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Carvajal-Gonzalez JM, Mulero-Navarro S, Smith M, Mlodzik M. A Novel Frizzled-Based Screening Tool Identifies Genetic Modifiers of Planar Cell Polarity in Drosophila Wings. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2016; 6:3963-3973. [PMID: 27729438 PMCID: PMC5144966 DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.035535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Most mutant alleles in the Fz-PCP pathway genes were discovered in classic Drosophila screens looking for recessive loss-of-function (LOF) mutations. Nonetheless, although Fz-PCP signaling is sensitive to increased doses of PCP gene products, not many screens have been performed in the wing under genetically engineered Fz overexpression conditions, mostly because the Fz phenotypes were strong and/or not easy to score and quantify. Here, we present a screen based on an unexpected mild Frizzled gain-of-function (GOF) phenotype. The leakiness of a chimeric Frizzled protein designed to be accumulated in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) generated a reproducible Frizzled GOF phenotype in Drosophila wings. Using this genotype, we first screened a genome-wide collection of large deficiencies and found 16 strongly interacting genomic regions. Next, we narrowed down seven of those regions to finally test 116 candidate genes. We were, thus, able to identify eight new loci with a potential function in the PCP context. We further analyzed and confirmed krasavietz and its interactor short-stop as new genes acting during planar cell polarity establishment with a function related to actin and microtubule dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Maria Carvajal-Gonzalez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Sonia Mulero-Navarro
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Michael Smith
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York 10029
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York 10029
| | - Marek Mlodzik
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York 10029
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York 10029
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152
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Lin MJ, Lee SJ. Stathmin-like 4 is critical for the maintenance of neural progenitor cells in dorsal midbrain of zebrafish larvae. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36188. [PMID: 27819330 PMCID: PMC5098158 DOI: 10.1038/srep36188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A delicate balance between proliferating and differentiating signals is necessary to ensure proper growth and neuronal specification. By studying the developing zebrafish brain, we observed a specific and dynamic expression of a microtubule destabilizer gene, stathmin-like 4 (stmn4), in the dorsal midbrain region. The expression of stmn4 was mutually exclusive to a pan-neuronal marker, elavl3 that indicates its role in regulating neurogenesis. We showed the knockdown or overexpression of stmn4 resulted in premature neuronal differentiation in dorsal midbrain. We also generated stmn4 maternal-zygotic knockout zebrafish by the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Unexpectedly, only less than 10% of stmn4 mutants showed similar phenotypes observed in that of stmn4 morphants. It might be due to the complementation of the increased stmn1b expression observed in stmn4 mutants. In addition, time-lapse recordings revealed the changes in cellular proliferation and differentiation in stmn4 morphants. Stmn4 morphants displayed a longer G2 phase that could be rescued by Cdc25a. Furthermore, the inhibition of Wnt could reduce stmn4 transcripts. These results suggest that the Wnt-mediated Stmn4 homeostasis is crucial for preventing dorsal midbrain from premature differentiation via the G2 phase control during the neural keel stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ju Lin
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shyh-Jye Lee
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Systems Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Rd., Sec., 4, Taipei, Taiwan
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153
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Matt G, Umen J. Volvox: A simple algal model for embryogenesis, morphogenesis and cellular differentiation. Dev Biol 2016; 419:99-113. [PMID: 27451296 PMCID: PMC5101179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Patterning of a multicellular body plan involves a coordinated set of developmental processes that includes cell division, morphogenesis, and cellular differentiation. These processes have been most intensively studied in animals and land plants; however, deep insight can also be gained by studying development in simpler multicellular organisms. The multicellular green alga Volvox carteri (Volvox) is an excellent model for the investigation of developmental mechanisms and their evolutionary origins. Volvox has a streamlined body plan that contains only a few thousand cells and two distinct cell types: reproductive germ cells and terminally differentiated somatic cells. Patterning of the Volvox body plan is achieved through a stereotyped developmental program that includes embryonic cleavage with asymmetric cell division, morphogenesis, and cell-type differentiation. In this review we provide an overview of how these three developmental processes give rise to the adult form in Volvox and how developmental mutants have provided insights into the mechanisms behind these events. We highlight the accessibility and tractability of Volvox and its relatives that provide a unique opportunity for studying development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavriel Matt
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 N Warson Rd, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA; Washington University in St. Louis, Division of Biology & Biomedical Science, Campus Box 8226, 660 South Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - James Umen
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 N Warson Rd, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA.
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154
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Urbansky S, González Avalos P, Wosch M, Lemke S. Folded gastrulation and T48 drive the evolution of coordinated mesoderm internalization in flies. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27685537 PMCID: PMC5042651 DOI: 10.7554/elife.18318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrulation constitutes a fundamental yet diverse morphogenetic process of metazoan development. Modes of gastrulation range from stochastic translocation of individual cells to coordinated infolding of an epithelial sheet. How such morphogenetic differences are genetically encoded and whether they have provided specific developmental advantages is unclear. Here we identify two genes, folded gastrulation and t48, which in the evolution of fly gastrulation acted as a likely switch from an ingression of individual cells to the invagination of the blastoderm epithelium. Both genes are expressed and required for mesoderm invagination in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster but do not appear during mesoderm ingression of the midge Chironomus riparius. We demonstrate that early expression of either or both of these genes in C.riparius is sufficient to invoke mesoderm invagination similar to D.melanogaster. The possible genetic simplicity and a measurable increase in developmental robustness might explain repeated evolution of similar transitions in animal gastrulation. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.18318.001 In animals, gastrulation is a period of time in early development during which a sphere of cells is reorganized into an embryo with cells arranged into three distinct layers (called germ layers). The process has changed substantially during the course of evolution and thus provides a great experimental system to investigate the genetic basis for differences in animal form and shape. As an example, true flies use at least two different mechanisms to make the middle germ layer (the mesoderm). In both cases, the mesoderm is made up of cells that move inwards from the boundary of the outer germ layer. In midges and some other flies, these cells migrate individually, while in others including fruit flies, the cells move together as a sheet. Fruit flies and midges shared their last common ancestor 250 million years ago and although the genes that make the mesoderm in fruit flies are well understood, little is known about how the mesoderm forms in midges. Urbansky, González Avalos et al. investigated which genes were responsible for the evolutionary transition between the different types of cell migration seen in flies. The experiments identified two genes – called folded gastrulation and t48 – that seem to operate as a simple switch between the two ways that mesoderm cells migrate. Both of these genes are active in fruit fly embryos and are required for the group migration of mesoderm cells. However, the genes do not appear to play a major role in the movement of individual mesoderm cells in midges. Further experiments demonstrate that switching on these genes in midge embryos is sufficient to invoke group mesoderm cell migrations similar to those seen in fruit flies. These findings show that it is possible to identify genetic changes that underlie substantial differences in animal form and shape over hundred million of years. The ease by which Urbansky, González Avalos et al. were able to switch between the two types of mesoderm migration might explain why similar transitions in gastrulation have evolved repeatedly in animals. The next step is to test this hypothesis in other animals. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.18318.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Urbansky
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paula González Avalos
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maike Wosch
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steffen Lemke
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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155
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Henry JQ, Lyons DC. Molluscan models: Crepidula fornicata. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2016; 39:138-148. [PMID: 27526387 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2016.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gastropod snails in the genus Crepidula have emerged as model systems for studying a metazoan super clade, the Spiralia. Recent work on one species in particular, Crepidula fornicata, has produced high-resolution cell lineage fate maps, details of morphogenetic events during gastrulation, key insights into the molecular underpinnings of early development, and the first demonstration of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing in the Spiralia. Furthermore, invasive species of Crepidula are a significant ecological threat, while one of these, C. fornicata, is also being harvested for food. This review highlights progress towards developing these animals as models for evolutionary, developmental, and ecological studies. Such studies have contributed greatly to our understanding of biology in a major clade of bilaterians. This information may also help us to control and cultivate these snails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Q Henry
- University of Illinois, Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, 601 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
| | - Deirdre C Lyons
- University of California, San Diego, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States.
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156
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Peng G, Suo S, Chen J, Chen W, Liu C, Yu F, Wang R, Chen S, Sun N, Cui G, Song L, Tam PPL, Han JDJ, Jing N. Spatial Transcriptome for the Molecular Annotation of Lineage Fates and Cell Identity in Mid-gastrula Mouse Embryo. Dev Cell 2016; 36:681-97. [PMID: 27003939 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Gastrulation of the mouse embryo entails progressive restriction of lineage potency and the organization of the lineage progenitors into a body plan. Here we performed a high-resolution RNA sequencing analysis on single mid-gastrulation mouse embryos to collate a spatial transcriptome that correlated with the regionalization of cell fates in the embryo. 3D rendition of the quantitative data enabled the visualization of the spatial pattern of all expressing genes in the epiblast in a digital whole-mount in situ format. The dataset also identified genes that (1) are co-expressed in a specific cell population, (2) display similar global pattern of expression, (3) have lineage markers, (4) mark domains of transcriptional and signaling activity associated with cell fates, and (5) can be used as zip codes for mapping the position of single cells isolated from the mid-gastrula stage embryo and the embryo-derived stem cells to the equivalent epiblast cells for delineating their prospective cell fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangdun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shengbao Suo
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Weiyang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Fang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shirui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Na Sun
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Guizhong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lu Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Patrick P L Tam
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Jing-Dong J Han
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Naihe Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
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157
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Zhao J, Hakvoort TBM, Willemsen AM, Jongejan A, Sokolovic M, Bradley EJ, de Boer VCJ, Baas F, van Kampen AHC, Lamers WH. Effect of Hyperglycemia on Gene Expression during Early Organogenesis in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158035. [PMID: 27433804 PMCID: PMC4951019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular and neural malformations are common sequels of diabetic pregnancies, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. We hypothesized that maternal hyperglycemia would affect the embryos most shortly after the glucose-sensitive time window at embryonic day (ED) 7.5 in mice. Methods Mice were made diabetic with streptozotocin, treated with slow-release insulin implants and mated. Pregnancy aggravated hyperglycemia. Gene expression profiles were determined in ED8.5 and ED9.5 embryos from diabetic and control mice using Serial Analysis of Gene Expression and deep sequencing. Results Maternal hyperglycemia induced differential regulation of 1,024 and 2,148 unique functional genes on ED8.5 and ED9.5, respectively, mostly in downward direction. Pathway analysis showed that ED8.5 embryos suffered mainly from impaired cell proliferation, and ED9.5 embryos from impaired cytoskeletal remodeling and oxidative phosphorylation (all P ≤ E-5). A query of the Mouse Genome Database showed that 20–25% of the differentially expressed genes were caused by cardiovascular and/or neural malformations, if deficient. Despite high glucose levels in embryos with maternal hyperglycemia and a ~150-fold higher rate of ATP production from glycolysis than from oxidative phosphorylation on ED9.5, ATP production from both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation was reduced to ~70% of controls, implying a shortage of energy production in hyperglycemic embryos. Conclusion Maternal hyperglycemia suppressed cell proliferation during gastrulation and cytoskeletal remodeling during early organogenesis. 20–25% of the genes that were differentially regulated by hyperglycemia were associated with relevant congenital malformations. Unexpectedly, maternal hyperglycemia also endangered the energy supply of the embryo by suppressing its glycolytic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theodorus B. M. Hakvoort
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A. Marcel Willemsen
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aldo Jongejan
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Milka Sokolovic
- Department of Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edward J. Bradley
- Department of Genome Analysis, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent C. J. de Boer
- Department of Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Baas
- Department of Genome Analysis, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antoine H. C. van Kampen
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biosystems Data Analysis Group, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter H. Lamers
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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158
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Dunn NR, Tolwinski NS. Ptk7 and Mcc, Unfancied Components in Non-Canonical Wnt Signaling and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:cancers8070068. [PMID: 27438854 PMCID: PMC4963810 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8070068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human development uses a remarkably small number of signal transduction pathways to organize vastly complicated tissues. These pathways are commonly associated with disease in adults if activated inappropriately. One such signaling pathway, Wnt, solves the too few pathways conundrum by having many alternate pathways within the Wnt network. The main or "canonical" Wnt pathway has been studied in great detail, and among its numerous downstream components, several have been identified as drug targets that have led to cancer treatments currently in clinical trials. In contrast, the non-canonical Wnt pathways are less well characterized, and few if any possible drug targets exist to tackle cancers caused by dysregulation of these Wnt offshoots. In this review, we focus on two molecules-Protein Tyrosine Kinase 7 (Ptk7) and Mutated in Colorectal Cancer (Mcc)-that do not fit perfectly into the non-canonical pathways described to date and whose roles in cancer are ill defined. We will summarize work from our laboratories as well as many others revealing unexpected links between these two proteins and Wnt signaling both in cancer progression and during vertebrate and invertebrate embryonic development. We propose that future studies focused on delineating the signaling machinery downstream of Ptk7 and Mcc will provide new, hitherto unanticipated drug targets to combat cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norris Ray Dunn
- Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR) Institute of Medical Biology, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore.
| | - Nicholas S Tolwinski
- Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, Singapore 138610, Singapore.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Translational Medicine, NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Level 10 South, 10-02M, Singapore 117599, Singapore.
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159
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Scialdone A, Tanaka Y, Jawaid W, Moignard V, Wilson NK, Macaulay IC, Marioni JC, Göttgens B. Resolving early mesoderm diversification through single-cell expression profiling. Nature 2016; 535:289-293. [PMID: 27383781 PMCID: PMC4947525 DOI: 10.1038/nature18633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, specification of the three major germ layers occurs during gastrulation, when cells ingressing through the primitive streak differentiate into the precursor cells of major organ systems. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process remain unclear, as numbers of gastrulating cells are very limited. In the mouse embryo at embryonic day 6.5, cells located at the junction between the extra-embryonic region and the epiblast on the posterior side of the embryo undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and ingress through the primitive streak. Subsequently, cells migrate, either surrounding the prospective ectoderm contributing to the embryo proper, or into the extra-embryonic region to form the yolk sac, umbilical cord and placenta. Fate mapping has shown that mature tissues such as blood and heart originate from specific regions of the pre-gastrula epiblast, but the plasticity of cells within the embryo and the function of key cell-type-specific transcription factors remain unclear. Here we analyse 1,205 cells from the epiblast and nascent Flk1(+) mesoderm of gastrulating mouse embryos using single-cell RNA sequencing, representing the first transcriptome-wide in vivo view of early mesoderm formation during mammalian gastrulation. Additionally, using knockout mice, we study the function of Tal1, a key haematopoietic transcription factor, and demonstrate, contrary to previous studies performed using retrospective assays, that Tal1 knockout does not immediately bias precursor cells towards a cardiac fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Scialdone
- EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust
Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yosuke Tanaka
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research,
University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell
Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Wajid Jawaid
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research,
University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell
Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Victoria Moignard
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research,
University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell
Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicola K. Wilson
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research,
University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell
Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - John C. Marioni
- EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust
Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge,
UK
| | - Berthold Göttgens
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research,
University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell
Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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160
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Pfister K, Shook DR, Chang C, Keller R, Skoglund P. Molecular model for force production and transmission during vertebrate gastrulation. Development 2016; 143:715-27. [PMID: 26884399 DOI: 10.1242/dev.128090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Vertebrate embryos undergo dramatic shape changes at gastrulation that require locally produced and anisotropically applied forces, yet how these forces are produced and transmitted across tissues remains unclear. We show that depletion of myosin regulatory light chain (RLC) levels in the embryo blocks force generation at gastrulation through two distinct mechanisms: destabilizing the myosin II (MII) hexameric complex and inhibiting MII contractility. Molecular dissection of these two mechanisms demonstrates that normal convergence force generation requires MII contractility and we identify a set of molecular phenotypes correlated with both this failure of convergence force generation in explants and of blastopore closure in whole embryos. These include reduced rates of actin movement, alterations in C-cadherin dynamics and a reduction in the number of polarized lamellipodia on intercalating cells. By examining the spatial relationship between C-cadherin and actomyosin we also find evidence for formation of transcellular linear arrays incorporating these proteins that could transmit mediolaterally oriented tensional forces. These data combine to suggest a multistep model to explain how cell intercalation can occur against a force gradient to generate axial extension forces. First, polarized lamellipodia extend mediolaterally and make new C-cadherin-based contacts with neighboring mesodermal cell bodies. Second, lamellipodial flow of actin coalesces into a tension-bearing, MII-contractility-dependent node-and-cable actin network in the cell body cortex. And third, this actomyosin network contracts to generate mediolateral convergence forces in the context of these transcellular arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Pfister
- Biology Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - David R Shook
- Biology Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Chenbei Chang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Ray Keller
- Biology Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Paul Skoglund
- Biology Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
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161
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Perry KJ, Lyons DC, Truchado-Garcia M, Fischer AHL, Helfrich LW, Johansson KB, Diamond JC, Grande C, Henry JQ. Deployment of regulatory genes during gastrulation and germ layer specification in a model spiralian mollusc Crepidula. Dev Dyn 2016. [PMID: 26197970 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During gastrulation, endoderm and mesoderm are specified from a bipotential precursor (endomesoderm) that is argued to be homologous across bilaterians. Spiralians also generate mesoderm from ectodermal precursors (ectomesoderm), which arises near the blastopore. While a conserved gene regulatory network controls specification of endomesoderm in deuterostomes and ecdysozoans, little is known about genes controlling specification or behavior of either source of spiralian mesoderm or the digestive tract. RESULTS Using the mollusc Crepidula, we examined conserved regulatory factors and compared their expression to fate maps to score expression in the germ layers, blastopore lip, and digestive tract. Many genes were expressed in both ecto- and endomesoderm, but only five were expressed in ectomesoderm exclusively. The latter may contribute to epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition seen in ectomesoderm. CONCLUSIONS We present the first comparison of genes expressed during spiralian gastrulation in the context of high-resolution fate maps. We found variation of genes expressed in the blastopore lip, mouth, and cells that will form the anus. Shared expression of many genes in both mesodermal sources suggests that components of the conserved endomesoderm program were either co-opted for ectomesoderm formation or that ecto- and endomesoderm are derived from a common mesodermal precursor that became subdivided into distinct domains during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly J Perry
- University of Illinois, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Urbana, Illinois
| | | | - Marta Truchado-Garcia
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular, "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antje H L Fischer
- Department of Metabolic Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
| | | | - Kimberly B Johansson
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Cristina Grande
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular, "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jonathan Q Henry
- University of Illinois, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Urbana, Illinois
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162
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Loganathan R, Rongish BJ, Smith CM, Filla MB, Czirok A, Bénazéraf B, Little CD. Extracellular matrix motion and early morphogenesis. Development 2016; 143:2056-65. [PMID: 27302396 PMCID: PMC4920166 DOI: 10.1242/dev.127886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
For over a century, embryologists who studied cellular motion in early amniotes generally assumed that morphogenetic movement reflected migration relative to a static extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffold. However, as we discuss in this Review, recent investigations reveal that the ECM is also moving during morphogenesis. Time-lapse studies show how convective tissue displacement patterns, as visualized by ECM markers, contribute to morphogenesis and organogenesis. Computational image analysis distinguishes between cell-autonomous (active) displacements and convection caused by large-scale (composite) tissue movements. Modern quantification of large-scale 'total' cellular motion and the accompanying ECM motion in the embryo demonstrates that a dynamic ECM is required for generation of the emergent motion patterns that drive amniote morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajprasad Loganathan
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Brenda J Rongish
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Christopher M Smith
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Michael B Filla
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Andras Czirok
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA Department of Biological Physics, Eotvos University, Budapest 1117, Hungary
| | - Bertrand Bénazéraf
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS (UMR 7104), Inserm U964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch Graffenstaden 67400, France
| | - Charles D Little
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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163
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Stem cell lineage in body layer specialization and vascular patterning of rice root and leaf. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-015-0849-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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164
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Chiapparo G, Lin X, Lescroart F, Chabab S, Paulissen C, Pitisci L, Bondue A, Blanpain C. Mesp1 controls the speed, polarity, and directionality of cardiovascular progenitor migration. J Cell Biol 2016; 213:463-77. [PMID: 27185833 PMCID: PMC4878090 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201505082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, Mesp1 marks the earliest cardiovascular progenitors (CPs) and promotes their specification, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and cardiovascular differentiation. However, Mesp1 deletion in mice does not impair initial CP specification and early cardiac differentiation but induces cardiac malformations thought to arise from a defect of CP migration. Using inducible gain-of-function experiments during embryonic stem cell differentiation, we found that Mesp2, its closest homolog, was as efficient as Mesp1 at promoting CP specification, EMT, and cardiovascular differentiation. However, only Mesp1 stimulated polarity and directional cell migration through a cell-autonomous mechanism. Transcriptional analysis and chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that Mesp1 and Mesp2 activate common target genes that promote CP specification and differentiation. We identified two direct Mesp1 target genes, Prickle1 and RasGRP3, that are strongly induced by Mesp1 and not by Mesp2 and that control the polarity and the speed of cell migration. Altogether, our results identify the molecular interface controlled by Mesp1 that links CP specification and cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Chiapparo
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire, Brussels B-1070, Belgium
| | - Xionghui Lin
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire, Brussels B-1070, Belgium
| | - Fabienne Lescroart
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire, Brussels B-1070, Belgium
| | - Samira Chabab
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire, Brussels B-1070, Belgium
| | - Catherine Paulissen
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire, Brussels B-1070, Belgium
| | - Lorenzo Pitisci
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire, Brussels B-1070, Belgium
| | - Antoine Bondue
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire, Brussels B-1070, Belgium Department of Cardiology, Hopital Erasme, Brussels B-1070, Belgium
| | - Cédric Blanpain
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire, Brussels B-1070, Belgium WELBIO, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels B-1070, Belgium
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165
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Abstract
The sense of taste, or gustation, is mediated by taste buds, which are housed in specialized taste papillae found in a stereotyped pattern on the surface of the tongue. Each bud, regardless of its location, is a collection of ∼100 cells that belong to at least five different functional classes, which transduce sweet, bitter, salt, sour and umami (the taste of glutamate) signals. Taste receptor cells harbor functional similarities to neurons but, like epithelial cells, are rapidly and continuously renewed throughout adult life. Here, I review recent advances in our understanding of how the pattern of taste buds is established in embryos and discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms governing taste cell turnover. I also highlight how these findings aid our understanding of how and why many cancer therapies result in taste dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A Barlow
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate Program in Cell Biology, Stem Cells and Development and the Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, University of Colorado, School Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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166
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Turner DA, Baillie‐Johnson P, Martinez Arias A. Organoids and the genetically encoded self-assembly of embryonic stem cells. Bioessays 2016; 38:181-91. [PMID: 26666846 PMCID: PMC4737349 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201500111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of early embryonic patterning and the timely allocation of specific cells to embryonic regions and fates as well as their development into tissues and organs, is a fundamental problem in Developmental Biology. The classical explanation for this process had been built around the notion of positional information. Accordingly the programmed appearance of sources of Morphogens at localized positions within a field of cells directs their differentiation. Recently, the development of organs and tissues from unpatterned and initially identical stem cells (adult and embryonic) has challenged the need for positional information and even the integrity of the embryo, for pattern formation. Here we review the emerging area of organoid biology from the perspective of Developmental Biology. We argue that the events underlying the development of these systems are not purely linked to self-organization, as often suggested, but rather to a process of genetically encoded self-assembly where genetic programs encode and control the emergence of biological structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Turner
- Department of GeneticsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
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167
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Gonsar N, Coughlin A, Clay-Wright JA, Borg BR, Kindt LM, Liang JO. Temporal and spatial requirements for Nodal-induced anterior mesendoderm and mesoderm in anterior neurulation. Genesis 2016; 54:3-18. [PMID: 26528772 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish with defective Nodal signaling have a phenotype analogous to the fatal human birth defect anencephaly, which is caused by an open anterior neural tube. Previous work in our laboratory found that anterior open neural tube phenotypes in Nodal signaling mutants were caused by lack of mesendodermal/mesodermal tissues. Defects in these mutants are already apparent at neural plate stage, before the neuroepithelium starts to fold into a tube. Consistent with this, we found that the requirement for Nodal signaling maps to mid-late blastula stages. This timing correlates with the timing of prechordal plate mesendoderm and anterior mesoderm induction, suggesting these tissues act to promote neurulation. To further identify tissues important for neurulation, we took advantage of the variable phenotypes in Nodal signaling-deficient sqt mutant and Lefty1-overexpressing embryos. Statistical analysis indicated a strong, positive correlation between a closed neural tube and presence of several mesendoderm/mesoderm-derived tissues (hatching glands, cephalic paraxial mesoderm, notochord, and head muscles). However, the neural tube was closed in a subset of embryos that lacked any one of these tissues. This suggests that several types of Nodal-induced mesendodermal/mesodermal precursors are competent to promote neurulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngawang Gonsar
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN.,Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN
| | - Alicia Coughlin
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN.,Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN
| | | | - Bethanie R Borg
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN
| | - Lexy M Kindt
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN.,Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN
| | - Jennifer O Liang
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN.,Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN
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168
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Ossipova O, Chu CW, Fillatre J, Brott BK, Itoh K, Sokol SY. The involvement of PCP proteins in radial cell intercalations during Xenopus embryonic development. Dev Biol 2015; 408:316-27. [PMID: 26079437 PMCID: PMC4810801 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway orients cells in diverse epithelial tissues in Drosophila and vertebrate embryos and has been implicated in many human congenital defects and diseases, such as ciliopathies, polycystic kidney disease and malignant cancers. During vertebrate gastrulation and neurulation, PCP signaling is required for convergent extension movements, which are primarily driven by mediolateral cell intercalations, whereas the role for PCP signaling in radial cell intercalations has been unclear. In this study, we examine the function of the core PCP proteins Vangl2, Prickle3 (Pk3) and Disheveled in the ectodermal cells, which undergo radial intercalations during Xenopus gastrulation and neurulation. In the epidermis, multiciliated cell (MCC) progenitors originate in the inner layer, but subsequently migrate to the embryo surface during neurulation. We find that the Vangl2/Pk protein complexes are enriched at the apical domain of intercalating MCCs and are essential for the MCC intercalatory behavior. Addressing the underlying mechanism, we identified KIF13B, as a motor protein that binds Disheveled. KIF13B is required for MCC intercalation and acts synergistically with Vangl2 and Disheveled, indicating that it may mediate microtubule-dependent trafficking of PCP proteins necessary for cell shape regulation. In the neural plate, the Vangl2/Pk complexes were also concentrated near the outermost surface of deep layer cells, suggesting a general role for PCP in radial intercalation. Consistent with this hypothesis, the ectodermal tissues deficient in Vangl2 or Disheveled functions contained more cell layers than normal tissues. We propose that PCP signaling is essential for both mediolateral and radial cell intercalations during vertebrate morphogenesis. These expanded roles underscore the significance of vertebrate PCP proteins as factors contributing to a number of diseases, including neural tube defects, tumor metastases, and various genetic syndromes characterized by abnormal migratory cell behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Ossipova
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Chih-Wen Chu
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jonathan Fillatre
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Barbara K Brott
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Keiji Itoh
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sergei Y Sokol
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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169
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Green YS, Kwon S, Christian JL. Expression pattern of bcar3, a downstream target of Gata2, and its binding partner, bcar1, during Xenopus development. Gene Expr Patterns 2015; 20:55-62. [PMID: 26631802 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Primitive hematopoiesis generates red blood cells that deliver oxygen to the developing embryo. Mesodermal cells commit to a primitive blood cell fate during gastrulation and, in order to do so the mesoderm must receive non-cell autonomous signals transmitted from other germ layers. In Xenopus, the transcription factor Gata2 functions in ectodermal cells to generate or transmit the non-cell autonomous signals. Here we have identified Breast Cancer Antiestrogen Resistance 3 (bcar3) as a gene that is induced in ectodermal cells downstream of Gata2. Bcar3 and its binding partner Bcar1 function to transduce integrin signaling, leading to changes in cellular morphology, motility and adhesion. We show that gata2, bcar3 and bcar1 are co-expressed in ventral ectoderm from early gastrula to early tailbud stages. At later stages of development, bcar3 and bcar1 are co-expressed in the spinal cord, notochord, fin mesenchyme and pronephros but each shows additional unique sites of expression. These co-expression and unique expression patterns suggest that Bcar3 and Bcar1 may function together but also independently during Xenopus development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangsook Song Green
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah, School of Medicine, 20 North 1900 East, Salt Lake City, UT 94132, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah, School of Medicine, 20 North 1900 East, Salt Lake City, UT 94132, USA
| | - Sunjong Kwon
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, School of Medicine, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | - Jan L Christian
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah, School of Medicine, 20 North 1900 East, Salt Lake City, UT 94132, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah, School of Medicine, 20 North 1900 East, Salt Lake City, UT 94132, USA.
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170
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Baillie-Johnson P, van den Brink SC, Balayo T, Turner DA, Martinez Arias A. Generation of Aggregates of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells that Show Symmetry Breaking, Polarization and Emergent Collective Behaviour In Vitro. J Vis Exp 2015. [PMID: 26650833 PMCID: PMC4692741 DOI: 10.3791/53252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a protocol improving current Embryoid Body (EB) culture which allows the study of self-organization, symmetry breaking, axial elongation and cell fate specification using aggregates of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) in suspension culture. Small numbers of mESCs are aggregated in basal medium for 48 hr in non-tissue-culture-treated, U-bottomed 96-well plates, after which they are competent to respond to experimental signals. Following treatment, these aggregates begin to show signs of polarized gene expression and gradually alter their morphology from a spherical mass of cells to an elongated, well organized structure in the absence of external asymmetry cues. These structures are not only able to display markers of the three germ layers, but actively display gastrulation-like movements, evidenced by a directional dislodgement of individual cells from the aggregate, which crucially occurs at one region of the elongated structure. This protocol provides a detailed method for the reproducible formation of these aggregates, their stimulation with signals such as Wnt/β-Catenin activation and BMP inhibition and their analysis by single time-point or time-lapse fluorescent microscopy. In addition, we describe modifications to current whole-mount mouse embryo staining procedures for immunocytochemical analysis of specific markers within fixed aggregates. The changes in morphology, gene expression and length of the aggregates can be quantitatively measured, providing information on how signals can alter axial fates. It is envisaged that this system can be applied both to the study of early developmental events such as axial development and organization, and more broadly, the processes of self-organization and cellular decision-making. It may also provide a suitable niche for the generation of cell types present in the embryo that are unobtainable from conventional adherent culture such as spinal cord and motor neurones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susanne Carina van den Brink
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge; Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
| | - Tina Balayo
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge
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171
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Hale R, Strutt D. Conservation of Planar Polarity Pathway Function Across the Animal Kingdom. Annu Rev Genet 2015; 49:529-51. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-112414-055224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind Hale
- Bateson Centre,
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom;
| | - David Strutt
- Bateson Centre,
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom;
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172
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Mechanical Coupling between Endoderm Invagination and Axis Extension in Drosophila. PLoS Biol 2015; 13:e1002292. [PMID: 26544693 PMCID: PMC4636290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
How genetic programs generate cell-intrinsic forces to shape embryos is actively studied, but less so how tissue-scale physical forces impact morphogenesis. Here we address the role of the latter during axis extension, using Drosophila germband extension (GBE) as a model. We found previously that cells elongate in the anteroposterior (AP) axis in the extending germband, suggesting that an extrinsic tensile force contributed to body axis extension. Here we further characterized the AP cell elongation patterns during GBE, by tracking cells and quantifying their apical cell deformation over time. AP cell elongation forms a gradient culminating at the posterior of the embryo, consistent with an AP-oriented tensile force propagating from there. To identify the morphogenetic movements that could be the source of this extrinsic force, we mapped gastrulation movements temporally using light sheet microscopy to image whole Drosophila embryos. We found that both mesoderm and endoderm invaginations are synchronous with the onset of GBE. The AP cell elongation gradient remains when mesoderm invagination is blocked but is abolished in the absence of endoderm invagination. This suggested that endoderm invagination is the source of the tensile force. We next looked for evidence of this force in a simplified system without polarized cell intercalation, in acellular embryos. Using Particle Image Velocimetry, we identify posteriorwards Myosin II flows towards the presumptive posterior endoderm, which still undergoes apical constriction in acellular embryos as in wildtype. We probed this posterior region using laser ablation and showed that tension is increased in the AP orientation, compared to dorsoventral orientation or to either orientations more anteriorly in the embryo. We propose that apical constriction leading to endoderm invagination is the source of the extrinsic force contributing to germband extension. This highlights the importance of physical interactions between tissues during morphogenesis. A study of the mechanism of axis extension in developing Drosophila embryos reveals that apical constriction leading to invagination of the posterior endoderm produces a tensile force that pulls the extending germband. Embryos change shape dramatically during development. The genetic programs that drive the active behavior of cells underlying these changes are well understood, but little is known about how movements of neighboring tissues influence the shaping of a given tissue. We address this question for the anteroposterior elongation of the body axis (germband) of Drosophila embryos. We had previously shown that during elongation, the germband cells stretch along the anteroposterior axis, in addition to undergoing active rearrangements; this suggested that extrinsic tensile forces might be at play. In the current study we find that the start of main body elongation is synchronous with the invagination of both the mesoderm and the endoderm. We analyze mutants and find that cell stretching disappears in embryos lacking endoderm invagination but remains in those lacking mesoderm invagination. We then measure tension using laser ablation in acellular embryos that lack active cell rearrangements in the germband but undergo the initial stages of endoderm invagination. We find that tension is higher in the anteroposterior direction close to the invaginating endoderm. Our results indicate that endoderm invagination generates a tensile force that is transmitted to the germband, and contributes to its elongation. This study reveals how tissues interact during embryo morphogenesis.
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173
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Bruce AE. Zebrafish epiboly: Spreading thin over the yolk. Dev Dyn 2015; 245:244-58. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E.E. Bruce
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
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174
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Abstract
In development, cells organize into biological tissues through cell growth, migration, and differentiation. Globally, this process is dictated by a genetically encoded program in which secreted morphogens and cell-cell interactions prompt the adoption of unique cell fates. Yet, at its lowest level, development is achieved through the modification of cell-cell adhesion and actomyosin-based contractility, which set the level of tension within cells and dictate how they pack together into tissues. The regulation of tension within individual cells and across large groups of cells is a major driving force of tissue organization and the basis of all cell shape change and cell movement in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Heller
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Robin Neustein Chemers Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Elaine Fuchs
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Robin Neustein Chemers Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
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175
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Actin Cytoskeletal Organization in Drosophila Germline Ring Canals Depends on Kelch Function in a Cullin-RING E3 Ligase. Genetics 2015; 201:1117-31. [PMID: 26384358 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.115.181289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila Kelch protein is required to organize the ovarian ring canal cytoskeleton. Kelch binds and cross-links F-actin in vitro, and it also functions with Cullin 3 (Cul3) as a component of a ubiquitin E3 ligase. How these two activities contribute to cytoskeletal remodeling in vivo is not known. We used targeted mutagenesis to investigate the mechanism of Kelch function. We tested a model in which Cul3-dependent degradation of Kelch is required for its function, but we found no evidence to support this hypothesis. However, we found that mutant Kelch deficient in its ability to interact with Cul3 failed to rescue the kelch cytoskeletal defects, suggesting that ubiquitin ligase activity is the principal activity required in vivo. We also determined that the proteasome is required with Kelch to promote the ordered growth of the ring canal cytoskeleton. These results indicate that Kelch organizes the cytoskeleton in vivo by targeting a protein substrate for degradation by the proteasome.
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176
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Monitoring developmental force distributions in reconstituted embryonic epithelia. Methods 2015; 94:101-13. [PMID: 26342256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The way cells are organized within a tissue dictates how they sense and respond to extracellular signals, as cues are received and interpreted based on expression and organization of receptors, downstream signaling proteins, and transcription factors. Part of this microenvironmental context is the result of forces acting on the cell, including forces from other cells or from the cellular substrate or basement membrane. However, measuring forces exerted on and by cells is difficult, particularly in an in vivo context, and interpreting how forces affect downstream cellular processes poses an even greater challenge. Here, we present a simple method for monitoring and analyzing forces generated from cell collectives. We demonstrate the ability to generate traction force data from human embryonic stem cells grown in large organized epithelial sheets to determine the magnitude and organization of cell-ECM and cell-cell forces within a self-renewing colony. We show that this method can be used to measure forces in a dynamic hESC system and demonstrate the ability to map intracolony protein localization to force organization.
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177
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Ray P, Chapman SC. Cytoskeletal Reorganization Drives Mesenchymal Condensation and Regulates Downstream Molecular Signaling. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134702. [PMID: 26237312 PMCID: PMC4523177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal condensation occurs when specified mesenchyme cells self-organize over several days to form a distinctive cartilage template. Here, we determine how and when specified mesenchyme cells integrate mechanical and molecular information from their environment, forming cartilage condensations in the pharyngeal arches of chick embryos. By disrupting cytoskeletal reorganization, we demonstrate that dynamic cell shape changes drive condensation and modulate the response of the condensing cells to Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF), Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) and Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-β) signaling pathways. Rho Kinase (ROCK)-driven actomyosin contractions and Myosin II-generated differential cell cortex tension regulate these cell shape changes. Disruption of the condensation process inhibits the differentiation of the mesenchyme cells into chondrocytes, demonstrating that condensation regulates the fate of the mesenchyme cells. We also find that dorsal and ventral condensations undergo distinct cell shape changes. BMP signaling is instructive for dorsal condensation-specific cell shape changes. Moreover, condensations exhibit ventral characteristics in the absence of BMP signaling, suggesting that in the pharyngeal arches ventral morphology is the ground pattern. Overall, this study characterizes the interplay between cytoskeletal dynamics and molecular signaling in a self-organizing system during tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poulomi Ray
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Susan C. Chapman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
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178
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Honorato-Sampaio K, Prado PS, Sato Y, Bazzoli N, Rizzo E. Comparative morphology of the oocyte surface and early development in four characiformes from the São Francisco River, Brazil. J Morphol 2015; 276:1258-72. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kinulpe Honorato-Sampaio
- Departamento De Morfologia; Instituto De Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais, UFMG; Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brasil
| | - Paula Suzanna Prado
- Departamento De Morfologia; Instituto De Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais, UFMG; Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brasil
| | - Yoshimi Sato
- Estação De Hidrobiologia E Piscicultura De Três Marias, Companhia De Desenvolvimento Dos Vales Do São Francisco E Parnaíba CODEVASF; Três Marias Minas Gerais Brasil
| | - Nilo Bazzoli
- Departamento De Morfologia; Instituto De Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais, UFMG; Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brasil
- Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Zoologia De Vertebrados, Pontifícia Universidade Católica De Minas Gerais, PUC Minas; Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brasil
| | - Elizete Rizzo
- Departamento De Morfologia; Instituto De Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais, UFMG; Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brasil
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179
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Reis AH, Macdonald B, Feistel K, Brito JM, Amado NG, Xu C, Abreu JG, He XI. Expression and evolution of the Tiki1 and Tiki2 genes in vertebrates. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 58:355-362. [PMID: 25354456 DOI: 10.1387/ijdb.140106ja] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Tiki1 is a Wnt protease and antagonist specifically expressed in the Spemann-Mangold Organizer and is required for head formation in Xenopus embryos. Here we report neighbor-joining phylogenetic analysis of vertebrate Tiki genes and their mRNA expression patterns in chick, mouse, and rabbit embryos. Tiki1 and Tiki2 orthologues are highly conserved, and exhibit similar but also different developmental expression patterns among the vertebrate/mammalian species analyzed. The Tiki1 gene is noticeably absent in the rodent lineage, but is present in lagomorphs and all other vertebrate/mammalian species examined. Expression in Hensen's node, the equivalent of the Xenopus Organizer, was observed for Chick Tiki2 and Rabbit Tiki1 and Tiki2. Mouse Tiki2 was detected at low levels at gastrulation and head fold stages, but not in the node. Mouse Tiki2 and chick Tiki1 display similar expression in the dorsal spinal cord. Chick Tiki1 expression was also detected in the surface ectoderm and maxillary bud, while chick Tiki2 was found in the anterior intestinal portal, head mesenchyme and primitive atrium. Our expression analyses provide evidence that Tiki1 and Tiki2 are evolutionarily conserved among vertebrate species and their expression in the Organizer and other regions suggests contributions of these Wnt inhibitors to embryonic patterning, as well as organogenesis. Our analyses further reveal mis-regulation of TIKI1 and TIKI2 in human cancer and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice H Reis
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21949-590, Brazil
| | - Bryan Macdonald
- F. M. Kirby Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kerstin Feistel
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jose M Brito
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21949-590, Brazil
| | - Nathalia G Amado
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21949-590, Brazil
| | - Chiwei Xu
- F. M. Kirby Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jose G Abreu
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21949-590, Brazil
| | - X I He
- F. M. Kirby Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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180
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Roszko I, S Sepich D, Jessen JR, Chandrasekhar A, Solnica-Krezel L. A dynamic intracellular distribution of Vangl2 accompanies cell polarization during zebrafish gastrulation. Development 2015; 142:2508-20. [PMID: 26062934 DOI: 10.1242/dev.119032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During vertebrate gastrulation, convergence and extension movements elongate embryonic tissues anteroposteriorly and narrow them mediolaterally. Planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling is essential for mediolateral cell elongation underlying these movements, but how this polarity arises is poorly understood. We analyzed the elongation, orientation and migration behaviors of lateral mesodermal cells undergoing convergence and extension movements in wild-type zebrafish embryos and mutants for the Wnt/PCP core component Vangl2 (Trilobite). We demonstrate that Vangl2 function is required at the time when cells transition to a highly elongated and mediolaterally aligned body. vangl2 mutant cells fail to undergo this transition and to migrate along a straight path with high net speed towards the dorsal midline. Instead, vangl2 mutant cells exhibit an anterior/animal pole bias in cell body alignment and movement direction, suggesting that PCP signaling promotes effective dorsal migration in part by suppressing anterior/animalward cell polarity and movement. Endogenous Vangl2 protein accumulates at the plasma membrane of mesenchymal converging cells at the time its function is required for mediolaterally polarized cell behavior. Heterochronic cell transplantations demonstrated that Vangl2 cell membrane accumulation is stage dependent and regulated by both intrinsic factors and an extracellular signal, which is distinct from PCP signaling or other gastrulation regulators, including BMP and Nodals. Moreover, mosaic expression of fusion proteins revealed enrichment of Vangl2 at the anterior cell edges of highly mediolaterally elongated cells. These results demonstrate that the dynamic Vangl2 intracellular distribution is coordinated with and necessary for the changes in convergence and extension cell behaviors during gastrulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Roszko
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Diane S Sepich
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jason R Jessen
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37130, USA
| | - Anand Chandrasekhar
- Division of Biological Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Lilianna Solnica-Krezel
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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181
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182
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Satija R, Farrell JA, Gennert D, Schier AF, Regev A. Spatial reconstruction of single-cell gene expression data. Nat Biotechnol 2015; 33:495-502. [PMID: 25867923 PMCID: PMC4430369 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3368] [Impact Index Per Article: 374.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Spatial localization is a key determinant of cellular fate and behavior, but spatial RNA assays traditionally rely on staining for a limited number of RNA species. In contrast, single-cell RNA-seq allows for deep profiling of cellular gene expression, but established methods separate cells from their native spatial context. Here we present Seurat, a computational strategy to infer cellular localization by integrating single-cell RNA-seq data with in situ RNA patterns. We applied Seurat to spatially map 851 single cells from dissociated zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos, inferring a transcriptome-wide map of spatial patterning. We confirmed Seurat’s accuracy using several experimental approaches, and used it to identify a set of archetypal expression patterns and spatial markers. Additionally, Seurat correctly localizes rare subpopulations, accurately mapping both spatially restricted and scattered groups. Seurat will be applicable to mapping cellular localization within complex patterned tissues in diverse systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Satija
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Farrell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David Gennert
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexander F Schier
- 1] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [4] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [5] Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aviv Regev
- 1] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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183
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Okuno T, Ishitani T, Yokomizo T. Biochemical characterization of three BLT receptors in zebrafish. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117888. [PMID: 25738285 PMCID: PMC4349892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The leukotriene B4 (LTB4) receptor 1 (BLT1) is a high affinity receptor for LTB4, a chemotactic and inflammatory eicosanoid. The LTB4 receptor 2 (BLT2) was originally identified as a low affinity receptor for LTB4, and, more recently, as a high affinity receptor for 12-hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid (12-HHT). The zebrafish BLT receptors have not been previously identified and the in vivo functions of these receptors have been unknown. In this paper, we describe one zebrafish BLT1-like receptor, Blt1, and two zebrafish BLT2-like receptors, Blt2a and Blt2b. Cells expressing Blt1 exhibited LTB4-induced intracellular [Ca2+] increases, inhibition of cAMP production, ligand-dependent [35S]GTPγS binding, and transforming growth factor-α (TGFα) shedding activity in a dose-dependent manner, similar to human BLT1. Cells expressing Blt2a and Blt2b exhibited 12-HHT- and LTB4-induced intracellular [Ca2+] increases, inhibition of cAMP production, [35S]GTPγS binding, and TGFα shedding activity, with a dose-dependency similar to human BLT2. Reverse transcription (RT)-PCR analysis and whole-mount in situ hybridization revealed that blt1, blt2a, blt2b, zebrafish LTA4 hydrolase (lta4h), and zebrafish 5-lipoxiganase (5lo) are expressed in zebrafish embryos. Knockdown of blt1 by morpholino antisense oligonucleotides resulted in delayed epiboly at gastrulation. Consistently, knockdown of lta4h, an enzyme mediating LTB4 production, induced a phenotype similar to knockdown of blt1. These results suggest that the LTB4-BLT1 axis is involved in epiboly in zebrafish development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Okuno
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Tohru Ishitani
- Division of Cell Regulation Systems, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takehiko Yokomizo
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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184
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An ensemble-averaged, cell density-based digital model of zebrafish embryo development derived from light-sheet microscopy data with single-cell resolution. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8601. [PMID: 25712513 PMCID: PMC5390106 DOI: 10.1038/srep08601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A new era in developmental biology has been ushered in by recent advances in the quantitative imaging of all-cell morphogenesis in living organisms. Here we have developed a light-sheet fluorescence microscopy-based framework with single-cell resolution for identification and characterization of subtle phenotypical changes of millimeter-sized organisms. Such a comparative study requires analyses of entire ensembles to be able to distinguish sample-to-sample variations from definitive phenotypical changes. We present a kinetic digital model of zebrafish embryos up to 16 h of development. The model is based on the precise overlay and averaging of data taken on multiple individuals and describes the cell density and its migration direction at every point in time. Quantitative metrics for multi-sample comparative studies have been introduced to analyze developmental variations within the ensemble. The digital model may serve as a canvas on which the behavior of cellular subpopulations can be studied. As an example, we have investigated cellular rearrangements during germ layer formation at the onset of gastrulation. A comparison of the one-eyed pinhead (oep) mutant with the digital model of the wild-type embryo reveals its abnormal development at the onset of gastrulation, many hours before changes are obvious to the eye.
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185
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Savagner P. Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions: from cell plasticity to concept elasticity. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 112:273-300. [PMID: 25733143 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2014.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a developmental cellular process occurring during early embryo development, including gastrulation and neural crest cell migration. It can be broken down in distinct functional steps: (1) loss of baso-apical polarization characterized by cytoskeleton, tight junctions, and hemidesmosomes remodeling; (2) individualization of cells, including a decrease in cell-cell adhesion forces, (3) emergence of motility, and (4) invasive properties, including passing through the subepithelial basement membrane. These phases occur in an uninterrupted process, without requiring mitosis, in an order and with a degree of completion dictated by the microenvironment. The whole process reflects the activation of specific transcription factor families, called EMT transcription factors. Several mechanisms can combine to induce EMT. Some are reversible, involving growth factors and cytokines and/or environmental signals including extracellular matrix and local physical conditions. Others are irreversible, such as genomic alterations during carcinoma progression, along a selective and irreversible clonal drift. In carcinomas, these signals can converge to initiate a metastable phenotype. In this state, similarly to activated keratinocytes during re-epithelialization, cells can initiate a cohort migration and engage into a transient and reversible EMT controlled by the local environment prior to efficient intravasation and metastasis. EMT transcription factors also participate in cancer progression by inducing apoptosis resistance and maintaining stem-like properties exposed in tumor recurrences. These properties, very important on a clinical point of view, are not intrinsically linked to EMT, but can share common pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Savagner
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U896, Institut régional du cancer Université Montpellier1, Montpellier, France.
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186
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Loganathan R, Little CD, Joshi P, Filla MB, Cheuvront TJ, Lansford R, Rongish BJ. Identification of emergent motion compartments in the amniote embryo. Organogenesis 2015; 10:350-64. [PMID: 25482403 DOI: 10.4161/org.36315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The tissue scale deformations (≥ 1 mm) required to form an amniote embryo are poorly understood. Here, we studied ∼400 μm-sized explant units from gastrulating quail embryos. The explants deformed in a reproducible manner when grown using a novel vitelline membrane-based culture method. Time-lapse recordings of latent embryonic motion patterns were analyzed after disk-shaped tissue explants were excised from three specific regions near the primitive streak: 1) anterolateral epiblast, 2) posterolateral epiblast, and 3) the avian organizer (Hensen's node). The explants were cultured for 8 hours-an interval equivalent to gastrulation. Both the anterolateral and the posterolateral epiblastic explants engaged in concentric radial/centrifugal tissue expansion. In sharp contrast, Hensen's node explants displayed Cartesian-like, elongated, bipolar deformations-a pattern reminiscent of axis elongation. Time-lapse analysis of explant tissue motion patterns indicated that both cellular motility and extracellular matrix fiber (tissue) remodeling take place during the observed morphogenetic deformations. As expected, treatment of tissue explants with a selective Rho-Kinase (p160ROCK) signaling inhibitor, Y27632, completely arrested all morphogenetic movements. Microsurgical experiments revealed that lateral epiblastic tissue was dispensable for the generation of an elongated midline axis- provided that an intact organizer (node) is present. Our computational analyses suggest the possibility of delineating tissue-scale morphogenetic movements at anatomically discrete locations in the embryo. Further, tissue deformation patterns, as well as the mechanical state of the tissue, require normal actomyosin function. We conclude that amniote embryos contain tissue-scale, regionalized morphogenetic motion generators, which can be assessed using our novel computational time-lapse imaging approach. These data and future studies-using explants excised from overlapping anatomical positions-will contribute to understanding the emergent tissue flow that shapes the amniote embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajprasad Loganathan
- a Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology ; University of Kansas Medical Center ; Kansas City , KS USA
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187
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Lin WC, Wang LC, Pang TL, Chen MY. Actin-binding protein G (AbpG) participates in modulating the actin cytoskeleton and cell migration in Dictyostelium discoideum. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:1084-97. [PMID: 25609090 PMCID: PMC4357508 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-05-0972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dictyostelium cells lacking actin-binding protein G (AbpG) migrate at a reduced speed and display elevated F-actin levels. AbpG is enriched in the cortical/lamellipodial regions and colocalizes with F-actin. A novel protein domain in AbpG mediates the interaction with F-actin and is required for the cellular function of AbpG. Cell migration is involved in various physiological and pathogenic events, and the complex underlying molecular mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. The simple eukaryote Dictyostelium discoideum displays chemotactic locomotion in stages of its life cycle. By characterizing a Dictyostelium mutant defective in chemotactic responses, we identified a novel actin-binding protein serving to modulate cell migration and named it actin-binding protein G (AbpG); this 971–amino acid (aa) protein contains an N-terminal type 2 calponin homology (CH2) domain followed by two large coiled-coil regions. In chemoattractant gradients, abpG− cells display normal directional persistence but migrate significantly more slowly than wild-type cells; expressing Flag-AbpG in mutant cells eliminates the motility defect. AbpG is enriched in cortical/lamellipodial regions and colocalizes well with F-actin; aa 401–600 and aa 501–550 fragments of AbpG show the same distribution as full-length AbpG. The aa 501–550 region of AbpG, which is essential for AbpG to localize to lamellipodia and to rescue the phenotype of abpG− cells, is sufficient for binding to F-actin and represents a novel actin-binding protein domain. Compared with wild-type cells, abpG− cells have significantly higher F-actin levels. Collectively our results suggest that AbpG may participate in modulating actin dynamics to optimize cell locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chi Lin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Chen Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Te-Ling Pang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yu Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan Genome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
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188
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van den Brink SC, Baillie-Johnson P, Balayo T, Hadjantonakis AK, Nowotschin S, Turner DA, Martinez Arias A. Symmetry breaking, germ layer specification and axial organisation in aggregates of mouse embryonic stem cells. Development 2015; 141:4231-42. [PMID: 25371360 PMCID: PMC4302915 DOI: 10.1242/dev.113001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) are clonal populations derived from preimplantation mouse embryos that can be propagated in vitro and, when placed into blastocysts, contribute to all tissues of the embryo and integrate into the normal morphogenetic processes, i.e. they are pluripotent. However, although they can be steered to differentiate in vitro into all cell types of the organism, they cannot organise themselves into structures that resemble embryos. When aggregated into embryoid bodies they develop disorganised masses of different cell types with little spatial coherence. An exception to this rule is the emergence of retinas and anterior cortex-like structures under minimal culture conditions. These structures emerge from the cultures without any axial organisation. Here, we report that small aggregates of mESCs, of about 300 cells, self-organise into polarised structures that exhibit collective behaviours reminiscent of those that cells exhibit in early mouse embryos, including symmetry breaking, axial organisation, germ layer specification and cell behaviour, as well as axis elongation. The responses are signal specific and uncouple processes that in the embryo are tightly associated, such as specification of the anteroposterior axis and anterior neural development, or endoderm specification and axial elongation. We discuss the meaning and implications of these observations and the potential uses of these structures which, because of their behaviour, we suggest to call ‘gastruloids’.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tina Balayo
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | | | - Sonja Nowotschin
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - David A Turner
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
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189
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Onai T, Aramaki T, Inomata H, Hirai T, Kuratani S. Ancestral mesodermal reorganization and evolution of the vertebrate head. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2015; 1:29. [PMID: 26605074 PMCID: PMC4657371 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-015-0030-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The vertebrate head is characterized by unsegmented head mesoderm the evolutionary origin of which remains enigmatic. The head mesoderm is derived from the rostral part of the dorsal mesoderm, which is regionalized anteroposteriorly during gastrulation. The basal chordate amphioxus resembles vertebrates due to the presence of somites, but it lacks unsegmented head mesoderm. Gastrulation in amphioxus occurs by simple invagination with little mesodermal involution, whereas in vertebrates gastrulation is organized by massive cell movements, such as involution, convergence and extension, and cell migration. RESULTS To identify key developmental events in the evolution of the vertebrate head mesoderm, we compared anterior/posterior (A/P) patterning mechanisms of the dorsal mesoderm in amphioxus and vertebrates. The dorsal mesodermal genes gsc, bra, and delta are expressed in similar patterns in early embryos of both animals, but later in development, these expression domains become anteroposteriorly segregated only in vertebrates. Suppression of mesodermal involution in vertebrate embryos by inhibition of convergence and extension recapitulates amphioxus-like dorsal mesoderm formation. CONCLUSIONS Reorganization of ancient mesoderm was likely involved in the evolution of the vertebrate head.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Onai
- />Kuratani Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047 Japan
| | - Toshihiro Aramaki
- />Pattern Formation Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Hidehiko Inomata
- />Laboratory for Axial Pattern Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047 Japan
| | - Tamami Hirai
- />Kuratani Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047 Japan
| | - Shigeru Kuratani
- />Kuratani Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047 Japan
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190
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Ectopic expression screen identifies genes affecting Drosophila mesoderm development including the HSPG Trol. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2014; 5:301-13. [PMID: 25538103 PMCID: PMC4321038 DOI: 10.1534/g3.114.015891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Gastrulation of the embryo involves coordinate cell movements likely supported by multiple signaling pathways, adhesion molecules, and extracellular matrix components. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) have a major role in Drosophila melanogaster mesoderm migration; however, few other inputs are known and the mechanism supporting cell movement is unclear. To provide insight, we performed an ectopic expression screen to identify secreted or membrane-associated molecules that act to support mesoderm migration. Twenty-four UAS insertions were identified that cause lethality when expressed in either the mesoderm (Twi-Gal4) or the ectoderm (69B-Gal4). The list was narrowed to a subset of 10 genes that were shown to exhibit loss-of-function mutant phenotypes specifically affecting mesoderm migration. These include the FGF ligand Pyramus, α-integrins, E-cadherin, Cueball, EGFR, JAK/STAT signaling components, as well as the heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) Terribly reduced optic lobes (Trol). Trol encodes the ortholog of mammalian HSPG Perlecan, a demonstrated FGF signaling cofactor. Here, we examine the role of Trol in Drosophila mesoderm migration and compare and contrast its role with that of Syndecan (Sdc), another HSPG previously implicated in this process. Embryos mutant for Trol or Sdc were obtained and analyzed. Our data support the view that both HSPGs function to support FGF-dependent processes in the early embryo as they share phenotypes with FGF mutants: Trol in terms of effects on mesoderm migration and caudal visceral mesoderm (CVM) migration and Sdc in terms of dorsal mesoderm specification. The differential roles uncovered for these two HSPGs suggest that HSPG cofactor choice may modify FGF-signaling outputs.
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191
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A positional Toll receptor code directs convergent extension in Drosophila. Nature 2014; 515:523-7. [PMID: 25363762 DOI: 10.1038/nature13953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Elongation of the head-to-tail body axis by convergent extension is a conserved developmental process throughout metazoans. In Drosophila, patterns of transcription factor expression provide spatial cues that induce systematically oriented cell movements and promote tissue elongation. However, the mechanisms by which patterned transcriptional inputs control cell polarity and behaviour have long been elusive. We demonstrate that three Toll family receptors, Toll-2, Toll-6 and Toll-8, are expressed in overlapping transverse stripes along the anterior-posterior axis and act in combination to direct planar polarity and polarized cell rearrangements during convergent extension. Simultaneous disruption of all three receptors strongly reduces actomyosin-driven junctional remodelling and axis elongation, and an ectopic stripe of Toll receptor expression is sufficient to induce planar polarized actomyosin contractility. These results demonstrate that tissue-level patterns of Toll receptor expression provide spatial signals that link positional information from the anterior-posterior patterning system to the essential cell behaviours that drive convergent extension.
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192
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Abstract
The green lineage of chlorophyte algae and streptophytes form a large and diverse clade with multiple independent transitions to produce multicellular and/or macroscopically complex organization. In this review, I focus on two of the best-studied multicellular groups of green algae: charophytes and volvocines. Charophyte algae are the closest relatives of land plants and encompass the transition from unicellularity to simple multicellularity. Many of the innovations present in land plants have their roots in the cell and developmental biology of charophyte algae. Volvocine algae evolved an independent route to multicellularity that is captured by a graded series of increasing cell-type specialization and developmental complexity. The study of volvocine algae has provided unprecedented insights into the innovations required to achieve multicellularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Umen
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132
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193
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Yu S, Yehia G, Wang J, Stypulkowski E, Sakamori R, Jiang P, Hernandez-Enriquez B, Tran TS, Bonder EM, Guo W, Gao N. Global ablation of the mouse Rab11a gene impairs early embryogenesis and matrix metalloproteinase secretion. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:32030-32043. [PMID: 25271168 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.538223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rab11a has been conceived as a prominent regulatory component of the recycling endosome, which acts as a nexus in the endo- and exocytotic networks. The precise in vivo role of Rab11a in mouse embryonic development is unknown. We globally ablated Rab11a and examined the phenotypic and molecular outcomes in Rab11a(null) blastocysts and mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Using multiple trafficking assays and complementation analyses, we determined, among multiple important membrane-associated and soluble cargos, the critical contribution of Rab11a vesicular traffic to the secretion of multiple soluble MMPs. Rab11a(null) embryos were able to properly form normal blastocysts but died at peri-implantation stages. Our data suggest that Rab11a critically controls mouse blastocyst development and soluble matrix metalloproteinase secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyan Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102
| | - Ghassan Yehia
- Transgenic Core Facility, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Juanfei Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and
| | - Ewa Stypulkowski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102
| | - Ryotaro Sakamori
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102
| | - Ping Jiang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724
| | | | - Tracy S Tran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102
| | - Edward M Bonder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102,.
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194
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Young T, Poobalan Y, Tan EK, Tao S, Ong S, Wehner P, Schwenty-Lara J, Lim CY, Sadasivam A, Lovatt M, Wang ST, Ali Y, Borchers A, Sampath K, Dunn NR. The PDZ domain protein Mcc is a novel effector of non-canonical Wnt signaling during convergence and extension in zebrafish. Development 2014; 141:3505-16. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.114033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
During vertebrate gastrulation, a complex set of mass cellular rearrangements shapes the embryonic body plan and appropriately positions the organ primordia. In zebrafish and Xenopus, convergence and extension (CE) movements simultaneously narrow the body axis mediolaterally and elongate it from head to tail. This process is governed by polarized cell behaviors that are coordinated by components of the non-canonical, β-catenin-independent Wnt signaling pathway, including Wnt5b and the transmembrane planar cell polarity (PCP) protein Vangl2. However, the intracellular events downstream of Wnt/PCP signals are not fully understood. Here, we show that zebrafish mutated in colorectal cancer (mcc), which encodes an evolutionarily conserved PDZ domain-containing putative tumor suppressor, is required for Wnt5b/Vangl2 signaling during gastrulation. Knockdown of mcc results in CE phenotypes similar to loss of vangl2 and wnt5b, whereas overexpression of mcc robustly rescues the depletion of wnt5b, vangl2 and the Wnt5b tyrosine kinase receptor ror2. Biochemical experiments establish a direct physical interaction between Mcc and the Vangl2 cytoplasmic tail. Lastly, CE defects in mcc morphants are suppressed by downstream activation of RhoA and JNK. Taken together, our results identify Mcc as a novel intracellular effector of non-canonical Wnt5b/Vangl2/Ror2 signaling during vertebrate gastrulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teddy Young
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore138648
| | - Yogavalli Poobalan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore138648
| | - Ee Kim Tan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore138648
| | - Shijie Tao
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore117543
| | - Sheena Ong
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore138648
| | - Peter Wehner
- Department of Developmental Biochemistry, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, GZMB, University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Janina Schwenty-Lara
- Department of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Chin Yan Lim
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore138648
| | - Akila Sadasivam
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore138648
| | - Matthew Lovatt
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore138648
| | - Siew Tein Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore138648
| | - Yusuf Ali
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore138648
| | - Annette Borchers
- Department of Developmental Biochemistry, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, GZMB, University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany
- Department of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Karuna Sampath
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore117543
- Division of Biomedical Cell Biology, B040, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - N. Ray Dunn
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore138648
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195
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Garcia MD, Larina IV. Vascular development and hemodynamic force in the mouse yolk sac. Front Physiol 2014; 5:308. [PMID: 25191274 PMCID: PMC4138559 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular remodeling of the mouse embryonic yolk sac is a highly dynamic process dependent on multiple genetic signaling pathways as well as biomechanical factors regulating proliferation, differentiation, migration, cell-cell, and cell-matrix interactions. During this early developmental window, the initial primitive vascular network of the yolk sac undergoes a dynamic remodeling process concurrent with the onset of blood flow, in which endothelial cells establish a branched, hierarchical structure of large vessels and smaller capillary beds. In this review, we will describe the molecular and biomechanical regulators which guide vascular remodeling in the mouse embryonic yolk sac, as well as live imaging methods for characterizing endothelial cell and hemodynamic function in cultured embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica D Garcia
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine Houston, TX, USA
| | - Irina V Larina
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine Houston, TX, USA
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196
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Brachyury cooperates with Wnt/β-catenin signalling to elicit primitive-streak-like behaviour in differentiating mouse embryonic stem cells. BMC Biol 2014; 12:63. [PMID: 25115237 PMCID: PMC4171571 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-014-0063-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The formation of the primitive streak is the first visible sign of gastrulation, the process by which the three germ layers are formed from a single epithelium during early development. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) provide a good system for understanding the molecular and cellular events associated with these processes. Previous work, both in embryos and in culture, has shown how converging signals from both nodal/TGFβR and Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathways specify cells to adopt a primitive-streak-like fate and direct them to undertake an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). However, many of these approaches have relied on genetic analyses without taking into account the temporal progression of events within single cells. In addition, it is still unclear to what extent events in the embryo are able to be reproduced in culture. Results Here, we combine flow cytometry and a quantitative live single-cell imaging approach to demonstrate how the controlled differentiation of mouse ESCs towards a primitive streak fate in culture results in cells displaying many of the characteristics observed during early mouse development including transient brachyury expression, EMT and increased motility. We also find that the EMT initiates the process, and this is both fuelled and terminated by the action of brachyury, whose expression is dependent on the EMT and β-catenin activity. Conclusions As a consequence of our analysis, we propose that a major output of brachyury expression is in controlling the velocity of the cells that are transiting out of the primitive streak. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-014-0063-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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197
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Xiao Q, Xia JH, Zhang XJ, Li Z, Wang Y, Zhou L, Gui JF. Type-IV antifreeze proteins are essential for epiboly and convergence in gastrulation of zebrafish embryos. Int J Biol Sci 2014; 10:715-32. [PMID: 25013380 PMCID: PMC4081606 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.9126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many organisms in extremely cold environments such as the Antarctic Pole have evolved antifreeze molecules to prevent ice formation. There are four types of antifreeze proteins (AFPs). Type-IV antifreeze proteins (AFP4s) are present also in certain temperate and even tropical fish, which has raised a question as to whether these AFP4s have important functions in addition to antifreeze activity. Here we report the identification and functional analyses of AFP4s in cyprinid fish. Two genes, namely afp4a and afp4b coding for AFP4s, were identified in gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) and zebrafish (Danio rerio). In both species, afp4a and afp4b display a head-to-tail tandem arrangement and share a common 4-exonic gene structure. In zebrafish, both afp4a and afp4b were found to express specifically in the yolk syncytial layer (YSL). Interestingly, afp4a expression continues in YSL and digestive system from early embryos to adults, whereas afp4b expression is restricted to embryogenesis. Importantly, we have shown by using afp4a-specific and afp4b-specifc morpholino knockdown and cell lineage tracing approaches that AFP4a participates in epiboly progression by stabilizing yolk cytoplasmic layer microtubules, and AFP4b is primarily related to convergence movement. Therefore, both AFP4 proteins are essential for gastrulation of zebrafish embryos. Our current results provide first evidence that AFP such as AFP4 has important roles in regulating developmental processes besides its well-known function as antifreeze factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jian-Hong Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jian-Fang Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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198
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Bouldin CM, Kimelman D. Cdc25 and the importance of G2 control: insights from developmental biology. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:2165-71. [PMID: 24914680 DOI: 10.4161/cc.29537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
While cell proliferation is an essential part of embryonic development, cells within an embryo cannot proliferate freely. Instead, they must balance proliferation and other cellular events such as differentiation and morphogenesis throughout embryonic growth. Although the G1 phase has been a major focus of study in cell cycle control, it is becoming increasingly clear that G2 regulation also plays an essential role during embryonic development. Here we discuss the role of Cdc25, a key regulator of mitotic entry, with a focus on several recent examples that show how the precise control of Cdc25 activity and the G2/M transition are critical for different aspects of embryogenesis. We finish by discussing a promising technology that allows easy visualization of embryonic and adult cells potentially regulated at mitotic entry, permitting the rapid identification of other instances where the exit from G2 plays an essential role in development and tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cortney M Bouldin
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Washington; Seattle, WA USA
| | - David Kimelman
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Washington; Seattle, WA USA
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199
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Tsuchiya Y, Pham U, Hu W, Ohnuma SI, Gout I. Changes in acetyl CoA levels during the early embryonic development of Xenopus laevis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97693. [PMID: 24831956 PMCID: PMC4022644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme A (CoA) is a ubiquitous and fundamental intracellular cofactor. CoA acts as a carrier of metabolically important carboxylic acids in the form of CoA thioesters and is an obligatory component of a multitude of catabolic and anabolic reactions. Acetyl CoA is a CoA thioester derived from catabolism of all major carbon fuels. This metabolite is at a metabolic crossroads, either being further metabolised as an energy source or used as a building block for biosynthesis of lipids and cholesterol. In addition, acetyl CoA serves as the acetyl donor in protein acetylation reactions, linking metabolism to protein post-translational modifications. Recent studies in yeast and cultured mammalian cells have suggested that the intracellular level of acetyl CoA may play a role in the regulation of cell growth, proliferation and apoptosis, by affecting protein acetylation reactions. Yet, how the levels of this metabolite change in vivo during the development of a vertebrate is not known. We measured levels of acetyl CoA, free CoA and total short chain CoA esters during the early embryonic development of Xenopus laevis using HPLC. Acetyl CoA and total short chain CoA esters start to increase around midblastula transition (MBT) and continue to increase through stages of gastrulation, neurulation and early organogenesis. Pre-MBT embryos contain more free CoA relative to acetyl CoA but there is a shift in the ratio of acetyl CoA to CoA after MBT, suggesting a metabolic transition that results in net accumulation of acetyl CoA. At the whole-embryo level, there is an apparent correlation between the levels of acetyl CoA and levels of acetylation of a number of proteins including histones H3 and H2B. This suggests the level of acetyl CoA may be a factor, which determines the degree of acetylation of these proteins, hence may play a role in the regulation of embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugo Tsuchiya
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Uyen Pham
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wanzhou Hu
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shin-ichi Ohnuma
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ivan Gout
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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200
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Ridenour DA, McLennan R, Teddy JM, Semerad CL, Haug JS, Kulesa PM. The neural crest cell cycle is related to phases of migration in the head. Development 2014; 141:1095-103. [PMID: 24550117 DOI: 10.1242/dev.098855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic cells that migrate long distances must critically balance cell division in order to maintain stream dynamics and population of peripheral targets. Yet details of individual cell division events and how cell cycle is related to phases of migration remain unclear. Here, we examined these questions using the chick cranial neural crest (NC). In vivo time-lapse imaging revealed that a typical migrating NC cell division event lasted ~1 hour and included four stereotypical steps. Cell tracking showed that dividing NC cells maintained position relative to non-dividing neighbors. NC cell division orientation and the time and distance to first division after neural tube exit were stochastic. To address how cell cycle is related to phases of migration, we used FACs analysis to identify significant spatiotemporal differences in NC cell cycle profiles. Two-photon photoconversion of single and small numbers of mKikGR-labeled NC cells confirmed that lead NC cells exhibited a nearly fourfold faster doubling time after populating the branchial arches. By contrast, Ki-67 staining showed that one out of every five later emerging NC cells exited the cell cycle after reaching proximal head targets. The relatively quiescent mitotic activity during NC cell migration to the branchial arches was altered when premigratory cells were reduced in number by tissue ablation. Together, our results provide the first comprehensive details of the pattern and dynamics of cell division events during cranial NC cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis A Ridenour
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
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