151
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Young LS, Dawson CW, Eliopoulos AG. The expression and function of Epstein-Barr virus encoded latent genes. Mol Pathol 2000; 53:238-47. [PMID: 11091847 PMCID: PMC1186976 DOI: 10.1136/mp.53.5.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2000] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The association of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) with various malignancies is well established but the pattern of EBV latent gene expression in these different tumours is variable, reflecting distinct aspects of the virus-cell interaction. These different forms of EBV latency are associated with phenotypic variation and highlight the influence of EBV latent proteins on cell growth and survival. The EBV latent proteins have distinct functions associated with the maintenance of EBV infection and the control of various signalling and transcriptional pathways that facilitate the proliferation and survival of infected cells. Understanding the function of these EBV latent proteins will not only provide insight into the mechanisms governing fundamental cell processes but will also identify targets for novel treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Young
- CRC Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham Medical School, UK.
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152
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Ni CZ, Welsh K, Leo E, Chiou CK, Wu H, Reed JC, Ely KR. Molecular basis for CD40 signaling mediated by TRAF3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:10395-9. [PMID: 10984535 PMCID: PMC27035 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.19.10395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFR) are single transmembrane-spanning glycoproteins that bind cytokines and trigger multiple signal transduction pathways. Many of these TNFRs rely on interactions with TRAF proteins that bind to the intracellular domain of the receptors. CD40 is a member of the TNFR family that binds to several different TRAF proteins. We have determined the crystal structure of a 20-residue fragment from the cytoplasmic domain of CD40 in complex with the TRAF domain of TRAF3. The CD40 fragment binds as a hairpin loop across the surface of the TRAF domain. Residues shown by mutagenesis and deletion analysis to be critical for TRAF3 binding are involved either in direct contact with TRAF3 or in intramolecular interactions that stabilize the hairpin. Comparison of the interactions of CD40 with TRAF3 vs. TRAF2 suggests that CD40 may assume different conformations when bound to different TRAF family members. This molecular adaptation may influence binding affinity and specific cellular triggers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Z Ni
- Cancer Center, The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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153
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Revy P, Muto T, Levy Y, Geissmann F, Plebani A, Sanal O, Catalan N, Forveille M, Dufourcq-Labelouse R, Gennery A, Tezcan I, Ersoy F, Kayserili H, Ugazio AG, Brousse N, Muramatsu M, Notarangelo LD, Kinoshita K, Honjo T, Fischer A, Durandy A. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) deficiency causes the autosomal recessive form of the Hyper-IgM syndrome (HIGM2). Cell 2000; 102:565-75. [PMID: 11007475 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)00079-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1187] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) gene, specifically expressed in germinal center B cells in mice, is a member of the cytidine deaminase family. We herein report mutations in the human counterpart of AID in patients with the autosomal recessive form of hyper-IgM syndrome (HIGM2). Three major abnormalities characterize AID deficiency: (1) the absence of immunoglobulin class switch recombination, (2) the lack of immunoglobulin somatic hypermutations, and (3) lymph node hyperplasia caused by the presence of giant germinal centers. The phenotype observed in HIGM2 patients (and in AID-/- mice) demonstrates the absolute requirement for AID in several crucial steps of B cell terminal differentiation necessary for efficient antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Revy
- Inserm U429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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154
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Ling L, Goeddel DV. T6BP, a TRAF6-interacting protein involved in IL-1 signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:9567-72. [PMID: 10920205 PMCID: PMC16905 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.170279097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the identification of a TRAF-interacting protein, T6BP, that specifically associates with TRAF6. This interaction occurs between the coiled-coil region of T6BP and the N-terminal ring finger and zinc finger domains of TRAF6. IL-1, but not tumor necrosis factor, induces TRAF6-T6BP complex formation in a ligand-dependent manner. Formation of the TRAF6-T6BP complex depends on the presence of the IL-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK). After IL-1 stimulation, TRAF6 can exist in two separate complexes, TRAF6-IRAK or TRAF6-T6BP, but IRAK is not present in TRAF6-T6BP complexes. T6BP does not seem to play a direct role in activation of IkappaB kinases or Jun N-terminal kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ling
- Tularik Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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155
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Ling L, Goeddel DV. MIP-T3, a novel protein linking tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 3 to the microtubule network. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:23852-60. [PMID: 10791955 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m001095200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report the identification of a novel tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3)-interacting protein designated MIP-T3. MIP-T3 is a 83-kDa protein with no significant homology to known mammalian proteins. MIP-T3 mRNA and TRAF3 mRNA are ubiquitously expressed, and TRAF3 is the only TRAF protein to interact with MIP-T3. The MIP-T3-TRAF3 interaction requires the coiled-coil TRAF-N domain of TRAF3. To our knowledge, this is the first case of a TRAF-binding protein that interacts with a single member of the TRAF family specifically through a TRAF-N coiled-coil domain. MIP-T3 binds to Taxol-stabilized microtubules and to tubulin in vitro, and MIP-T3 recruits TRAF3 to microtubules when both proteins are overexpressed in HeLa cells. In a 293 cell line stably expressing CD40, TRAF3 is released from the TRAF3.MIP-T3 complex and recruited to the CD40 receptor upon CD40 ligand stimulation. MIP-T3 may provide a novel mechanism in sequestering TRAF3 to the cytoskeletal network.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ling
- Tularik Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.
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156
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Ye H, Wu H. Thermodynamic characterization of the interaction between TRAF2 and tumor necrosis factor receptor peptides by isothermal titration calorimetry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:8961-6. [PMID: 10908665 PMCID: PMC16804 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.160241997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily can induce diverse biological effects, including cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. The major signal transducers for TNFRs are the family of TNF receptor associated factors (TRAFs). The direct interaction between TRAFs and the intracellular tails of TNFRs is the first step of this signal relay process. Structural studies have revealed a trimeric nature of TRAF2 and a symmetrical mode of receptor binding, suggesting the involvement of trivalent TNFR2-receptor interaction in the signal transduction. In this study, using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), we report thermodynamic characterization of the interaction between TRAF2 and monomeric peptide sequences from TNFR members, including TNFR2, CD40, CD30, Ox40, and 4-1BB, and the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transforming protein, latent infection membrane protein-1 (LMP1). The dissociation constants of the interaction were shown to range between 40 microM and 1.9 mM, which are substantially weaker than most protein-peptide interactions. The interaction is entirely driven by exothermic enthalpy, consistent with the abundance of polar contacts. The enthalpy of the interaction has a significant temperature dependence (DeltaCp = -245 cal/mol small middle dotK). The unfavorable entropy in the interaction and the comparison with structural energetics calculations suggest the involvement of conformational rearrangement in the interaction. The low affinity of TRAF2 to monomeric receptor peptides further supports the importance of avidity contribution in TRAF2 recruitment by these receptors upon ligand-induced trimerization or higher order oligomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ye
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, E-023, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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157
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Shiels H, Li X, Schumacker PT, Maltepe E, Padrid PA, Sperling A, Thompson CB, Lindsten T. TRAF4 deficiency leads to tracheal malformation with resulting alterations in air flow to the lungs. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2000; 157:679-88. [PMID: 10934170 PMCID: PMC1850138 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64578-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
TRAF4 is one of six identified members of the family of TNFR-associated factors. While the other family members have been found to play important roles in the development and maintenance of a normal immune system, the importance of TRAF4 has remained unclear. To address this issue, we have generated TRAF4-deficient mice. Despite widespread expression of TRAF4 in the developing embryo, as well as in the adult, lack of TRAF4 expression results in a localized, developmental defect of the upper respiratory tract. TRAF4-deficient mice are born with a constricted upper trachea at the site of the tracheal junction with the larynx. This narrowing of the proximal end of the trachea results in respiratory air flow abnormalities and increases rates of pulmonary inflammation. These data demonstrate that TRAF4 is required to regulate the anastomosis of the upper and lower respiratory systems during development.
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158
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Kojima T, Morikawa Y, Copeland NG, Gilbert DJ, Jenkins NA, Senba E, Kitamura T. TROY, a newly identified member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, exhibits a homology with Edar and is expressed in embryonic skin and hair follicles. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:20742-7. [PMID: 10764796 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m002691200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In a signal sequence trap screening of the murine brain, we identified a new member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily designated TROY. TROY is a type I membrane protein of 416 amino acids with characteristic cysteine-rich motifs in the extracellular domain and a tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) 2 binding sequence in the cytoplasmic domain of 223 amino acids. In fact, activation of nuclear factor kappaB was induced by the overexpression of TROY and inhibited by dominant negative forms of TRAF2, TRAF5, and TRAF6, indicating that TRAFs and nuclear factor kappaB are involved in the signal transduction of TROY. We also cloned a cDNA for a human counterpart, which showed a 75% homology with mouse TROY at the amino acid level. The extracellular domain of TROY exhibits an extensive homology with that of Edar, a receptor that specifies hair follicle fate. TROY mRNA is strongly expressed in brain and embryo and moderately expressed in the heart, lung, and liver but not the spleen. In the embryo, the expression level is particularly strong in the skin. Interestingly, in situ hybridization analysis of the embryo showed that TROY mRNA was exclusively expressed in the epithelium of many tissues. On the other hand, in neonatal mice, TROY is expressed in hair follicles like Edar as well as in the cerebrum, suggesting pleiotropic functions of TROY in development as well as in the adult mice. The Troy gene is located near the waved coat (Wc) locus, a mutant related to abnormalities in skin and hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kojima
- Department of Hematopoietic Factors, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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159
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Pype S, Declercq W, Ibrahimi A, Michiels C, Van Rietschoten JG, Dewulf N, de Boer M, Vandenabeele P, Huylebroeck D, Remacle JE. TTRAP, a novel protein that associates with CD40, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-75 and TNF receptor-associated factors (TRAFs), and that inhibits nuclear factor-kappa B activation. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:18586-93. [PMID: 10764746 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m000531200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
CD40 belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family. CD40 signaling involves the recruitment of TNF receptor-associated factors (TRAFs) to its cytoplasmic domain. We have identified a novel intracellular CD40-binding protein termed TRAF and TNF receptor-associated protein (TTRAP) that also interacts with TNF-R75 and CD30. The region of the CD40 cytoplasmic domain that is required for TTRAP association overlaps with the TRAF6 recognition motif. Association of TTRAP with CD40 increases profoundly in response to treatment of cells with CD40L. Interestingly, TTRAP also associates with TRAFs, with the highest affinity for TRAF6. In transfected cells, TTRAP inhibits in a dose-dependent manner the transcriptional activation of a nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB)-dependent reporter mediated by CD40, TNF-R75 or Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and to a lesser extent by TRAF2, TRAF6, TNF-alpha, or interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta). TTRAP does not affect stimulation of NF-kappaB induced by overexpression of the NF-kappaB-inducing kinase (NIK), the IkappaB kinase alpha (IKKalpha), or the NF-kappaB subunit P65/RelA, suggesting it acts upstream of the latter proteins. Our results indicate that we have isolated a novel regulatory factor that is involved in signal transduction by distinct members of the TNF receptor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pype
- Department of Cell Growth, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Campus Gasthuisberg, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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160
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Takaori-Kondo A, Hori T, Fukunaga K, Morita R, Kawamata S, Uchiyama T. Both amino- and carboxyl-terminal domains of TRAF3 negatively regulate NF-kappaB activation induced by OX40 signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 272:856-63. [PMID: 10860842 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OX40 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF-R) superfamily. We observed that overexpression of OX40 activated NF-kappaB, which was inhibited by dominant negative forms of TRAF2, NF-kappaB-inducing kinase (NIK), and IkappaB kinase (IKK) alpha. This indicates that OX40 signaling leads to NF-kappaB activation through the same cascade as TNF-R2. We then investigated the negative regulatory function of TRAF3 on OX40-induced NF-kappaB activation. TRAF3 blocked OX40-, TRAF2-induced NF-kappaB activation, but not NIK- and IKKalpha-induced NF-kappaB activation, indicating that TRAF3 blocks the pathway between TRAF2 and NIK. C-terminal deletion mutants as well as the N-terminal deletion mutant of TRAF3 inhibited NF-kappaB activation induced by OX40 or TRAF2. Since TRAF3 bound to OX40 through the C-terminal TRAF domain, the C-terminal domain is likely to work as a dominant negative mutant to compete the recruitment of TRAF2 to the receptor, which transmits the signal from OX40 to the downstream, NIK kinase. On the other hand, the N-terminal domain of TRAF3 seems to affect the downstream of TRAF2 binding. Thus, it is suggested that TRAF3 actively inhibits NF-kappaB activation induced by OX40.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Takaori-Kondo
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
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161
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Arch RH, Gedrich RW, Thompson CB. Translocation of TRAF proteins regulates apoptotic threshold of cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 272:936-45. [PMID: 10860854 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factors (TRAFs) are involved in signaling pathways triggered by members of the TNF receptor (TNFR) family and other cell surface proteins. After recruitment to a receptor, TRAFs initiate formation of multiprotein complexes that induce downstream events, such as translocation of transcription factor nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) and activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Several proteins in these complexes play important roles in regulation of apoptosis. However, the fate of TRAF-containing complexes once assembled in response to receptor multimerization is not understood. In this report, we demonstrate that crosslinking of TNFR family members or interaction of TRAF2 with the cytoplasmic protein A20 leads to intracellular translocation of TRAF2. This redistribution leads to depletion of the cytoplasmic pool of TRAF2. The ratio between soluble and insoluble TRAF2 determines the sensitivity of cells to TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis and may play an important role in limiting further TRAF-dependent signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Arch
- Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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162
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Tsao DH, McDonagh T, Telliez JB, Hsu S, Malakian K, Xu GY, Lin LL. Solution structure of N-TRADD and characterization of the interaction of N-TRADD and C-TRAF2, a key step in the TNFR1 signaling pathway. Mol Cell 2000; 5:1051-7. [PMID: 10911999 DOI: 10.1016/s1097-2765(00)80270-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
TRADD is a multifunctional signaling adaptor protein that is recruited to TNFR1 upon ligand binding. The C-terminal of TRADD comprises the "death domain" that is responsible for association of TNFR1 and other death domain-containing proteins such as FADD and RIP. The N-terminal domain (N-TRADD) promotes the recruitment of TRAF2 to TNFR1 by binding to the C-terminal of TRAF2, leading to the activation of JNK/AP1 and NF-kappa B. The solution structure of N-TRADD was determined, revealing a novel protein fold. A combination of NMR, BIAcore, and mutagenesis experiments was used to help identify the site of interaction of N-TRADD with C-TRAF2, providing a framework for future attempts to selectively inhibit the TNF signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Tsao
- Musculoskeletal Science, Genetics Institute, Wyeth Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, USA.
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163
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Tatsuta T, Shiraishi A, Mountz JD. The prodomain of caspase-1 enhances Fas-mediated apoptosis through facilitation of caspase-8 activation. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:14248-54. [PMID: 10799503 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.19.14248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspase-1 (interleukin-1beta converting enzyme) is produced in the form of a latent precursor, which is cleaved to yield a prodomain in addition to the p20 and p10 subunits. It has been established that the (p20/p10)(2) heterotetramer processes the latent precursor of interleukin-1beta into an active form during apoptosis, but the function of the residual prodomain of caspase-1 (Pro-C1) has not been established. To evaluate the involvement of Pro-C1 in apoptosis, a Pro-C1 expression vector was transfected into the HeLa cell line, which is susceptible to Fas-mediated apoptosis. Expression of recombinant Pro-C1 in HeLa cells enhanced apoptosis mediated by Fas, but not etoposide-induced apoptosis. This enhancement of Fas-mediated apoptosis was abolished by inhibitors of caspase-8 (Ile-Glu-Thr-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone) and caspase-3 (Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-aldehyde) but was only slightly diminished by an inhibitor of caspase-1 (acetyl-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp-chloromethyl ketone). During apoptosis induced by an agonistic anti-Fas antibody, the activation of caspase-8 and caspase-3 was more pronounced and occurred more rapidly in HeLa/Pro-C1 cells than in the empty vector transfectant (HeLa/vec) cells; in contrast, caspase-1 was not activated in either HeLa/Pro-C1 or HeLa/vec cells. These results demonstrate an additional and novel function for caspase-1 in which Pro-C1 acts to enhance Fas-mediated apoptosis, most probably through facilitation of the activation of caspase-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tatsuta
- Neuroscience and Immunology Research Laboratories, Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58, Hiromachi, Shinagawa, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan.
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164
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Fagarasan S, Shinkura R, Kamata T, Nogaki F, Ikuta K, Tashiro K, Honjo T. Alymphoplasia (aly)-type nuclear factor kappaB-inducing kinase (NIK) causes defects in secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine receptor signaling and homing of peritoneal cells to the gut-associated lymphatic tissue system. J Exp Med 2000; 191:1477-86. [PMID: 10790423 PMCID: PMC2213441 DOI: 10.1084/jem.191.9.1477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/1999] [Accepted: 02/23/2000] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alymphoplasia (aly) mice, which carry a point mutation in the nuclear factor kappaB-inducing kinase (NIK) gene, are characterized by the systemic absence of lymph nodes and Peyer's patches, disorganized splenic and thymic architectures, and immunodeficiency. Another unique feature of aly/aly mice is that their peritoneal cavity contains more B1 cells than normal and aly/+ mice. Transfer experiments of peritoneal lymphocytes from aly/aly mice into recombination activating gene (RAG)-2(-/-) mice revealed that B and T cells fail to migrate to other lymphoid tissues, particularly to the gut-associated lymphatic tissue system. In vivo homing defects of aly/aly peritoneal cells correlated with reduction of their in vitro chemotactic responses to secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine (SLC) and B lymphocyte chemoattractant (BLC). The migration defect of aly/aly lymphocytes was not due to a lack of expression of chemokines and their receptors, but rather to impaired signal transduction downstream of the receptors for SLC, indicating that NIK is involved in the chemokine signaling pathway known to couple only with G proteins. The results showed that the reduced serum levels of immunoglobulins (Igs) and the absence of class switch to IgA in aly/aly mice are due, at least in part, to a migration defect of lymphocytes to the proper microenvironment where B cells proliferate and differentiate into Ig-producing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Koichi Ikuta
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine
| | - Kei Tashiro
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tasuku Honjo
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine
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165
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Sakata N, Hamelmann E, Siadak AW, Terada N, Gerwins P, Aruffo A, Johnson GL, Gelfand EW. Differential regulation of CD40-mediated human B cell responses by antibodies directed against different CD40 epitopes. Cell Immunol 2000; 201:109-23. [PMID: 10831320 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.2000.1645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ligation of CD40 using anti-CD40 or soluble CD40-ligand activates numerous intracellular kinases which transduce signals to the nucleus. The nature whereby these signaling events are coupled to distal functional events in B cells is poorly understood. In this study, using anti-CD40 monoclonal antibodies which recognize different epitopes on CD40, we compare the ability to activate the stress-activated protein kinases (SAPK) such as c-Jun NH(2) terminal kinase and p38 in human B cells with CD40 function. Activation of the SAPK pathway correlated with levels of activation of Rel/NF-kappaB transcription factors, but did not appear to be associated with rescue from anti-IgM induced apoptosis by suppressing caspase (CPP32) activity. Somewhat surprisingly, in the presence of IL-4, those antibodies to CD40 which failed to activate SAPK were most active in IgE production. IgE production was augmented in the presence of wortmannin. These studies suggest that rescue from apoptosis and IgE production mediated via CD40 may be independent of SAPK activation, induction of Rel/NF-kappaB, or suppression of CPP32 and that IgE production is, at least in part, regulated by signaling pathways that are dependent on phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sakata
- Division of Basic Sciences, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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166
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Huang TT, Wuerzberger-Davis SM, Seufzer BJ, Shumway SD, Kurama T, Boothman DA, Miyamoto S. NF-kappaB activation by camptothecin. A linkage between nuclear DNA damage and cytoplasmic signaling events. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:9501-9. [PMID: 10734098 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.13.9501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB by extracellular signals involves its release from the inhibitor protein IkappaBalpha in the cytoplasm and subsequent nuclear translocation. NF-kappaB can also be activated by the anticancer agent camptothecin (CPT), which inhibits DNA topoisomerase (Topo) I activity and causes DNA double-strand breaks during DNA replication to induce S phase-dependent cytotoxicity. Here we show that CPT activates NF-kappaB by a mechanism that is dependent on initial nuclear DNA damage followed by cytoplasmic signaling events. NF-kappaB activation by CPT is dramatically diminished in cytoplasts and in CEM/C2 cells expressing a mutant Topo I protein that fails to bind CPT. This response is intensified in S phase cell populations and is prevented by the DNA polymerase inhibitor aphidicolin. In addition, CPT activation of NF-kappaB involves degradation of cytoplasmic IkappaBalpha by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in a manner that depends on the IkappaB kinase complex. Finally, inhibition of NF-kappaB activation augments CPT-induced apoptosis. These findings elucidate the progression of signaling events that initiates in the nucleus with CPT-Topo I interaction and continues in the cytoplasm resulting in degradation of IkappaBalpha and nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB to attenuate the apoptotic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Huang
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA
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167
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Nomura F, Kawai T, Nakanishi K, Akira S. NF-kappaB activation through IKK-i-dependent I-TRAF/TANK phosphorylation. Genes Cells 2000; 5:191-202. [PMID: 10759890 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2443.2000.00315.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NF-kappaB is an ubiquitously expressed transcription factor that plays an important role in the immune, anti-apoptotic and inflammatory responses. NF-kappaB is normally sequestered in the cytoplasm by interacting with inhibitory IkappaB molecules. Upon stimulation, IkappaB is phosphorylated and subsequently degraded by the proteasome, allowing NF-kappaB to translocate into the nucleus where they regulate target gene expression. Two kinases, IKK-alpha and IKK-beta, which are responsible for IkappaB phosphorylation were recently identified. We have recently identified a cytokine inducible IKK-i, a kinase related to IKK-alpha and -beta. IKK-i significantly induced NF-kappaB activation upon over-expression, as did IKK-alpha and IKK-beta. Unlike IKK-alpha and IKK-beta, IKK-i phosphorylated Ser36 but not Ser32 in vitro, suggesting that IKK-i activates NF-kappaB by distinct mechanisms from the conventional IKKs. RESULTS I-TRAF/TANK was isolated as a molecule that interacts specifically with inducible IkappaB kinase (IKK-i) by the yeast two-hybrid screening procedure. The association of IKK-i and I-TRAF is mediated via the interaction between the N-terminal domain of I-TRAF and the C-terminal portion of IKK-i. In vitro kinase assays demonstrate that IKK-i phosphorylates I-TRAF in the middle portion that associates with TRAF2. Interestingly, TRAF2 is freed from the I-TRAF/TRAF2 complex after I-TRAF phosphorylation. NF-kappaB activation by IKK-i is significantly blocked by coexpression of the N-terminal domain of I-TRAF, dominant negative TRAF2, and dominant negative NIK and IKK-beta. IKK-i over-expression also induced c-Jun N-terminal kinase. These results show that I-TRAF is a substrate of IKK-i. NF-kappaB activation by IKK-i may be mediated through phosphorylation of I-TRAF by IKK-i and subsequent liberation of TRAF2. CONCLUSION These results indicate that NF-kappaB activation by IKK-i is mediated through phosphorylation of I-TRAF/TANK by IKK-i and subsequent liberation of TRAF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Nomura
- Department of Host Defense, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology of Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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168
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Tong AW, Seamour B, Chen J, Su D, Ordonez G, Frase L, Netto G, Stone MJ. CD40 ligand-induced apoptosis is Fas-independent in human multiple myeloma cells. Leuk Lymphoma 2000; 36:543-58. [PMID: 10784400 DOI: 10.3109/10428190009148403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We and others previously demonstrated that human multiple myeloma (MM) cells express CD40 and have an active CD40-growth regulatory pathway. This study characterizes the growth outcome of soluble (gp39) or membrane-bound recombinant human CD40-ligand (rCD40L) and its relationship with Fas-dependent apoptosis. Contrary to the moderate growth-stimulatory effect of the CD40-MAb G28.5, gp39 inhibited 3H-thymidine uptake of the plasma dyscrasia lines ARH-77, U266, and HS-Sultan in a dose-dependent fashion by up to 82%. By comparison, RPMI 8226 cells were resistant to CD40L-growth modulation, which may be attributable to a single base substitution (TCA-->TTA, serine-->leucine) at the 3rd cysteine-rich extramembrane region of CD40. Gp39 similarly reduced myeloma clonogenic colony (MCC) formation in patient primary bone marrow cultures by 50% (40-76%; n=6). Studies using transfectant L cells that constitutively expressed CD40L showed that membrane-bound CD40L inhibited the growth of ARH-77, U266, and HS-Sultan cells (66%, 63%, and 32%, respectively), whereas untransfected L cells did not. Growth inhibition by gp39 or CD40L+ L cells was neutralized by coincubation with the CD40L antibodies 5c8 or LL48. CD40L-treatment increased apoptotic activity of MM cells, as defined by oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation and an increased binding to annexin V (16-28%). All three untreated CD40-responsive MM lines expressed the Fas/Apo-1/CD95 antigen (65-92% CD95+). However, only ARH-77 cells responded to the growth inhibitory effect of the CD95-agonistic antibody CH-11. CD95 expression was not affected significantly by gp39 treatment, and growth inhibition by CH-11 was additive to gp39 (from 42% to 64% decrease in 3H-thmidine uptake). Conversely, the CD95 antagonist antibody ZB4 reversed the Fas-dependent growth inhibitory process but did not significantly alter gp39-mediated growth outcome. Gp39 treatment lowered the expression of TNFR-associated factors TRAF4 and TRAF6 by 38% and 32%, respectively, whereas detectable levels of TRAF1,2,3, and 5 levels remained unchanged. Our observations indicate that the CD40L-binding inhibits human MM cell growth and increases its apoptotic activity. This growth inhibitory effect corresponds to lower levels of cytoplasmic TRAF signaling elements, and appears independent of the Fas-signaling pathway. CD40 receptor mutation may lead to unresponsiveness to CD40 growth modulation in multiple myeloma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Tong
- Dept. of Pathology, Baylor-Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center Dallas, TX 75246, USA
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169
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Abstract
IgE antibody plays an important role in allergic diseases. IgE synthesis by B cells requires two signals. The first signal is delivered by the cytokines IL-4 or IL-13, which target the Cepsilon gene for switch recombination. The second signal is delivered by interaction of the B cell surface antigen CD40 with its ligand (CD40L) expressed on activated T cells. This activates deletional switch recombination. We review the molecular mechanisms of IL-4 and CD40 signaling that lead to IgE isotype switching and discuss the implications for intervening to abort or suppress the IgE antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Bacharier
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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170
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Abstract
Members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family as well as other receptors achieve their diverse biological effects through the activation of intracellular signals including the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway. Such signals are believed to be delivered through mediators known as TNF receptor-associated factors (TRAFs). Although the N-terminal zinc finger region of TRAFs has been shown to be essential for downstream signaling, there is no indication yet as to the nature of its role or of the factors that distinguish the N terminus of TRAF 3, which does not activate JNK in the systems examined thus far, from those of other TRAFs, which do activate this pathway. In the present study, it is shown that, among the known TRAFs, localization to the insoluble cell pellet fraction consistently correlates with JNK activation and that both characteristics map to the TRAF N terminus. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that forced localization of TRAF 3 to the cell membrane is sufficient to convert this molecule into an activator of JNK. This suggests that one of the roles of the TRAF N terminus may be to participate in interactions that promote the recruitment of TRAFs to the membrane and that this localization effect plays an important role in TRAF-mediated JNK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Dadgostar
- Molecular Biology Institute, Medical Scientist Training Program Graduate Program, UCLA School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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171
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Inoue JI, Ishida T, Tsukamoto N, Kobayashi N, Naito A, Azuma S, Yamamoto T. Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) family: adapter proteins that mediate cytokine signaling. Exp Cell Res 2000; 254:14-24. [PMID: 10623461 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1999.4733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J i Inoue
- Department of Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
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172
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Leonardi A, Ellinger-Ziegelbauer H, Franzoso G, Brown K, Siebenlist U. Physical and functional interaction of filamin (actin-binding protein-280) and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:271-8. [PMID: 10617615 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.1.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) is an intracellular protein involved in signal transduction from TNF receptor I and II and related receptors. TRAF2 is required for TNF-induced activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase (JNK/SAPK), and TRAF2 can also mediate activation of NF-kappaB. Here we have identified the actin-binding protein Filamin (actin-binding protein-280) as a TRAF2-interacting protein. Filamin binds to the Ring zinc finger domain of TRAF2. Overexpressed Filamin inhibits TRAF2-induced activation of JNK/SAPK and of NF-kappaB. Furthermore, ectopically expressed Filamin inhibits NF-kappaB activation induced via TNF, interleukin-1, Toll receptors, and TRAF6 but not activation induced via overexpression of NIK, a downstream effector in these pathways. Importantly, TNF fails to activate SAPK or NF-kappaB in a human melanoma cell line deficient in Filamin. Reintroduction of Filamin into these cells restores the TNF response. The data imply a role for Filamin in inflammatory signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Leonardi
- Immune Activation Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1876, USA
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173
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Gamper C, van Eyndhoven WG, Schweiger E, Mossbacher M, Koo B, Lederman S. TRAF-3 interacts with p62 nucleoporin, a component of the nuclear pore central plug that binds classical NLS-containing import complexes. Mol Immunol 2000; 37:73-84. [PMID: 10781837 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-5890(00)00015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The TRAF-3 gene encodes a number of splice-variant isoforms that function as adapter molecules in NF-kappaB signaling, in part by associating with the cytoplasmic tails of CD40 or other TNF-receptor (TNF-R) family members. To identify downstream molecules in TRAF-3 signaling, a yeast two-hybrid library was screened with a full-length TRAF-3 construct. Nine independent TRAF-3 interacting clones encoded fragments of p62 Nucleoporin (p62), a 522 amino acid (aa) component of the nuclear pore central plug, that is known to bind karyopherin-beta/classical-NLS import factor complexes. The interaction of p62 with TRAF-3 was specific, since p62 failed to interact with TRAF-2, -4, -5, or -6. Deletional analysis in yeast revealed that the p62:TRAF-3 interaction is mediated by a p62 carboxy (C)-terminal coiled-coil domain and TRAF-3's fifth zinc (Zn) finger and coiled-coil domain. In human 293 T cells, recombinant TRAF-3 or p62 specifically co-immunoprecipitates the other species. In addition, endogenous p62 co-precipitates over-expressed TRAF-3. The functional effects of over-expressing a TRAF-3 binding fragment, p62(aa 336-522) were studied on NF-kappaB-dependent, or control STAT1-dependent reporter activity in 293 T cells, either resting or after stimulation by CD40 or IFN-gamma, respectively. Over-expression of p62(aa 336-522) induces NF-kappaB activation in resting cells and augments CD40-induced NF-kappaB activation, but has no effect on control STAT1 reporter activity, either at baseline or after IFN-gamma induction. The finding that TRAF-3 binds p62, suggests that TRAF-3 may serve as an adapter molecule at the nuclear membrane, in addition to its known adapter function at the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gamper
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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174
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Chirmule N, Tazelaar J, Wilson JM. Th2-dependent B cell responses in the absence of CD40-CD40 ligand interactions. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:248-55. [PMID: 10605018 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.1.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
CD40 is thought to play a central role in T cell-dependent humoral responses through two distinct mechanisms. CD4+ T helper cells are activated via CD40-dependent Ag presentation in which CD80/CD86 provides costimulation through CD28. In addition, engagement of CD40 on B cells provides a direct pathway for activation of humoral responses. We used a model of adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of beta-galactosidase (lacZ) into murine lung to evaluate the specific CD40-dependent pathways required for humoral immunity at mucosal surfaces of the lung. Animals deficient in CD40L failed to develop T and B cell responses to vector. Activation of Th2 cells, which normally requires CD40-dependent stimulation of APCs, was selectively reconstituted in CD40 ligand-deficient mice by systemic administration of an Ab that is agonistic to CD28. Surprisingly, this resulted in the development of a functional humoral response to vector as evidenced by formation of germinal centers and production of antiadenovirus IgG1 and IgA that neutralized and prevented effective readministration of vector. The CD28-dependent B cell response required CD4+ T cells and was mediated via IL-4. These studies indicate that CD40 signals to the B cells are not necessary for CD4+ Th2 cell-dependent humoral responses to be generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Chirmule
- Institute for Human Gene Therapy, Department of Molecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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175
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Abstract
Cell proliferation and cell death must be closely regulated to maintain the integrity of the immune system during the lifetime of multicellular organisms. Proliferative expansion of lymphoid cells is required for effective immune responses against invading microorganisms. However, following infection eradication, expanded effector cells must be eliminated to prevent non-adaptive accumulation of cells. Therefore, higher vertebrates have developed an extensive network of signal transduction pathways that allow integration of cell survival and cell death stimuli. This network functions to ensure the controlled activation and expansion of cells during an immune response and the deletion of lymphoid cells that are no longer needed at the end of an immune response. Extracellular signals appear to control both mechanisms. Ultimate responses are integrated through cell surface receptors that are linked to intracellular signaling cascades. These signal transduction pathways converge to regulate cell fate at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. In this review, the role of pathways triggered by TNFR-related molecules that determine the fate of lymphoid cells during development and activation is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Arch
- Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, Illinois, USA.
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176
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Gupta S, Jiang M, Anthony A, Pernis AB. Lineage-specific modulation of interleukin 4 signaling by interferon regulatory factor 4. J Exp Med 1999; 190:1837-48. [PMID: 10601358 PMCID: PMC2195723 DOI: 10.1084/jem.190.12.1837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-4 is an immunoregulatory cytokine that exerts distinct biological activities on different cell types. Our studies indicate that interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-4 is both a target and a modulator of the IL-4 signaling cascade. IRF-4 expression is strongly upregulated upon costimulation of B cells with CD40 and IL-4. Furthermore, we find that IRF-4 can interact with signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat)6 and drive the expression of IL-4-inducible genes. The transactivating ability of IRF-4 is blocked by the repressor factor BCL-6. Since expression of IRF-4 is mostly confined to lymphoid cells, these data provide a potential mechanism by which IL-4-inducible genes can be regulated in a lineage-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| | - Man Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| | - Alissa Anthony
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
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177
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Shirakata Y, Ishii K, Yagita H, Okumura K, Taniguchi M, Takemori T. Distinct Subcellular Localization and Substrate Specificity of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase in B Cells upon Stimulation with IgM and CD40. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.12.6589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We and others previously observed that IgM and CD40 stimulation in murine B cells resulted in activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), a subfamily of mitogen-activated protein kinase. The present study demonstrated that ERK was rapidly phosphorylated and translocated to the nucleus in murine B cells upon stimulation with CD40, whereas it was preferentially localized within the cytosol after stimulation with IgM, suggesting that signaling through CD40 and IgM differentially regulates ERK subcellular localization. Costimulation with CD40 and IgM (CD40/IgM) resulted in subcellular localization of ERK within the cytosol, supporting the notion that stimulation with IgM delivers the signal responsible for inhibition of ERK nuclear transport. Consistent with these observations, IgM and CD40/IgM stimulation resulted in activation of ribosomal S6 kinase, which is a cytoplasmic substrate for ERK, whereas CD40 stimulation had little effect on its activity. Disruption of the microtubule by colchicine in WEHI231 cells resulted in reduction of ERK activity in IgM signaling, but not in CD40 signaling, compatible with the notion that the microtubule network may hold cytoplasmic ERK activity mediated by IgM stimulation. These results support the notion that ERK could mediate different effector functions in B cells upon stimulation with IgM and CD40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Shirakata
- *Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ishii
- *Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideo Yagita
- †Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
- ‡Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology of Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Ko Okumura
- †Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
- ‡Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology of Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Masaru Taniguchi
- ‡Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology of Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Tokyo, Japan; and
- §Department of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshitada Takemori
- *Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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178
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179
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Abstract
CD40, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF-R) superfamily, is expressed on the surface of B cells, where its engagement results in IL-6 secretion. In this study, we characterize the specific molecular requirements for CD40-mediated IL-6 production. Engagement of CD40 on either a B cell line or normal mouse splenic B cells with a membrane-bound form of CD154 (also known as CD40L or gp39) induced IL-6 secretion as well as up-regulation of IL-6 mRNA, but cross-linking CD40 with agonistic anti-CD40 mAb did not, although these mAb induce many other CD40 activation events, including the nuclear translocation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. Using a mouse B cell line stably transfected with various human CD40 (hCD40) cytoplasmic truncation and point mutants, we show that the region from amino acids 202 to 225 in the cytoplasmic domain of CD40 is necessary for IL-6 secretion. However, the carboxy-terminal 32 amino acids are not, although these residues are required for CD40-mediated NF-kappaB activation. In addition, CD40 mutants previously shown to lack binding to TRAF2 and -3 are fully capable of inducing IL-6 production. Thus, CD40-mediated IL-6 induction is independent of NF-kappaB activation and the binding of TRAF2 and -3, but CD40 must be engaged by trimeric CD154 on cell membranes to activate production of IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Baccam
- Department of Microbiology University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA
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180
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Aicher A, Shu GL, Magaletti D, Mulvania T, Pezzutto A, Craxton A, Clark EA. Differential Role for p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase in Regulating CD40-Induced Gene Expression in Dendritic Cells and B Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.11.5786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We investigated whether human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) differed from tonsillar B cells in the set of cell fate genes they express constitutively and in the way these genes are affected after CD40 ligation. In particular, Bcl-2, TNF receptor-associated factor-2 (TRAF2), and TRAF4 were clearly inducible via CD40 in B cells but not in DCs. DCs, unlike B cells, were induced to increase expression of IL-1β, IL-1Ra, IL-8, IL-12 p40, RANTES, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 after CD40 ligation. We next tested whether CD40-induced signaling pathways were different in DCs vs B cells. In DCs, as in B cells, CD40 ligation activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), its downstream target, MAPKAPK-2, and the c-Jun N-terminal kinase. The p38 MAPK-specific inhibitor, SB203580, blocked CD40-induced MAPKAPK-2 activation, but did not affect activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase. Furthermore, unlike in B cells, extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1 and -2 were activated after CD40 ligation in DCs. SB203580 strongly blocked CD40-induced IL-12 p40 production in DCs at both mRNA and protein levels, while having minimal effect on CD40-induced expression of the chemokine RANTES. In contrast, no detectable IL-12 p40 protein was secreted in CD40-stimulated B cells. Furthermore, CD40-induced mRNA expression of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein-2 was also dependent on the p38 MAPK pathway in DCs and differed compared with that in B cells. In conclusion, CD40 induces distinct programs in DCs and B cells, and the set of p38 MAPK-dependent genes in DCs (IL-12 p40 and cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein-2) is different from that in B cells (IL-10 and IL-1β).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Aicher
- *Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; and
| | - Geraldine L. Shu
- *Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; and
| | - Dario Magaletti
- *Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; and
| | - Thera Mulvania
- *Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; and
| | - Antonio Pezzutto
- †Robert-Roessle-Klinik, Charite, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrew Craxton
- *Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; and
| | - Edward A. Clark
- *Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; and
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181
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Horie R, Gattei V, Ito K, Imajo-Ohmi S, Tange T, Miyauchi J, Pinto A, Degan M, De Iuliis A, Tassan Mazzocco F, Rossi FM, Higashihara M, Watanabe T. Frequent expression of the variant CD30 in human malignant myeloid and lymphoid neoplasms. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1999; 155:2029-41. [PMID: 10595933 PMCID: PMC1866953 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65522-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We earlier identified a variant of CD30 (CD30v) that retains only the cytoplasmic region of the authentic CD30. This variant is expressed in alveolar macrophages. CD30v can activate the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) as CD30, and its overexpression in HL-60 induced a differentiated phenotype. To better understand the physiological and pathological functions of CD30v, expression of this variant was examined using a multiple approach to examine 238 samples of human malignant myeloid and lymphoid neoplasms. Screening by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed expression of CD30v transcripts in 52 of 72, 7 of 11, 63 of 90, and 7 of 30 samples of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myeloid blast crisis of myeloproliferative disorders (MBC), and lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs) of B- and T-cell origin, respectively. CD30v expression was high in monocyte-oriented AMLs (FAB M4 and M5), B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL), and multiple myeloma (MM). Using the specific antibody HCD30C2, prepared using a peptide corresponding to the nine amino acids of the amino-terminal CD30v, expression of CD30v protein was detected in 10 of 25 and 2 of 10 AML and ALL samples, respectively. In AMLs, immunocytochemical detection of CD30v revealed the presence of loose clusters of CD30v-expressing cells dispersed amid a population of CD30v-negative blasts. Finally, the parallel expression of CD30v mRNA and protein, as evidenced by Northern and Western blotting, was confirmed in selected cases of AMLs and LPDs. A significant correlation was found between expressions of CD30v and CD30 ligand transcripts in AML and LPD (P = 0.02, odds ratio = 3.2). The association of CD30v with signal-transducing proteins, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) 2, and TRAF5 was demonstrated by coimmunoprecipitation analysis, as was demonstrated for authentic CD30 protein. Expression of transcripts for TRAF1, TRAF2, TRAF3, and TRAF5, as demonstrated by RT-PCR, was noted in leukemic blasts that express CD30v. Collectively, frequent expression of CD30v along with TRAF proteins in human neoplastic cells of myeloid and lymphoid origin provide supportive evidence for biological and possible pathological functions of this protein in the growth and differentiation of a variety of myeloid and lymphoid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Horie
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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182
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Yoon Y, Ao Z, Cheng Y, Schlossman SF, Prasad KV. Murine Siva-1 and Siva-2, alternate splice forms of the mouse Siva gene, both bind to CD27 but differentially transduce apoptosis. Oncogene 1999; 18:7174-9. [PMID: 10597319 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CD27, a member of the TNFR family known to provide essential co-stimulatory signals for T cell growth and B cell Ig synthesis, can also mediate cell death. Using the CD27 cytoplasmic tail as the bait in yeast two hybrid assay, we previously cloned human Siva, a pro-apoptotic molecule. Here we report the characterization of the mouse Siva gene as a 4 kb sequence containing 4 exons and 3 introns. RT-PCR has revealed the presence of two forms of mouse Siva mRNA, the longer full length form Siva-1 and the shorter Siva-2 lacking the sequence coded by exon 2. Immunoblotting with anti-Siva (human) antibodies clearly demonstrate the presence of both Siva-1 and Siva-2. Cotransfection experiments in 293T cells reveal that mouse CD27 receptor can interact with both forms of Siva. Although mouse Siva-1 can trigger apoptosis in Rat-1 cells and in some of the mouse cell lines in transient transfection experiments, similar to the observation made with human Siva, intriguingly its alternate splice form, Siva-2 appears to be much less toxic. It is therefore likely that Siva-2 could regulate the function of Siva-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yoon
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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183
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Abstract
The MHC class II and CD40 molecules are two major components of the immune system that are involved in cell-cell interactions and signal transduction. Data obtained in the course of the present investigation show that these two molecules are physically associated on the surface of various human B cell lines and on normal tonsilar B cells. The CD40 / MHC class II complexes were not detected on the germinal center B cell line Ramos. However, stimulation of these cells via CD40 or MHC class II triggered their association, suggesting that the formation of the complex is related to the activation status of the cells. The formation of these complexes did not alter the interaction of MHC class II molecules with one of their natural ligands, the staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), as evidenced by the ability of SEA to bind MHC class II / CD40 complexes. Cross-linking of MHC class II or CD40 molecules leads to the association as well as the co-association of both molecules to the NP-49-insoluble cellular matrix. Such association allowed us to demonstrate that only a fraction of these molecules can be physically associated on the cell surface. Based on previous observations and those presented here, it is highly possible that the CD40 / MHC class II complexes may have an important role in signal(s) induced via both molecules and during T / B cells interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Léveillé
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie, CHUL, Université Laval, St-Foy, Canada
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184
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Abstract
The cell signaling pathways that culminate in activation of a family of stress-activated MAP kinases are beginning to be defined. Determination of cell life and cell death is known to largely depend on the balance of intrinsic life and death signals within cells. Recently, two representative mammalian stress-activated kinases, the JNK and p38 MAP kinases, have been implicated in determination of cell fate by modifying the life, death and differentiation signals. However, the molecular mechanisms by which extracellular signals are transmitted from membrane receptors to the most upstream kinases in the JNK and p38 signaling modules are not fully understood. This review will provide an overview of current knowledge of molecular links between inflammatory cytokine receptors and stress-activated MAP kinase cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ichijo
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
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185
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Ye X, Mehlen P, Rabizadeh S, VanArsdale T, Zhang H, Shin H, Wang JJ, Leo E, Zapata J, Hauser CA, Reed JC, Bredesen DE. TRAF family proteins interact with the common neurotrophin receptor and modulate apoptosis induction. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:30202-8. [PMID: 10514511 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.42.30202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The common neurotrophin receptor, p75(NTR), has been shown to signal in the absence of Trk tyrosine kinase receptors, including induction of neural apoptosis and activation of NF-kappaB. However, the mechanisms by which p75(NTR) initiates these intracellular signal transduction pathways are unknown. Here we report interactions between p75(NTR) and the six members of TRAF (tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors) family proteins. The binding of different TRAF proteins to p75(NTR) was mapped to distinct regions in p75(NTR). Furthermore, TRAF4 interacted with dimeric p75(NTR), whereas TRAF2 interacted preferentially with monomeric p75(NTR). TRAF2-p75(NTR), TRAF4-p75(NTR), and TRAF6-p75(NTR) interactions modulated p75(NTR)-induced cell death and NF-kappaB activation with contrasting effects. Coexpression of TRAF2 with p75(NTR) enhanced cell death, whereas coexpression of TRAF6 was cytoprotective. Furthermore, overexpression of TRAF4 abrogated the ability of dimerization to prevent the induction of apoptosis normally mediated by monomeric p75(NTR). TRAF4 also inhibited the NF-kappaB response, whereas TRAF2 and TRAF6 enhanced p75(NTR)-induced NF-kappaB activation. These results demonstrate that TRAF family proteins interact with p75(NTR) and differentially modulate its NF-kappaB activation and cell death induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Ye
- The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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186
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Hoeflich KP, Yeh WC, Yao Z, Mak TW, Woodgett JR. Mediation of TNF receptor-associated factor effector functions by apoptosis signal-regulating kinase-1 (ASK1). Oncogene 1999; 18:5814-20. [PMID: 10523862 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1202975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), a major inflammatory cytokine, generates a wide variety of cellular responses via key cytoplasmic adaptor molecules named TNF receptor-associated factors (TRAFs). We report that TRAF2, TRAF5 and TRAF6 associate with apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), and a catalytically-inactive ASK1 mutant blocks stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK)/Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) activation by these TRAFs. A truncated derivative of TRAF2, which inhibits SAPK activation by TNF, blocks TNF-induced ASK1 activation. Furthermore, protection from TNF-induced cell death conferred by an ASK1 mutant is dependent upon TRAF2. Hence, ASK1 is a common mediator of TRAF-regulated SAPK and apoptosis signaling, and the TRAF2 - ASK1 connection completes the signaling cascade from TNF to SAPK/JNK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Hoeflich
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Ontario Cancer Institute, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
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187
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Uchida J, Yasui T, Takaoka-Shichijo Y, Muraoka M, Kulwichit W, Raab-Traub N, Kikutani H. Mimicry of CD40 signals by Epstein-Barr virus LMP1 in B lymphocyte responses. Science 1999; 286:300-3. [PMID: 10514374 DOI: 10.1126/science.286.5438.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) on the activation and differentiation of normal B cells was investigated. B cells of transgenic mice expressing LMP1 under the control of immunoglobulin promoter/enhancer displayed enhanced expression of activation antigens and spontaneously proliferated and produced antibody. Humoral immune responses of LMP1 transgenic mice in CD40-deficient or normal backgrounds revealed that LMP1 mimics CD40 signals to induce extrafollicular B cell differentiation but, unlike CD40, blocks germinal center formation. Thus, these specific properties of LMP1 may determine the site of primary B cell infection and the state of infection in the natural course of EBV infection, whereas subsequent loss of LMP1 expression may affect the site of persistent latent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Uchida
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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188
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Chin AI, Shu J, Shan Shi C, Yao Z, Kehrl JH, Cheng G. TANK potentiates tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor-mediated c-Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase activation through the germinal center kinase pathway. Mol Cell Biol 1999; 19:6665-72. [PMID: 10490605 PMCID: PMC84649 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.19.10.6665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factors (TRAFs) are mediators of many members of the TNF receptor superfamily and can activate both the nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) and stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK; also known as c-Jun N-terminal kinase) signal transduction pathways. We previously described the involvement of a TRAF-interacting molecule, TRAF-associated NF-kappaB activator (TANK), in TRAF2-mediated NF-kappaB activation. Here we show that TANK synergized with TRAF2, TRAF5, and TRAF6 but not with TRAF3 in SAPK activation. TRAF2 and TANK individually formed weak interactions with germinal center kinase (GCK)-related kinase (GCKR). However, when coexpressed, they formed a strong complex with GCKR, thereby providing a potential mechanism for TRAF and TANK synergy in GCKR-mediated SAPK activation, which is important in TNF family receptor signaling. Our results also suggest that TANK can form potential intermolecular as well as intramolecular interactions between its amino terminus and carboxyl terminus. This study suggests that TANK is a regulatory molecule controlling the threshold of NF-kappaB and SAPK activities in response to activation of TNF receptors. In addition, CD40 activated endogenous GCKR in primary B cells, implicating GCK family proteins in CD40-mediated B-cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Chin
- Molecular Biology Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, 90095, USA
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189
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Cannons JL, Hoeflich KP, Woodgett JR, Watts TH. Role of the Stress Kinase Pathway in Signaling Via the T Cell Costimulatory Receptor 4-1BB. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.6.2990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
4-1BB is a member of the TNFR superfamily expressed on activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. 4-1BB can costimulate IL-2 production by resting primary T cells independently of CD28 ligation. In this study, we report signaling events following 4-1BB receptor aggregation using an Ak-restricted costimulation-dependent T cell hybridoma, C8.A3. Aggregation of 4-1BB on the surface of C8.A3 cells induces TNFR-associated factor 2 recruitment, which in turn recruits and activates apoptosis signal-regulating kinase-1, leading to downstream activation of c-Jun N-terminal/stress-activated protein kinases (JNK/SAPK). 4-1BB ligation also enhances anti-CD3-induced JNK/SAPK activation in primary T cells. Overexpression of a catalytically inactive form of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase-1 in C8.A3 T cells interferes with activation of the SAPK cascade and with IL-2 secretion, consistent with a critical role for JNK/SAPK activation in 4-1BB-dependent IL-2 production. Given the ability of both CD28 and 4-1BB to induce JNK/SAPK activation, we asked whether hyperosmotic shock, another inducer of this cascade, could function to provide a costimulatory signal to T cells. Osmotic shock of resting primary T cells in conjunction with anti-CD3 treatment was found to costimulate IL-2 production by the T cells, consistent with a pivotal role for JNK/SAPK in T cell costimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Cannons
- *Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Klaus P. Hoeflich
- †Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto and Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James R. Woodgett
- †Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto and Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tania H. Watts
- *Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
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190
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Matsumura Y, Hori T, Kawamata S, Imura A, Uchiyama T. Intracellular Signaling of gp34, the OX40 Ligand: Induction of c- jun and c- fos mRNA Expression Through gp34 upon Binding of Its Receptor, OX40. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.6.3007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We investigated the intracellular signaling events of OX40 ligand (gp34), a member of the TNF family. To elucidate the intracellular signaling via gp34, we prepared a model system in which a human gp34-transfected mouse epithelial cell line was stimulated with a recombinant soluble form of OX40. We demonstrated that OX40 binding resulted in increase in c-jun and c-fos mRNA levels in this transfectant by Northern blot analysis, which was blocked by the pretreatment with anti-gp34 Ab. The studies with various gp34 deletion mutants showed that the cytoplasmic portion including the amino acid sequence 16–21 (RPRFER) was required for the induction of c-jun and c-fos mRNA expression. Furthermore, OX40 binding induced c-jun mRNA expression also in HUVECs, which in our previous study have been shown to express gp34 and interact with activated T cells through the OX40/gp34 pathway. On the other hand, c-fos mRNA was detectable neither in unstimulated HUVECs nor in gp34-stimulated HUVECs. These results indicate that the OX40/gp34 system generates two-way signals and may elicit biological effects on vascular endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Matsumura
- *Hematology and Oncology and
- †Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, and
| | | | - Shin Kawamata
- ‡Laboratory of Virus Immunology, Research Center for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, The Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akihiro Imura
- ‡Laboratory of Virus Immunology, Research Center for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, The Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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191
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Shi CS, Leonardi A, Kyriakis J, Siebenlist U, Kehrl JH. TNF-Mediated Activation of the Stress-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway: TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 2 Recruits and Activates Germinal Center Kinase Related. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.6.3279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
TNF-induced activation of stress activated protein kinases (SAPKs, Jun NH2-terminal kinases) requires TNF receptor associated factor 2 (TRAF2). TRAF2 is a potent activator of a 95-kDa serine/threonine kinase termed germinal center kinase related (GCKR, also referred to as KHS1), which signals activation of the SAPK pathway. Consistent with a role for GCKR in TNF- induced SAPK activation, a kinase-inactive mutant of GCKR is a dominant negative inhibitor of TRAF2-induced SAPK activation. Here we show that TRAF2 interacts with GCKR. This interaction depended upon the TRAF domain of TRAF2 and the C-terminal 150 aa of GCKR. The full activation of GCKR by TRAF2 required the TRAF2 RING finger domain. TNF treatment of a T cell line, Jurkat, increased both GCRK and SAPK activity and enhanced the coimmunoprecipitation of GCKR with TRAF2. Similar results were found with the B cell line HS-Sultan. These findings are consistent with a model whereby TNF signaling results in the recruitment and activation of GCKR by TRAF2, which leads to SAPK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Shan Shi
- *B Cell Molecular Immunology and Immune Activation Sections, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Antonio Leonardi
- *B Cell Molecular Immunology and Immune Activation Sections, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - John Kyriakis
- †Diabetes Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Ulrich Siebenlist
- *B Cell Molecular Immunology and Immune Activation Sections, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - John H. Kehrl
- *B Cell Molecular Immunology and Immune Activation Sections, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
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192
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Sakata N, Kawasome H, Terada N, Gerwins P, Johnson GL, Gelfand EW. Differential activation and regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases through the antigen receptor and CD40 in human B cells. Eur J Immunol 1999; 29:2999-3008. [PMID: 10508274 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199909)29:09<2999::aid-immu2999>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In human B cells, antigen receptor ligation and CD40 ligation are known to activate the extracellular-regulated kinases (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways, which in turn regulate many important B cell functions. We previously reported that antigen receptor ligation activated the ERK pathway whereas CD40 ligation activated the JNK/stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) pathway. Here, we demonstrate that another SAPK, p38/Hog1, is activated by both antigen receptor ligation or CD40 ligation in a human B-lymphoblastoid cell line and tonsillar B cells. Wortmannin, an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, partially inhibited ERK2 and p38 activation triggered through the B cell receptor whereas activation of JNK1 and p38 through CD40 was not affected. PD98059, a specific inhibitor of mitogen-activated extracellular response kinase kinase (MEK), significantly inhibited ERK2 activation and partially inhibited p38 activation triggered by anti-IgM antibody treatment, but did not affect CD40-dependent signaling events. In addition, anti-IgM antibody-induced signaling pathways were shown to be PKC-dependent in contrast to the CD40-induced signaling pathways. Thus, the B cell receptor and CD40 recruit the ERK, JNK and p38 pathways by using different upstream effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sakata
- Division of Basic Sciences, Department of Pediatrics and the Program in Molecular Signal Transduction, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, USA
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193
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Ye H, Park YC, Kreishman M, Kieff E, Wu H. The structural basis for the recognition of diverse receptor sequences by TRAF2. Mol Cell 1999; 4:321-30. [PMID: 10518213 DOI: 10.1016/s1097-2765(00)80334-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily initiate intracellular signaling by recruiting TNFR-associated factors (TRAFs) through their cytoplasmic tails. TRAFs apparently recognize highly diverse receptor sequences. Crystal structures of the TRAF domain of human TRAF2 in complex with peptides from the TNFR family members CD40, CD30, Ox40, 4-1BB, and the EBV oncoprotein LMP1 revealed a conserved binding mode. A major TRAF2-binding consensus sequence, (P/S/A/T)x(Q/E)E, and a minor consensus motif, PxQxxD, can be defined from the structural analysis, which encompass all known TRAF2-binding sequences. The structural information provides a template for the further dissection of receptor binding specificity of TRAF2 and for the understanding of the complexity of TRAF-mediated signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ye
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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194
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Nguyen LT, Duncan GS, Mirtsos C, Ng M, Speiser DE, Shahinian A, Marino MW, Mak TW, Ohashi PS, Yeh WC. TRAF2 deficiency results in hyperactivity of certain TNFR1 signals and impairment of CD40-mediated responses. Immunity 1999; 11:379-89. [PMID: 10514016 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80113-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) can interact with various members of the TNF receptor family. Previously, we reported that TRAF2-deficient mice die prematurely and have elevated serum TNF levels. In this study, we demonstrate that TRAF2-deficient macrophages produce increased amounts of nitric oxide (NO) and TNF in response to TNF stimulation. Furthermore, we could enhance the survival of TRAF2-deficient mice by eliminating either TNF or TNFR1. Using these double-knockout mice, we show that in the absence of TRAF2, the T helper-dependent antibody response, CD40-mediated proliferation, and NF-kappaB activation are defective. These data demonstrate two important roles of TRAF2, one as a negative regulator of certain TNFR1 signals and the other as a positive mediator of CD40 signaling.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- CD40 Antigens/metabolism
- Cell Division
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Immunoglobulin Class Switching
- Immunoglobulin Isotypes
- Interleukin-12/biosynthesis
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/cytology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide/biosynthesis
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/genetics
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
- Phenotype
- Proteins/genetics
- Proteins/physiology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I
- Signal Transduction
- Spleen/cytology
- TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 2
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
- Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus
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Affiliation(s)
- L T Nguyen
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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195
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Nakano H, Sakon S, Koseki H, Takemori T, Tada K, Matsumoto M, Munechika E, Sakai T, Shirasawa T, Akiba H, Kobata T, Santee SM, Ware CF, Rennert PD, Taniguchi M, Yagita H, Okumura K. Targeted disruption of Traf5 gene causes defects in CD40- and CD27-mediated lymphocyte activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:9803-8. [PMID: 10449775 PMCID: PMC22291 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.17.9803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
TRAF5 [tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factor 5] is implicated in NF-kappaB and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase activation by members of the TNF receptor superfamily, including CD27, CD30, CD40, and lymphotoxin-beta receptor. To investigate the functional role of TRAF5 in vivo, we generated TRAF5-deficient mice by gene targeting. Activation of either NF-kappaB or c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase by tumor necrosis factor, CD27, and CD40 was not abrogated in traf5(-/-) mice. However, traf5(-/-) B cells showed defects in proliferation and up-regulation of various surface molecules, including CD23, CD54, CD80, CD86, and Fas in response to CD40 stimulation. Moreover, in vitro Ig production of traf5(-/-) B cells stimulated with anti-CD40 plus IL-4 was reduced substantially. CD27-mediated costimulatory signal also was impaired in traf5(-/-) T cells. Collectively, these results demonstrate that TRAF5 is involved in CD40- and CD27-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nakano
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
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196
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Greene C, O'Neill L. Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase and TRAF-6 mediate the transcriptional regulation of interleukin-2 by interleukin-1 via NFkappaB but unlike interleukin-1 are unable to stabilise interleukin-2 mRNA. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1451:109-21. [PMID: 10446393 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(99)00079-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase, IRAK, has been shown to activate NFkappaB in response to interleukin-1. We have explored the involvement of IRAK in regulation of the interleukin-2 gene in the murine thymoma cell line EL4.NOB-1 by examining its effect on interleukin-2 promoter-linked reporter gene expression, interleukin-2 gene transcription and interleukin-2 protein production. Cells transfected with IRAK displayed high levels of phosphorylated IRAK, increased interleukin-2 promoter-linked reporter gene expression (which was dependent on NFkappaB) and interleukin-2 gene transcription. IRAK was unable, however, to increase interleukin-2 protein production. Overexpression of TRAF-6 induced similar responses and again failed to increase interleukin-2 protein production. A dominant negative TRAF-6 inhibited reporter gene expression and interleukin-2 protein production in response to both interleukin-1 and IRAK transfection. Interleukin-1 treatment and IRAK or TRAF-6 transfection increased interleukin-2 mRNA production. Only interleukin-1 treatment stabilised the induced transcripts with 50% being detectable at 20 h post induction. The interleukin-2 mRNA induced in IRAK- or TRAF-6-transfected cells was depleted by >90% at 6 h post induction. These data implicate IRAK and TRAF-6 in transcriptional regulation of interleukin-2 gene expression via NFkappaB, and provide direct evidence that IRAK lies upstream from TRAF-6. Neither IRAK nor TRAF-6 participates in stabilisation of interleukin-2 mRNA which is required for interleukin-2 protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Greene
- Department of Biochemistry and National Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Centre, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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197
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Leo E, Welsh K, Matsuzawa S, Zapata JM, Kitada S, Mitchell RS, Ely KR, Reed JC. Differential requirements for tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor family proteins in CD40-mediated induction of NF-kappaB and Jun N-terminal kinase activation. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:22414-22. [PMID: 10428814 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.32.22414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
CD40 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family that mediates a number of important signaling events in B-lymphocytes and some other types of cells through interaction of its cytoplasmic (ct) domain with tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) proteins. Alanine substitution and truncation mutants of the human CD40ct domain were generated, revealing residues critical for binding TRAF2, TRAF3, or both of these proteins. In contrast to TRAF2 and TRAF3, direct binding of TRAF1, TRAF4, TRAF5, or TRAF6 to CD40 was not detected. However, TRAF5 could be recruited to wild-type CD40 in a TRAF3-dependent manner but not to a CD40 mutant (Q263A) that selectively fails to bind TRAF3. CD40 mutants with impaired binding to TRAF2, TRAF3, or both of these proteins completely retained the ability to activate NF-kappaB and Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), implying that CD40 can stimulate TRAF2- and TRAF3-independent pathways for NF-kappaB and JNK activation. A carboxyl-truncation mutant of CD40 lacking the last 32 amino acids required for TRAF2 and TRAF3 binding, CD40(Delta32), mediated NF-kappaB induction through a mechanism that was suppressible by co-expression of TRAF6(DeltaN), a dominant-negative version of TRAF6, but not by TRAF2(DeltaN), implying that while TRAF6 does not directly bind CD40, it can participate in CD40 signaling. In contrast, TRAF6(DeltaN) did not impair JNK activation by CD40(Delta32). Taken together, these findings reveal redundancy in the involvement of TRAF family proteins in CD40-mediated NF-kappaB induction and suggest that the membrane-proximal region of CD40 may stimulate the JNK pathway through a TRAF-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Leo
- Burnham Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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198
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Izumi KM, Cahir McFarland ED, Ting AT, Riley EA, Seed B, Kieff ED. The Epstein-Barr virus oncoprotein latent membrane protein 1 engages the tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated proteins TRADD and receptor-interacting protein (RIP) but does not induce apoptosis or require RIP for NF-kappaB activation. Mol Cell Biol 1999; 19:5759-67. [PMID: 10409763 PMCID: PMC84426 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.19.8.5759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A site in the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) transforming protein LMP1 that constitutively associates with the tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1)-associated death domain protein TRADD to mediate NF-kappaB and c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation is critical for long-term lymphoblastoid cell proliferation. We now find that LMP1 signaling through TRADD differs from TNFR1 signaling through TRADD. LMP1 needs only 11 amino acids to activate NF-kappaB or synergize with TRADD in NF-kappaB activation, while TNFR1 requires approximately 70 residues. Further, LMP1 does not require TRADD residues 294 to 312 for NF-kappaB activation, while TNFR1 requires TRADD residues 296 to 302. LMP1 is partially blocked for NF-kappaB activation by a TRADD mutant consisting of residues 122 to 293. Unlike TNFR1, LMP1 can interact directly with receptor-interacting protein (RIP) and stably associates with RIP in EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines. Surprisingly, LMP1 does not require RIP for NF-kappaB activation. Despite constitutive association with TRADD or RIP, LMP1 does not induce apoptosis in EBV-negative Burkitt lymphoma or human embryonic kidney 293 cells. These results add a different perspective to the molecular interactions through which LMP1, TRADD, and RIP participate in B-lymphocyte activation and growth.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Apoptosis
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Burkitt Lymphoma/pathology
- Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/physiology
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cell Transformation, Viral
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/physiology
- Humans
- JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
- Jurkat Cells/metabolism
- Jurkat Cells/pathology
- Kidney
- Macromolecular Substances
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
- Models, Molecular
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Proteins/metabolism
- Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/physiology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I
- TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 1
- Transcription, Genetic
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Viral Matrix Proteins/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Izumi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Channing Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5804, USA
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199
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Jiang W, Beatty BG. Identification and localization of MEP1A-like sequences (MEP1AL1-4) in the human genome. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 261:163-8. [PMID: 10405340 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The human MEP1A gene encodes the meprin alpha subunit that consists of a protease domain conserved in the astacin family of metalloendopeptidases and several C-terminal interaction domains present in other proteins. Using the alpha subunit cDNA, we identified two clones from a human P1-derived artificial chromosome (PAC) library. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) mapped both PACs (1e12, 65a14) to chromosome 6p21, confirming the MEP1A location. FISH also mapped PAC 65a14 to chromosome 13cen, and to chromosome 9 in three different regions, 9p12-13, 9q21, and 9q22. Southern blot analysis showed that sequences of PAC 65a14 and MEP1A were similar in the 3' end but different in the 5' end, revealing for the first time that the human genome may encode multiple interaction domains highly similar to those of the meprin alpha subunit. The symbols of MEP1AL1, MEP1AL2, MEP1AL3, and MEP1AL4 have been designated for MEP1A-like sequences on 9p12-13, 9q21, 9q22, and 13cen, respectively.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Southern
- Chromosomes, Human/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9/genetics
- Cloning, Molecular
- Gene Dosage
- Genes/genetics
- Genome, Human
- Genomic Library
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Metalloendopeptidases/chemistry
- Metalloendopeptidases/genetics
- Mice
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- W Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 17033, USA.
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200
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McWhirter SM, Pullen SS, Holton JM, Crute JJ, Kehry MR, Alber T. Crystallographic analysis of CD40 recognition and signaling by human TRAF2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:8408-13. [PMID: 10411888 PMCID: PMC17529 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.15.8408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily members convey signals that promote diverse cellular responses. Receptor trimerization by extracellular ligands initiates signaling by recruiting members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) family of adapter proteins to the receptor cytoplasmic domains. We report the 2.4-A crystal structure of a 22-kDa, receptor-binding fragment of TRAF2 complexed with a functionally defined peptide from the cytoplasmic domain of the CD40 receptor. TRAF2 forms a mushroom-shaped trimer consisting of a coiled coil and a unique beta-sandwich domain. Both domains mediate trimerization. The CD40 peptide binds in an extended conformation with every side chain in contact with a complementary groove on the rim of each TRAF monomer. The spacing between the CD40 binding sites on TRAF2 supports an elegant signaling mechanism in which trimeric, extracellular ligands preorganize the receptors to simultaneously recognize three sites on the TRAF trimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M McWhirter
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3206, USA
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