151
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Bioinspired and bristled microparticles for ultrasensitive pressure and strain sensors. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5161. [PMID: 30514869 PMCID: PMC6279775 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07672-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological sensory organelles are often structurally optimized for high sensitivity. Tactile hairs or bristles are ubiquitous mechanosensory organelles in insects. The bristle features a tapering spine that not only serves as a lever arm to promote signal transduction, but also a clever design to protect it from mechanical breaking. A hierarchical distribution over the body further improves the signal detection from all directions. We mimic these features by using synthetic zinc oxide microparticles, each having spherically-distributed, high-aspect-ratio, and high-density nanostructured spines resembling biological bristles. Sensors based on thin films assembled from these microparticles achieve static-pressure detection down to 0.015 Pa, sensitivity up to 121 kPa−1, and a strain gauge factor >104, showing supreme overall performance. Other properties including a robust cyclability >2000, fast response time ~7 ms, and low-temperature synthesis compatible to various integrations further indicate the potential of this sensor technology in applying to wearable technologies and human interfaces. The potential of electromechanical sensors has been limited by low volumetric density in sensing sites. Here, the authors demonstrate ultrasensitive pressure and strain sensors using ZnO microparticles that have high-aspect ratio and high-density nanostructured spines mimicking bristles in insects.
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152
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Xu F, Li X, Shi Y, Li L, Wang W, He L, Liu R. Recent Developments for Flexible Pressure Sensors: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:mi9110580. [PMID: 30405027 PMCID: PMC6266671 DOI: 10.3390/mi9110580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors are attracting great interest from researchers and are widely applied in various new electronic equipment because of their distinct characteristics with high flexibility, high sensitivity, and light weight; examples include electronic skin (E-skin) and wearable flexible sensing devices. This review summarizes the research progress of flexible pressure sensors, including three kinds of transduction mechanisms and their respective research developments, and applications in the fields of E-skin and wearable devices. Furthermore, the challenges and development trends of E-skin and wearable flexible sensors are also briefly discussed. Challenges of developing high extensibility, high sensitivity, and flexible multi-function equipment still exist at present. Exploring new sensing mechanisms, seeking new functional materials, and developing novel integration technology of flexible devices will be the key directions in the sensors field in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenlan Xu
- School of Printing and Packaging Engineering, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China.
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Printed Electronics, Beijing 102600, China.
| | - Xiuyan Li
- School of Printing and Packaging Engineering, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China.
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Printed Electronics, Beijing 102600, China.
| | - Yue Shi
- School of Printing and Packaging Engineering, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China.
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Printed Electronics, Beijing 102600, China.
| | - Luhai Li
- School of Printing and Packaging Engineering, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China.
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Printed Electronics, Beijing 102600, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Printing and Packaging Engineering, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China.
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Printed Electronics, Beijing 102600, China.
| | - Liang He
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Ruping Liu
- School of Printing and Packaging Engineering, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China.
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Printed Electronics, Beijing 102600, China.
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153
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Wu W, Qiu G, Wang Y, Wang R, Ye P. Tellurene: its physical properties, scalable nanomanufacturing, and device applications. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:7203-7212. [PMID: 30118130 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00598b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tellurium (Te) has a trigonal crystal lattice with inherent structural anisotropy. Te is multifunctional, e.g., semiconducting, photoconductive, thermoelectric, piezoelectric, etc., for applications in electronics, sensors, optoelectronics, and energy devices. Due to the inherent structural anisotropy, previously reported synthetic methods predominantly yield one-dimensional (1D) Te nanostructures. Much less is known about 2D Te nanostructures, their processing schemes, and their material properties. This review focuses on the synthesis and morphology control of emerging 2D tellurene and summarizes the latest developments in understanding the fundamental properties of monolayer and few-layer tellurene, as well as the recent advances in demonstrating prototypical tellurene devices. Finally, the prospects for future research and application opportunities as well as the accompanying challenges of 2D tellurene are summarized and highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhuo Wu
- School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
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154
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Dong K, Wu Z, Deng J, Wang AC, Zou H, Chen C, Hu D, Gu B, Sun B, Wang ZL. A Stretchable Yarn Embedded Triboelectric Nanogenerator as Electronic Skin for Biomechanical Energy Harvesting and Multifunctional Pressure Sensing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1804944. [PMID: 30256476 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201804944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and stretchable physical sensors capable of both energy harvesting and self-powered sensing are vital to the rapid advancements in wearable electronics. Even so, there exist few studies that can integrate energy harvesting and self-powered sensing into a single electronic skin. Here, a stretchable and washable skin-inspired triboelectric nanogenerator (SI-TENG) is developed for both biomechanical energy harvesting and versatile pressure sensing. A planar and designable conductive yarn network constructed from a three-ply-twisted silver-coated nylon yarn is embedded into flexible elastomer, endowing the SI-TENG with desired stretchability, good sensitivity, high detection precision, fast responsivity, and excellent mechanical stability. With a maximum average power density of 230 mW m-2 , the SI-TENG is able to light up 170 light-emitting diodes, charge various capacitors, and drive miniature electronic products. As a self-powered multifunctional sensor, the SI-TENG is adopted to monitor human physiological signals, such as arterial pulse and voice vibrations. Furthermore, an intelligent prosthetic hand, a self-powered pedometer/speedometer, a flexible digital keyboard, and a proof-of-concept pressure-sensor array with 8 × 8 sensing pixels are successively demonstrated to further confirm its versatile application prospects. Based on these merits, the developed SI-TENG has promising applications in wearable powering technology, physiological monitoring, intelligent prostheses, and human-machine interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Dong
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0245, USA
- College of Textiles, Key Laboratory of High Performance Fibers & Products, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201020, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyi Wu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0245, USA
| | - Jianan Deng
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0245, USA
| | - Aurelia C Wang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0245, USA
| | - Haiyang Zou
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0245, USA
| | - Chaoyu Chen
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0245, USA
| | - Dongmei Hu
- Key Lab of Nano-Devices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Bohong Gu
- College of Textiles, Key Laboratory of High Performance Fibers & Products, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201020, P. R. China
| | - Baozhong Sun
- College of Textiles, Key Laboratory of High Performance Fibers & Products, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201020, P. R. China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0245, USA
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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155
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Yu Y, Wang X. Piezotronics in Photo-Electrochemistry. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1800154. [PMID: 30009413 PMCID: PMC6197904 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201800154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Photo-electrochemistry is the major trajectory for directly transforming solar energy into chemical compounds. The performance of a photo-electrochemical (PEC) system is directly related to the interfacial electrical band energy landscape. Recently, piezotronics has stood out as a promising strategy for tuning interfacial energetics. It applies intrinsic or deformation-induced ionic displacements (ferroelectric and piezoelectric polarizations) to engineer the interfacial charge distribution, and thereby the band structures of PEC electrodes. Here, contemporary research efforts of coupling piezotronics with photo-electrochemisty are reviewed. Quantitative band diagrams of a polarization-tuned semiconductor-electrolyte junction are first introduced, with an emphasis on the impact of interface chemistry. Experimental advances of employing piezoelectric and ferroelectric polarizations to enhance the charge separation and transportation, and surface kinetics of PEC water splitting are discussed. Finally, critical challenges of applying piezotronics in PEC systems and promising solutions are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhao Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Xudong Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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156
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Wu S, Chen D, Yuan Y, Cao A. Blown bubble assembly of ultralong 1D bismuth sulfide nanostructures with ordered alignment and shape control. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:395601. [PMID: 29968569 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aad0ba] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently, semiconducting chalcogenide nanostructures have attracted intense attention due to their excellent properties and broad applications, especially metal chalcogenides in the form of A2(V)B3(VI). Here we synthesized one-dimensional (1D) bismuth sulfide (Bi2S3) nanostructures with a length of more than 100 μm via a one-step hydrothermal method, and found that the reaction temperature and the alkali concentration play vital roles in the morphology of the 1D nanostructures. Since the as-synthesized Bi2S3 nanostructures were disordered in powder form, it is necessary to align them with ordered orientation and uniform distribution before further application. A blown bubble method was specifically applied to align these ultralong 1D nanostructures, and the assembly mechanism was also deeply analyzed, including the drift of nanostructures in the bubble film thickness direction, the relationship between (nanowire) NW spacing and array density, and the angle deviation of aligned arrays assembled from different bubble solutions. Interestingly, the initial straight Bi2S3 NWs could also be converted into buckled nanosprings (NSs) with regular pitches during the assembly process, and different NS formation stages were observed. A possible deformation mechanism or load bearing model of the wavy NS was proposed and verified, and the Young's modulus of an individual NW was figured out for the first time. After annealing under a N2 atmosphere, the aligned Bi2S3 NWs embedded in the bubble film were exposed, and the clean arrays were fabricated into functional optoelectronic devices such as photodetectors with a high performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiting Wu
- College of Materials & Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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157
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Conductively coupled flexible silicon electronic systems for chronic neural electrophysiology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E9542-E9549. [PMID: 30228119 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1813187115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Materials and structures that enable long-term, intimate coupling of flexible electronic devices to biological systems are critically important to the development of advanced biomedical implants for biological research and for clinical medicine. By comparison with simple interfaces based on arrays of passive electrodes, the active electronics in such systems provide powerful and sometimes essential levels of functionality; they also demand long-lived, perfect biofluid barriers to prevent corrosive degradation of the active materials and electrical damage to the adjacent tissues. Recent reports describe strategies that enable relevant capabilities in flexible electronic systems, but only for capacitively coupled interfaces. Here, we introduce schemes that exploit patterns of highly doped silicon nanomembranes chemically bonded to thin, thermally grown layers of SiO2 as leakage-free, chronically stable, conductively coupled interfaces. The results can naturally support high-performance, flexible silicon electronic systems capable of amplified sensing and active matrix multiplexing in biopotential recording and in stimulation via Faradaic charge injection. Systematic in vitro studies highlight key considerations in the materials science and the electrical designs for high-fidelity, chronic operation. The results provide a versatile route to biointegrated forms of flexible electronics that can incorporate the most advanced silicon device technologies with broad applications in electrical interfaces to the brain and to other organ systems.
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158
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Li W, Duan J, Zhong J, Wu N, Lin S, Xu Z, Chen S, Pan Y, Huang L, Hu B, Zhou J. Flexible THV/COC Piezoelectret Nanogenerator for Wide-Range Pressure Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:29675-29683. [PMID: 30106276 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors possess promising applications in artificial electronic skin, intelligence robot, wearable health monitoring, flexible physiological signal sensing, etc. Herein, we design a flexible pressure sensor with robust stability, high sensitivity, and large linear pressure region on the basis of tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene-vinylide (THV)/cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) piezoelectret nanogenerator. According to the theoretical analysis for piezoelectret nanogenerators with imbalanced charge distribution, THV and COC are utilized to promote the electric field inside the piezoelectret for output voltage enhancement. Meanwhile, the compression property of the piezoelectret nanogenerator is facilely tuned. Owing to high inner electric field and optimized compression property, the THV/COC piezoelectret nanogenerator exhibits a high sensitivity of 30 mV/kPa, which is 10 times higher than that of the traditional cellular polypropylene piezoelectret. Simultaneously, the linear pressure region reaches 150 kPa with excellent linearity ( R2 = 0.99963). The device is demonstrated to realize wearable pressure sensing with a wide pressure range from finger typing to fist hammering. This study presents a fabrication strategy for piezoelectret nanogenerators with high sensitivity and large linear pressure region, paving the way for development of wearable and flexible pressure sensing networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Jiangjiang Duan
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Junwen Zhong
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Nan Wu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Shizhe Lin
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Zisheng Xu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Shuwen Chen
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Yuan Pan
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Liang Huang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Bin Hu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
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159
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Ravi SK, Wu T, Udayagiri VS, Vu XM, Wang Y, Jones MR, Tan SC. Photosynthetic Bioelectronic Sensors for Touch Perception, UV-Detection, and Nanopower Generation: Toward Self-Powered E-Skins. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1802290. [PMID: 30101422 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201802290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Energy self-sufficiency is an inspirational design feature of biological systems that fulfills sensory functions. Plants such as the "touch-me-not" and "Venus flytrap" not only sustain life by photosynthesis, but also execute specialized sensory responses to touch. Photosynthesis enables these organisms to sustainably harvest and expend energy, powering their sensory abilities. Photosynthesis therefore provides a promising model for self-powered sensory devices like electronic skins (e-skins). While the natural sensory abilities of human skin have been emulated in man-made materials for advanced prosthetics and soft-robotics, no previous e-skin has incorporated phototransduction and photosensory functions that could extend the sensory abilities of human skin. A proof-of-concept bioelectronic device integrated with natural photosynthetic pigment-proteins is presented that shows the ability to sense not only touch stimuli (down to 3000 Pa), but also low-intensity ultraviolet radiation (down to 0.01 mW cm-2 ) and generate an electrical power of ≈260 nW cm-2 . The scalability of this device is demonstrated through the fabrication of flexible, multipixel, bioelectronic sensors capable of touch registration and tracking. The polysensory abilities, energy self-sufficiency, and additional nanopower generation exhibited by this bioelectronic system make it particularly promising for applications like smart e-skins and wearable sensors, where the photogenerated power can enable remote data transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Kishore Ravi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Tingfeng Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Vishnu Saran Udayagiri
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Xuan Minh Vu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Michael R Jones
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Swee Ching Tan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
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160
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Stretchable and Wearable Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based on Kinesio Tape for Self-Powered Human Motion Sensing. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8090657. [PMID: 30149583 PMCID: PMC6165338 DOI: 10.3390/nano8090657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Recently, wearable, self-powered, active human motion sensors have attracted a great deal of attention for biomechanics, physiology, kinesiology, and entertainment. Although some progress has been achieved, new types of stretchable and wearable devices are urgently required to promote the practical application. In this article, targeted at self-powered active human motion sensing, a stretchable, flexible, and wearable triboelectric nanogenerator based on kinesio tapes (KT-TENG) haven been designed and investigated systematically. The device can effectively work during stretching or bending. Both the short-circuit transferred charge and open-circuit voltage exhibit an excellent linear relationship with the stretched displacements and bending angles, enabling its application as a wearable self-powered sensor for real-time human motion monitoring, like knee joint bending and human gestures. Moreover, the KT-TENG shows good stability and durability for long-term operation. Compared with the previous works, the KT-TENG without a macro-scale air gap inside, or stretchable triboelectric layers, possesses various advantages, such as simple fabrication, compact structure, superior flexibility and stability, excellent conformable contact with skin, and wide-range selection of triboelectric materials. This work provides a new prospect for a wearable, self-powered, active human motion sensor and has numerous potential applications in the fields of healthcare monitoring, human-machine interfacing, and prosthesis developing.
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161
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Wan Y, Qiu Z, Huang J, Yang J, Wang Q, Lu P, Yang J, Zhang J, Huang S, Wu Z, Guo CF. Natural Plant Materials as Dielectric Layer for Highly Sensitive Flexible Electronic Skin. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1801657. [PMID: 30058286 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201801657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Nature has long offered human beings with useful materials. Herein, plant materials including flowers and leaves have been directly used as the dielectric material in flexible capacitive electronic skin (e-skin), which simply consists of a dried flower petal or leaf sandwiched by two flexible electrodes. The plant material is a 3D cell wall network which plays like a compressible metamaterial that elastically collapses upon pressing plus some specific surface structures, and thus the device can sensitively respond to pressure. The device works over a broad-pressure range from 0.6 Pa to 115 kPa with a maximum sensitivity of 1.54 kPa-1 , and shows high stability over 5000 cyclic pressings or bends. The natural-material-based e-skin has been applied in touch sensing, motion monitoring, gas flow detection, and the spatial distribution of pressure. As the foam-like structure is ubiquitous in plants, a general strategy for a green, cost-effective, and scalable approach to make flexible e-skins is offered here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbiao Wan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Zhiguang Qiu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Jingyi Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Peng Lu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Junlong Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jianming Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Siya Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhigang Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Chuan Fei Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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162
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Doshi SM, Thostenson ET. Thin and Flexible Carbon Nanotube-Based Pressure Sensors with Ultrawide Sensing Range. ACS Sens 2018; 3:1276-1282. [PMID: 29943577 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A scalable electrophoretic deposition (EPD) approach is used to create novel thin, flexible, and lightweight carbon nanotube-based textile pressure sensors. The pressure sensors can be produced using an extensive variety of natural and synthetic fibers. These piezoresistive sensors are sensitive to pressures ranging from the tactile range (<10 kPa), the body weight range (∼500 kPa), and very high pressures (∼40 MPa). The EPD technique enables the creation of a uniform carbon nanotube-based nanocomposite coating, in the range of 250-750 nm thick, of polyethyleneimine (PEI) functionalized carbon nanotubes on nonconductive fibers. In this work, nonwoven aramid fibers are coated by EPD onto a backing electrode followed by film formation onto the fibers creating a conductive network. The electrically conductive nanocomposite coating is firmly bonded to the fiber surface and shows piezoresistive electrical/mechanical coupling. The pressure sensor displays a large in-plane change in electrical conductivity with applied out-of-plane pressure. In-plane conductivity change results from fiber/fiber contact as well as the formation of a sponge-like piezoresistive nanocomposite "interphase" between the fibers. The resilience of the nanocomposite interphase enables sensing of high pressures without permanent changes to the sensor response, showing high repeatability.
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163
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Shi J, Wang L, Dai Z, Zhao L, Du M, Li H, Fang Y. Multiscale Hierarchical Design of a Flexible Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor with High Sensitivity and Wide Linearity Range. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1800819. [PMID: 29847706 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201800819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Flexible piezoresistive pressure sensors have been attracting wide attention for applications in health monitoring and human-machine interfaces because of their simple device structure and easy-readout signals. For practical applications, flexible pressure sensors with both high sensitivity and wide linearity range are highly desirable. Herein, a simple and low-cost method for the fabrication of a flexible piezoresistive pressure sensor with a hierarchical structure over large areas is presented. The piezoresistive pressure sensor consists of arrays of microscale papillae with nanoscale roughness produced by replicating the lotus leaf's surface and spray-coating of graphene ink. Finite element analysis (FEA) shows that the hierarchical structure governs the deformation behavior and pressure distribution at the contact interface, leading to a quick and steady increase in contact area with loads. As a result, the piezoresistive pressure sensor demonstrates a high sensitivity of 1.2 kPa-1 and a wide linearity range from 0 to 25 kPa. The flexible pressure sensor is applied for sensitive monitoring of small vibrations, including wrist pulse and acoustic waves. Moreover, a piezoresistive pressure sensor array is fabricated for mapping the spatial distribution of pressure. These results highlight the potential applications of the flexible piezoresistive pressure sensor for health monitoring and electronic skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jidong Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liu Wang
- Center for Mechanics of Solids, Structures and Materials, Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Zhaohe Dai
- Center for Mechanics of Solids, Structures and Materials, Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Lingyu Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mingde Du
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hongbian Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Ying Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
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164
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Lee TH, Chen CY, Tsai CY, Fuh YK. Near-Field Electrospun Piezoelectric Fibers as Sound-Sensing Elements. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E692. [PMID: 30960617 PMCID: PMC6403917 DOI: 10.3390/polym10070692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel integration of three-dimensional (3D) architectures of near-field electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nano-micro fibers (NMFs) is applied to an intelligent self-powered sound-sensing element (ISSE). Using 3D architecture with greatly enhanced piezoelectric output, the sound wave energy can be harvested under a sound pressure of 120+ dB SPL of electrical signal about 0.25 V. Furthermore, the simple throat vibrations such as hum, cough and swallow with different intensity or frequency can be distinguishably detected. Finally, the developed ultrathin ISSE of near-field electrospun piezoelectric fibers has the advantage of direct-write fabrication on highly flexible substrates and low cost. The proposed technique demonstrates the advancement of existing electrospinning technologies in new practical applications of sensing purposes such as voice control, wearable electronics, implantable human wireless technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien Hsi Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Central University, No. 300, Jhongda Rd., Jhongli District, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan.
- Institute of Energy Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan.
| | - Chun Yu Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Central University, No. 300, Jhongda Rd., Jhongli District, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan.
| | - Chen Yu Tsai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Central University, No. 300, Jhongda Rd., Jhongli District, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan.
| | - Yiin Kuen Fuh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Central University, No. 300, Jhongda Rd., Jhongli District, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan.
- Institute of Energy Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan.
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165
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Dong W, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Bai Y, Ju Z, Guo J, Gu G, Bai K, Ouyang G, Chen S, Zhang Q, Huang Y. Soft human–machine interfaces: design, sensing and stimulation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT ROBOTICS AND APPLICATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s41315-018-0060-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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166
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Wang L, Liu S, Gao G, Pang Y, Yin X, Feng X, Zhu L, Bai Y, Chen L, Xiao T, Wang X, Qin Y, Wang ZL. Ultrathin Piezotronic Transistors with 2 nm Channel Lengths. ACS NANO 2018; 12:4903-4908. [PMID: 29701956 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b01957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Because silicon transistors are rapidly approaching their scaling limit due to short-channel effects, alternative technologies are urgently needed for next-generation electronics. Here, we demonstrate ultrathin ZnO piezotronic transistors with a ∼2 nm channel length using inner-crystal self-generated out-of-plane piezopotential as the gate voltage to control the carrier transport. This design removes the need for external gate electrodes that are challenging at nanometer scale. These ultrathin devices exhibit a strong piezotronic effect and excellent pressure-switching characteristics. By directly converting mechanical drives into electrical control signals, ultrathin piezotronic devices could be used as active nanodevices to construct the next generation of electromechanical devices for human-machine interfacing, energy harvesting, and self-powered nanosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083 , China
- College of Nanoscience and Technology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Shuhai Liu
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology , Xidian University , Xi'an , 710071 , China
| | - Guoyun Gao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083 , China
- College of Nanoscience and Technology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Yaokun Pang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083 , China
- College of Nanoscience and Technology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Xin Yin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Xiaolong Feng
- Microsystems and Terahertz Research Center , China Academy of Engineering Physics , Chengdu , Sichuan 610200 , China
| | - Laipan Zhu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083 , China
- College of Nanoscience and Technology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Yu Bai
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083 , China
- College of Nanoscience and Technology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Libo Chen
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083 , China
- College of Nanoscience and Technology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Tianxiao Xiao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083 , China
- College of Nanoscience and Technology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Xudong Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Yong Qin
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology , Xidian University , Xi'an , 710071 , China
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Physical Science and Technology , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou 730000 , China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083 , China
- College of Nanoscience and Technology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- School of Material Science and Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
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167
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Lee Y, Park J, Cho S, Shin YE, Lee H, Kim J, Myoung J, Cho S, Kang S, Baig C, Ko H. Flexible Ferroelectric Sensors with Ultrahigh Pressure Sensitivity and Linear Response over Exceptionally Broad Pressure Range. ACS NANO 2018; 12:4045-4054. [PMID: 29648803 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b01805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors with a high sensitivity over a broad linear range can simplify wearable sensing systems without additional signal processing for the linear output, enabling device miniaturization and low power consumption. Here, we demonstrate a flexible ferroelectric sensor with ultrahigh pressure sensitivity and linear response over an exceptionally broad pressure range based on the material and structural design of ferroelectric composites with a multilayer interlocked microdome geometry. Due to the stress concentration between interlocked microdome arrays and increased contact area in the multilayer design, the flexible ferroelectric sensors could perceive static/dynamic pressure with high sensitivity (47.7 kPa-1, 1.3 Pa minimum detection). In addition, efficient stress distribution between stacked multilayers enables linear sensing over exceptionally broad pressure range (0.0013-353 kPa) with fast response time (20 ms) and high reliability over 5000 repetitive cycles even at an extremely high pressure of 272 kPa. Our sensor can be used to monitor diverse stimuli from a low to a high pressure range including weak gas flow, acoustic sound, wrist pulse pressure, respiration, and foot pressure with a single device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngoh Lee
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan Metropolitan City , 689-798 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghwa Park
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan Metropolitan City , 689-798 , Republic of Korea
| | - Soowon Cho
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan Metropolitan City , 689-798 , Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Eun Shin
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan Metropolitan City , 689-798 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hochan Lee
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan Metropolitan City , 689-798 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Kim
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan Metropolitan City , 689-798 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Myoung
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan Metropolitan City , 689-798 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seungse Cho
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan Metropolitan City , 689-798 , Republic of Korea
| | - Saewon Kang
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan Metropolitan City , 689-798 , Republic of Korea
| | - Chunggi Baig
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan Metropolitan City , 689-798 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunhyub Ko
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan Metropolitan City , 689-798 , Republic of Korea
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168
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Wang W, Lei D, Huang YC, Lee KH, Loke WK, Dong Y, Xu S, Tan CS, Wang H, Yoon SF, Gong X, Yeo YC. High-performance GeSn photodetector and fin field-effect transistor (FinFET) on an advanced GeSn-on-insulator platform. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:10305-10314. [PMID: 29715969 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.010305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report the first demonstration of high-performance GeSn metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodetector and GeSn p-type fin field-effect transistor (pFinFET) on an advanced GeSn-on-insulator (GeSnOI) platform by complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) compatible processes. The detection range of GeSn photodetector is extended beyond 2 µm, with responsivities of 0.39 and 0.10 A/W at 1550 nm and 2003 nm, respectively. Through the insertion of an ultrathin Al2O3 Schottky-barrier-enhancement layer, the dark current IDark of the GeSn photodetector is suppressed by more than 2 orders of magnitude. An impressive IDark of ~65 nA was achieved at an operating voltage of 1.0 V. A frequency response measurement reveals the achievement of a 3-dB bandwidth of ~1.4 GHz at an illumination wavelength of 2 µm. GeSn pFinFET with fin width (Wfin) scaled down to 15 nm was also fabricated on the GeSnOI platform, exhibiting a small subthreshold swing (S) of 93 mV/decade, a high drive current of 176 µA/µm, and good control of short channel effects (SCEs). This work paves the way for realizing compact, low-cost, and multi-functional GeSn-on-insulator opto-electronic integrated circuits.
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169
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Pang Y, Zhang K, Yang Z, Jiang S, Ju Z, Li Y, Wang X, Wang D, Jian M, Zhang Y, Liang R, Tian H, Yang Y, Ren TL. Epidermis Microstructure Inspired Graphene Pressure Sensor with Random Distributed Spinosum for High Sensitivity and Large Linearity. ACS NANO 2018; 12:2346-2354. [PMID: 29378401 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b07613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Recently, wearable pressure sensors have attracted tremendous attention because of their potential applications in monitoring physiological signals for human healthcare. Sensitivity and linearity are the two most essential parameters for pressure sensors. Although various designed micro/nanostructure morphologies have been introduced, the trade-off between sensitivity and linearity has not been well balanced. Human skin, which contains force receptors in a reticular layer, has a high sensitivity even for large external stimuli. Herein, inspired by the skin epidermis with high-performance force sensing, we have proposed a special surface morphology with spinosum microstructure of random distribution via the combination of an abrasive paper template and reduced graphene oxide. The sensitivity of the graphene pressure sensor with random distribution spinosum (RDS) microstructure is as high as 25.1 kPa-1 in a wide linearity range of 0-2.6 kPa. Our pressure sensor exhibits superior comprehensive properties compared with previous surface-modified pressure sensors. According to simulation and mechanism analyses, the spinosum microstructure and random distribution contribute to the high sensitivity and large linearity range, respectively. In addition, the pressure sensor shows promising potential in detecting human physiological signals, such as heartbeat, respiration, phonation, and human motions of a pushup, arm bending, and walking. The wearable pressure sensor array was further used to detect gait states of supination, neutral, and pronation. The RDS microstructure provides an alternative strategy to improve the performance of pressure sensors and extend their potential applications in monitoring human activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Pang
- Institute of Microelectronics , Tsinghua University , Beijing , 100084 , China
| | - Kunning Zhang
- Institute of Microelectronics , Tsinghua University , Beijing , 100084 , China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Institute of Microelectronics , Tsinghua University , Beijing , 100084 , China
| | - Song Jiang
- Institute of Microelectronics , Tsinghua University , Beijing , 100084 , China
| | - Zhenyi Ju
- Institute of Microelectronics , Tsinghua University , Beijing , 100084 , China
| | - Yuxing Li
- Institute of Microelectronics , Tsinghua University , Beijing , 100084 , China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Institute of Microelectronics , Tsinghua University , Beijing , 100084 , China
| | - Danyang Wang
- Institute of Microelectronics , Tsinghua University , Beijing , 100084 , China
| | - Muqiang Jian
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics (CNMM) , Tsinghua University , Beijing , 100084 , China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics (CNMM) , Tsinghua University , Beijing , 100084 , China
| | - Renrong Liang
- Institute of Microelectronics , Tsinghua University , Beijing , 100084 , China
| | - He Tian
- Institute of Microelectronics , Tsinghua University , Beijing , 100084 , China
| | - Yi Yang
- Institute of Microelectronics , Tsinghua University , Beijing , 100084 , China
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- Institute of Microelectronics , Tsinghua University , Beijing , 100084 , China
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170
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Fan S, Bi S, Li Q, Guo Q, Liu J, Ouyang Z, Jiang C, Song J. Size-dependent Young's modulus in ZnO nanowires with strong surface atomic bonds. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:125702. [PMID: 29350192 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aaa929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of size-dependent nanowires are important in nano-electro-mechanical systems (NEMSs), and have attracted much research interest. Characterization of the size effect of nanowires in atmosphere directly to broaden their practical application instead of just in high vacuum situations, as reported previously, is desperately needed. In this study, we systematically studied the Young's modulus of vertical ZnO nanowires in atmosphere. The diameters ranged from 48 nm to 239 nm with a resonance method using non-contact atomic force microscopy. The values of Young's modulus in atmosphere present extremely strong increasing tendency with decreasing diameter of nanowire due to stronger surface atomic bonds compared with that in vacuum. A core-shell model for nanowires is proposed to explore the Young's modulus enhancement in atmosphere, which is correlated with atoms of oxygen occurring near the nanowire surface. The modified model is more accurate for analyzing the mechanical behavior of nanowires in atmosphere compared with the model in vacuum. Furthermore, it is possible to use this characterization method to measure the size-related elastic properties of similar wire-sharp nanomaterials in atmosphere and estimate the corresponding mechanical behavior. The study of the size-dependent Young's modulus in ZnO nanowires in atmosphere will improve the understanding of the mechanical properties of nanomaterials as well as providing guidance for applications in NEMSs, nanogenerators, biosensors and other related areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwen Fan
- Institute of Photoelectric Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China. Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-traditional Machining Technology of the Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
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171
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Yu G, Hu J, Tan J, Gao Y, Lu Y, Xuan F. A wearable pressure sensor based on ultra-violet/ozone microstructured carbon nanotube/polydimethylsiloxane arrays for electronic skins. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:115502. [PMID: 29339577 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aaa855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pressure sensors with high performance (e.g., a broad pressure sensing range, high sensitivities, rapid response/relaxation speeds, temperature-stable sensing), as well as a cost-effective and highly efficient fabrication method are highly desired for electronic skins. In this research, a high-performance pressure sensor based on microstructured carbon nanotube/polydimethylsiloxane arrays was fabricated using an ultra-violet/ozone (UV/O3) microengineering technique. The UV/O3 microengineering technique is controllable, cost-effective, and highly efficient since it is conducted at room temperature in an ambient environment. The pressure sensor offers a broad pressure sensing range (7 Pa-50 kPa), a sensitivity of ∼ -0.101 ± 0.005 kPa-1 (<1 kPa), a fast response/relaxation speed of ∼10 ms, a small dependence on temperature variation, and a good cycling stability (>5000 cycles), which is attributed to the UV/O3 engineered microstructures that amplify and transfer external applied forces and rapidly store/release the energy during the PDMS deformation. The sensors developed show the capability to detect external forces and monitor human health conditions, promising for the potential applications in electronic skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohui Yu
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
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172
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Saraf R, Pu L, Maheshwari V. A Light Harvesting, Self-Powered Monolith Tactile Sensor Based on Electric Field Induced Effects in MAPbI 3 Perovskite. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30. [PMID: 29333705 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201705778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Organolead trihalide perovskite MAPbI3 shows a distinctive combination of properties such as being ferroelectric and semiconducting, with ion migration effects under poling by electric fields. The combination of its ferroelectric and semiconducting nature is used to make a light harvesting, self-powered tactile sensor. This sensor interfaces ZnO nanosheets as a pressure-sensitive drain on the MAPbI3 film and once poled is operational for at least 72 h with just light illumination. The sensor is monolithic in structure, has linear response till 76 kPa, and is able to operate continuously as the energy harvesting mechanism is decoupled from its pressure sensing mechanism. It has a sensitivity of 0.57 kPa-1 , which can be modulated by the strength of the poling field. The understanding of these effects in perovskite materials and their application in power source free devices are of significance to a wide array of fields where these materials are being researched and applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Saraf
- Department of Chemistry, Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Long Pu
- Department of Chemistry, Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Vivek Maheshwari
- Department of Chemistry, Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
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173
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Wang X, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Huo Z, Li X, Que M, Peng Z, Wang H, Pan C. A Highly Stretchable Transparent Self-Powered Triboelectric Tactile Sensor with Metallized Nanofibers for Wearable Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1706738. [PMID: 29411908 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201706738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the quest for new highly stretchable transparent tactile sensors with large-scale integration and rapid response time continues to be a great impetus to research efforts to expand the promising applications in human-machine interactions, artificial electronic skins, and smart wearable equipment. Here, a self-powered, highly stretchable, and transparent triboelectric tactile sensor with patterned Ag-nanofiber electrodes for detecting and spatially mapping trajectory profiles is reported. The Ag-nanofiber electrodes demonstrate high transparency (>70%), low sheet resistance (1.68-11.1 Ω □-1 ), excellent stretchability, and stability (>100% strain). Based on the electrode patterning and device design, an 8 × 8 triboelectric sensor matrix is fabricated, which works well under high strain owing to the effect of the electrostatic induction. Using cross-locating technology, the device can execute more rapid tactile mapping, with a response time of 70 ms. In addition, the object being detected can be made from any commonly used materials or can even be human hands, indicating that this device has widespread potential in tactile sensing and touchpad technology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiandi Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yufei Zhang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Materials and Performance (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojia Zhang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhihao Huo
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyi Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Miaoling Que
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhengchun Peng
- College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Materials and Performance (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Caofeng Pan
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
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174
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Liu S, Wang L, Wang Z, Cai Y, Feng X, Qin Y, Wang ZL. Double-Channel Piezotronic Transistors for Highly Sensitive Pressure Sensing. ACS NANO 2018; 12:1732-1738. [PMID: 29328625 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b08447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Piezotronic transistors (PTs) that utilize inner crystal potential generated by interface piezoelectric polarization charges as the gate voltage have great potential applications in force/pressure-triggered or controlled electronic devices, sensors, human-machine communication, and microelectromechanical systems. Although the performance of PTs has been partially enhanced by exploring special materials with different geometries or high piezoelectricity, few studies have been focused on the structure design of PT itself to more effectively enhance the performance and structural reliability. Here, an integrated double-channel plane piezotronic transistor is invented as a high-performance pressure-sensing technology. Owing to the double-channel modulation and the plane structure, the PT has the merits of high pressure sensitivity (84.2-104.4 meV/MPa) and high structural reliability, which provides the opportunity for great applications, such as human-computer interfacing, biosensing, and health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhai Liu
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University , Shaanxi 710071, China
| | - Longfei Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083, China
- College of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University , Gansu 730000, China
| | - Yafeng Cai
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiaolong Feng
- Microsystems and Terahertz Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics , Chengdu, Sichuan 610200, China
| | - Yong Qin
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University , Shaanxi 710071, China
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University , Gansu 730000, China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083, China
- College of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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175
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Zhu L, Zhang Y, Lin P, Wang Y, Yang L, Chen L, Wang L, Chen B, Wang ZL. Piezotronic Effect on Rashba Spin-Orbit Coupling in a ZnO/P3HT Nanowire Array Structure. ACS NANO 2018; 12:1811-1820. [PMID: 29357222 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b08618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A key concept in the emerging field of spintronics is the voltage-gate control of spin precession via the effective magnetic field generated by the Rashba spin-orbit coupling (SOC). Traditional external gate voltage usually needs a power supply, which can easily bring about background noise or lead to a short circuit in measurement, especially for nanoscale spintronic devices. Here, we present a study on the circular photogalvanic effect (CPGE) in a ZnO/P3HT nanowire array structure with the device excited under oblique incidence. We demonstrate that a strong Rashba SOC is induced by the structure inversion asymmetry of the ZnO/P3HT heterointerface. We show that the Rashba SOC can be effectively tuned by inner-crystal piezo-potential created inside the ZnO nanowires instead of an externally applied voltage. The piezo-potential can not only ensure the stability of future spin-devices under a static pressure or strain but also work without the need of extra energy; hence this room-temperature generation and piezotronic effect control of spin photocurrent demonstrate a potential application in large-scale flexible spintronics in piezoelectric nanowire systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laipan Zhu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
- School of Physical Electronics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Pei Lin
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Leijing Yang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Libo Chen
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Longfei Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baodong Chen
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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176
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Zhu Z, Li R, Pan T. Imperceptible Epidermal-Iontronic Interface for Wearable Sensing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30. [PMID: 29271516 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201705122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent development of epidermal electronics provides an enabling means to continuous monitoring of physiological signals and close tracking of physical activities without affecting quality of life. Such devices require high sensitivity for low-magnitude signal detection, noise reduction for motion artifacts, imperceptible wearability with long-term comfortableness, and low-cost production for scalable manufacturing. However, the existing epidermal pressure sensing devices, usually involving complex multilayer structures, have not fully addressed the aforementioned challenges. Here, the first epidermal-iontronic interface (EII) is successfully introduced incorporating both single-sided iontronic devices and the skin itself as the pressure sensing architectures, allowing an ultrathin, flexible, and imperceptible packaging with conformal epidermal contact. Notably, utilizing skin as part of the EII sensor, high pressure sensitivity and high signal-to-noise ratios are achieved, along with ultralow motion artifacts for both internal (body) and external (environmental) mechanical stimuli. Monitoring of various vital signals, such as blood pressure waveforms, respiration waveforms, muscle activities and artificial tactile sensation, is successfully demonstrated, implicating a broad applicability of the EII devices for emerging wearable applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijie Zhu
- Micro-Nano Innovations (MiNI) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Ruya Li
- Micro-Nano Innovations (MiNI) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Tingrui Pan
- Micro-Nano Innovations (MiNI) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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177
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Sun QJ, Zhuang J, Venkatesh S, Zhou Y, Han ST, Wu W, Kong KW, Li WJ, Chen X, Li RKY, Roy VAL. Highly Sensitive and Ultrastable Skin Sensors for Biopressure and Bioforce Measurements Based on Hierarchical Microstructures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:4086-4094. [PMID: 29345473 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b16611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Piezoresistive microsensors are considered to be essential components of the future wearable electronic devices. However, the expensive cost, complex fabrication technology, poor stability, and low yield have limited their developments for practical applications. Here, we present a cost-effective, relatively simple, and high-yield fabrication approach to construct highly sensitive and ultrastable piezoresistive sensors using a bioinspired hierarchically structured graphite/polydimethylsiloxane composite as the active layer. In this fabrication, a commercially available sandpaper is employed as the mold to develop the hierarchical structure. Our devices exhibit fascinating performance including an ultrahigh sensitivity (64.3 kPa-1), fast response time (<8 ms), low limit of detection of 0.9 Pa, long-term durability (>100 000 cycles), and high ambient stability (>1 year). The applications of these devices in sensing radial artery pulses, acoustic vibrations, and human body motion are demonstrated, exhibiting their enormous potential use in real-time healthcare monitoring and robotic tactile sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xianfeng Chen
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh EH8 9YL, U.K
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178
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Ultrathin, transferred layers of thermally grown silicon dioxide as biofluid barriers for biointegrated flexible electronic systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 113:11682-11687. [PMID: 27791052 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1605269113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Materials that can serve as long-lived barriers to biofluids are essential to the development of any type of chronic electronic implant. Devices such as cardiac pacemakers and cochlear implants use bulk metal or ceramic packages as hermetic enclosures for the electronics. Emerging classes of flexible, biointegrated electronic systems demand similar levels of isolation from biofluids but with thin, compliant films that can simultaneously serve as biointerfaces for sensing and/or actuation while in contact with the soft, curved, and moving surfaces of target organs. This paper introduces a solution to this materials challenge that combines (i) ultrathin, pristine layers of silicon dioxide (SiO2) thermally grown on device-grade silicon wafers, and (ii) processing schemes that allow integration of these materials onto flexible electronic platforms. Accelerated lifetime tests suggest robust barrier characteristics on timescales that approach 70 y, in layers that are sufficiently thin (less than 1 μm) to avoid significant compromises in mechanical flexibility or in electrical interface fidelity. Detailed studies of temperature- and thickness-dependent electrical and physical properties reveal the key characteristics. Molecular simulations highlight essential aspects of the chemistry that governs interactions between the SiO2 and surrounding water. Examples of use with passive and active components in high-performance flexible electronic devices suggest broad utility in advanced chronic implants.
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179
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Abstract
Self-powered tactile sensing is the upcoming technological orientation for developing compact, robust, and energy-saving devices in human-machine interfacing and electronic skin. Here, we report an intriguing type of sensing device composed of a Pt crack-based sensor in series with a polymer solar cell as a building block for energetically autonomous, wearable, and tactile sensor. This coplanar device enables human activity and physiological monitoring under indoor light illumination (2 mW/cm2) with acceptable and readible output signals. Additionally, the device can also function as a photodetector and a thermometer owing to the rapid response of the solar cell made from polymers. Consequently, the proposed device is multifuntional, mechanically robust, flexible, stretchable, and eco-friendly, which makes it suitable for long-term medical healthcare and wearable technology as well as environmental indication. Our designed green energy powered device therefore opens up a new route of developing renewable energy based portable and wearable systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Hua Hsieh
- Department
of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Chi Hsu
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, National United University, Miaoli 360, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Fang Chen
- Department
of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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180
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Wang X, Sun F, Yin G, Wang Y, Liu B, Dong M. Tactile-Sensing Based on Flexible PVDF Nanofibers via Electrospinning: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E330. [PMID: 29364175 PMCID: PMC5855507 DOI: 10.3390/s18020330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The flexible tactile sensor has attracted widespread attention because of its great flexibility, high sensitivity, and large workable range. It can be integrated into clothing, electronic skin, or mounted on to human skin. Various nanostructured materials and nanocomposites with high flexibility and electrical performance have been widely utilized as functional materials in flexible tactile sensors. Polymer nanomaterials, representing the most promising materials, especially polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), PVDF co-polymer and their nanocomposites with ultra-sensitivity, high deformability, outstanding chemical resistance, high thermal stability and low permittivity, can meet the flexibility requirements for dynamic tactile sensing in wearable electronics. Electrospinning has been recognized as an excellent straightforward and versatile technique for preparing nanofiber materials. This review will present a brief overview of the recent advances in PVDF nanofibers by electrospinning for flexible tactile sensor applications. PVDF, PVDF co-polymers and their nanocomposites have been successfully formed as ultrafine nanofibers, even as randomly oriented PVDF nanofibers by electrospinning. These nanofibers used as the functional layers in flexible tactile sensors have been reviewed briefly in this paper. The β-phase content, which is the strongest polar moment contributing to piezoelectric properties among all the crystalline phases of PVDF, can be improved by adjusting the technical parameters in electrospun PVDF process. The piezoelectric properties and the sensibility for the pressure sensor are improved greatly when the PVDF fibers become more oriented. The tactile performance of PVDF composite nanofibers can be further promoted by doping with nanofillers and nanoclay. Electrospun P(VDF-TrFE) nanofiber mats used for the 3D pressure sensor achieved excellent sensitivity, even at 0.1 Pa. The most significant enhancement is that the aligned electrospun core-shell P(VDF-TrFE) nanofibers exhibited almost 40 times higher sensitivity than that of pressure sensor based on thin-film PVDF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Wang
- Laboratory of Functional Molecules and Materials, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China.
| | - Fazhe Sun
- Analysis Testing Center, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255100, China.
| | - Guangchao Yin
- Laboratory of Functional Molecules and Materials, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China.
| | - Yuting Wang
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Bo Liu
- Laboratory of Functional Molecules and Materials, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China.
| | - Mingdong Dong
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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181
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Skin-inspired highly stretchable and conformable matrix networks for multifunctional sensing. Nat Commun 2018; 9:244. [PMID: 29339793 PMCID: PMC5770430 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02685-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 440] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanosensation electronics (or Electronic skin, e-skin) consists of mechanically flexible and stretchable sensor networks that can detect and quantify various stimuli to mimic the human somatosensory system, with the sensations of touch, heat/cold, and pain in skin through various sensory receptors and neural pathways. Here we present a skin-inspired highly stretchable and conformable matrix network (SCMN) that successfully expands the e-skin sensing functionality including but not limited to temperature, in-plane strain, humidity, light, magnetic field, pressure, and proximity. The actualized specific expandable sensor units integrated on a structured polyimide network, potentially in three-dimensional (3D) integration scheme, can also fulfill simultaneous multi-stimulus sensing and achieve an adjustable sensing range and large-area expandability. We further construct a personalized intelligent prosthesis and demonstrate its use in real-time spatial pressure mapping and temperature estimation. Looking forward, this SCMN has broader applications in humanoid robotics, new prosthetics, human–machine interfaces, and health-monitoring technologies. Electronic skins have been developed to emulate human sensory systems, but simultaneous detection of multiple stimuli remains a big challenge due to coupling of electronic signals. Here, Hua et al. overcome this problem in a stretchable and conformable matrix network integrated with seven different modes.
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182
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Chang H, Kim S, Jin S, Lee SW, Yang GT, Lee KY, Yi H. Ultrasensitive and Highly Stable Resistive Pressure Sensors with Biomaterial-Incorporated Interfacial Layers for Wearable Health-Monitoring and Human-Machine Interfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:1067-1076. [PMID: 29241330 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b14048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Flexible piezoresistive sensors have huge potential for health monitoring, human-machine interfaces, prosthetic limbs, and intelligent robotics. A variety of nanomaterials and structural schemes have been proposed for realizing ultrasensitive flexible piezoresistive sensors. However, despite the success of recent efforts, high sensitivity within narrower pressure ranges and/or the challenging adhesion and stability issues still potentially limit their broad applications. Herein, we introduce a biomaterial-based scheme for the development of flexible pressure sensors that are ultrasensitive (resistance change by 5 orders) over a broad pressure range of 0.1-100 kPa, promptly responsive (20 ms), and yet highly stable. We show that employing biomaterial-incorporated conductive networks of single-walled carbon nanotubes as interfacial layers of contact-based resistive pressure sensors significantly enhances piezoresistive response via effective modulation of the interlayer resistance and provides stable interfaces for the pressure sensors. The developed flexible sensor is capable of real-time monitoring of wrist pulse waves under external medium pressure levels and providing pressure profiles applied by a thumb and a forefinger during object manipulation at a low voltage (1 V) and power consumption (<12 μW). This work provides a new insight into the material candidates and approaches for the development of wearable health-monitoring and human-machine interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hochan Chang
- Post-Silicon Semiconductor Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwoong Kim
- Post-Silicon Semiconductor Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Jin
- Post-Silicon Semiconductor Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Lee
- Post-Silicon Semiconductor Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Gil-Tae Yang
- SEED Tech. Co. , Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 14523, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Young Lee
- Post-Silicon Semiconductor Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjung Yi
- Post-Silicon Semiconductor Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
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183
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Jin W, Wang Z, Huang H, Hu X, He Y, Li M, Li L, Gao Y, Hu Y, Gu H. High-performance piezoelectric energy harvesting of vertically aligned Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 nanorod arrays. RSC Adv 2018; 8:7422-7427. [PMID: 35539103 PMCID: PMC9078405 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra13506h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 nanorod arrays with outstanding piezoelectric response and a high d33 of 1600 pm V−1 were synthesized by a one-step hydrothermal process.
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184
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Yao S, Swetha P, Zhu Y. Nanomaterial-Enabled Wearable Sensors for Healthcare. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7. [PMID: 29193793 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Highly sensitive wearable sensors that can be conformably attached to human skin or integrated with textiles to monitor the physiological parameters of human body or the surrounding environment have garnered tremendous interest. Owing to the large surface area and outstanding material properties, nanomaterials are promising building blocks for wearable sensors. Recent advances in the nanomaterial-enabled wearable sensors including temperature, electrophysiological, strain, tactile, electrochemical, and environmental sensors are presented in this review. Integration of multiple sensors for multimodal sensing and integration with other components into wearable systems are summarized. Representative applications of nanomaterial-enabled wearable sensors for healthcare, including continuous health monitoring, daily and sports activity tracking, and multifunctional electronic skin are highlighted. Finally, challenges, opportunities, and future perspectives in the field of nanomaterial-enabled wearable sensors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695‐7910 USA
| | - Puchakayala Swetha
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695‐7910 USA
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695‐7910 USA
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185
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Qi K, He J, Wang H, Zhou Y, You X, Nan N, Shao W, Wang L, Ding B, Cui S. A Highly Stretchable Nanofiber-Based Electronic Skin with Pressure-, Strain-, and Flexion-Sensitive Properties for Health and Motion Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:42951-42960. [PMID: 28891284 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b07935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of flexible and stretchable electronic skins that can mimic the complex characteristics of natural skin is of great value for applications in human motion detection, healthcare, speech recognition, and robotics. In this work, we propose an efficient and low-cost fabrication strategy to construct a highly sensitive and stretchable electronic skin that enables the detection of dynamic and static pressure, strain, and flexion based on an elastic graphene oxide (GO)-doped polyurethane (PU) nanofiber membrane with an ultrathin conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) coating layer. The three-dimensional porous elastic GO-doped PU@PEDOT composite nanofibrous substrate and the continuous self-assembled conductive pathway in the nanofiber-based electronic skin offer more contact sites, a larger deformation space, and a reversible capacity for pressure and strain sensing, which provide multimodal mechanical sensing capabilities with high sensitivity and a wide sensing range. The nanofiber-based electronic skin sensor demonstrates a high pressure sensitivity (up to 20.6 kPa-1), a broad sensing range (1 Pa to 20 kPa), excellent cycling stability and repeatability (over 10,000 cycles), and a high strain sensitivity over a wide range (up to approximately 550%). We confirmed the applicability of the nanofiber-based electronic skin to pulse monitoring, expression, voice recognition, and the full range of human motion, demonstrating its potential use in wearable human-health monitoring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Qi
- School of Textile and Clothing, Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jianxin He
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Textile Materials, Zhongyuan University of Technology , Zhengzhou 450007, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Textile and Garment Industry , Zhengzhou, Henan 450007, China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- School of Textile and Clothing, Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yuman Zhou
- School of Textile and Clothing, Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaolu You
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Textile Materials, Zhongyuan University of Technology , Zhengzhou 450007, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Textile and Garment Industry , Zhengzhou, Henan 450007, China
| | - Nan Nan
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Textile Materials, Zhongyuan University of Technology , Zhengzhou 450007, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Textile and Garment Industry , Zhengzhou, Henan 450007, China
| | - Weili Shao
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Textile Materials, Zhongyuan University of Technology , Zhengzhou 450007, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Textile and Garment Industry , Zhengzhou, Henan 450007, China
| | - Lidan Wang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Textile Materials, Zhongyuan University of Technology , Zhengzhou 450007, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Textile and Garment Industry , Zhengzhou, Henan 450007, China
| | - Bin Ding
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Textile Materials, Zhongyuan University of Technology , Zhengzhou 450007, China
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University , Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Shizhong Cui
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Textile Materials, Zhongyuan University of Technology , Zhengzhou 450007, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Textile and Garment Industry , Zhengzhou, Henan 450007, China
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186
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Hao H, Jenkins K, Huang X, Xu Y, Huang J, Yang R. Piezoelectric Potential in Single-Crystalline ZnO Nanohelices Based on Finite Element Analysis. NANOMATERIALS 2017; 7:nano7120430. [PMID: 29215564 PMCID: PMC5746920 DOI: 10.3390/nano7120430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Electric potential produced in deformed piezoelectric nanostructures is of significance for both fundamental study and practical applications. To reveal the piezoelectric property of ZnO nanohelices, the piezoelectric potential in single-crystal nanohelices was simulated by finite element method calculations. For a nanohelix with a length of 1200 nm, a mean coil radius of 150 nm, five active coils, and a hexagonal coiled wire with a side length 100 nm, a compressing force of 100 nN results in a potential of 1.85 V. This potential is significantly higher than the potential produced in a straight nanowire with the same length and applied force. Maintaining the length and increasing the number of coils or mean coil radius leads to higher piezoelectric potential in the nanohelix. Appling a force along the axial direction produces higher piezoelectric potential than in other directions. Adding lateral forces to an existing axial force can change the piezoelectric potential distribution in the nanohelix, while the maximum piezoelectric potential remains largely unchanged in some cases. This research demonstrates the promising potential of ZnO nanohelices for applications in sensors, micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) devices, nanorobotics, and energy sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Hao
- Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Kory Jenkins
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Xiaowen Huang
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yiqian Xu
- Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Jiahai Huang
- Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Rusen Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China.
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187
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Chen X, Parida K, Wang J, Xiong J, Lin MF, Shao J, Lee PS. A Stretchable and Transparent Nanocomposite Nanogenerator for Self-Powered Physiological Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:42200-42209. [PMID: 29111642 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b13767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Smart sensing electronic devices with good transparency, high stretchability, and self-powered sensing characteristics are essential in wearable health monitoring systems. This paper innovatively proposes a stretchable nanocomposite nanogenerator with good transparency that can be conformally attached to the human body to harvest biomechanical energy and monitor physiological signals. The work reports an innovative device that uses sprayed silver nanowires as transparent electrodes and sandwiches a nanocomposite of piezoelectric BaTiO3 and polydimethylsiloxane as the sensing layer, which exhibits good transparency and mechanical transformability with stretchable, foldable, and twistable properties. The highly flexible nanogenerator affords a good input-output linearity under the vertical force and the sensing ability to detect lateral stretching deformation up to 60% strain under piezoelectric mechanisms. Furthermore, the proposed device can effectively harvest touch energies from the human body as a single-electrode triboelectric nanogenerator. Under periodic contact and separation, a maximum output voltage of 105 V, a current density of 6.5 μA/cm2, and a power density of 102 μW/cm2 can be achieved, exhibiting a good power generation performance. Owing to the high conformability and excellent sensitivity of the nanogenerator, it can also act as a self-powered wearable sensor attached to different parts of the human body for real-time monitoring of the human physiological signals such as eye blinking, pronunciation, arm movement, and radial artery pulse. The designed nanocomposite nanogenerator shows great potential for use in self-powered e-skins and healthcare monitoring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Kaushik Parida
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jiangxin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jiaqing Xiong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Meng-Fang Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jinyou Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Pooi See Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
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188
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Remote tactile sensing system integrated with magnetic synapse. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16963. [PMID: 29209001 PMCID: PMC5717174 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17277-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanoreceptors in a fingertip convert external tactile stimulations into electrical signals, which are transmitted by the nervous system through synaptic transmitters and then perceived by the brain with high accuracy and reliability. Inspired by the human synapse system, this paper reports a robust tactile sensing system consisting of a remote touch tip and a magnetic synapse. External pressure on the remote touch tip is transferred in the form of air pressure to the magnetic synapse, where its variation is converted into electrical signals. The developed system has high sensitivity and a wide dynamic range. The remote sensing system demonstrated tactile capabilities over wide pressure range with a minimum detectable pressure of 6 Pa. In addition, it could measure tactile stimulation up to 1,000 Hz without distortion and hysteresis, owing to the separation of the touching and sensing parts. The excellent performance of the system in terms of surface texture discrimination, heartbeat measurement from the human wrist, and satisfactory detection quality in water indicates that it has considerable potential for various mechanosensory applications in different environments.
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189
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Lou Z, Li L, Wang L, Shen G. Recent Progress of Self-Powered Sensing Systems for Wearable Electronics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13. [PMID: 29076297 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201701791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Wearable/flexible electronic sensing systems are considered to be one of the key technologies in the next generation of smart personal electronics. To realize personal portable devices with mobile electronics application, i.e., wearable electronic sensors that can work sustainably and continuously without an external power supply are highly desired. The recent progress and advantages of wearable self-powered electronic sensing systems for mobile or personal attachable health monitoring applications are presented. An overview of various types of wearable electronic sensors, including flexible tactile sensors, wearable image sensor array, biological and chemical sensor, temperature sensors, and multifunctional integrated sensing systems is provided. Self-powered sensing systems with integrated energy units are then discussed, separated as energy harvesting self-powered sensing systems, energy storage integrated sensing systems, and all-in-on integrated sensing systems. Finally, the future perspectives of self-powered sensing systems for wearable electronics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Lou
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - La Li
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Guozhen Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
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190
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Zhang Y, Zhai J, Wang ZL. Piezo-Phototronic Matrix via a Nanowire Array. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1702377. [PMID: 29058785 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201702377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Piezoelectric semiconductors, such as ZnO and GaN, demonstrate multiproperty coupling effects toward various aspects of mechanical, electrical, and optical excitation. In particular, the three-way coupling among semiconducting, photoexcitation, and piezoelectric characteristics in wurtzite-structured semiconductors is established as a new field, which was first coined as piezo-phototronics by Wang in 2010. The piezo-phototronic effect can controllably modulate the charge-carrier generation, separation, transport, and/or recombination in optical-electronic processes by modifying the band structure at the metal-semiconductor or semiconductor-semiconductor heterojunction/interface. Here, the progress made in using the piezo-phototronic effect for enhancing photodetectors, pressure sensors, light-emitting diodes, and solar cells is reviewed. In comparison with previous works on a single piezoelectric semiconducting nanowire, piezo-phototronic nanodevices built using nanowire arrays provide a promising platform for fabricating integrated optoelectronics with the realization of high-spatial-resolution imaging and fast responsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Junyi Zhai
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0245, USA
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191
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Zou L, Ge C, Wang ZJ, Cretu E, Li X. Novel Tactile Sensor Technology and Smart Tactile Sensing Systems: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 17:E2653. [PMID: 29149080 PMCID: PMC5713637 DOI: 10.3390/s17112653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During the last decades, smart tactile sensing systems based on different sensing techniques have been developed due to their high potential in industry and biomedical engineering. However, smart tactile sensing technologies and systems are still in their infancy, as many technological and system issues remain unresolved and require strong interdisciplinary efforts to address them. This paper provides an overview of smart tactile sensing systems, with a focus on signal processing technologies used to interpret the measured information from tactile sensors and/or sensors for other sensory modalities. The tactile sensing transduction and principles, fabrication and structures are also discussed with their merits and demerits. Finally, the challenges that tactile sensing technology needs to overcome are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Chang Ge
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Z Jane Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Edmond Cretu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Xiaoou Li
- College of Medical Instruments, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China.
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192
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Zhan Z, Lin R, Tran VT, An J, Wei Y, Du H, Tran T, Lu W. Paper/Carbon Nanotube-Based Wearable Pressure Sensor for Physiological Signal Acquisition and Soft Robotic Skin. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:37921-37928. [PMID: 29022335 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b10820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A wearable and flexible pressure sensor is essential to the realization of personalized medicine through continuously monitoring an individual's state of health and also the development of a highly intelligent robot. A flexible, wearable pressure sensor is fabricated based on novel single-wall carbon nanotube /tissue paper through a low-cost and scalable approach. The flexible, wearable sensor showed superior performance with concurrence of several merits, including high sensitivity for a broad pressure range and an ultralow energy consumption level of 10-6 W. Benefited from the excellent performance and the ultraconformal contact of the sensor with an uneven surface, vital human physiological signals (such as radial arterial pulse and muscle activity at various positions) can be monitored in real time and in situ. In addition, the pressure sensors could also be integrated onto robots as the artificial skin that could sense the force/pressure and also the distribution of force/pressure on the artificial skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyao Zhan
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Rongzhou Lin
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Van-Thai Tran
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jianing An
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yuefan Wei
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Hejun Du
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Tuan Tran
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Wenqiang Lu
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beibei District, Chongqing 400714, China
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193
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Liu M, Pu X, Jiang C, Liu T, Huang X, Chen L, Du C, Sun J, Hu W, Wang ZL. Large-Area All-Textile Pressure Sensors for Monitoring Human Motion and Physiological Signals. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29. [PMID: 28949422 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Wearable pressure sensors, which can perceive and respond to environmental stimuli, are essential components of smart textiles. Here, large-area all-textile-based pressure-sensor arrays are successfully realized on common fabric substrates. The textile sensor unit achieves high sensitivity (14.4 kPa-1 ), low detection limit (2 Pa), fast response (≈24 ms), low power consumption (<6 µW), and mechanical stability under harsh deformations. Thanks to these merits, the textile sensor is demonstrated to be able to recognize finger movement, hand gestures, acoustic vibrations, and real-time pulse wave. Furthermore, large-area sensor arrays are successfully fabricated on one textile substrate to spatially map tactile stimuli and can be directly incorporated into a fabric garment for stylish designs without sacrifice of comfort, suggesting great potential in smart textiles or wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Liu
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiong Pu
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chunyan Jiang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Libo Chen
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chunhua Du
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jiangman Sun
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Weiguo Hu
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing, 100083, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0245, USA
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194
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Zhang Y, Fang Y, Li J, Zhou Q, Xiao Y, Zhang K, Luo B, Zhou J, Hu B. Dual-Mode Electronic Skin with Integrated Tactile Sensing and Visualized Injury Warning. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:37493-37500. [PMID: 28975784 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mimicking the pressure-sensing behavior of biological skins using electronic devices has profound implications for prosthetics and medicine. The developed electronic skins based on single response mode for pressure sensing suffer from a rapid decrease in sensitivity with the increase of pressure. Their highly sensitive range covers a narrow part of tolerable pressure range of the human skin and has a weak response to the injurious high pressures. Herein, inspired by a bioluminescent jellyfish, we develop an electronic skin with dual-mode response characteristics, which is able to quantify and map the static and dynamic pressures by combining electrical and optical responses. The electronic skin shows notable changes in capacitance in the low-pressure regime and can emit bright luminescence in the high-pressure regime, which, respectively, imitates the functions of the mechanoreceptors and nociceptors in the biological skin, enabling it to sense gentle tactile and injurious pressure with sensitivities up to 0.66 and 0.044 kPa-1, respectively. The complementary highly sensitive sensing ranges of the electronic skin realize a reliable perception to different levels of pressure, and its mechanically robust and stretchable properties may find a wide range of applications in intelligent robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Zhang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yunsheng Fang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jia Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qihao Zhou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yongjun Xiao
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
- School of Physics and Electronic-Information Engineering, Hubei Engineering University , Xiaogan 432000, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Kui Zhang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Beibei Luo
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
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195
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Three-dimensional mesostructures as high-temperature growth templates, electronic cellular scaffolds, and self-propelled microrobots. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E9455-E9464. [PMID: 29078394 PMCID: PMC5692593 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1713805114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent work demonstrates that processes of stress release in prestrained elastomeric substrates can guide the assembly of sophisticated 3D micro/nanostructures in advanced materials. Reported application examples include soft electronic components, tunable electromagnetic and optical devices, vibrational metrology platforms, and other unusual technologies, each enabled by uniquely engineered 3D architectures. A significant disadvantage of these systems is that the elastomeric substrates, while essential to the assembly process, can impose significant engineering constraints in terms of operating temperatures and levels of dimensional stability; they also prevent the realization of 3D structures in freestanding forms. Here, we introduce concepts in interfacial photopolymerization, nonlinear mechanics, and physical transfer that bypass these limitations. The results enable 3D mesostructures in fully or partially freestanding forms, with additional capabilities in integration onto nearly any class of substrate, from planar, hard inorganic materials to textured, soft biological tissues, all via mechanisms quantitatively described by theoretical modeling. Illustrations of these ideas include their use in 3D structures as frameworks for templated growth of organized lamellae from AgCl-KCl eutectics and of atomic layers of WSe2 from vapor-phase precursors, as open-architecture electronic scaffolds for formation of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neural networks, and as catalyst supports for propulsive systems in 3D microswimmers with geometrically controlled dynamics. Taken together, these methodologies establish a set of enabling options in 3D micro/nanomanufacturing that lie outside of the scope of existing alternatives.
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196
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Xu M, Kang H, Guan L, Li H, Zhang M. Facile Fabrication of a Flexible LiNbO 3 Piezoelectric Sensor through Hot Pressing for Biomechanical Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:34687-34695. [PMID: 28901736 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b10411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Wearable pressure sensors have attracted increasing attention for biomechanical monitoring due to their portability and flexibility. Although great advances have been made, there are no facile methods to produce sensors with good performance. Here, we present a simple method for manufacturing flexible and self-powered piezoelectric sensors based on LiNbO3 (LN) particles. The LN particles are dispersed in polypropylene (PP) doped with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) by hot pressing (200 °C) to form a flexible LN/MWCNT/PP piezoelectric composite film (PCF) sensor. This cost-effective sensor has high sensitivity (8 Pa), fast response time (ca. 40 ms), and long-term stability (>3000 cycles). Measurements of pressure changes from peripheral arteries demonstrate the applicability of the LN/MWCNT/PP PCF sensor to biomechanical monitoring as well as its potential for biomechanics-related clinical diagnosis and forecasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzhen Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China , Beijing 100872, China
| | - Hua Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China , Beijing 100872, China
| | - Li Guan
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China , Beijing 100872, China
| | - Huayi Li
- Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Meining Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China , Beijing 100872, China
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197
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Liu Y, He K, Chen G, Leow WR, Chen X. Nature-Inspired Structural Materials for Flexible Electronic Devices. Chem Rev 2017; 117:12893-12941. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Liu
- Innovative Centre for Flexible
Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ke He
- Innovative Centre for Flexible
Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Geng Chen
- Innovative Centre for Flexible
Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Wan Ru Leow
- Innovative Centre for Flexible
Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Innovative Centre for Flexible
Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
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198
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Yuan Z, Zhou T, Yin Y, Cao R, Li C, Wang ZL. Transparent and Flexible Triboelectric Sensing Array for Touch Security Applications. ACS NANO 2017; 11:8364-8369. [PMID: 28738675 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b03680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tactile sensors with large-scale array and high sensitivity is essential for human-machine interaction, smart wearable devices, and mobile networks. Here, a transparent and flexible triboelectric sensing array (TSA) with fingertip-sized pixels is demonstrated by integrating ITO electrodes, FEP film, and signal transmission circuits on an undivided palm-sized polyethylene terephthalate substrate. The sensing pixels can be triggered by the corresponding external contact to induce the electrostatic potential in the transparent electrodes without power consumption, which is individually recognized by the sensor. By testing the response of the pixels, the electrical characterization is systematically investigated. The proposed TSA exhibits excellent durability, independence, and synchronicity, which is able to realize real-time touch sensing, spatial mapping, and motion monitoring. The integrated TSA has great potential for an active tactile system, human-machine interface, wearable electronics, private communication, and advanced security identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuqing Yuan
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) , Beijing 100083 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) , Beijing 100083 China
| | - Yingying Yin
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) , Beijing 100083 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ran Cao
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) , Beijing 100083 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Congju Li
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) , Beijing 100083 China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) , Beijing 100083 China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245 United States
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199
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Slippage Detection with Piezoresistive Tactile Sensors. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17081844. [PMID: 28796170 PMCID: PMC5579946 DOI: 10.3390/s17081844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
One of the crucial actions to be performed during a grasping task is to avoid slippage. The human hand can rapidly correct applied forces and prevent a grasped object from falling, thanks to its advanced tactile sensing. The same capability is hard to reproduce in artificial systems, such as robotic or prosthetic hands, where sensory motor coordination for force and slippage control is very limited. In this paper, a novel algorithm for slippage detection is presented. Based on fast, easy-to-perform processing, the proposed algorithm generates an ON/OFF signal relating to the presence/absence of slippage. The method can be applied either on the raw output of a force sensor or to its calibrated force signal, and yields comparable results if applied to both normal or tangential components. A biomimetic fingertip that integrates piezoresistive MEMS sensors was employed for evaluating the method performance. Each sensor had four units, thus providing 16 mono-axial signals for the analysis. A mechatronic platform was used to produce relative movement between the finger and the test surfaces (tactile stimuli). Three surfaces with submillimetric periods were adopted for the method evaluation, and 10 experimental trials were performed per each surface. Results are illustrated in terms of slippage events detection and of latency between the slippage itself and its onset.
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200
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Zou H, Li X, Peng W, Wu W, Yu R, Wu C, Ding W, Hu F, Liu R, Zi Y, Wang ZL. Piezo-Phototronic Effect on Selective Electron or Hole Transport through Depletion Region of Vis-NIR Broadband Photodiode. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1701412. [PMID: 28585269 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201701412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Silicon underpins nearly all microelectronics today and will continue to do so for some decades to come. However, for silicon photonics, the indirect band gap of silicon and lack of adjustability severely limit its use in applications such as broadband photodiodes. Here, a high-performance p-Si/n-ZnO broadband photodiode working in a wide wavelength range from visible to near-infrared light with high sensitivity, fast response, and good stability is reported. The absorption of near-infrared wavelength light is significantly enhanced due to the nanostructured/textured top surface. The general performance of the broadband photodiodes can be further improved by the piezo-phototronic effect. The enhancement of responsivity can reach a maximum of 78% to 442 nm illumination, the linearity and saturation limit to 1060 nm light are also significantly increased by applying external strains. The photodiode is illuminated with different wavelength lights to selectively choose the photogenerated charge carriers (either electrons or holes) passing through the depletion region, to investigate the piezo-phototronic effect on electron or hole transport separately for the first time. This is essential for studying the basic principles in order to develop a full understanding about piezotronics and it also enables the development of the better performance of optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Zou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0245, USA
| | - Xiaogan Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0245, USA
- School of Electronic Science and Technology, Institute for sensing Technologies, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, China
| | - Wenbo Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0245, USA
| | - Wenzhuo Wu
- School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2023, USA
| | - Ruomeng Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0245, USA
| | - Changsheng Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0245, USA
| | - Wenbo Ding
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0245, USA
| | - Fei Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0245, USA
| | - Ruiyuan Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0245, USA
| | - Yunlong Zi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0245, USA
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0245, USA
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
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