
| | - Livia Ruffini
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, via Gramsci 14, 43126Parma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
190
|
Huang XP, Kenakin TP, Gu S, Shoichet BK, Roth BL. Differential Roles of Extracellular Histidine Residues of GPR68 for Proton-Sensing and Allosteric Modulation by Divalent Metal Ions. Biochemistry 2020; 59:3594-3614. [PMID: 32865988 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
GPR68, an orphan G-protein coupled receptor, senses protons, couples to multiple G-proteins, and is also activated or inhibited by divalent metal ions. It has seven extracellular histidine residues, although it is not clear how these histidine residues play a role in both proton-sensing and metal ion modulation. Here we demonstrate that divalent metal ions are allosteric modulators that can activate or inhibit proton activity in a concentration- and pH-dependent manner. We then show that single histidine mutants have differential and varying degrees of effects on proton-sensing and metal ion modulation. Some histidine residues play dual roles in proton-sensing and metal ion modulation, while others are important in one or the other but not both. Two extracellular disulfide bonds are predicted to constrain histidine residues to be spatially close to each other. Combining histidine mutations leads to reduced proton activity and resistance to metal ion modulation, while breaking the less conserved disulfide bond results in a more severe reduction in proton-sensing over metal modulation. The small-molecule positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) ogerin and lorazepam are not affected by these mutations and remain active at mutants with severely reduced proton activity or are resistant to metal ion modulation. These results suggest GPR68 possesses two independent allosteric modulation systems, one through interaction with divalent metal ions at the extracellular surface and another through small-molecule PAMs in the transmembrane domains. A new GPR68 model is developed to accommodate the findings which could serve as a template for further studies and ligand discovery by virtual ligand docking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shuo Gu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Brian K Shoichet
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
191
|
Microtiter plate-based antibody-competition assay to determine binding affinities and plasma/blood stability of CXCR4 ligands. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16036. [PMID: 32994431 PMCID: PMC7525492 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) is involved in several intractable disease processes, including HIV infection, cancer cell metastasis, leukemia cell progression, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma and pulmonary fibrosis. Thus, CXCR4 represents a promising drug target and several CXCR4 antagonizing agents are in preclinical or clinical development. Important parameters in drug lead evaluation are determination of binding affinities to the receptor and assessment of their stability and activity in plasma or blood of animals and humans. Here, we designed a microtiter plate-based CXCR4 antibody competition assay that enables to measure inhibitory concentrations (IC50 values) and affinity constants (Ki values) of CXCR4 targeting drugs. The assay is based on the observation that most if not all CXCR4 antagonists compete with binding of the fluorescence-tagged CXCR4 antibody 12G5 to the receptor. We demonstrate that this antibody-competition assay allows a convenient and cheap determination of binding affinities of various CXCR4 antagonists in living cells within just 3 h. Moreover, the assay can be performed in the presence of high concentrations of physiologically relevant body fluids, and thus is a useful readout to evaluate stability (i.e. half-life) of CXCR4 ligands in serum/plasma, and even whole human and mouse blood ex vivo. Thus, this optimized 12G5 antibody-competition assay allows a robust and convenient determination and calculation of various important pharmacological parameters of CXCR4 receptor-drug interaction and may not only foster future drug development but also animal welfare by reducing the number of experimental animals.
Collapse
|
192
|
Deciphering collaborative sidechain motions in proteins during molecular dynamics simulations. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15901. [PMID: 32985550 PMCID: PMC7522237 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72766-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamic structure of proteins is essential for their functions and may include large conformational transitions which can be studied by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. However, details of these transitions are difficult to automatically track. To facilitate their analysis, we developed two scores of correlation between sidechain dihedral angles. The CIRCULAR and OMES scores are computed from, respectively, dihedral angle values and rotamer distributions. As a case study, we applied our methods to an activation-like transition of the chemokine receptor CXCR4, observed during accelerated MD simulations. The principal component analysis of the correlation matrices was consistent with the networking structure of the top ranking pairs. Both scores identify a set of residues whose “collaborative” sidechain rotamerization immediately preceded or accompanied the conformational transition of CXCR4. Detailed analysis of the sequential order of these rotamerizations suggests that an allosteric mechanism, involving the outward motion of an asparagine residue in transmembrane helix 3, might be a prerequisite to the large scale conformational transition of CXCR4. This case study provides the proof-of-concept that the correlation methods developed here are valuable exploratory techniques to help decipher complex reactional pathways.
Collapse
|
193
|
Rasaeifar B, Gomez-Gutierrez P, Perez JJ. Molecular Features of Non-Selective Small Molecule Antagonists of the Bradykinin Receptors. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E259. [PMID: 32967280 PMCID: PMC7558388 DOI: 10.3390/ph13090259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) downregulation is a key negative factor for the severity of lung edema and acute lung failure observed in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. ACE2 downregulation affects the levels of diverse peptide mediators of the renin-agiotensin-aldestosterone and kallikrein-kinin systems, compromising vascular hemostasis. Increasing evidence suggests that the inflammatory response observed in covid-19 patients is initiated by the action of kinins on the bradykinin receptors. Accordingly, the use of bradykinin antagonists should be considered as a strategy for therapeutic intervention against covid-19 illness progression. Presently, icatibant is the only bradykinin antagonist drug approved. In the present report, we investigated the molecular features characterizing non-selective antagonists targeting the bradykinin receptors and carried out a in silico screening of approved drugs, aimed at the identification of compounds with a non-selective bradykinin antagonist profile that can be evaluated for drug repurposing. The study permitted to identify eight compounds as prospective non-selective antagonists of the bradykinin receptors, including raloxifene; sildenafil; cefepime; cefpirome; imatinib; ponatinib; abemaciclib and entrectinib.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juan J. Perez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya. ETSEIB. Av. Diagonal, 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (B.R.); (P.G.-G.)
| |
Collapse
|
194
|
Cancilla D, Rettig MP, DiPersio JF. Targeting CXCR4 in AML and ALL. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1672. [PMID: 33014834 PMCID: PMC7499473 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) blasts with the bone marrow microenvironment regulates self-renewal, growth signaling, as well as chemotherapy resistance. The chemokine receptor, CXC receptor 4 (CXCR4), with its ligand chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12), plays a key role in the survival and migration of normal and malignant stem cells to the bone marrow. High expression of CXCR4 on AML and ALL blasts has been shown to be a predictor of poor prognosis for these diseases. Several small molecule inhibitors, short peptides, antibodies, and antibody drug conjugates have been developed for the purposes of more effective targeting and killing of malignant cells expressing CXCR4. In this review we will discuss recent results and strategies in targeting CXCR4 with these agents in patients with AML or ALL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John F. DiPersio
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
195
|
Mirza MU, Saadabadi A, Vanmeert M, Salo-Ahen OMH, Abdullah I, Claes S, De Jonghe S, Schols D, Ahmad S, Froeyen M. Discovery of HIV entry inhibitors via a hybrid CXCR4 and CCR5 receptor pharmacophore-based virtual screening approach. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 155:105537. [PMID: 32890663 PMCID: PMC7467125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine receptors are key regulators of cell migration in terms of immunity and inflammation. Among these, CCR5 and CXCR4 play pivotal roles in cancer metastasis and HIV-1 transmission and infection. They act as essential co-receptors for HIV and furnish a route to the cell entry. In particular, inhibition of either CCR5 or CXCR4 leads very often the virus to shift to a more virulent dual-tropic strain. Therefore, dual receptor inhibition might improve the therapeutic strategies against HIV. In this study, we aimed to discover selective CCR5, CXCR4, and dual CCR5/CXCR4 antagonists using both receptor- and ligand-based computational methods. We employed this approach to fully incorporate the interaction attributes of the binding pocket together with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and binding free energy calculations. The best hits were evaluated for their anti-HIV-1 activity against CXCR4- and CCR5-specific NL4.3 and BaL strains. Moreover, the Ca2+ mobilization assay was used to evaluate their antagonistic activity. From the 27 tested compounds, three were identified as inhibitors: compounds 27 (CCR5), 6 (CXCR4) and 3 (dual) with IC50 values ranging from 10.64 to 64.56 μM. The binding mode analysis suggests that the active compounds form a salt bridge with the glutamates and π-stacking interactions with the aromatic side chains binding site residues of the respective co-receptor. The presented hierarchical virtual screening approach provides essential aspects in identifying potential antagonists in terms of selectivity against a specific co-receptor. The compounds having multiple heterocyclic nitrogen atoms proved to be relatively more specific towards CXCR4 inhibition as compared to CCR5. The identified compounds serve as a starting point for further development of HIV entry inhibitors through synthesis and quantitative structure-activity relationship studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Usman Mirza
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Atefeh Saadabadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Pharmacy, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Michiel Vanmeert
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Outi M H Salo-Ahen
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Pharmacy, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Iskandar Abdullah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 59100, Malaysia
| | - Sandra Claes
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven De Jonghe
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarfraz Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 59100, Malaysia
| | - Matheus Froeyen
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
196
|
Bianchi ME, Mezzapelle R. The Chemokine Receptor CXCR4 in Cell Proliferation and Tissue Regeneration. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2109. [PMID: 32983169 PMCID: PMC7484992 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The CXCR4 receptor upon binding its ligands triggers multiple signaling pathways that orchestrate cell migration, hematopoiesis and cell homing, and retention in the bone marrow. However, CXCR4 also directly controls cell proliferation of non-hematopoietic cells. This review focuses on recent reports pointing to its pivotal role in tissue regeneration and stem cell activation, and discusses the connection to the known role of CXCR4 in promoting tumor growth. The mechanisms may be similar in all cases, since regeneration often recapitulates developmental processes, and cancer often exploits developmental pathways. Moreover, cell migration and cell proliferation appear to be downstream of the same signaling pathways. A deeper understanding of the complex signaling originating from CXCR4 is needed to exploit the opportunities to repair damaged organs safely and effectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco E Bianchi
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosanna Mezzapelle
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
197
|
Basuli F, Zhang X, Phelps TE, Jagoda EM, Choyke PL, Swenson RE. Automated Synthesis of Fluorine-18 Labeled CXCR4 Ligand via the Conjugation with Nicotinic Acid N-Hydroxysuccinimide Ester (6-[ 18F]SFPy). Molecules 2020; 25:E3924. [PMID: 32867358 PMCID: PMC7504725 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is a seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor that is overexpressed in numerous diseases, particularly in various cancers and is a powerful chemokine, attracting cells to the bone marrow niche. Therefore, CXCR4 is an attractive target for imaging and therapeutic purposes. The goal of this study is to develop an efficient, reproducible, and straightforward method to prepare a fluorine-18 labeled CXCR4 ligand. 6-[18F]Fluoronicotinic acid-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl ester (6-[18F]FPy-TFP) and nicotinic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (6-[18F]SFPy) have been prepared using 'fluorination on the Sep-Pak' method. Conjugation of 6-[18F]SFPy or 6-[18F]FPy-TFP with the alpha-amino group at the N terminus of the protected T140 precursor followed by deprotection, yielded the final product 6-[18F]FPy-T140. The overall radiochemical yields were 6-17% (n = 15, decay-corrected) in a 90-min radiolabeling time with a radiochemical purity >99%. 6-[18F]FPy-T140 exhibited high specific binding and nanomolar affinity for CXCR4 in vitro, indicating that the biological activity of the peptide was preserved. For the first time, [18F]SFPy has been prepared using 'fluorination on the Sep-Pak' method that allows rapid automated synthesis of 6-[18F]FPy-T140. In addition to increased synthetic efficiency, this construct binds with CXCR4 in high affinity and may have potential as an in vivo positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agent. This radiosynthesis method should encourage wider use of this PET agent to quantify CXCR4 in both research and clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Falguni Basuli
- Chemistry and Synthesis Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20892, USA; (X.Z.); (R.E.S.)
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Chemistry and Synthesis Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20892, USA; (X.Z.); (R.E.S.)
| | - Tim E. Phelps
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (T.E.P.); (E.M.J.); (P.L.C.)
| | - Elaine M. Jagoda
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (T.E.P.); (E.M.J.); (P.L.C.)
| | - Peter L. Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (T.E.P.); (E.M.J.); (P.L.C.)
| | - Rolf E. Swenson
- Chemistry and Synthesis Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20892, USA; (X.Z.); (R.E.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
198
|
Aberrant CXCR4 Signaling at Crossroad of WHIM Syndrome and Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165696. [PMID: 32784523 PMCID: PMC7460815 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Given its pleiotropic functions, including its prominent role in inflammation, immune responses and cancer, the C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) has gained significant attention in recent years and has become a relevant target in drug development. Although the signaling properties of CXCR4 have been extensively studied, several aspects deserve deeper investigations. Mutations in the C-term tail of the CXCR4 gene cause WHIM syndrome, a rare congenital immunodeficiency associated by chronic leukopenia. Similar mutations have also been recently identified in 30% of patients affected by Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinaemia, a B-cell neoplasia with bone marrow accumulation of malignant cells. An ample body of work has been generated to define the impact of WHIM mutations on CXCR4 signaling properties and evaluate their role on pathogenesis, diagnosis, and response to therapy, although the identity of disease-causing signaling pathways and their relevance for disease development in different genetic variants are still open questions. This review discusses the current knowledge on biochemical properties of CXCR4 mutations to identify their prototypic signaling profile potentially useful to highlighting novel opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
|
199
|
Grande F, Occhiuzzi MA, Lappano R, Cirillo F, Guzzi R, Garofalo A, Jacquot Y, Maggiolini M, Rizzuti B. Computational Approaches for the Discovery of GPER Targeting Compounds. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:517. [PMID: 32849301 PMCID: PMC7417359 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens exert a panel of biological activities mainly through the estrogen receptors α and β, which belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily. Diverse studies have shown that the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER, previously known as GPR30) also mediates the multifaceted effects of estrogens in numerous pathophysiological events, including neurodegenerative, immune, metabolic, and cardiovascular disorders and the progression of different types of cancer. In particular, GPER is implicated in hormone-sensitive tumors, albeit diverse issues remain to be deeply investigated. As such, this receptor may represent an appealing target for therapeutics in different diseases. The yet unavailable complete GPER crystallographic structure, and its relatively low sequence similarity with the other members of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family, hamper the possibility to discover compounds able to modulate GPER activity. Consequently, a reliable molecular model of this receptor is required for the design of suitable ligands. To date, convergent approaches involving structure-based drug design and virtual ligand screening have led to the identification of several GPER selective ligands, thus providing important information regarding its mode of action and function. In this survey, we summarize results obtained through computer-aided techniques devoted to the assessment of GPER ligands toward their usefulness in innovative treatments of different diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fedora Grande
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Maria A. Occhiuzzi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Lappano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Francesca Cirillo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Rita Guzzi
- Department of Physics, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
- CNR-NANOTEC, Licryl-UOS Cosenza and CEMIF.Cal, Department of Physics, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Antonio Garofalo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Yves Jacquot
- Cibles Thérapeutiques et Conception de Médicaments (CiTCoM), CNRS UMR 8038, INSERM U1268, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marcello Maggiolini
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Bruno Rizzuti
- CNR-NANOTEC, Licryl-UOS Cosenza and CEMIF.Cal, Department of Physics, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
200
|
Dijkman PM, Muñoz-García JC, Lavington SR, Kumagai PS, dos Reis RI, Yin D, Stansfeld PJ, Costa-Filho AJ, Watts A. Conformational dynamics of a G protein-coupled receptor helix 8 in lipid membranes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaav8207. [PMID: 32851152 PMCID: PMC7428336 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav8207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest and pharmaceutically most important class of membrane proteins encoded in the human genome, characterized by a seven-transmembrane helix architecture and a C-terminal amphipathic helix 8 (H8). In a minority of GPCR structures solved to date, H8 either is absent or adopts an unusual conformation. The controversial existence of H8 of the class A GPCR neurotensin receptor 1 (NTS1) has been examined here for the nonthermostabilized receptor in a functionally supporting membrane environment using electron paramagnetic resonance, molecular dynamics simulations, and circular dichroism. Lipid-protein interactions with phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine lipids, in particular, stabilize the residues 374 to 390 of NTS1 into forming a helix. Furthermore, introduction of a helix-breaking proline residue in H8 elicited an increase in ß-arrestin-NTS1 interactions observed in pull-down assays, suggesting that the structure and/or dynamics of H8 might play an important role in GPCR signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M. Dijkman
- Biomembrane Structure Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Juan C. Muñoz-García
- Biomembrane Structure Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Steven R. Lavington
- Biomembrane Structure Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Patricia Suemy Kumagai
- Biomembrane Structure Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-Carlense 400, C.P. 369, São Carlos SP 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Rosana I. dos Reis
- Biomembrane Structure Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Daniel Yin
- Biomembrane Structure Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Phillip J. Stansfeld
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- School of Life Sciences & Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Antonio José Costa-Filho
- Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto SP 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Anthony Watts
- Biomembrane Structure Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|