151
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Audett MR, Maresca TJ. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts: at the intersection of order, disorder, and kinetochore function. Essays Biochem 2020; 64:349-358. [PMID: 32756877 PMCID: PMC8011995 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The kinetochore (KT) field has matured tremendously since Earnshaw first identified CENP-A, CENP-B, and CENP-C [1,2]. In the past 35 years, the accumulation of knowledge has included: defining the parts list, identifying epistatic networks of interdependence within the parts list, understanding the spatial organization of subcomplexes into a massive structure - hundreds of megadaltons in size, and dissecting the functions of the KT in its entirety as well as of its individual parts. Like nearly all cell and molecular biology fields, the structure-function paradigm has been foundational to advances in the KT field. A point nicely highlighted by the fact that we are at the precipice of the in vitro reconstitution of a functional KT holo complex. Yet conventional notions of structure cannot provide a complete picture of the KT especially since it contains an abundance of unstructured or intrinsically disordered constituents. The combination of structured and disordered proteins within the KT results in an assembled system that is functionally greater than the sum of its parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux R Audett
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, U.S.A
| | - Thomas J Maresca
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, U.S.A
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152
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Dalton RM, Krishnan HS, Parker VS, Catanese MC, Hooker JM. Coevolution of Atomic Resolution and Whole-Brain Imaging for Tau Neurofibrillary Tangles. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:2513-2522. [PMID: 32786315 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) imaging methods at the distinct scales of atomic and whole-brain resolutions have coevolved rapidly. Linking these two areas of research provides insight into how and why certain tau radiotracers, using positron emission tomography (PET), bind selectively to certain morphological forms of the NFT fibril. In this Review, a brief history and background for each research area is presented leading to a summary of the current state of knowledge, with a synopsis of PET NFT radiotracers and an outlook for near-term research efforts. The continued integration of information provided at the level of each of these scales of resolution will catalyze the next generation of clinical imaging technique development and enhance our interpretations of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raeann M. Dalton
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Hema S. Krishnan
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Victoria S. Parker
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Mary C. Catanese
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Jacob M. Hooker
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
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153
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Drummond E, Pires G, MacMurray C, Askenazi M, Nayak S, Bourdon M, Safar J, Ueberheide B, Wisniewski T. Phosphorylated tau interactome in the human Alzheimer's disease brain. Brain 2020; 143:2803-2817. [PMID: 32812023 PMCID: PMC7526722 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of phosphorylated tau is a key pathological feature of Alzheimer's disease. Phosphorylated tau accumulation causes synaptic impairment, neuronal dysfunction and formation of neurofibrillary tangles. The pathological actions of phosphorylated tau are mediated by surrounding neuronal proteins; however, a comprehensive understanding of the proteins that phosphorylated tau interacts with in Alzheimer's disease is surprisingly limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the phosphorylated tau interactome. To this end, we used two complementary proteomics approaches: (i) quantitative proteomics was performed on neurofibrillary tangles microdissected from patients with advanced Alzheimer's disease; and (ii) affinity purification-mass spectrometry was used to identify which of these proteins specifically bound to phosphorylated tau. We identified 542 proteins in neurofibrillary tangles. This included the abundant detection of many proteins known to be present in neurofibrillary tangles such as tau, ubiquitin, neurofilament proteins and apolipoprotein E. Affinity purification-mass spectrometry confirmed that 75 proteins present in neurofibrillary tangles interacted with PHF1-immunoreactive phosphorylated tau. Twenty-nine of these proteins have been previously associated with phosphorylated tau, therefore validating our proteomic approach. More importantly, 34 proteins had previously been associated with total tau, but not yet linked directly to phosphorylated tau (e.g. synaptic protein VAMP2, vacuolar-ATPase subunit ATP6V0D1); therefore, we provide new evidence that they directly interact with phosphorylated tau in Alzheimer's disease. In addition, we also identified 12 novel proteins, not previously known to be physiologically or pathologically associated with tau (e.g. RNA binding protein HNRNPA1). Network analysis showed that the phosphorylated tau interactome was enriched in proteins involved in the protein ubiquitination pathway and phagosome maturation. Importantly, we were able to pinpoint specific proteins that phosphorylated tau interacts with in these pathways for the first time, therefore providing novel potential pathogenic mechanisms that can be explored in future studies. Combined, our results reveal new potential drug targets for the treatment of tauopathies and provide insight into how phosphorylated tau mediates its toxicity in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Drummond
- Brain and Mind Centre and Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Geoffrey Pires
- Centre for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Alzheimer’s and Prion Diseases Team, Paris Brain Institute, CNRS, UMR 7225, INSERM 1127, Sorbonne University UM75, Paris, France
| | - Claire MacMurray
- Centre for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Shruti Nayak
- Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marie Bourdon
- Centre for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jiri Safar
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Beatrix Ueberheide
- Biomedical Hosting LLC, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Centre for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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154
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Kim YC, Jeong BH. In Silico Evaluation of Acetylation Mimics in the 27 Lysine Residues of Human Tau Protein. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 16:379-387. [PMID: 30907318 DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666190321161032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), are related to abnormal hyperphosphorylated microtubule-associated protein tau accumulation in brain lesions. Recent studies have focused on toxicity caused by another post-translational modification (PTM), acetylation of the lysine (K) residues of tau protein. Because there are numerous acetylation sites, several studies have introduced mimics of tau acetylation using amino acid substitutions from lysine to glutamine (Q). However, human tau protein contains over 20 acetylation sites; thus, investigation of the effects of an acetylated tau is difficult. OBJECTIVE Here, the authors in silico evaluated acetylation effects using SIFT, PolyPhen-2 and PROVEAN which can estimate the effects of amino acid substitutions based on the sequence homology or protein structure in tau isoforms. In addition, they also investigated 27 acetylation effects on the amyloid formation of tau proteins using Waltz. RESULTS 15 acetylation mimics were estimated to be the most detrimental, which indicates that there may be novel pathogenic acetylation sites in the human tau protein. Interestingly, the deleterious effect of acetylation mimics was different according to the type of isoforms. Furthermore, all acetylation mimics were predicted to be a region of amyloid formation at the codons 274-279 of human tau protein. Notably, acetylation mimic of codon 311 (K311Q) induced the formation of an additional amyloid region located on codons 306-311 of the human tau protein. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the first simultaneous in-silico evaluation of the acetylation state of 27 human tau protein residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Chan Kim
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-390, Korea.,Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, Korea
| | - Byung-Hoon Jeong
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-390, Korea.,Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, Korea
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155
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Dominguez-Meijide A, Vasili E, König A, Cima-Omori MS, Ibáñez de Opakua A, Leonov A, Ryazanov S, Zweckstetter M, Griesinger C, Outeiro TF. Effects of pharmacological modulators of α-synuclein and tau aggregation and internalization. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12827. [PMID: 32732936 PMCID: PMC7393090 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69744-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are common neurodegenerative disorders of the elderly and, therefore, affect a growing number of patients worldwide. Both diseases share, as a common hallmark, the accumulation of characteristic protein aggregates, known as Lewy bodies (LB) in PD, and neurofibrillary tangles in AD. LBs are primarily composed of misfolded α-synuclein (aSyn), and neurofibrillary tangles are primarily composed of tau protein. Importantly, upon pathological evaluation, most AD and PD/Lewy body dementia cases exhibit mixed pathology, with the co-occurrence of both LB and neurofibrillary tangles, among other protein inclusions. Recent studies suggest that both aSyn and tau pathology can spread and propagate through neuronal connections. Therefore, it is important to investigate the mechanisms underlying aggregation and propagation of these proteins for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Here, we assessed the effects of different pharmacological interventions on the aggregation and internalization of tau and aSyn. We found that anle138b and fulvic acid decrease aSyn and tau aggregation, that epigallocatechin gallate decreases aSyn aggregation, and that dynasore reduces tau internalization. Establishing the effects of small molecules with different chemical properties on the aggregation and spreading of aSyn and tau will be important for the development of future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Dominguez-Meijide
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.,Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, CIMUS, IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eftychia Vasili
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Annekatrin König
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maria-Sol Cima-Omori
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Von-Siebold-Str. 3a, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alain Ibáñez de Opakua
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Von-Siebold-Str. 3a, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrei Leonov
- Department for NMR-Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sergey Ryazanov
- Department for NMR-Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus Zweckstetter
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Von-Siebold-Str. 3a, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.,Department for NMR-Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, University of Göttingen, Waldweg 33, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Griesinger
- Department for NMR-Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tiago F Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Goettingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany. .,Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany. .,Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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156
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It's complicated: The relationship between sleep and Alzheimer's disease in humans. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 144:105031. [PMID: 32738506 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by an asymptomatic period of amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition as insoluble extracellular plaque, intracellular tau aggregation, neuronal and synaptic loss, and subsequent cognitive dysfunction and dementia. A growing public health crisis, the worldwide prevalence of AD is expected to rise from 46.8 million individuals affected in 2015 to 131.5 million in 2050. Sleep disturbances have been associated with increased future risk of AD. A bi-directional relationship is hypothesized between sleep and AD with sleep disturbances as either markers for AD pathology and/or a mechanism mediating increased risk of AD. In this review, the evidence in humans supporting this complex relationship between sleep and AD will be discussed as well as the therapeutic potential and challenges of treating sleep disturbances to prevent or delay the onset of AD.
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157
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Qi B, Jin S, Qian H, Zou Y. Bibliometric Analysis of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Research from 1999 to 2019. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17155411. [PMID: 32731338 PMCID: PMC7432826 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17155411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Research on chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) has increased over the past two decades. However, few studies have statistically analyzed these publications. In this work, we conducted a bibliometric analysis of studies on CTE to track research trends and highlight current research hotspots. Relevant original articles were obtained from the Web of Science Core Collection database between 1999 and 2019. CiteSpace and VOSviewer software were used to perform analysis and visualization of scientific productivity and emerging trends. Our results show that the publications related to CTE dramatically increased from four publications in 1999 to 160 publications in 2019. The United States dominated this field with 732 publications (75.934%), followed by Canada with 88 publications (9.129%). Most of related publications were published in the journals with a focus on molecular biology, immunology, neurology, sports and ophthalmology, as represented by the dual-map overlay. A total of 11 major clusters were explored based on the reference co-citation analysis. In addition, three predominant research topics were summarized by clustering high-frequency keywords: epidemiological, clinical and pathological studies. The research frontiers were the diagnosis of diseases using new neuroimaging techniques, and the investigation of the molecular mechanism of tau aggregation. This study provides researchers with valuable guidance in the selection of research topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bote Qi
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, 886 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Shuting Jin
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, 886 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Hongsheng Qian
- College of Physical Education, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Avenue, Wuhan 430079, China;
| | - Yu Zou
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, 886 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China;
- Correspondence:
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158
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Guo T, Zhang D, Zeng Y, Huang TY, Xu H, Zhao Y. Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2020; 15:40. [PMID: 32677986 PMCID: PMC7364557 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-020-00391-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder seen in age-dependent dementia. There is currently no effective treatment for AD, which may be attributed in part to lack of a clear underlying mechanism. Studies within the last few decades provide growing evidence for a central role of amyloid β (Aβ) and tau, as well as glial contributions to various molecular and cellular pathways in AD pathogenesis. Herein, we review recent progress with respect to Aβ- and tau-associated mechanisms, and discuss glial dysfunction in AD with emphasis on neuronal and glial receptors that mediate Aβ-induced toxicity. We also discuss other critical factors that may affect AD pathogenesis, including genetics, aging, variables related to environment, lifestyle habits, and describe the potential role of apolipoprotein E (APOE), viral and bacterial infection, sleep, and microbiota. Although we have gained much towards understanding various aspects underlying this devastating neurodegenerative disorder, greater commitment towards research in molecular mechanism, diagnostics and treatment will be needed in future AD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Guo
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Denghong Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuzhe Zeng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic Center of People's Liberation Army, The Affiliated Southeast Hospital of Xiamen University, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Timothy Y Huang
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
| | - Yingjun Zhao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
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159
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Zhernov I, Diez S, Braun M, Lansky Z. Intrinsically Disordered Domain of Kinesin-3 Kif14 Enables Unique Functional Diversity. Curr Biol 2020; 30:3342-3351.e5. [PMID: 32649913 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In addition to their force-generating motor domains, kinesin motor proteins feature various accessory domains enabling them to fulfill a variety of functions in the cell. Human kinesin-3, Kif14, localizes to the midbody of the mitotic spindle and is involved in the progression of cytokinesis. The specific motor properties enabling Kif14's cellular functions, however, remain unknown. Here, we show in vitro that the intrinsically disordered N-terminal domain of Kif14 enables unique functional diversity of the kinesin. Using single molecule TIRF microscopy, we found that Kif14 exists either as a diffusible monomer or as processive dimer and that the disordered domain (1) enables diffusibility of the monomeric Kif14, (2) renders the dimeric Kif14 super-processive and enables the kinesin to pass through highly crowded areas, (3) enables robust, autonomous Kif14 tracking of growing microtubule tips, independent of microtubule end-binding (EB) proteins, and (4) is sufficient to enable crosslinking of parallel microtubules and necessary to enable Kif14-driven sliding of antiparallel ones. We explain these features of Kif14 by the observed diffusible interaction of the disordered domain with the microtubule lattice and the observed increased affinity of the disordered domain for GTP-bound tubulin. We suggest that the disordered domain tethers the motor domain to the microtubule providing a diffusible foothold and a regulatory hub, tuning the kinesin's interaction with microtubules. Our findings thus exemplify pliable protein tethering as a fundamental mechanism of molecular motor regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia Zhernov
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Prague West, Czech Republic; Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 3, 121 16 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stefan Diez
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, TU Dresden, Tatzberg 41, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Tatzberg 47/49, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Marcus Braun
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Prague West, Czech Republic.
| | - Zdenek Lansky
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Prague West, Czech Republic.
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160
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Liquid-liquid phase separation in biology: mechanisms, physiological functions and human diseases. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 63:953-985. [PMID: 32548680 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1702-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cells are compartmentalized by numerous membrane-enclosed organelles and membraneless compartments to ensure that a wide variety of cellular activities occur in a spatially and temporally controlled manner. The molecular mechanisms underlying the dynamics of membrane-bound organelles, such as their fusion and fission, vesicle-mediated trafficking and membrane contactmediated inter-organelle interactions, have been extensively characterized. However, the molecular details of the assembly and functions of membraneless compartments remain elusive. Mounting evidence has emerged recently that a large number of membraneless compartments, collectively called biomacromolecular condensates, are assembled via liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). Phase-separated condensates participate in various biological activities, including higher-order chromatin organization, gene expression, triage of misfolded or unwanted proteins for autophagic degradation, assembly of signaling clusters and actin- and microtubule-based cytoskeletal networks, asymmetric segregations of cell fate determinants and formation of pre- and post-synaptic density signaling assemblies. Biomacromolecular condensates can transition into different material states such as gel-like structures and solid aggregates. The material properties of condensates are crucial for fulfilment of their distinct functions, such as biochemical reaction centers, signaling hubs and supporting architectures. Cells have evolved multiple mechanisms to ensure that biomacromolecular condensates are assembled and disassembled in a tightly controlled manner. Aberrant phase separation and transition are causatively associated with a variety of human diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases and cancers. This review summarizes recent major progress in elucidating the roles of LLPS in various biological pathways and diseases.
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161
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Hunter B, Allingham JS. These motors were made for walking. Protein Sci 2020; 29:1707-1723. [PMID: 32472639 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Kinesins are a diverse group of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent motor proteins that transport cargos along microtubules (MTs) and change the organization of MT networks. Shared among all kinesins is a ~40 kDa motor domain that has evolved an impressive assortment of motility and MT remodeling mechanisms as a result of subtle tweaks and edits within its sequence. Several elegant studies of different kinesin isoforms have exposed the purpose of structural changes in the motor domain as it engages and leaves the MT. However, few studies have compared the sequences and MT contacts of these kinesins systematically. Along with clever strategies to trap kinesin-tubulin complexes for X-ray crystallography, new advancements in cryo-electron microscopy have produced a burst of high-resolution structures that show kinesin-MT interfaces more precisely than ever. This review considers the MT interactions of kinesin subfamilies that exhibit significant differences in speed, processivity, and MT remodeling activity. We show how their sequence variations relate to their tubulin footprint and, in turn, how this explains the molecular activities of previously characterized mutants. As more high-resolution structures become available, this type of assessment will quicken the pace toward establishing each kinesin's design-function relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron Hunter
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - John S Allingham
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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162
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Xia Y, Prokop S, Gorion KMM, Kim JD, Sorrentino ZA, Bell BM, Manaois AN, Chakrabarty P, Davies P, Giasson BI. Tau Ser208 phosphorylation promotes aggregation and reveals neuropathologic diversity in Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:88. [PMID: 32571418 PMCID: PMC7310041 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-00967-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tau protein abnormally aggregates in tauopathies, a diverse group of neurologic diseases that includes Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In early stages of disease, tau becomes hyperphosphorylated and mislocalized, which can contribute to its aggregation and toxicity. We demonstrate that tau phosphorylation at Ser208 (pSer208) promotes microtubule dysfunction and tau aggregation in cultured cells. Comparative assessment of the epitopes recognized by antibodies AT8, CP13, and 7F2 demonstrates that CP13 and 7F2 are specific for tau phosphorylation at Ser202 and Thr205, respectively, independently of the phosphorylation state of adjacent phosphorylation sites. Supporting the involvement of pSer208 in tau pathology, a novel monoclonal antibody 3G12 specific for tau phosphorylation at Ser208 revealed strong reactivity of tau inclusions in the brains of PS19 and rTg4510 transgenic mouse models of tauopathy. 3G12 also labelled neurofibrillary tangles in brains of patients with AD but revealed differential staining compared to CP13 and 7F2 for other types of tau pathologies such as in neuropil threads and neuritic plaques in AD, tufted astrocytes in progressive supranuclear palsy and astrocytic plaques in corticobasal degeneration. These results support the hypothesis that tau phosphorylation at Ser208 strongly contributes to unique types of tau aggregation and may be a reliable marker for the presence of mature neurofibrillary tangles.
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163
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Braun M, Diez S, Lansky Z. Cytoskeletal organization through multivalent interactions. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/12/jcs234393. [PMID: 32540925 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.234393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeleton consists of polymeric protein filaments with periodic lattices displaying identical binding sites, which establish a multivalent platform for the binding of a plethora of filament-associated ligand proteins. Multivalent ligand proteins can tether themselves to the filaments through one of their binding sites, resulting in an enhanced reaction kinetics for the remaining binding sites. In this Opinion, we discuss a number of cytoskeletal phenomena underpinned by such multivalent interactions, namely (1) generation of entropic forces by filament crosslinkers, (2) processivity of molecular motors, (3) spatial sorting of proteins, and (4) concentration-dependent unbinding of filament-associated proteins. These examples highlight that cytoskeletal filaments constitute the basis for the formation of microenvironments, which cytoskeletal ligand proteins can associate with and, once engaged, can act within at altered reaction kinetics. We thus argue that multivalency is one of the properties crucial for the functionality of the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Braun
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, 25250 Vestec, Prague West, Czech Republic
| | - Stefan Diez
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany .,Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Zdenek Lansky
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, 25250 Vestec, Prague West, Czech Republic
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164
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Barracchia CG, Tira R, Parolini F, Munari F, Bubacco L, Spyroulias GA, D’Onofrio M, Assfalg M. Unsaturated Fatty Acid-Induced Conformational Transitions and Aggregation of the Repeat Domain of Tau. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112716. [PMID: 32545360 PMCID: PMC7321374 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The intrinsically disordered, amyloidogenic protein Tau associates with diverse classes of molecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. Mounting evidence suggests that fatty acid molecules could play a role in the dysfunction of this protein, however, their interaction with Tau remains poorly characterized. Methods: In a bid to elucidate the association of Tau with unsaturated fatty acids at the sub-molecular level, we carried out a variety of solution NMR experiments in combination with circular dichroism and fluorescence measurements. Our study shows that Tau4RD, the highly basic four-repeat domain of Tau, associates strongly with arachidonic and oleic acid assemblies in a high lipid/protein ratio, perturbing their supramolecular states and itself undergoing time-dependent structural adaptation. The structural signatures of Tau4RD/fatty acid aggregates appear similar for arachidonic acid and oleic acid, however, they are distinct from those of another prototypical intrinsically disordered protein, α-synuclein, when bound to these lipids, revealing protein-specific conformational adaptations. Both fatty acid molecules are found to invariably promote the self-aggregation of Tau4RD and of α-synuclein. Conclusions: This study describes the reciprocal influence that Tau4RD and fatty acids exert on their conformational states, contributing to our understanding of fundamental aspects of Tau/lipid co-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Giorgio Barracchia
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (C.G.B.); (R.T.); (F.P.); (F.M.); (M.D.)
| | - Roberto Tira
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (C.G.B.); (R.T.); (F.P.); (F.M.); (M.D.)
| | - Francesca Parolini
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (C.G.B.); (R.T.); (F.P.); (F.M.); (M.D.)
| | - Francesca Munari
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (C.G.B.); (R.T.); (F.P.); (F.M.); (M.D.)
| | - Luigi Bubacco
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | | | - Mariapina D’Onofrio
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (C.G.B.); (R.T.); (F.P.); (F.M.); (M.D.)
| | - Michael Assfalg
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (C.G.B.); (R.T.); (F.P.); (F.M.); (M.D.)
- Correspondence:
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165
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Seyedrazizadeh SZ, Poosti S, Nazari A, Alikhani M, Shekari F, Pakdel F, Shahpasand K, Satarian L, Baharvand H. Extracellular vesicles derived from human ES-MSCs protect retinal ganglion cells and preserve retinal function in a rodent model of optic nerve injury. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:203. [PMID: 32460894 PMCID: PMC7251703 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01702-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Retinal and/or optic nerve injury is one of the leading causes of blindness due to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration. There have been extensive efforts to suppress this neurodegeneration. Various somatic tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) demonstrated significant neuroprotective and axogenic effects on RGCs. An alternative source of MSCs could be human embryonic stem cells (ES-MSCs), which proliferate faster, express lower levels of inflammatory cytokines, and are capable of immune modulation. It has been demonstrated that MSCs secrete factors or extracellular vesicles that may heal the injury. However, possible therapeutic effects and underlying mechanism of human ES-MSC extracellular vesicles (EVs) on optic nerve injury have not been assessed. Methods EVs were isolated from human ES-MSCs. Then, ES-MSC EV was applied to an optic nerve crush (ONC) mouse model. Immunohistofluorescence, retro- and anterograde tracing of RGCs, Western blot, tauopathy in RGCs, and function assessments were performed during 2-month post-treatment to evaluate ONC improvement and underlying mechanism of human ES-MSC EV in in vivo. Results We found that the ES-MSC EV significantly improved Brn3a+ RGCs survival and retro- and anterograde tracing of RGCs, while preventing retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) degenerative thinning compared to the vehicle group. The EVs also significantly promoted GAP43+ axon counts in the optic nerve and improved cognitive visual behavior. Furthermore, cis p-tau, a central mediator of neurodegeneration in the injured RGCs, is detectable after the ONC at the early stages demonstrated tauopathy in RGCs. Notably, after EV treatment cis p-tau was downregulated. Conclusions Our findings propose that human ES-MSC EVs, as an off-the-shelf and cell-free product, may have profound clinical implications in treating injured RGCs and degenerative ocular disease. Moreover, the possible mechanisms of human ES-MSC EV are related to the rescue of tauopathy process of RGC degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh-Zahra Seyedrazizadeh
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Poosti
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdoreza Nazari
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Alikhani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Shekari
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Pakdel
- Ophthalmology Department, Eye Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Koorosh Shahpasand
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Satarian
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran.
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166
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Bigman LS, Levy Y. Protein Diffusion on Charged Biopolymers: DNA versus Microtubule. Biophys J 2020; 118:3008-3018. [PMID: 32492371 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein diffusion in lower-dimensional spaces is used for various cellular functions. For example, sliding on DNA is essential for proteins searching for their target sites, and protein diffusion on microtubules is important for proper cell division and neuronal development. On the one hand, these linear diffusion processes are mediated by long-range electrostatic interactions between positively charged proteins and negatively charged biopolymers and have similar characteristic diffusion coefficients. On the other hand, DNA and microtubules have different structural properties. Here, using computational approaches, we studied the mechanism of protein diffusion along DNA and microtubules by exploring the diffusion of both protein types on both biopolymers. We found that DNA-binding and microtubule-binding proteins can diffuse on each other's substrates; however, the adopted diffusion mechanism depends on the molecular properties of the diffusing proteins and the biopolymers. On the protein side, only DNA-binding proteins can perform rotation-coupled diffusion along DNA, with this being due to their higher net charge and its spatial organization at the DNA recognition helix. By contrast, the lower net charge on microtubule-binding proteins enables them to diffuse more quickly than DNA-binding proteins on both biopolymers. On the biopolymer side, microtubules possess intrinsically disordered, negatively charged C-terminal tails that interact with microtubule-binding proteins, thus supporting their diffusion. Thus, although both DNA-binding and microtubule-binding proteins can diffuse on the negatively charged biopolymers, the unique molecular features of the biopolymers and of their natural substrates are essential for function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavi S Bigman
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yaakov Levy
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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167
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Fischer I, Baas PW. Resurrecting the Mysteries of Big Tau. Trends Neurosci 2020; 43:493-504. [PMID: 32434664 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tau, a microtubule-associated protein that modifies the dynamic properties and organization of microtubules in neurons and affects axonal transport, shows remarkable heterogeneity, with multiple isoforms (45-65 kDa) generated by alternative splicing. A high-molecular-weight (HMW) isoform (110 kDa) that contains an additional large exon termed 4a was discovered more than 25 years ago. This isoform, called Big tau, is expressed mainly in the adult peripheral nervous system (PNS), but also in adult neurons of the central nervous system (CNS) that extend processes into the periphery. Surprisingly little has been learned about Big tau since its initial characterization, leaving a significant gap in knowledge about how the dramatic switch to Big tau affects the properties of neurons in the context of development, disease, or injury. Here we review what was learned about the structure and distribution of Big tau in those earlier studies, and add contemporary insights to resurrect interest in the mysteries of Big tau and thereby set a path for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itzhak Fischer
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA.
| | - Peter W Baas
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA.
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168
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Brunello CA, Merezhko M, Uronen RL, Huttunen HJ. Mechanisms of secretion and spreading of pathological tau protein. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:1721-1744. [PMID: 31667556 PMCID: PMC7190606 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03349-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of misfolded and aggregated forms of tau protein in the brain is a neuropathological hallmark of tauopathies, such as Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Tau aggregates have the ability to transfer from one cell to another and to induce templated misfolding and aggregation of healthy tau molecules in previously healthy cells, thereby propagating tau pathology across different brain areas in a prion-like manner. The molecular mechanisms involved in cell-to-cell transfer of tau aggregates are diverse, not mutually exclusive and only partially understood. Intracellular accumulation of misfolded tau induces several mechanisms that aim to reduce the cellular burden of aggregated proteins and also promote secretion of tau aggregates. However, tau may also be released from cells physiologically unrelated to protein aggregation. Tau secretion involves multiple vesicular and non-vesicle-mediated pathways, including secretion directly through the plasma membrane. Consequently, extracellular tau can be found in various forms, both as a free protein and in vesicles, such as exosomes and ectosomes. Once in the extracellular space, tau aggregates can be internalized by neighboring cells, both neurons and glial cells, via endocytic, pinocytic and phagocytic mechanisms. Importantly, accumulating evidence suggests that prion-like propagation of misfolding protein pathology could provide a general mechanism for disease progression in tauopathies and other related neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we review the recent literature on cellular mechanisms involved in cell-to-cell transfer of tau, with a particular focus in tau secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia A Brunello
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Merezhko
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka-Liisa Uronen
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henri J Huttunen
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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169
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Cheng H, Gang X, Liu Y, Wang G, Zhao X, Wang G. Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a key role in the development of neurodegenerative diseases in diabetes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 318:E750-E764. [PMID: 31714795 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00179.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria have an essential function in cell survival due to their role in bioenergetics, reactive oxygen species generation, calcium buffering, and other metabolic activities. Mitochondrial dysfunctions are commonly found in neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), and diabetes is a risk factor for NDs. However, the role of mitochondria in diabetic neurodegeneration is still unclear. In the present study, we review the latest evidence on the role of mitochondrial dysfunctions in the development of diabetes-related NDs and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Hypoglycemic agents, especially metformin, have been proven to have neuroprotective effects in the treatment of diabetes, in which mitochondria could act as one of the underlying mechanisms. Other hypoglycemic agents, including thiazolidinediones (TZDs), dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, have gained more attention because of their beneficial effects on NDs, presumably by improving mitochondrial function. Our review highlights the notion that mitochondria could be a promising therapeutic target in the treatment of NDs in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaokun Gang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujia Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Guixia Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
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170
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Penke B, Szűcs M, Bogár F. Oligomerization and Conformational Change Turn Monomeric β-Amyloid and Tau Proteins Toxic: Their Role in Alzheimer's Pathogenesis. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071659. [PMID: 32260279 PMCID: PMC7180792 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural polymorphism and the physiological and pathophysiological roles of two important proteins, β-amyloid (Aβ) and tau, that play a key role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are reviewed. Recent results demonstrate that monomeric Aβ has important physiological functions. Toxic oligomeric Aβ assemblies (AβOs) may play a decisive role in AD pathogenesis. The polymorph fibrillar Aβ (fAβ) form has a very ordered cross-β structure and is assumed to be non-toxic. Tau monomers also have several important physiological actions; however, their oligomerization leads to toxic oligomers (TauOs). Further polymerization results in probably non-toxic fibrillar structures, among others neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Their structure was determined by cryo-electron microscopy at atomic level. Both AβOs and TauOs may initiate neurodegenerative processes, and their interactions and crosstalk determine the pathophysiological changes in AD. TauOs (perhaps also AβO) have prionoid character, and they may be responsible for cell-to-cell spreading of the disease. Both extra- and intracellular AβOs and TauOs (and not the previously hypothesized amyloid plaques and NFTs) may represent the novel targets of AD drug research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botond Penke
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (M.S.); (F.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mária Szűcs
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (M.S.); (F.B.)
| | - Ferenc Bogár
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (M.S.); (F.B.)
- MTA-SZTE Biomimetic Systems Research Group, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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171
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Abstract
The intracellular transport system in neurons is specialized to an extraordinary degree, enabling the delivery of critical cargo to sites in axons or dendrites that are far removed from the cell center. Vesicles formed in the cell body are actively transported by kinesin motors along axonal microtubules to presynaptic sites that can be located more than a meter away. Both growth factors and degradative vesicles carrying aged organelles or aggregated proteins take the opposite route, driven by dynein motors. Distance is not the only challenge; precise delivery of cargos to sites of need must also be accomplished. For example, localized delivery of presynaptic components to hundreds of thousands of "en passant" synapses distributed along the length of a single axon in some neuronal subtypes provides a layer of complexity that must be successfully navigated to maintain synaptic transmission. We review recent advances in the field of axonal transport, with a focus on conceptual developments, and highlight our growing quantitative understanding of neuronal trafficking and its role in maintaining the synaptic function that underlies higher cognitive processes such as learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Guedes-Dias
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technische Universität München, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Erika L F Holzbaur
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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172
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Common Functions of Disordered Proteins across Evolutionary Distant Organisms. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062105. [PMID: 32204351 PMCID: PMC7139818 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins and regions typically lack a well-defined structure and thus fall outside the scope of the classic sequence–structure–function relationship. Hence, classic sequence- or structure-based bioinformatic approaches are often not well suited to identify homology or predict the function of unknown intrinsically disordered proteins. Here, we give selected examples of intrinsic disorder in plant proteins and present how protein function is shared, altered or distinct in evolutionary distant organisms. Furthermore, we explore how examining the specific role of disorder across different phyla can provide a better understanding of the common features that protein disorder contributes to the respective biological mechanism.
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173
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Cianfrocco MA, Kellogg EH. What Could Go Wrong? A Practical Guide to Single-Particle Cryo-EM: From Biochemistry to Atomic Models. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:2458-2469. [PMID: 32078321 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b01178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has enjoyed explosive recent growth due to revolutionary advances in hardware and software, resulting in a steady stream of long-awaited, high-resolution structures with unprecedented atomic detail. With this comes an increased number of microscopes, cryo-EM facilities, and scientists eager to leverage the ability to determine protein structures without crystallization. However, numerous pitfalls and considerations beset the path toward high-resolution structures and are not necessarily obvious from literature surveys. Here, we detail the most common misconceptions when initiating a cryo-EM project and common technical hurdles, as well as their solutions, and we conclude with a vision for the future of this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Cianfrocco
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Elizabeth H Kellogg
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics,Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
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174
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Liu W, Hu X, Zhou L, Tu Y, Shi S, Yao T. Orientation-Inspired Perspective on Molecular Inhibitor of Tau Aggregation by Curcumin Conjugated with Ruthenium(II) Complex Scaffold. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:2343-2353. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b11705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Liu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, 200092 Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xiaochun Hu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, 200092 Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Lulu Zhou
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, 200092 Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Ying Tu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, 200092 Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Shuo Shi
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, 200092 Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Tianming Yao
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, 200092 Shanghai, P.R. China
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175
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Haj‐Yahya M, Gopinath P, Rajasekhar K, Mirbaha H, Diamond MI, Lashuel HA. Site-Specific Hyperphosphorylation Inhibits, Rather than Promotes, Tau Fibrillization, Seeding Capacity, and Its Microtubule Binding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:4059-4067. [PMID: 31863676 PMCID: PMC7065254 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The consistent observation of phosphorylated tau in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease has contributed to the emergence of a model where hyperphosphorylation triggers both tau disassociation from microtubules and its subsequent aggregation. Herein, we applied a total chemical synthetic approach to site-specifically phosphorylate the microtubule binding repeat domain of tau (K18) at single (pS356) or multiple (pS356/pS262 and pS356/pS262/pS258) residues. We show that hyperphosphorylation of K18 inhibits 1) its aggregation in vitro, 2) its seeding activity in cells, 3) its binding to microtubules, and 4) its ability to promote microtubule polymerization. The inhibition increased with increasing the number of phosphorylated sites, with phosphorylation at S262 having the strongest effect. Our results argue against the hyperphosphorylation hypothesis and underscore the importance of revisiting the role of site-specific hyperphosphorylation in regulating tau functions in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Haj‐Yahya
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of NeurodegenerationBrain Mind InstituteFaculty of Life SciencesEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne1015LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Pushparathinam Gopinath
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of NeurodegenerationBrain Mind InstituteFaculty of Life SciencesEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne1015LausanneSwitzerland
- Current Address: Department of ChemistrySRM Institute of Science and TechnologyChennaiTamilNaduIndia
| | - Kolla Rajasekhar
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of NeurodegenerationBrain Mind InstituteFaculty of Life SciencesEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne1015LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Hilda Mirbaha
- Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative DiseasesPeter O'Donnell Jr. Brain InstituteUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTX75390USA
| | - Marc I. Diamond
- Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative DiseasesPeter O'Donnell Jr. Brain InstituteUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTX75390USA
| | - Hilal A. Lashuel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of NeurodegenerationBrain Mind InstituteFaculty of Life SciencesEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne1015LausanneSwitzerland
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176
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Rai A, Liu T, Glauser S, Katrukha EA, Estévez-Gallego J, Rodríguez-García R, Fang WS, Díaz JF, Steinmetz MO, Altmann KH, Kapitein LC, Moores CA, Akhmanova A. Taxanes convert regions of perturbed microtubule growth into rescue sites. NATURE MATERIALS 2020; 19:355-365. [PMID: 31819210 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0546-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are polymers of tubulin dimers, and conformational transitions in the microtubule lattice drive microtubule dynamic instability and affect various aspects of microtubule function. The exact nature of these transitions and their modulation by anticancer drugs such as Taxol and epothilone, which can stabilize microtubules but also perturb their growth, are poorly understood. Here, we directly visualize the action of fluorescent Taxol and epothilone derivatives and show that microtubules can transition to a state that triggers cooperative drug binding to form regions with altered lattice conformation. Such regions emerge at growing microtubule ends that are in a pre-catastrophe state, and inhibit microtubule growth and shortening. Electron microscopy and in vitro dynamics data indicate that taxane accumulation zones represent incomplete tubes that can persist, incorporate tubulin dimers and repeatedly induce microtubule rescues. Thus, taxanes modulate the material properties of microtubules by converting destabilized growing microtubule ends into regions resistant to depolymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Rai
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Tianyang Liu
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
| | - Simon Glauser
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eugene A Katrukha
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Juan Estévez-Gallego
- Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruddi Rodríguez-García
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wei-Shuo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - J Fernando Díaz
- Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michel O Steinmetz
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Biozentrum, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Heinz Altmann
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas C Kapitein
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Carolyn A Moores
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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177
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Weickert S, Wawrzyniuk M, John LH, Rüdiger SGD, Drescher M. The mechanism of Hsp90-induced oligomerizaton of Tau. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaax6999. [PMID: 32201713 PMCID: PMC7069708 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax6999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Aggregation of the microtubule-associated protein Tau is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease with Tau oligomers suspected as the most toxic agent. Tau is a client of the molecular chaperone Hsp90, although it is unclear whether and how the chaperone massages the structure of intrinsically disordered Tau. Using electron paramagnetic resonance, we extract structural information from the very broad conformational ensemble of Tau: Tau in solution is highly dynamic and polymorphic, although "paper clip"-shaped by long-range contacts. Interaction with Hsp90 promotes an open Tau conformation, which we identify as the molecular basis for the formation of small Tau oligomers by exposure of the aggregation-prone repeat domain to other Tau molecules. At the same time, formation of Tau fibrils is inhibited. We therefore provide the nanometer-scale zoom into chaperoning an amyloid client, highlighting formation of oligomers as the consequence of this biologically relevant interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Weickert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB), University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - M. Wawrzyniuk
- Cellular Protein Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - L. H. John
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - S. G. D. Rüdiger
- Cellular Protein Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - M. Drescher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB), University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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178
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The tubulin code and its role in controlling microtubule properties and functions. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:307-326. [PMID: 32107477 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-020-0214-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are core components of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton with essential roles in cell division, shaping, motility and intracellular transport. Despite their functional heterogeneity, microtubules have a highly conserved structure made from almost identical molecular building blocks: the tubulin proteins. Alternative tubulin isotypes and a variety of post-translational modifications control the properties and functions of the microtubule cytoskeleton, a concept known as the 'tubulin code'. Here we review the current understanding of the molecular components of the tubulin code and how they impact microtubule properties and functions. We discuss how tubulin isotypes and post-translational modifications control microtubule behaviour at the molecular level and how this translates into physiological functions at the cellular and organism levels. We then go on to show how fine-tuning of microtubule function by some tubulin modifications can affect homeostasis and how perturbation of this fine-tuning can lead to a range of dysfunctions, many of which are linked to human disease.
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179
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Luan B, Cheng S. Potential interference with microtubule assembly by graphene: a tug-of-war. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:4968-4974. [PMID: 32055814 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr10234e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
With the ever-increasing demand for graphene-based materials and their promising applications in numerous nanotechnologies, the biological effects of graphene on living systems have become crucial and ought to be well understood. Previously, both the cytotoxicity of graphene towards biological cells and its potential application as a nanomedicine have been revealed experimentally and theoretically. Besides many existing anticancer drugs that target microtubules, here we investigate the possibility of using graphene as a nanomedicine, which could alter the dynamic assembly and disassembly of a microtubule. We found that when a graphene nanosheet is at the hydrophilic interface of two neighboring heterodimers (containing α and β tubulins), it can pull one dimer away from the other through a "tug-of-war" mechanism, driven by the strong dispersive interaction exerted by the surface of the graphene nanosheet. This work demonstrates that based on the existing methods for mitigating graphene's cytotoxicity (already developed in this field), a graphene-based nanomedicine could be designed to target microtubules of cancer cells and induce cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binquan Luan
- IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, 1101 Kitchawan Road, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA.
| | - Shengfeng Cheng
- Department of Physics, Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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180
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Monroy BY, Tan TC, Oclaman JM, Han JS, Simó S, Niwa S, Nowakowski DW, McKenney RJ, Ori-McKenney KM. A Combinatorial MAP Code Dictates Polarized Microtubule Transport. Dev Cell 2020; 53:60-72.e4. [PMID: 32109385 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Many eukaryotic cells distribute their intracellular components asymmetrically through regulated active transport driven by molecular motors along microtubule tracks. While intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of motor activity exists, what governs the overall distribution of activated motor-cargo complexes within cells remains unclear. Here, we utilize in vitro reconstitution of purified motor proteins and non-enzymatic microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) to demonstrate that MAPs exhibit distinct influences on the motility of the three main classes of transport motors: kinesin-1, kinesin-3, and cytoplasmic dynein. Further, we dissect how combinations of MAPs affect motors and unveil MAP9 as a positive modulator of kinesin-3 motility. From these data, we propose a general "MAP code" that has the capacity to strongly bias directed movement along microtubules and helps elucidate the intricate intracellular sorting observed in highly polarized cells such as neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigette Y Monroy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Tracy C Tan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Janah May Oclaman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jisoo S Han
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sergi Simó
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Shinsuke Niwa
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences (FRIS), Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan
| | | | - Richard J McKenney
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kassandra M Ori-McKenney
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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181
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Wang K, Liu JQ, Zhong T, Liu XL, Zeng Y, Qiao X, Xie T, Chen Y, Gao YY, Tang B, Li J, Zhou J, Pang DW, Chen J, Chen C, Liang Y. Phase Separation and Cytotoxicity of Tau are Modulated by Protein Disulfide Isomerase and S-nitrosylation of this Molecular Chaperone. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:2141-2163. [PMID: 32087196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cells have evolved molecular chaperones that modulate phase separation and misfolding of amyloidogenic proteins to prevent neurodegenerative diseases. Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), mainly located at the endoplasmic reticulum and also present in the cytosol, acts as both an enzyme and a molecular chaperone. PDI is observed to be S-nitrosylated in the brain of Alzheimer's disease patients, but the mechanism has remained elusive. We herein report that both wild-type PDI and its quadruple cysteine mutant only having chaperone activity, significantly inhibit pathological phosphorylation and abnormal aggregation of Tau in cells, and significantly decrease the mitochondrial damage and Tau cytotoxicity resulting from Tau aberrant aggregation, highlighting the chaperone property of PDI. More importantly, we show that wild-type PDI is selectively recruited by liquid droplets of Tau, which significantly inhibits phase separation and stress granule formation of Tau, whereas S-nitrosylation of PDI abrogates the recruitment and inhibition. These findings demonstrate how phase separation of Tau is physiologically regulated by PDI and how S-nitrosylation of PDI, a perturbation in this regulation, leads to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jia-Qi Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Tao Zhong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xinhua Qiao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ting Xie
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuzhe Chen
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ying-Ying Gao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Bo Tang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jia Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Dai-Wen Pang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Chang Chen
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yi Liang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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182
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Roberts M, Sevastou I, Imaizumi Y, Mistry K, Talma S, Dey M, Gartlon J, Ochiai H, Zhou Z, Akasofu S, Tokuhara N, Ogo M, Aoyama M, Aoyagi H, Strand K, Sajedi E, Agarwala KL, Spidel J, Albone E, Horie K, Staddon JM, de Silva R. Pre-clinical characterisation of E2814, a high-affinity antibody targeting the microtubule-binding repeat domain of tau for passive immunotherapy in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:13. [PMID: 32019610 PMCID: PMC7001291 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-0884-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Tau deposition in the brain is a pathological hallmark of many neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). During the course of these tauopathies, tau spreads throughout the brain via synaptically-connected pathways. Such propagation of pathology is thought to be mediated by tau species ("seeds") containing the microtubule binding region (MTBR) composed of either three repeat (3R) or four repeat (4R) isoforms. The tau MTBR also forms the core of the neuropathological filaments identified in AD brain and other tauopathies. Multiple approaches are being taken to limit tau pathology, including immunotherapy with anti-tau antibodies. Given its key structural role within fibrils, specifically targetting the MTBR with a therapeutic antibody to inhibit tau seeding and aggregation may be a promising strategy to provide disease-modifying treatment for AD and other tauopathies. Therefore, a monoclonal antibody generating campaign was initiated with focus on the MTBR. Herein we describe the pre-clinical generation and characterisation of E2814, a humanised, high affinity, IgG1 antibody recognising the tau MTBR. E2814 and its murine precursor, 7G6, as revealed by epitope mapping, are antibodies bi-epitopic for 4R and mono-epitopic for 3R tau isoforms because they bind to sequence motif HVPGG. Functionally, both antibodies inhibited tau aggregation in vitro. They also immunodepleted a variety of MTBR-containing tau protein species. In an in vivo model of tau seeding and transmission, attenuation of deposition of sarkosyl-insoluble tau in brain could also be observed in response to antibody treatment. In AD brain, E2814 bound different types of tau filaments as shown by immunogold labelling and recognised pathological tau structures by immunohistochemical staining. Tau fragments containing HVPGG epitopes were also found to be elevated in AD brain compared to PSP or control. Taken together, the data reported here have led to E2814 being proposed for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Roberts
- Hatfield Research Laboratories, Eisai Limited, Hatfield, UK.
| | - Ioanna Sevastou
- Reta Lila Weston Institute & Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield Street, London, UK
| | | | - Kavita Mistry
- Hatfield Research Laboratories, Eisai Limited, Hatfield, UK
| | - Sonia Talma
- Hatfield Research Laboratories, Eisai Limited, Hatfield, UK
| | - Madhurima Dey
- Hatfield Research Laboratories, Eisai Limited, Hatfield, UK
| | - Jane Gartlon
- Hatfield Research Laboratories, Eisai Limited, Hatfield, UK
| | - Hiroshi Ochiai
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shigeru Akasofu
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Naoki Tokuhara
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Makoto Ogo
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Muneo Aoyama
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Aoyagi
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kate Strand
- Reta Lila Weston Institute & Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield Street, London, UK
| | - Ezat Sajedi
- Reta Lila Weston Institute & Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield Street, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Kanta Horie
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Rohan de Silva
- Reta Lila Weston Institute & Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield Street, London, UK.
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183
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Ramesh M, Gopinath P, Govindaraju T. Role of Post-translational Modifications in Alzheimer's Disease. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1052-1079. [PMID: 31863723 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The global burden of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is growing. Valiant efforts to develop clinical candidates for treatment have continuously met with failure. Currently available palliative treatments are temporary and there is a constant need to search for reliable disease pathways, biomarkers and drug targets for developing diagnostic and therapeutic tools to address the unmet medical needs of AD. Challenges in drug-discovery efforts raise further questions about the strategies of current conventional diagnosis; drug design; and understanding of disease pathways, biomarkers and targets. In this context, post-translational modifications (PTMs) regulate protein trafficking, function and degradation, and their in-depth study plays a significant role in the identification of novel biomarkers and drug targets. Aberrant PTMs of disease-relevant proteins could trigger pathological pathways, leading to disease progression. Advancements in proteomics enable the generation of patterns or signatures of such modifications, and thus, provide a versatile platform to develop biomarkers based on PTMs. In addition, understanding and targeting the aberrant PTMs of various proteins provide viable avenues for addressing AD drug-discovery challenges. This review highlights numerous PTMs of proteins relevant to AD and provides an overview of their adverse effects on the protein structure, function and aggregation propensity that contribute to the disease pathology. A critical discussion offers suggestions of methods to develop PTM signatures and interfere with aberrant PTMs to develop viable diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Ramesh
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur P.O., Bengaluru, 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Pushparathinam Gopinath
- Department of Chemistry, SRM-Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Thimmaiah Govindaraju
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur P.O., Bengaluru, 560064, Karnataka, India
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184
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Haj‐Yahya M, Gopinath P, Rajasekhar K, Mirbaha H, Diamond MI, Lashuel HA. Site‐Specific Hyperphosphorylation Inhibits, Rather than Promotes, Tau Fibrillization, Seeding Capacity, and Its Microtubule Binding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Haj‐Yahya
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration Brain Mind Institute Faculty of Life Sciences Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Pushparathinam Gopinath
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration Brain Mind Institute Faculty of Life Sciences Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
- Current Address: Department of Chemistry SRM Institute of Science and Technology Chennai TamilNadu India
| | - Kolla Rajasekhar
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration Brain Mind Institute Faculty of Life Sciences Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Hilda Mirbaha
- Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX 75390 USA
| | - Marc I. Diamond
- Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX 75390 USA
| | - Hilal A. Lashuel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration Brain Mind Institute Faculty of Life Sciences Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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185
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Fung HYJ, McKibben KM, Ramirez J, Gupta K, Rhoades E. Structural Characterization of Tau in Fuzzy Tau:Tubulin Complexes. Structure 2020; 28:378-384.e4. [PMID: 31995742 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Tau is a neuronal microtubule (MT)-associated protein of significant interest due to its association with several neurodegenerative disorders. Tau's intrinsic disorder and the dynamic nature of its interactions with tubulin and MTs make its structural characterization challenging. Here, we use an environmentally sensitive fluorophore as a site-specific probe of tau bound to soluble tubulin. Comparison of our results with a recently published tau:MT cryoelectron microscopy model reveals structural similarities between tubulin- and MT-bound tau. Analysis of residues across the repeat regions reveals a hierarchy in tubulin occupancy, which may be relevant to tau's ability to differentiate between tubulin and MTs. As binding to soluble tubulin is a critical first step in MT polymerization, our characterization of the structural features of tau in dynamic, fuzzy tau:tubulin assemblies advances our understanding of how tau functions in the cell and how function may be disrupted in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Yee Joyce Fung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kristen M McKibben
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jennifer Ramirez
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kushol Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elizabeth Rhoades
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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186
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Khalifa AAZ, Ichikawa M, Dai D, Kubo S, Black CS, Peri K, McAlear TS, Veyron S, Yang SK, Vargas J, Bechstedt S, Trempe JF, Bui KH. The inner junction complex of the cilia is an interaction hub that involves tubulin post-translational modifications. eLife 2020; 9:e52760. [PMID: 31951202 PMCID: PMC6994238 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are cytoskeletal structures involved in stability, transport and organization in the cell. The building blocks, the α- and β-tubulin heterodimers, form protofilaments that associate laterally into the hollow microtubule. Microtubule also exists as highly stable doublet microtubules in the cilia where stability is needed for ciliary beating and function. The doublet microtubule maintains its stability through interactions at its inner and outer junctions where its A- and B-tubules meet. Here, using cryo-electron microscopy, bioinformatics and mass spectrometry of the doublets of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Tetrahymena thermophila, we identified two new inner junction proteins, FAP276 and FAP106, and an inner junction-associated protein, FAP126, thus presenting the complete answer to the inner junction identity and localization. Our structural study of the doublets shows that the inner junction serves as an interaction hub that involves tubulin post-translational modifications. These interactions contribute to the stability of the doublet and hence, normal ciliary motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Abdelzaher Zaki Khalifa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyMcGill UniversityQuébecCanada
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale - FRQSMcGill UniversityQuébecCanada
| | | | - Daniel Dai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyMcGill UniversityQuébecCanada
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale - FRQSMcGill UniversityQuébecCanada
| | - Shintaroh Kubo
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale - FRQSMcGill UniversityQuébecCanada
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of ScienceKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Corbin Steven Black
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyMcGill UniversityQuébecCanada
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale - FRQSMcGill UniversityQuébecCanada
| | - Katya Peri
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyMcGill UniversityQuébecCanada
| | - Thomas S McAlear
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyMcGill UniversityQuébecCanada
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale - FRQSMcGill UniversityQuébecCanada
| | - Simon Veyron
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale - FRQSMcGill UniversityQuébecCanada
- Department of Pharmacology & TherapeuticsMcGill UniversityMontréalCanada
| | - Shun Kai Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyMcGill UniversityQuébecCanada
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale - FRQSMcGill UniversityQuébecCanada
| | - Javier Vargas
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyMcGill UniversityQuébecCanada
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale - FRQSMcGill UniversityQuébecCanada
| | - Susanne Bechstedt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyMcGill UniversityQuébecCanada
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale - FRQSMcGill UniversityQuébecCanada
| | - Jean-François Trempe
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale - FRQSMcGill UniversityQuébecCanada
- Department of Pharmacology & TherapeuticsMcGill UniversityMontréalCanada
| | - Khanh Huy Bui
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyMcGill UniversityQuébecCanada
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale - FRQSMcGill UniversityQuébecCanada
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187
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Luo Y, Xiang S, Hooikaas PJ, van Bezouwen L, Jijumon AS, Janke C, Förster F, Akhmanova A, Baldus M. Direct observation of dynamic protein interactions involving human microtubules using solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2020; 11:18. [PMID: 31896752 PMCID: PMC6940360 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13876-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are important components of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton. Their structural organization is regulated by nucleotide binding and many microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). While cryo-EM and X-ray crystallography have provided detailed views of interactions between MAPs with the microtubule lattice, little is known about how MAPs and their intrinsically disordered regions interact with the dynamic microtubule surface. NMR carries the potential to directly probe such interactions but so far has been precluded by the low tubulin yield. We present a protocol to produce [13C, 15N]-labeled, functional microtubules (MTs) from human cells for solid-state NMR studies. This approach allowed us to demonstrate that MAPs can differently modulate the fast time-scale dynamics of C-terminal tubulin tails, suggesting distinct interaction modes. Our results pave the way for in-depth NMR studies of protein dynamics involved in MT assembly and their interactions with other cellular components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhang Luo
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - ShengQi Xiang
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- MOE Key Lab for Membrane-less Organelles & Cellular Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Peter Jan Hooikaas
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Laura van Bezouwen
- Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A S Jijumon
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3348, F-91405, Orsay, France
- Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, F-91405, Orsay, France
| | - Carsten Janke
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3348, F-91405, Orsay, France
- Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, F-91405, Orsay, France
| | - Friedrich Förster
- Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Marc Baldus
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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188
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Study on the Multitarget Synergistic Effects of Kai-Xin-San against Alzheimer's Disease Based on Systems Biology. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:1707218. [PMID: 31976026 PMCID: PMC6955139 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1707218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Kai-Xin-San (KXS), a classical Chinese traditional prescription, was widely applied in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD), while its functional mechanisms still remain unclear. By using systems biology approaches at animal, cellular, and molecular levels, the improvement of KXS on cognitive impairment was achieved by inhibiting abnormal acetylcholinesterase. The function on the nerve skeleton was performed by regulating the Tau phosphorylation pathway. Its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects by modulating the aberrant upregulation of ROS, proinflammatory factors, and apoptosis-related proteins in the brain were studied to reveal the synergistic therapeutic efficacy of KXS. Then, formula dismantling in vitro indicated that ginseng was the principal herb, whereas three other herbs served adjuvant roles to achieve the best effect. After that, the in vivo analysis of components into plasma and brain of AD rats showed that 8 of 23 components in blood and 4 of 10 components in brain were from ginseng, respectively, further verifying the principal status of ginseng and the synergistic effects of the formula. Thus, the anti-AD effects of KXS were achieved by multitargets and multichannels. The systems biology approaches presented here provide a novel way in traditional herbal medicine research.
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189
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Atherton J, Luo Y, Xiang S, Yang C, Rai A, Jiang K, Stangier M, Vemu A, Cook AD, Wang S, Roll-Mecak A, Steinmetz MO, Akhmanova A, Baldus M, Moores CA. Structural determinants of microtubule minus end preference in CAMSAP CKK domains. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5236. [PMID: 31748546 PMCID: PMC6868217 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13247-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CAMSAP/Patronins regulate microtubule minus-end dynamics. Their end specificity is mediated by their CKK domains, which we proposed recognise specific tubulin conformations found at minus ends. To critically test this idea, we compared the human CAMSAP1 CKK domain (HsCKK) with a CKK domain from Naegleria gruberi (NgCKK), which lacks minus-end specificity. Here we report near-atomic cryo-electron microscopy structures of HsCKK- and NgCKK-microtubule complexes, which show that these CKK domains share the same protein fold, bind at the intradimer interprotofilament tubulin junction, but exhibit different footprints on microtubules. NMR experiments show that both HsCKK and NgCKK are remarkably rigid. However, whereas NgCKK binding does not alter the microtubule architecture, HsCKK remodels its microtubule interaction site and changes the underlying polymer structure because the tubulin lattice conformation is not optimal for its binding. Thus, in contrast to many MAPs, the HsCKK domain can differentiate subtly specific tubulin conformations to enable microtubule minus-end recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Atherton
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London, UK.
| | - Yanzhang Luo
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Shengqi Xiang
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- MOE Key Lab for biomolecular Condensates & Cellular Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ankit Rai
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kai Jiang
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China
| | - Marcel Stangier
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, PSI, Switzerland
| | - Annapurna Vemu
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Alexander D Cook
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London, UK
| | - Su Wang
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London, UK
| | - Antonina Roll-Mecak
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Michel O Steinmetz
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, PSI, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Biozentrum, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Baldus
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Carolyn A Moores
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London, UK.
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190
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McKibben KM, Rhoades E. Independent tubulin binding and polymerization by the proline-rich region of Tau is regulated by Tau's N-terminal domain. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:19381-19394. [PMID: 31699899 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tau is an intrinsically disordered, microtubule-associated protein that has a role in regulating microtubule dynamics. Despite intensive research, the molecular mechanisms of Tau-mediated microtubule polymerization are poorly understood. Here we used single-molecule fluorescence to investigate the role of Tau's N-terminal domain (NTD) and proline-rich region (PRR) in regulating interactions of Tau with soluble tubulin. We assayed both full-length Tau isoforms and truncated variants for their ability to bind soluble tubulin and stimulate microtubule polymerization. We found that Tau's PRR is an independent tubulin-binding domain that has tubulin polymerization capacity. In contrast to the relatively weak interactions with tubulin mediated by sites distributed throughout Tau's microtubule-binding region (MTBR), resulting in heterogeneous Tau: tubulin complexes, the PRR bound tubulin tightly and stoichiometrically. Moreover, we demonstrate that interactions between the PRR and MTBR are reduced by the NTD through a conserved conformational ensemble. On the basis of these results, we propose that Tau's PRR can serve as a core tubulin-binding domain, whereas the MTBR enhances polymerization capacity by increasing the local tubulin concentration. Moreover, the NTD appears to negatively regulate tubulin-binding interactions of both of these domains. The findings of our study draw attention to a central role of the PRR in Tau function and provide mechanistic insight into Tau-mediated polymerization of tubulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M McKibben
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Elizabeth Rhoades
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 .,Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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191
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Ma M, Stoyanova M, Rademacher G, Dutcher SK, Brown A, Zhang R. Structure of the Decorated Ciliary Doublet Microtubule. Cell 2019; 179:909-922.e12. [PMID: 31668805 PMCID: PMC6936269 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The axoneme of motile cilia is the largest macromolecular machine of eukaryotic cells. In humans, impaired axoneme function causes a range of ciliopathies. Axoneme assembly, structure, and motility require a radially arranged set of doublet microtubules, each decorated in repeating patterns with non-tubulin components. We use single-particle cryo-electron microscopy to visualize and build an atomic model of the repeating structure of a native axonemal doublet microtubule, which reveals the identities, positions, repeat lengths, and interactions of 38 associated proteins, including 33 microtubule inner proteins (MIPs). The structure demonstrates how these proteins establish the unique architecture of doublet microtubules, maintain coherent periodicities along the axoneme, and stabilize the microtubules against the repeated mechanical stress induced by ciliary motility. Our work elucidates the architectural principles that underpin the assembly of this large, repetitive eukaryotic structure and provides a molecular basis for understanding the etiology of human ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meisheng Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mihaela Stoyanova
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Griffin Rademacher
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susan K Dutcher
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alan Brown
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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192
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A microtubule RELION-based pipeline for cryo-EM image processing. J Struct Biol 2019; 209:107402. [PMID: 31610239 PMCID: PMC6961209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
MiRP is a pipeline for processing cryo-EM images of microtubules in RELION. MiRP manages microtubule heterogeneity and pseudo-symmetry. MiRP reduces errors in angular and translational alignment. MiRP improved reconstructions from three different microtubule datasets.
Microtubules are polar filaments built from αβ-tubulin heterodimers that exhibit a range of architectures in vitro and in vivo. Tubulin heterodimers are arranged helically in the microtubule wall but many physiologically relevant architectures exhibit a break in helical symmetry known as the seam. Noisy 2D cryo-electron microscopy projection images of pseudo-helical microtubules therefore depict distinct but highly similar views owing to the high structural similarity of α- and β-tubulin. The determination of the αβ-tubulin register and seam location during image processing is essential for alignment accuracy that enables determination of biologically relevant structures. Here we present a pipeline designed for image processing and high-resolution reconstruction of cryo-electron microscopy microtubule datasets, based in the popular and user-friendly RELION image-processing package, Microtubule RELION-based Pipeline (MiRP). The pipeline uses a combination of supervised classification and prior knowledge about geometric lattice constraints in microtubules to accurately determine microtubule architecture and seam location. The presented method is fast and semi-automated, producing near-atomic resolution reconstructions with test datasets that contain a range of microtubule architectures and binding proteins.
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193
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Drechsler H, Xu Y, Geyer VF, Zhang Y, Diez S. Multivalent electrostatic microtubule interactions of synthetic peptides are sufficient to mimic advanced MAP-like behavior. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:2953-2968. [PMID: 31599700 PMCID: PMC6857568 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-05-0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) are a functionally highly diverse class of proteins that help to adjust the shape and function of the microtubule cytoskeleton in space and time. For this purpose, MAPs structurally support microtubules, modulate their dynamic instability, or regulate the activity of associated molecular motors. The microtubule-binding domains of MAPs are structurally divergent, but often depend on electrostatic interactions with the negatively charged surface of the microtubule. This suggests that the surface exposure of positive charges rather than a certain structural fold is sufficient for a protein to associate with microtubules. Consistently, positively charged artificial objects have been shown to associate with microtubules and to diffuse along their lattice. Natural MAPs, however, show a more sophisticated functionality beyond lattice-diffusion. Here, we asked whether basic electrostatic interactions are sufficient to also support advanced MAP functionality. To test this hypothesis, we studied simple positively charged peptide sequences for the occurrence of typical MAP-like behavior. We found that a multivalent peptide construct featuring four lysine-alanine heptarepeats (starPEG-(KA7)4)-but not its monovalent KA7-subunits-show advanced, biologically relevant MAP-like behavior: starPEG-(KA7)4 binds microtubules in the low nanomolar range, diffuses along their lattice with the ability to switch between intersecting microtubules, and tracks depolymerizing microtubule ends. Further, starPEG-(KA7)4 promotes microtubule nucleation and growth, mediates depolymerization coupled pulling at plus ends, and bundles microtubules without significantly interfering with other proteins on the microtubule lattice (as exemplified by the motor kinesin-1). Our results show that positive charges and multivalency are sufficient to mimic advanced MAP-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hauke Drechsler
- B CUBE-Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische -Universität -Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Yong Xu
- B CUBE-Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische -Universität -Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Veikko F Geyer
- B CUBE-Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische -Universität -Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Yixin Zhang
- B CUBE-Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische -Universität -Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Stefan Diez
- B CUBE-Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische -Universität -Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische -Universität -Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden 01307, Germany
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194
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Burute M, Kapitein LC. Cellular Logistics: Unraveling the Interplay Between Microtubule Organization and Intracellular Transport. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2019; 35:29-54. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100818-125149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules are core components of the cytoskeleton and serve as tracks for motor protein–based intracellular transport. Microtubule networks are highly diverse across different cell types and are believed to adapt to cell type–specific transport demands. Here we review how the spatial organization of different subsets of microtubules into higher-order networks determines the traffic rules for motor-based transport in different animal cell types. We describe the interplay between microtubule network organization and motor-based transport within epithelial cells, oocytes, neurons, cilia, and the spindle apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithila Burute
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lukas C. Kapitein
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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195
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Trushina NI, Bakota L, Mulkidjanian AY, Brandt R. The Evolution of Tau Phosphorylation and Interactions. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:256. [PMID: 31619983 PMCID: PMC6759874 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tau is a neuronal microtubule-associated protein (MAP) that is involved in the regulation of axonal microtubule assembly. However, as a protein with intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs), tau also interacts with many other partners in addition to microtubules. Phosphorylation at selected sites modulates tau's various intracellular interactions and regulates the properties of IDRs. In Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other tauopathies, tau exhibits pathologically increased phosphorylation (hyperphosphorylation) at selected sites and aggregates into neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). By bioinformatics means, we tested the hypothesis that the sequence of tau has changed during the vertebrate evolution in a way that novel interactions developed and also the phosphorylation pattern was affected, which made tau prone to the development of tauopathies. We report that distinct regions of tau show functional specialization in their molecular interactions. We found that tau's amino-terminal region, which is involved in biological processes related to "membrane organization" and "regulation of apoptosis," exhibited a strong evolutionary increase in protein disorder providing the basis for the development of novel interactions. We observed that the predicted phosphorylation sites have changed during evolution in a region-specific manner, and in some cases the overall number of phosphorylation sites increased owing to the formation of clusters of phosphorylatable residues. In contrast, disease-specific hyperphosphorylated sites remained highly conserved. The data indicate that novel, non-microtubule related tau interactions developed during evolution and suggest that the biological processes, which are mediated by these interactions, are of pathological relevance. Furthermore, the data indicate that predicted phosphorylation sites in some regions of tau, including a cluster of phosphorylatable residues in the alternatively spliced exon 2, have changed during evolution. In view of the "antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis" it may be worth to take disease-associated phosphosites with low evolutionary conservation as relevant biomarkers into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lidia Bakota
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Armen Y Mulkidjanian
- Department of Physics, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.,School of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Roland Brandt
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.,Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.,Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
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196
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Tubulin lattice in cilia is in a stressed form regulated by microtubule inner proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:19930-19938. [PMID: 31527277 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1911119116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia, the hair-like protrusions that beat at high frequencies to propel a cell or move fluid around are composed of radially bundled doublet microtubules. In this study, we present a near-atomic resolution map of the Tetrahymena doublet microtubule by cryoelectron microscopy. The map demonstrates that the network of microtubule inner proteins weaves into the tubulin lattice and forms an inner sheath. From mass spectrometry data and de novo modeling, we identified Rib43a proteins as the filamentous microtubule inner proteins in the protofilament ribbon region. The Rib43a-tubulin interaction leads to an elongated tubulin dimer distance every 2 dimers. In addition, the tubulin lattice structure with missing microtubule inner proteins (MIPs) by sarkosyl treatment shows significant longitudinal compaction and lateral angle change between protofilaments. These results are evidence that the MIPs directly affect and stabilize the tubulin lattice. It suggests that the doublet microtubule is an intrinsically stressed filament and that this stress could be manipulated in the regulation of ciliary waveforms.
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197
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Kinetically distinct phases of tau on microtubules regulate kinesin motors and severing enzymes. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:1086-1092. [DOI: 10.1038/s41556-019-0374-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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198
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Tan R, Lam AJ, Tan T, Han J, Nowakowski DW, Vershinin M, Simó S, Ori-McKenney KM, McKenney RJ. Microtubules gate tau condensation to spatially regulate microtubule functions. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:1078-1085. [PMID: 31481790 PMCID: PMC6748660 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-019-0375-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Tau is an abundant microtubule-associated protein in neurons. Tau aggregation into insoluble fibrils is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease and other types of dementia1, yet the physiological state of tau molecules within cells remains unclear. Using single-molecule imaging, we directly observe that the microtubule lattice regulates reversible tau self-association, leading to localized, dynamic condensation of tau molecules on the microtubule surface. Tau condensates form selectively permissible barriers, spatially regulating the activity of microtubule-severing enzymes and the movement of molecular motors through their boundaries. We propose that reversible self-association of tau molecules, gated by the microtubule lattice, is an important mechanism of the biological functions of tau, and that oligomerization of tau is a common property shared between the physiological and disease-associated forms of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruensern Tan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Aileen J Lam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Tracy Tan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jisoo Han
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Michael Vershinin
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sergi Simó
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Richard J McKenney
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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199
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Hervy J, Bicout DJ. Dynamical decoration of stabilized-microtubules by Tau-proteins. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12473. [PMID: 31462746 PMCID: PMC6713733 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48790-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tau is a microtubule-associated protein that regulates axonal transport, stabilizes and spatially organizes microtubules in parallel networks. The Tau-microtubule pair is crucial for maintaining the architecture and integrity of axons. Therefore, it is essential to understand how these two entities interact to ensure and modulate the normal axonal functions. Based on evidence from several published experiments, we have developed a two-dimensional model that describes the interaction between a population of Tau proteins and a stabilized microtubule at the scale of the tubulin dimers (binding sites) as an adsorption-desorption dynamical process in which Tau can bind on the microtubule outer surface via two distinct modes: a longitudinal (along a protofilament) and lateral (across adjacent protofilaments) modes. Such a process yields a dynamical distribution of Tau molecules on the microtubule surface referred to as microtubule decoration that we have characterized at the equilibrium using two observables: the total microtubule surface coverage with Tau's and the distribution of nearest neighbors Tau's. Using both analytical and numerical approaches, we have derived expressions and computed these observables as a function of key parameters controlling the binding reaction: the stoichiometries of the Taus in the two binding modes, the associated dissociation constants and the ratio of the Tau concentration to that of microtubule tubulin dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Hervy
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042, Grenoble, France
- Laboratory of Physics and Modelling of Condensed Matter, Grenoble Alpes University, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Dominique J Bicout
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042, Grenoble, France.
- EPSP, TIMC Laboratory, UMR CNRS 5525 Grenoble Alpes University, VetAgro Sup, Grenoble, France.
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200
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Ong AAL, Tan J, Bhadra M, Dezanet C, Patil KM, Chong MS, Kierzek R, Decout JL, Roca X, Chen G. RNA Secondary Structure-Based Design of Antisense Peptide Nucleic Acids for Modulating Disease-Associated Aberrant Tau Pre-mRNA Alternative Splicing. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24163020. [PMID: 31434312 PMCID: PMC6720520 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24163020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing of tau pre-mRNA is regulated by a 5' splice site (5'ss) hairpin present at the exon 10-intron 10 junction. Single mutations within the hairpin sequence alter hairpin structural stability and/or the binding of splicing factors, resulting in disease-causing aberrant splicing of exon 10. The hairpin structure contains about seven stably formed base pairs and thus may be suitable for targeting through antisense strands. Here, we used antisense peptide nucleic acids (asPNAs) to probe and target the tau pre-mRNA exon 10 5'ss hairpin structure through strand invasion. We characterized by electrophoretic mobility shift assay the binding of the designed asPNAs to model tau splice site hairpins. The relatively short (10-15 mer) asPNAs showed nanomolar binding to wild-type hairpins as well as a disease-causing mutant hairpin C+19G, albeit with reduced binding strength. Thus, the structural stabilizing effect of C+19G mutation could be revealed by asPNA binding. In addition, our cell culture minigene splicing assay data revealed that application of an asPNA targeting the 3' arm of the hairpin resulted in an increased exon 10 inclusion level for the disease-associated mutant C+19G, probably by exposing the 5'ss as well as inhibiting the binding of protein factors to the intronic spicing silencer. On the contrary, the application of asPNAs targeting the 5' arm of the hairpin caused an increased exon 10 exclusion for a disease-associated mutant C+14U, mainly by blocking the 5'ss. PNAs could enter cells through conjugation with amino sugar neamine or by cotransfection with minigene plasmids using a commercially available transfection reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Ann Lerk Ong
- NTU Institute for Health Technologies (HeathTech NTU), Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637553, Singapore
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Jiazi Tan
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Malini Bhadra
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Clément Dezanet
- University Grenoble Alpes/CNRS, Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire, ICMG FR 2607, UMR 5063, 470 Rue de la Chimie, F-38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Kiran M Patil
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Mei Sian Chong
- Geriatic Education & Research Institute, 2 Yishun Central 2, Singapore 768024, Singapore
| | - Ryszard Kierzek
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jean-Luc Decout
- University Grenoble Alpes/CNRS, Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire, ICMG FR 2607, UMR 5063, 470 Rue de la Chimie, F-38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Xavier Roca
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Gang Chen
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
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