151
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In Vitro Analysis of Thymocyte Signaling. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1323:169-78. [PMID: 26294408 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2809-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
From the moment a developing thymocyte expresses a TCR, it is subjected to numerous interactions with self-peptide/MHC complexes that determine its ultimate fate. These include death by neglect, negative selection (apoptosis and lineage deviation), positive selection, and lineage commitment. The identification of signals that govern these unique cell fates requires the ability to assess the activity, level of expression, subcellular location, and the molecular associations of numerous proteins within the developing T cell. Thus, this chapter describes methods designed to analyze thymocyte signaling under various types of peptide-based stimulation in vitro.
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152
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Zhao Y, Nguyen P, Ma J, Wu T, Jones LL, Pei D, Cheng C, Geiger TL. Preferential Use of Public TCR during Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:4905-14. [PMID: 27183575 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
How the TCR repertoire, in concert with risk-associated MHC, imposes susceptibility for autoimmune diseases is incompletely resolved. Due largely to recombinatorial biases, a small fraction of TCRα or β-chains are shared by most individuals, or public. If public TCR chains modulate a TCRαβ heterodimer's likelihood of productively engaging autoantigen, because they are pervasive and often high frequency, they could also broadly influence disease risk and progression. Prior data, using low-resolution techniques, have identified the heavy use of select public TCR in some autoimmune models. In this study, we assess public repertoire representation in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis at high resolution. Saturation sequencing was used to identify >18 × 10(6) TCRβ sequences from the CNSs, periphery, and thymi of mice at different stages of autoimmune encephalomyelitis and healthy controls. Analyses indicated the prominent representation of a highly diverse public TCRβ repertoire in the disease response. Preferential formation of public TCR implicated in autoimmunity was identified in preselection thymocytes, and, consistently, public, disease-associated TCRβ were observed to be commonly oligoclonal. Increased TCR sharing and a focusing of the public TCR response was seen with disease progression. Critically, comparisons of peripheral and CNS repertoires and repertoires from preimmune and diseased mice demonstrated that public TCR were preferentially deployed relative to nonshared, or private, sequences. Our findings implicate public TCR in skewing repertoire response during autoimmunity and suggest that subsets of public TCR sequences may serve as disease-specific biomarkers or influence disease susceptibility or progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqian Zhao
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105; and
| | - Phuong Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105; and
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105; and
| | - Tianhua Wu
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105; and
| | - Lindsay L Jones
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105; and
| | - Deqing Pei
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Terrence L Geiger
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105; and
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153
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Blume J, Zur Lage S, Witzlau K, Georgiev H, Weiss S, Łyszkiewicz M, Ziȩtara N, Krueger A. Overexpression of Vα14Jα18 TCR promotes development of iNKT cells in the absence of miR-181a/b-1. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 94:741-6. [PMID: 27089939 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Expression of microRNA miR-181a/b-1 is critical for intrathymic development of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. However, the underlying mechanism has remained a matter of debate. On the one hand, growing evidence suggested that miR-181a/b-1 is instrumental in setting T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling threshold and thus permits agonist selection of iNKT cells through high-affinity TCR ligands. On the other hand, alterations in metabolic fitness mediated by miR-181a/b-1-dependent dysregulation of phosphatase and tensin homolog (Pten) have been proposed to cause the iNKT-cell defect in miR-181-a/b-1-deficient mice. To re-assess the hypothesis that modulation of TCR signal strength is the key mechanism by which miR-181a/b-1 controls the development of iNKT cells, we generated miR-181a/b-1-deficient mice expressing elevated levels of a Vα14Jα18 TCRα chain. In these mice, development of iNKT cells was fully restored. Furthermore, both subset distribution of iNKT cells as well as TCR Vβ repertoire were independent of the presence of miR-181a/b-1 once a Vα14Jα18 TCRα chain was overexpressed. Finally, levels of Pten protein were similar in Vα14Jα18 transgenic mice irrespective of their miR-181a/b-1 status. Collectively, our data support a model in which miR-181 promotes development of iNKT cells primarily by generating a permissive state for agonist selection with alterations in metabolic fitness possibly constituting a secondary effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Blume
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Susanne Zur Lage
- Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Katrin Witzlau
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hristo Georgiev
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Siegfried Weiss
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Natalia Ziȩtara
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Krueger
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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154
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Perry JSA, Hsieh CS. Development of T-cell tolerance utilizes both cell-autonomous and cooperative presentation of self-antigen. Immunol Rev 2016; 271:141-55. [PMID: 27088912 PMCID: PMC4837647 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The development of T-cell self-tolerance in the thymus is important for establishing immune homeostasis and preventing autoimmunity. Here, we review the components of T-cell tolerance, which includes T-cell receptor (TCR) self-reactivity, costimulation, cytokines, and antigen presentation by a variety of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) subsets. We discuss the current evidence on the process of regulatory T (Treg) cell and negative selection and the importance of TCR signaling. We then examine recent evidence showing unique roles for bone marrow (BM)-derived APCs and medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) on the conventional and Treg TCR repertoire, as well as emerging data on the role of B cells in tolerance. Finally, we review the accumulating data that suggest that cooperative antigen presentation is a prominent component of T -ell tolerance. With the development of tools to interrogate the function of individual APC subsets in the medulla, we have gained greater understanding of the complex cellular and molecular events that determine T-cell tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin S A Perry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Chyi-Song Hsieh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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155
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Phosphatase PP2A is requisite for the function of regulatory T cells. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:556-64. [PMID: 26974206 PMCID: PMC4837024 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immune homeostasis depends on the proper function of regulatory T (Treg) cells. Compromised Treg cell suppressive activity leads to autoimmune disease, graft rejection and promotes anti-tumor immunity. Here we report the previously unrecognized requirement of the serine/threonine phosphatase Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A) for the function of Treg cells. Treg cells exhibited high PP2A activity and Treg cell-specific ablation of the PP2A complex resulted in a severe, multi-organ, lymphoproliferative autoimmune disorder. Mass spectrometric analysis revealed that PP2A associates with components of the mTOR pathway and suppresses mTORC1 activity. In the absence of PP2A, Treg cells altered their metabolic and cytokine profile and were unable to suppress effector immune responses. Therefore, PP2A is requisite for the function of Treg cells and the prevention of autoimmunity.
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156
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Kalekar LA, Schmiel SE, Nandiwada SL, Lam WY, Barsness LO, Zhang N, Stritesky GL, Malhotra D, Pauken KE, Linehan JL, O'Sullivan MG, Fife BT, Hogquist KA, Jenkins MK, Mueller DL. CD4(+) T cell anergy prevents autoimmunity and generates regulatory T cell precursors. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:304-14. [PMID: 26829766 PMCID: PMC4755884 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The role of anergy, an acquired state of T cell functional unresponsiveness, in natural peripheral tolerance remains unclear. In this study, we found that anergy was selectively induced in fetal antigen-specific maternal CD4(+) T cells during pregnancy. A naturally occurring subpopulation of anergic polyclonal CD4(+) T cells, enriched for self antigen-specific T cell antigen receptors, was also present in healthy hosts. Neuropilin-1 expression in anergic conventional CD4(+) T cells was associated with hypomethylation of genes related to thymic regulatory T cells (Treg cells), and this correlated with their ability to differentiate into Foxp3(+) Treg cells that suppressed immunopathology. Thus, our data suggest that not only is anergy induction important in preventing autoimmunity but also it generates the precursors for peripheral Treg cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh A Kalekar
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- The Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Shirdi E Schmiel
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- The Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sarada L Nandiwada
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- The Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Wing Y Lam
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- The Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Laura O Barsness
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- The Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- The Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gretta L Stritesky
- The Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Deepali Malhotra
- The Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kristen E Pauken
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- The Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jonathan L Linehan
- The Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - M Gerard O'Sullivan
- The Comparative Pathology Core at the Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Brian T Fife
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- The Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kristin A Hogquist
- The Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Marc K Jenkins
- The Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Daniel L Mueller
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- The Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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157
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Brzostek J, Gascoigne NRJ, Rybakin V. Cell Type-Specific Regulation of Immunological Synapse Dynamics by B7 Ligand Recognition. Front Immunol 2016; 7:24. [PMID: 26870040 PMCID: PMC4740375 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
B7 proteins CD80 (B7-1) and CD86 (B7-2) are expressed on most antigen-presenting cells and provide critical co-stimulatory or inhibitory input to T cells via their T-cell-expressed receptors: CD28 and CTLA-4. CD28 is expressed on effector T cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs), and CD28-dependent signals are required for optimum activation of effector T cell functions. CD28 ligation on effector T cells leads to formation of distinct molecular patterns and induction of cytoskeletal rearrangements at the immunological synapse (IS). CD28 plays a critical role in recruitment of protein kinase C (PKC)-θ to the effector T cell IS. CTLA-4 is constitutively expressed on the surface of Tregs, but it is expressed on effector T cells only after activation. As CTLA-4 binds to B7 proteins with significantly higher affinity than CD28, B7 ligand recognition by cells expressing both receptors leads to displacement of CD28 and PKC-θ from the IS. In Tregs, B7 ligand recognition leads to recruitment of CTLA-4 and PKC-η to the IS. CTLA-4 plays a role in regulation of T effector and Treg IS stability and cell motility. Due to their important roles in regulating T-cell-mediated responses, B7 receptors are emerging as important drug targets in oncology. In this review, we present an integrated summary of current knowledge about the role of B7 family receptor–ligand interactions in the regulation of spatial and temporal IS dynamics in effector and Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Brzostek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Nicholas R J Gascoigne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Vasily Rybakin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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158
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Richards DM, Kyewski B, Feuerer M. Re-examining the Nature and Function of Self-Reactive T cells. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:114-125. [PMID: 26795134 PMCID: PMC7611850 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have leveraged MHC tetramer and TCR sequencing approaches towards a more precise characterization of the peripheral T cell repertoire, providing important insight into both the contribution of self-reactive T cells to the overall repertoire and their function. The peripheral T cell repertoire of healthy individuals contains a high frequency of diverse, self-reactive T cells. Furthermore, self-reactive T cells can perform essential beneficial physiological functions. We review these recent findings here, and discuss their implications to the current understanding of peripheral tolerance and the role of self-reactive T cells in autoimmune disease. We outline gaps in understanding, and argue that an important step forward is to revise the definition of self-reactive T cells to incorporate new concepts regarding the nature and physiological functions of different populations of T cells capable of recognizing self-antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Richards
- Immune Tolerance, Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Current address: Immunology Department, Apogenix GmbH, Im Neuenheimer Feld 584, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bruno Kyewski
- Developmental Immunology, Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Feuerer
- Immune Tolerance, Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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159
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Stepwise B-cell-dependent expansion of T helper clonotypes diversifies the T-cell response. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10281. [PMID: 26728651 PMCID: PMC4728444 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen receptor diversity underpins adaptive immunity by providing the ground for clonal selection of lymphocytes with the appropriate antigen reactivity. Current models attribute T cell clonal selection during the immune response to T-cell receptor (TCR) affinity for either foreign or self peptides. Here, we report that clonal selection of CD4(+) T cells is also extrinsically regulated by B cells. In response to viral infection, the antigen-specific TCR repertoire is progressively diversified by staggered clonotypic expansion, according to functional avidity, which correlates with self-reactivity. Clonal expansion of lower-avidity T-cell clonotypes depends on availability of MHC II-expressing B cells, in turn influenced by B-cell activation. B cells clonotypically diversify the CD4(+) T-cell response also to vaccination or tumour challenge, revealing a common effect.
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160
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Abstract
CD4(+) T cells play central roles in adaptive immunity, driving appropriate immune responses to invading pathogens of diverse types. Four major CD4(+) T cell subsets, Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg cells are differentiated from naïve CD4(+) T cells upon ligation of their T cell receptors with antigens, depending on the cytokines they receive. Th1 cells, which are induced by IL-12 and IFN-γ, mediate host defense against intracellular pathogens by exclusively expressing IFN-γ. Th2 cells, which are induced by IL4, secrete IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, and protect hosts from helminths. IL-6 plus TGF-β induces Th17 cells, another Th subset identified relatively recently, express IL-17 and play important roles in the eradication of extracellular bacteria and fungi. Treg cells, which play central roles in immune suppression, are composed of either thymus-derived Treg cells (tTreg cells), which are directly developed from CD4-single positive (CD4-SP) cells in the thymus, or peripherally derived Treg cells (pTreg cells), which are induced by TGF-β plus IL-2 from naïve CD4(+) T cells. Although the regulated induction of Th cells results in proper eradication of pathogens, their excess activation results in various immune-associated diseases. For example, aberrant activation of Th1 and Th17 has been implicated in autoimmune diseases, excess Th2 activity causes atopic diseases, and impaired function of Treg cells due to abrogation of Foxp3 has been shown to cause fatal inflammatory disorders both in human and in mouse. The methods for in vitro differentiation of each Th subset described above are presented here. We hope these methods will facilitate understanding of differentiation and function of CD4(+) T cells and pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sekiya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Akihiko Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
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161
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Abstract
Potentially harmful T cell precursors are removed from the conventional T cell pool by negative selection. This process can involve the induction of apoptosis, anergy, receptor editing or deviation into a regulatory T cell lineage. As such this process is essential for the health of an organism through its contribution to central and peripheral tolerance. While a great deal is known about the process, the precise mechanisms that regulate negative selection are not clear. Furthermore, the signals that distinguish the different forms of negative selection are not fully understood. Numerous models exist with the potential to address these questions in vitro and in vivo. This chapter describes methods of fetal thymic organ culture designed to analyze the signals that determine these unique cell fates.
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162
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Hohlfeld R, Dornmair K, Meinl E, Wekerle H. The search for the target antigens of multiple sclerosis, part 2: CD8+ T cells, B cells, and antibodies in the focus of reverse-translational research. Lancet Neurol 2015; 15:317-31. [PMID: 26724102 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00313-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Interest in CD8+ T cells and B cells was initially inspired by observations in multiple sclerosis rather than in animal models: CD8+ T cells predominate in multiple sclerosis lesions, oligoclonal immunoglobulin bands in CSF have long been recognised as diagnostic and prognostic markers, and anti-B-cell therapies showed considerable efficacy in multiple sclerosis. Taking a reverse-translational approach, findings from human T-cell receptor (TCR) and B-cell receptor (BCR) repertoire studies provided strong evidence for antigen-driven clonal expansion in the brain and CSF. New methods allow the reconstruction of human TCRs and antibodies from tissue-infiltrating immune cells, which can be used for the unbiased screening of antigen libraries. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) has received renewed attention as an antibody target in childhood multiple sclerosis and in a small subgroup of adult patients with multiple sclerosis. Furthermore, there is growing evidence that a separate condition in adults exists, tentatively called MOG-antibody-associated encephalomyelitis, which has clinical features that overlap with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and multiple sclerosis. Although CD8+ T cells and B cells are thought to have a pathogenic role in some subgroups of patients, their target antigens have yet to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Hohlfeld
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Campus Martinsried-Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
| | - Klaus Dornmair
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Campus Martinsried-Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Edgar Meinl
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Center and University Hospital, Campus Martinsried-Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Hartmut Wekerle
- HERTIE Senior Professor Group Neuroimmunology, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
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163
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Machnes-Maayan D, Lev A, Katz U, Mishali D, Vardi A, Simon AJ, Somech R. Insight into normal thymic activity by assessment of peripheral blood samples. Immunol Res 2015; 61:198-205. [PMID: 25294167 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-014-8558-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The thymus is a highly specialized organ for T cell receptor (TCR) rearrangement and selection mechanisms that ensure the formation of functional and self-tolerant cells. Little is known about how peripheral blood assessment of thymic function reflects thymus activity during infancy. We compared thymic function-related markers in the thymus with those in peripheral blood in order to check their correlations. We concomitantly blood samples from immunocompetent infants who underwent cardiac surgery that involved thymectomy. The studied thymic markers included TCR excision circles (TRECs), four different TCRD (TCR delta chain) gene rearrangements, the TCR repertoire, regulatory T cells (Tregs, defined as the CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ cell population) and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RQ-PCR) mRNA expression of forkhead box P3 (FOXP3). Twenty patients were enrolled in this study. Their mean age at the time of the surgery was 3 months/5 days ± 3 months/18 days. There was a significant correlation between thymic and peripheral blood levels of TREC, all four TCRD gene rearrangements and the amount of Tregs. The levels of these parameters were significantly higher in the thymus than those detected in the peripheral blood. The TCR repertoire distribution in both samples was similar. FOXP3 mRNA levels in the thymus and peripheral blood correlated well. Our findings demonstrated a strong and significant correlation between peripheral blood and intra-thymic activity parameters during infancy. Assessment of these parameters in peripheral blood can be used to accurately estimate different intra-thymic capacities for assessing T cell function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diti Machnes-Maayan
- Pediatric Department B, Pediatric Immunology Service, Jeffrey Modell Foundation (JMF) Center, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, 52621, Tel Hashomer, Israel
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164
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MicroRNA-181a/b-1 Is Not Required for Innate γδ NKT Effector Cell Development. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145010. [PMID: 26673421 PMCID: PMC4682956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic development of αβ T lymphocytes into invariant natural killer (NK) T cells depends on their selection via agonistic lipid antigen presented by CD1d. If successful, newly selected NKT cells gain effector functions already in the thymus. Some γδ T cell subsets also acquire effector functions in the thymus. However, it is not clear whether agonistic TCR stimulation is involved in thymic γδ T cell selection and development. Here we combine two genetic models to address this question. MiR-181a/b-1–/–mice, which show impaired agonistic T cell selection of invariant αβ NKT cells, were crossed to Tcrd-H2BeGFP reporter mice to monitor selection, intra-thymic expansion and differentiation of γδ T cells. We found that miR-181a/b-1-deficiency had no effect on numbers of thymic γδ T cell or on their differentiation towards an IL-17- or IFN-γ-producing effector phenotype. Also, the composition of peripheral lymph node γδ T cells was not affected by miR-181a/b-1-deficiency. Dendritic epidermal γδ T cells were normally present in knock-out animals. However, we observed elevated frequencies and numbers of γδ NKT cells in the liver, possibly because γδ NKT cells can expand and replace missing αβ NKT cells in peripheral niches. In summary, we investigated the role of miR-181a/b-1 for selection, intrathymic development and homeostasis of γδ T cells. We conclude that miR-181a/b-1-dependent modulation of T cell selection is not critically required for innate development of γδ NKT cells or of any other γδ T cell subtypes.
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165
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A timeline demarcating two waves of clonal deletion and Foxp3 upregulation during thymocyte development. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 94:357-66. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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166
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Berga-Bolaños R, Sharma A, Steinke FC, Pyaram K, Kim YH, Sultana DA, Fang JX, Chang CH, Xue HH, Heller NM, Sen JM. β-Catenin is required for the differentiation of iNKT2 and iNKT17 cells that augment IL-25-dependent lung inflammation. BMC Immunol 2015; 16:62. [PMID: 26482437 PMCID: PMC4615569 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-015-0121-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) cells have been implicated in lung inflammation in humans and also shown to be a key cell type in inducing allergic lung inflammation in mouse models. iNKT cells differentiate and acquire functional characteristics during development in the thymus. However, the correlation between development of iNKT cells in the thymus and role in lung inflammation remains unknown. In addition, transcriptional control of differentiation of iNKT cells into iNKT cell effector subsets in the thymus during development is also unclear. In this report we show that β-catenin dependent mechanisms direct differentiation of iNKT2 and iNKT17 subsets but not iNKT1 cells. Methods To study the role for β-catenin in lung inflammation we utilize mice with conditional deletion and enforced expression of β-catenin in a well-established mouse model for IL-25-dependen lung inflammation. Results Specifically, we demonstrate that conditional deletion of β-catenin permitted development of mature iNKT1 cells while impeding maturation of iNKT2 and 17 cells. A role for β-catenin expression in promoting iNKT2 and iNKT17 subsets was confirmed when we noted that enforced transgenic expression of β-catenin in iNKT cell precursors enhanced the frequency and number of iNKT2 and iNKT17 cells at the cost of iNKT1 cells. This effect of expression of β-catenin in iNKT cell precursors was cell autonomous. Furthermore, iNKT2 cells acquired greater capability to produce type-2 cytokines when β-catenin expression was enhanced. Discussion This report shows that β-catenin deficiency resulted in a profound decrease in iNKT2 and iNKT17 subsets of iNKT cells whereas iNKT1 cells developed normally. By contrast, enforced expression of β-catenin promoted the development of iNKT2 and iNKT17 cells. It was important to note that the majority of iNKT cells in the thymus of C57BL/6 mice were iNKT1 cells and enforced expression of β-catenin altered the pattern to iNKT2 and iNKT17 cells suggesting that β-catenin may be a major factor in the distinct pathways that critically direct differentiation of iNKT effector subsets. Conclusions Thus, we demonstrate that β-catenin expression in iNKT cell precursors promotes differentiation toward iNKT2 and iNKT17 effector subsets and supports enhanced capacity to produce type 2 and 17 cytokines which in turn augment lung inflammation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Berga-Bolaños
- Immune Cells and Inflammation Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Archna Sharma
- Immune Cells and Inflammation Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.,Present addresses: Center for Translational Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Dr., Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Farrah C Steinke
- Department of Microbiology, Interdisciplinary Immunology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Kalyani Pyaram
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Yeung-Hyen Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Dil A Sultana
- Immune Cells and Inflammation Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.,Present addresses: Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Jessie X Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Cheong-Hee Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Hai-Hui Xue
- Department of Microbiology, Interdisciplinary Immunology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Nicola M Heller
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Jyoti Misra Sen
- Immune Cells and Inflammation Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA. .,Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA. .,National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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167
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Paternoster L, Standl M, Waage J, Baurecht H, Hotze M, Strachan DP, Curtin JA, Bønnelykke K, Tian C, Takahashi A, Esparza-Gordillo J, Alves AC, Thyssen JP, den Dekker HT, Ferreira MA, Altmaier E, Sleiman PM, Xiao FL, Gonzalez JR, Marenholz I, Kalb B, Yanes MP, Xu CJ, Carstensen L, Groen-Blokhuis MM, Venturini C, Pennell CE, Barton SJ, Levin AM, Curjuric I, Bustamante M, Kreiner-Møller E, Lockett GA, Bacelis J, Bunyavanich S, Myers RA, Matanovic A, Kumar A, Tung JY, Hirota T, Kubo M, McArdle WL, Henderson AJ, Kemp JP, Zheng J, Smith GD, Rüschendorf F, Bauerfeind A, Lee-Kirsch MA, Arnold A, Homuth G, Schmidt CO, Mangold E, Cichon S, Keil T, Rodríguez E, Peters A, Franke A, Lieb W, Novak N, Fölster-Holst R, Horikoshi M, Pekkanen J, Sebert S, Husemoen LL, Grarup N, de Jongste JC, Rivadeneira F, Hofman A, Jaddoe VW, Pasmans SG, Elbert NJ, Uitterlinden AG, Marks GB, Thompson PJ, Matheson MC, Robertson CF, Ried JS, Li J, Zuo XB, Zheng XD, Yin XY, Sun LD, McAleer MA, O'Regan GM, Fahy CM, Campbell LE, Macek M, Kurek M, Hu D, Eng C, Postma DS, Feenstra B, Geller F, Hottenga JJ, Middeldorp CM, Hysi P, Bataille V, Spector T, Tiesler CM, Thiering E, Pahukasahasram B, Yang JJ, Imboden M, Huntsman S, Vilor-Tejedor N, Relton CL, Myhre R, Nystad W, Custovic A, Weiss ST, Meyers DA, Söderhäll C, Melén E, Ober C, Raby BA, Simpson A, Jacobsson B, Holloway JW, Bisgaard H, Sunyer J, Hensch NMP, Williams LK, Godfrey KM, Wang CA, Boomsma DI, Melbye M, Koppelman GH, Jarvis D, McLean WI, Irvine AD, Zhang XJ, Hakonarson H, Gieger C, Burchard EG, Martin NG, Duijts L, Linneberg A, Jarvelin MR, Noethen MM, Lau S, Hübner N, Lee YA, Tamari M, Hinds DA, Glass D, Brown SJ, Heinrich J, Evans DM, Weidinger S. Multi-ancestry genome-wide association study of 21,000 cases and 95,000 controls identifies new risk loci for atopic dermatitis. Nat Genet 2015; 47:1449-1456. [PMID: 26482879 PMCID: PMC4753676 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Genetic association studies have identified 21 loci associated with atopic dermatitis risk predominantly in populations of European ancestry. To identify further susceptibility loci for this common complex skin disease, we performed a meta-analysis of >15 million genetic variants in 21,399 cases and 95,464 controls from populations of European, African, Japanese and Latino ancestry, followed by replication in 32,059 cases and 228,628 controls from 18 studies. We identified 10 novel risk loci, bringing the total number of known atopic dermatitis risk loci to 31 (with novel secondary signals at 4 of these). Notably, the new loci include candidate genes with roles in regulation of innate host defenses and T-cell function, underscoring the important contribution of (auto-)immune mechanisms to atopic dermatitis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia Paternoster
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Marie Standl
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Waage
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hansjörg Baurecht
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Melanie Hotze
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - David P Strachan
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - John A Curtin
- Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester and University Hospital of South Manchester National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Bønnelykke
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chao Tian
- 23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Atsushi Takahashi
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Jorge Esparza-Gordillo
- Max-Delbrück-Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Clinic for Pediatric Allergy, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexessander Couto Alves
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jacob P Thyssen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Herman T den Dekker
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Elisabeth Altmaier
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Ma Sleiman
- The Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Feng Li Xiao
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Juan R Gonzalez
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ingo Marenholz
- Max-Delbrück-Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Clinic for Pediatric Allergy, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Birgit Kalb
- Max-Delbrück-Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Pino Yanes
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Cheng-Jian Xu
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pulmonology, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Groningen, the Netherlands.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lisbeth Carstensen
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria M Groen-Blokhuis
- Dept Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cristina Venturini
- KCL Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Craig E Pennell
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia (UWA), Perth, Australia
| | - Sheila J Barton
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Albert M Levin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ivan Curjuric
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mariona Bustamante
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.,Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain.,Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eskil Kreiner-Møller
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gabrielle A Lockett
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jonas Bacelis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hosptial, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Supinda Bunyavanich
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rachel A Myers
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anja Matanovic
- Max-Delbrück-Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Clinic for Pediatric Allergy, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Tomomitsu Hirota
- Laboratory for Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Michiaki Kubo
- Laboratory for Genotyping Development, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Wendy L McArdle
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - A J Henderson
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - John P Kemp
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jie Zheng
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Anja Bauerfeind
- Max-Delbrück-Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Min Ae Lee-Kirsch
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Arnold
- Clinic and Polyclinic of Dermatology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine and Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Carsten O Schmidt
- Institute for Community Medicine, Study of Health in Pomerania/KEF, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Sven Cichon
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Division of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Structural and Functional Organisation of the Brain, Genomic Imaging, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Thomas Keil
- Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Elke Rodríguez
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen (DZHK) (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Lieb
- Institute of Epidemiology, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Natalija Novak
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Regina Fölster-Holst
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Momoko Horikoshi
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Juha Pekkanen
- Unit of Living Environment and Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sylvain Sebert
- Center for Life-course and Systems Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Lise L Husemoen
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Grarup
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent Wv Jaddoe
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Niels J Elbert
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Guy B Marks
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Philip J Thompson
- Lung Institute of Western Australia, QE II Medical Centre Nedlands , Western Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Melanie C Matheson
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Janina S Ried
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jin Li
- The Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xian Bo Zuo
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiao Dong Zheng
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xian Yong Yin
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Liang Dan Sun
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Maeve A McAleer
- National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland.,Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - Linda E Campbell
- Centre for Dermatology and Genetic Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Milan Macek
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, University Hospital Motol and 2nd Faculty of Medicine of Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Kurek
- Department of Clinical Allergology, Pomeranian, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Donglei Hu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Celeste Eng
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dirkje S Postma
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pulmonology, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frank Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jouke Jan Hottenga
- Dept Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christel M Middeldorp
- Dept Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pirro Hysi
- KCL Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Veronique Bataille
- KCL Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tim Spector
- KCL Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Carla Mt Tiesler
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Division of Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Thiering
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Division of Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Badri Pahukasahasram
- Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - James J Yang
- School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Medea Imboden
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Scott Huntsman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Natàlia Vilor-Tejedor
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.,Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Caroline L Relton
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ronny Myhre
- Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Wenche Nystad
- Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Adnan Custovic
- Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester and University Hospital of South Manchester National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Scott T Weiss
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deborah A Meyers
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Cilla Söderhäll
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Innovative Medicine (CIMED), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Melén
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Sachs' Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carole Ober
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Benjamin A Raby
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Angela Simpson
- Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester and University Hospital of South Manchester National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Bo Jacobsson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hosptial, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - John W Holloway
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Hans Bisgaard
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.,Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.,Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicole M Probst Hensch
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - L Keoki Williams
- Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Keith M Godfrey
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Carol A Wang
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia (UWA), Perth, Australia
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Dept Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Institute for Health and Care Research (EMGO), VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Gerard H Koppelman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Beatrix Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Allergology, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Deborah Jarvis
- Respiratory Epidemiology, Occupational Medicine and Public Health; National Heart and Lung Institute; Imperial College; London, UK.,Medical Research Council-Public Health England Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Wh Irwin McLean
- Centre for Dermatology and Genetic Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Alan D Irvine
- National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland.,Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland.,Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Xue Jun Zhang
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- The Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Esteban G Burchard
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Liesbeth Duijts
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Medical Research Council (MRC) Health Protection Agency (HPE) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Center for Life Course Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Markus M Noethen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Susanne Lau
- Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Hübner
- Max-Delbrück-Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Young-Ae Lee
- Max-Delbrück-Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Clinic for Pediatric Allergy, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mayumi Tamari
- Laboratory for Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Daniel Glass
- KCL Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sara J Brown
- Centre for Dermatology and Genetic Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.,Department of Dermatology, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Joachim Heinrich
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - David M Evans
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,These authors jointly directed this work
| | - Stephan Weidinger
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,These authors jointly directed this work
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168
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Martinez RJ, Evavold BD. Lower Affinity T Cells are Critical Components and Active Participants of the Immune Response. Front Immunol 2015; 6:468. [PMID: 26441973 PMCID: PMC4564719 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetic and biophysical parameters of T cell receptor (TCR) and peptide:MHC (pMHC) interaction define intrinsic factors required for T cell activation and differentiation. Although receptor ligand kinetics are somewhat cumbersome to assess experimentally, TCR:pMHC affinity has been shown to predict peripheral T cell functionality and potential for forming memory. Multimeric forms of pMHC monomers have often been used to provide an indirect readout of higher affinity T cells due to their availability and ease of use while allowing simultaneous definition of other functional and phenotypic characteristics. However, multimeric pMHC reagents have introduced a bias that underestimates the lower affinity components contained in the highly diverse TCR repertoires of all polyclonal T cell responses. Advances in the identification of lower affinity cells have led to the examination of these cells and their contribution to the immune response. In this review, we discuss the identification of high- vs. low-affinity T cells as well as their attributed signaling and functional differences. Lastly, mechanisms are discussed that maintain a diverse range of low- and high-affinity T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J. Martinez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brian D. Evavold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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169
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Ono M, Tanaka RJ. Controversies concerning thymus-derived regulatory T cells: fundamental issues and a new perspective. Immunol Cell Biol 2015. [PMID: 26215792 PMCID: PMC4650266 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Thymus-derived regulatory T cells (Tregs) are considered to be a distinct T-cell lineage that is genetically programmed and specialised for immunosuppression. This perspective is based on the key evidence that CD25+ Tregs emigrate to neonatal spleen a few days later than other T cells and that thymectomy of 3-day-old mice depletes Tregs only, causing autoimmune diseases. Although widely believed, the evidence has never been reproduced as originally reported, and some studies indicate that Tregs exist in neonates. Thus we examine the consequences of the controversial evidence, revisit the fundamental issues of Tregs and thereby reveal the overlooked relationship of T-cell activation and Foxp3-mediated control of the T-cell system. Here we provide a new model of Tregs and Foxp3, a feedback control perspective, which views Tregs as a component of the system that controls T-cell activation, rather than as a distinct genetically programmed lineage. This perspective provides new insights into the roles of self-reactivity, T cell–antigen-presenting cell interaction and T-cell activation in Foxp3-mediated immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Ono
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Immunobiology Section, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Reiko J Tanaka
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
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170
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Richards DM, Ruggiero E, Hofer AC, Sefrin JP, Schmidt M, von Kalle C, Feuerer M. The Contained Self-Reactive Peripheral T Cell Repertoire: Size, Diversity, and Cellular Composition. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015. [PMID: 26195815 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Individual self-reactive T cells have been discovered in both humans and mice. It is difficult to assess the entire contained self-reactive peripheral T cell repertoire in healthy individuals because regulatory T cells (Tregs) can render these cells anergic and, therefore, functionally indistinguishable. We addressed this issue by removing regulatory T cells, thereby allowing us to characterize the exposed self-reactive T cells. This resulted in activation of approximately 4% of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Activation and division of these cells was not a bystander product of Ag-independent signals but required TCR stimulation. Analysis of TCR sequences showed that these responding cells were polyclonal and encompassed a broad range of structural TCR diversity. Adoptive transfer of naive and effector/memory T cell populations showed that even the naive T cell pool contained self-reactive T cell precursors. In addition, transfer of mature thymocytes showed that this response was an intrinsic T cell property rather than a peripheral adaptation. Finally, we found that the unexpectedly strong contribution of the naive CD5(low) T cell pool showed that the overall self-reactive response has not only a diverse polyclonal TCR repertoire, but also comprises a broad range of affinities for self.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Richards
- Immune Tolerance, Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; and
| | - Eliana Ruggiero
- Division of Translational Oncology, German Cancer Research Center and National Center for Tumor Diseases, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ann-Cathrin Hofer
- Immune Tolerance, Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; and
| | - Julian P Sefrin
- Immune Tolerance, Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; and
| | - Manfred Schmidt
- Division of Translational Oncology, German Cancer Research Center and National Center for Tumor Diseases, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christof von Kalle
- Division of Translational Oncology, German Cancer Research Center and National Center for Tumor Diseases, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Feuerer
- Immune Tolerance, Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; and
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171
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Zbtb16 (PLZF) is stably suppressed and not inducible in non-innate T cells via T cell receptor-mediated signaling. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12113. [PMID: 26178856 PMCID: PMC4503983 DOI: 10.1038/srep12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor PLZF (promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger; zbtb16) is essential for nearly all of the unique characteristics of NKT cells including their rapid and potent response to antigen. In the immune system, zbtb16 expression is only found in innate cells. Conventional T cells that ectopically express PLZF spontaneously acquire an activated, effector phenotype. Activation induced expression of lineage defining transcription factors such as T-bet, FoxP3, RORγt, GATA3 and others is essential for naïve T cell differentiation into effector T cells. In this study, we used sensitive genetic-based approaches to assess the induction of PLZF expression in non-innate T cells by T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated activation. Surprisingly, we found that PLZF was stably repressed in non-innate T cells and that TCR-mediated signaling was not sufficient to induce PLZF in conventional T cells. The inactivated state of PLZF was stably maintained in mature T cells, even under inflammatory conditions imposed by bacterial infection. Collectively, our data show that, in contrast to multiple recent reports, PLZF expression is highly specific to innate T cells and cannot be induced in conventional T cells via TCR-mediated activation or inflammatory challenge.
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172
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Jenkinson WE, McCarthy NI, Dutton EE, Cowan JE, Parnell SM, White AJ, Anderson G. Natural Th17 cells are critically regulated by functional medullary thymic microenvironments. J Autoimmun 2015; 63:13-22. [PMID: 26143957 PMCID: PMC4570931 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The thymic medulla is critical for the enforcement of central tolerance. In addition to deletion of auto-reactive T-cells, the thymic medulla supports the maturation of heterogeneous natural αβT-cells linked to tolerance mechanisms. Natural IL-17-secreting CD4(+)αβT-cells (nTh17) represent recently described natural αβT-cells that mature and undergo functional priming intrathymically. Despite a proposed potential to impact upon either protective or pathological inflammatory responses, the intrathymic mechanisms regulating the balance of nTh17 development are unclear. Here we compare the development of distinct natural αβT-cells in the thymus. We reveal that thymic stromal MHC class II expression and RelB-dependent medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTEC), including Aire(+) mTEC, are an essential requirement for nTh17 development. nTh17 demonstrate a partial, non-redundant requirement for both ICOS-ligand and CD80/86 costimulation, with a dispensable role for CD80/86 expression by thymic epithelial cells. Although mTEC constitutively expressed inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), a critical negative regulator of conventional Th17 differentiation, iNOS was not essential to constrain thymic nTh17. These findings highlight the critical role of the thymic medulla in the differential regulation of novel natural αβT-cell subsets, and reveal additional layers of thymic medullary regulation of T-cell driven autoimmunity and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Jenkinson
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Nicholas I McCarthy
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Emma E Dutton
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jennifer E Cowan
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Sonia M Parnell
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Andrea J White
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Graham Anderson
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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173
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Sanjo H, Tokumaru S, Akira S, Taki S. Conditional Deletion of TAK1 in T Cells Reveals a Pivotal Role of TCRαβ+ Intraepithelial Lymphocytes in Preventing Lymphopenia-Associated Colitis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128761. [PMID: 26132627 PMCID: PMC4489433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinase TAK is required for the development of conventional and regulatory T cells. We previously reported that mice with conditional deletion of TAK1 in T cells (Lck-cre:TAK1fl/fl mice) exhibited severe T lymphopenia, and were nevertheless predisposed to spontaneous colitis with unknown etiology. Here we focused on the immunopathological mechanism in colitic Lck-cre:TAK1fl/fl mice. We found that 'leaky' CD4+ T cells retaining TAK1 acquired inflammatory phenotypes that contribute to disease onset in Lck-cre:TAK1fl/fl mice. Furthermore, the gut microbiota-triggered signaling was also a key event leading to the pathogenesis. We discovered that Lck-cre:TAK1fl/fl mice were almost completely devoid of TCRαβ+CD8α+ intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and this was largely due to the developmental defect of the thymic precursors by TAK1 deficiency. Remarkably, transfer of TCRαβ+CD8α+ IELs from wild-type mice ameliorated colitis in Lck-cre:TAK1fl/fl mice. Taken together, our current study highlighted the emerging role of TAK1 in configuring the gut-specialized T cell subset, which regulates mucosal homeostasis under lymphopenic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Sanjo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Shigeo Tokumaru
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Laboratory of Host Defense, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Taki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
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174
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Andersen MH. Immune Regulation by Self-Recognition: Novel Possibilities for Anticancer Immunotherapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 2015; 107:djv154. [PMID: 26063792 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djv154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating T cells that specifically target normal self-proteins expressed by regulatory immune cells were first described in patients with cancer, but can also be detected in healthy individuals. The adaptive immune system is distinguished for its ability to differentiate between self-antigens and foreign antigens. Thus, it was remarkable to discover T cells that apparently lacked tolerance to important self-proteins, eg, IDO, PD-L1, and FoxP3, expressed in regulatory immune cells. The ability of self-reactive T cells to react to and eliminate regulatory immune cells can influence general immune reactions. This suggests that they may be involved in immune homeostasis. It is here proposed that these T cells should be termed antiregulatory T cells (anti-Tregs). The role of anti-Tregs in immune-regulatory networks may be diverse. For example, pro-inflammatory self-reactive T cells that react to regulatory immune cells may enhance local inflammation and inhibit local immune suppression. Further exploration is warranted to investigate their potential role under different malignant conditions and the therapeutic possibilities they possess. Utilizing anti-Tregs for anticancer immunotherapy implies the direct targeting of cancer cells in addition to regulatory immune cells. Anti-Tregs provide the immune system with yet another level of immune regulation and contradict the notion that immune cells involved in the adjustment of immune responses only act as suppressor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Hald Andersen
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.
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175
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Huang HB, Xiao K, Lu S, Yang KL, Ansari AR, Khaliq H, Song H, Zhong J, Liu HZ, Peng KM. Increased Thymic Cell Turnover under Boron Stress May Bypass TLR3/4 Pathway in African Ostrich. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129596. [PMID: 26053067 PMCID: PMC4460079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies revealed that thymus is a targeted immune organ in malnutrition, and high-boron stress is harmful for immune organs. African ostrich is the living fossil of ancient birds and the food animals in modern life. There is no report about the effect of boron intake on thymus of ostrich. The purpose of present study was to evaluate the effect of excessive boron stress on ostrich thymus and the potential role of TLR3/4 signals in this process. Histological analysis demonstrated that long-term boron stress (640 mg/L for 90 days) did not disrupt ostrich thymic structure during postnatal development. However, the numbers of apoptotic cells showed an increased tendency, and the expression of autophagy and proliferation markers increased significantly in ostrich thymus after boron treatment. Next, we examined the expression of TLR3 and TLR4 with their downstream molecular in thymus under boron stress. Since ostrich genome was not available when we started the research, we first cloned ostrich TLR3 TLR4 cDNA from thymus. Ostrich TLR4 was close to white-throated Tinamou. Whole avian TLR4 codons were under purify selection during evolution, whereas 80 codons were under positive selection. TLR3 and TLR4 were expressed in ostrich thymus and bursa of fabricius as was revealed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). TLR4 expression increased with age but significantly decreased after boron treatment, whereas TLR3 expression showed the similar tendency. Their downstream molecular factors (IRF1, JNK, ERK, p38, IL-6 and IFN) did not change significantly in thymus, except that p100 was significantly increased under boron stress when analyzed by qRT-PCR or western blot. Taken together, these results suggest that ostrich thymus developed resistance against long-term excessive boron stress, possibly by accelerating intrathymic cell death and proliferation, which may bypass the TLR3/4 pathway. In addition, attenuated TLRs activity may explain the reduced inflammatory response to pathogens under boron stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-bo Huang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke Xiao
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shun Lu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke-li Yang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Abdur Rahman Ansari
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haseeb Khaliq
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Song
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juming Zhong
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Hua-zhen Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke-mei Peng
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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176
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Henderson JG, Opejin A, Jones A, Gross C, Hawiger D. CD5 instructs extrathymic regulatory T cell development in response to self and tolerizing antigens. Immunity 2015; 42:471-83. [PMID: 25786177 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Self-reactive T cells can escape thymic deletion and therefore some of these potentially autoaggressive T cells need to convert into regulatory T (Treg) cells to help control responses against self. However, it remains unknown how peripheral self-reactive T cells are specifically instructed to become Treg cells. We report that CD5, whose expression is upregulated in T cells by self and tolerizing antigens in the thymus and periphery, governed extrathymic Treg cell development. CD5 modified effector cell-differentiating signals that inhibit Treg cell induction. Treg cell conversion of Cd5(-/-) and CD5(lo) T cells was inhibited by even small amounts of interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-6, and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) produced by bystander lymphocytes, while CD5(hi) T cells resisted this inhibition of Treg cell induction. Our findings further revealed that CD5 promoted Treg cell induction by blocking mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation. Therefore CD5 instructs extrathymic Treg cell development in response to self and tolerizing antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob G Henderson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Adeleye Opejin
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrew Jones
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Cindy Gross
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel Hawiger
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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177
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Ochi T, Nakatsugawa M, Chamoto K, Tanaka S, Yamashita Y, Guo T, Fujiwara H, Yasukawa M, Butler MO, Hirano N. Optimization of T-cell Reactivity by Exploiting TCR Chain Centricity for the Purpose of Safe and Effective Antitumor TCR Gene Therapy. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 3:1070-81. [PMID: 25943533 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-14-0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of T cells redirected by a high-affinity antitumor T-cell receptor (TCR) is a promising treatment modality for cancer patients. Safety and efficacy depend on the selection of a TCR that induces minimal toxicity and elicits sufficient antitumor reactivity. Many, if not all, TCRs possess cross-reactivity to unrelated MHC molecules in addition to reactivity to target self-MHC/peptide complexes. Some TCRs display chain centricity, in which recognition of MHC/peptide complexes is dominated by one of the TCR hemi-chains. In this study, we comprehensively studied how TCR chain centricity affects reactivity to target self-MHC/peptide complexes and alloreactivity using the TCR, clone TAK1, which is specific for human leukocyte antigen-A*24:02/Wilms tumor 1(235-243) (A24/WT1(235)) and cross-reactive with B*57:01 (B57). The TAK1β, but not the TAK1α, hemi-chain possessed chain centricity. When paired with multiple clonotypic TCRα counter-chains encoding TRAV12-2, 20, 36, or 38-2, the de novo TAK1β-containing TCRs showed enhanced, weakened, or absent reactivity to A24/WT1(235) and/or to B57. T cells reconstituted with these TCRα genes along with TAK1β possessed a very broad range (>3 log orders) of functional and structural avidities. These results suggest that TCR chain centricity can be exploited to enhance desired antitumor TCR reactivity and eliminate unwanted TCR cross-reactivity. TCR reactivity to target MHC/peptide complexes and cross-reactivity to unrelated MHC molecules are not inextricably linked and are separable at the TCR sequence level. However, it is still mandatory to carefully monitor for possible harmful toxicities caused by adoptive transfer of T cells redirected by thymically unselected TCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Ochi
- Immune Therapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Munehide Nakatsugawa
- Immune Therapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kenji Chamoto
- Immune Therapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shinya Tanaka
- Immune Therapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Takara Bio, Inc., Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamashita
- Immune Therapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tingxi Guo
- Immune Therapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hiroshi Fujiwara
- Department of Hematology, Clinical Immunology and Infectious Disease, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Masaki Yasukawa
- Department of Hematology, Clinical Immunology and Infectious Disease, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Marcus O Butler
- Immune Therapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Naoto Hirano
- Immune Therapy Program, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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178
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Lauritsen JPH, Boding L, Buus TB, Kongsbak M, Levring TB, Rode AKO, Bonefeld CM, Geisler C. Fine-tuning of T-cell development by the CD3γ di-leucine-based TCR-sorting motif. Int Immunol 2015; 27:393-404. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxv022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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179
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Inhibins tune the thymocyte selection process by regulating thymic stromal cell differentiation. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:837859. [PMID: 25973437 PMCID: PMC4418002 DOI: 10.1155/2015/837859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibins and Activins are members of the TGF-β superfamily that regulate the differentiation of several cell types. These ligands were initially identified as hormones that regulate the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis; however, increasing evidence has demonstrated that they are key regulators in the immune system. We have previously demonstrated that Inhibins are the main Activin ligands expressed in the murine thymus and that they regulate thymocyte differentiation, promoting the DN3-DN4 transition and the selection of SP thymocytes. As Inhibins are mainly produced by thymic stromal cells, which also express Activin receptors and Smad proteins, we hypothesized that Inhibins might play a role in stromal cell differentiation and function. Here, we demonstrate that, in the absence of Inhibins, thymic conventional dendritic cells display reduced levels of MHC Class II (MHCII) and CD86. In addition, the ratio between cTECs and mTECs was affected, indicating that mTEC differentiation was favoured and cTEC diminished in the absence of Inhibins. These changes appeared to impact thymocyte selection leading to a decreased selection of CD4SP thymocytes and increased generation of natural regulatory T cells. These findings demonstrate that Inhibins tune the T cell selection process by regulating both thymocyte and stromal cell differentiation.
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180
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Bergot AS, Chaara W, Ruggiero E, Mariotti-Ferrandiz E, Dulauroy S, Schmidt M, von Kalle C, Six A, Klatzmann D. TCR sequences and tissue distribution discriminate the subsets of naïve and activated/memory Treg cells in mice. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:1524-34. [PMID: 25726757 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Analyses of the regulatory T (Treg) cell TCR repertoire should help elucidate the nature and diversity of their cognate antigens and thus how Treg cells protect us from autoimmune diseases. We earlier identified CD44(hi) CD62L(low) activated/memory (am) Treg cells as a Treg-cell subset with a high turnover and possible self-specificity. We now report that amTreg cells are predominantly distributed in lymph nodes (LNs) draining deep tissues. Multivariate analyses of CDR3 spectratyping first revealed that amTreg TCR repertoire is different from that of naïve Treg cells (nTreg cells) and effector T (Teff) cells. Furthermore, in deep- versus superficial LNs, TCR-β deep sequencing further revealed diversified nTreg-cell and amTreg-cell repertoires, although twofold less diverse than that of Teff cells, and with repertoire richness significantly lower in deep-LN versus superficial-LN Treg cells. Importantly, expanded clonotypes were mostly detected in deep-LN amTreg cells, some accounting for 20% of the repertoire. Strikingly, these clonotypes were absent from nTreg cells, but found at low frequency in Teff cells. Our results, obtained in nonmanipulated mice, indicate different antigenic targets for naïve and amTreg cells and that amTreg cells are self-specific. The data we present are consistent with an instructive component in Treg-cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Bergot
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France.,INSERM, UMRS 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France
| | - Wahiba Chaara
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France.,INSERM, UMRS 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Biotherapy and Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy (i2B), Paris, France
| | - Eliana Ruggiero
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Encarnita Mariotti-Ferrandiz
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France.,INSERM, UMRS 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Biotherapy and Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy (i2B), Paris, France
| | - Sophie Dulauroy
- CNRS, URA 1961 UPMC, Immunophysiopathologie Infectieuse, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Manfred Schmidt
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christof von Kalle
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Adrien Six
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France.,INSERM, UMRS 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Biotherapy and Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy (i2B), Paris, France
| | - David Klatzmann
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMRS 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France.,INSERM, UMRS 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Biotherapy and Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy (i2B), Paris, France
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181
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Chen W, Konkel JE. Development of thymic Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells: TGF-β matters. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:958-65. [PMID: 25684698 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
CD4(+) regulatory T cells expressing the transcription factor Foxp3 can be generated in the thymus (tTreg cells), but the cellular and molecular pathways driving their development remain incompletely understood. TGF-β is essential for the generation of Foxp3(+) Treg cells converted from peripheral naïve CD4(+) T cells (pTreg cells), yet a role for TGF-β in tTreg-cell development was initially refuted. Nevertheless, recent studies have unmasked a requirement for TGF-β in the generation of tTreg cells. Experimental evidence reveals that TGF-β in the context of TCR stimulation induces Foxp3 gene transcription in thymic Treg precursors, CD4(+) CD8(-) CD25(-) semimature and mature single-positive thymocytes. Intriguingly, thymic apoptosis was found to be intrinsically linked to the generation of tTreg cells, as apoptosis induced expression of TGF-β intrathymically. In this short review, we will highlight key data, discuss the experimental evidence and propose a modified model of tTreg-cell development involving TGF-β. We will also outline the remaining unresolved questions concerning generation of thymic Foxp3(+) Treg cells and provide our personal perspectives on the mechanisms controlling tTreg-cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- WanJun Chen
- Mucosal Immunology Section, OPCB, NIDCR, 30 Convent Dr., Bethesda, MD, USA
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182
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Gascoigne NRJ, Acuto O. THEMIS: a critical TCR signal regulator for ligand discrimination. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 33:86-92. [PMID: 25700024 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Genetic approaches identified THEMIS as a critical element driving positive selection of CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocytes towards maturation. THEMIS is expressed only in the T-cell lineage, and is recruited to the proximity of signaling T-cell antigen receptors (TCR) by association with the membrane scaffold LAT. However, its molecular role remained an enigma until recently. Conventionally positively-selected T-cells are lacking in THEMIS-deficient mice, leading to the initial hypothesis that THEMIS positively regulates TCR signaling. Recent data show that THEMIS deficiency increases rather than decreases TCR signaling, leading to augmented apoptosis. The finding that THEMIS is constitutively bound to the tyrosine phosphatases SHP1 or SHP2, provides a mechanism for THEMIS action. When recruited onto LAT, THEMIS-SHP promotes immediate dephosphorylation of TCR-proximal signaling components. This negative feedback is central in setting sharp signaling thresholds and helps explain the exquisite ligand discrimination by the TCR, particularly during thymocyte selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R J Gascoigne
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
| | - Oreste Acuto
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK.
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183
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Ghosh AK, Sinha D, Mukherjee S, Biswas R, Biswas T. LPS stimulates and Hsp70 down-regulates TLR4 to orchestrate differential cytokine response of culture-differentiated innate memory CD8(+) T cells. Cytokine 2015; 73:44-52. [PMID: 25697138 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nonconventional innate memory CD8(+) T cells characteristically expressing CD44, CD122, eomesodermin (Eomes) and promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF) were derived in culture from CD4(+)CD8(+) double positive (DP) thymocytes of normal BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. These culture-differentiated cells constitutively express toll-like receptor (TLR)4 and release interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-10. We show the TLR4-ligand lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulate the TLR and up-regulate IFN-γ skewing the cells towards type 1 polarization. In presence of LPS these cells also express suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)1 and thus suppress IL-10 expression. In contrast, heat shock protein (Hsp)70 down-regulated TLR4 augmenting the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. In association with IL-10 release IFN-γ was abrogated. The programmed cell death (PD)-1 mostly present in regulatory T cells was stimulated in these IL-10 producing cells by Hsp70 and not LPS indicating the cells can be driven to two contrast outcomes by the two TLR4 ligands. Our work provides a scope for in vitro monitoring of CD8(+) T cells to decipher important immune therapeutic option during infection or sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amlan Kanti Ghosh
- Division of Immunology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Debolina Sinha
- Division of Immunology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Subhadeep Mukherjee
- Division of Immunology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Ratna Biswas
- Division of Immunology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India.
| | - Tapas Biswas
- Division of Immunology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India.
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184
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Cowan JE, Jenkinson WE, Anderson G. Thymus medulla fosters generation of natural Treg cells, invariant γδ T cells, and invariant NKT cells: what we learn from intrathymic migration. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:652-60. [PMID: 25615828 PMCID: PMC4405047 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The organization of the thymus into distinct cortical and medullary regions enables it to control the step-wise migration and development of immature T-cell precursors. Such a process provides access to specialized cortical and medullary thymic epithelial cells at defined stages of maturation, ensuring the generation of self-tolerant and MHC-restricted conventional CD4+ and CD8+ αβ T cells. The migratory cues and stromal cell requirements that regulate the development of conventional αβ T cells have been well studied. However, the thymus also fosters the generation of several immunoregulatory T-cell populations that form key components of both innate and adaptive immune responses. These include Foxp3+ natural regulatory T cells, invariant γδ T cells, and CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT cells). While less is known about the intrathymic requirements of these nonconventional T cells, recent studies have highlighted the importance of the thymus medulla in their development. Here, we review recent findings on the mechanisms controlling the intrathymic migration of distinct T-cell subsets, and relate this to knowledge of the microenvironmental requirements of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Cowan
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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185
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186
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Abstract
Ion channels and transporters mediate the transport of charged ions across hydrophobic lipid membranes. In immune cells, divalent cations such as calcium, magnesium, and zinc have important roles as second messengers to regulate intracellular signaling pathways. By contrast, monovalent cations such as sodium and potassium mainly regulate the membrane potential, which indirectly controls the influx of calcium and immune cell signaling. Studies investigating human patients with mutations in ion channels and transporters, analysis of gene-targeted mice, or pharmacological experiments with ion channel inhibitors have revealed important roles of ionic signals in lymphocyte development and in innate and adaptive immune responses. We here review the mechanisms underlying the function of ion channels and transporters in lymphocytes and innate immune cells and discuss their roles in lymphocyte development, adaptive and innate immune responses, and autoimmunity, as well as recent efforts to develop pharmacological inhibitors of ion channels for immunomodulatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Feske
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Heike Wulff
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Edward Y. Skolnik
- Division of Nephrology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- The Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
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187
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Hjortsø MD, Larsen SK, Kongsted P, Met Ö, Frøsig TM, Andersen GH, Ahmad SM, Svane IM, Becker JC, Straten PT, Andersen MH. Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO)-reactive T cells differ in their functional characteristics in health and cancer. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e968480. [PMID: 25949861 PMCID: PMC4368150 DOI: 10.4161/21624011.2014.968480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) physiologically regulates systemic tryptophan levels in the liver. However, numerous studies have linked cancer with activation of local and systemic tryptophan metabolism. Indeed, similar to other heme dioxygenases TDO is constitutively expressed in many cancers. In the present study, we detected the presence of both CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell reactivity toward TDO in peripheral blood of patients with malignant melanoma (MM) or breast cancer (BC) as well as healthy subjects. However, TDO-reactive CD4+ T cells constituted distinct functional phenotypes in health and disease. In healthy subjects these cells predominately comprised interferon (IFN)γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α producing Th1 cells, while in cancer patients TDO-reactive CD4+ T-cells were more differentiated with release of not only IFNγ and TNFα, but also interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-10 in response to TDO-derived MHC-class II restricted peptides. Hence, in healthy donors (HD) a Th1 helper response was predominant, whereas in cancer patients CD4+ T-cell responses were skewed toward a regulatory T cell (Treg) response. Furthermore, MM patients hosting a TDO-specific IL-17 response showed a trend toward an improved overall survival (OS) compared to MM patients with IL-10 producing, TDO-reactive CD4+ T cells. For further characterization, we isolated and expanded both CD8+ and CD4+ TDO-reactive T cells in vitro. TDO-reactive CD8+ T cells were able to kill HLA-matched tumor cells of different origin. Interestingly, the processed and presented TDO-derived epitopes varied between different cancer cells. With respect to CD4+ TDO-reactive T cells, in vitro expanded T-cell cultures comprised a Th1 and/or a Treg phenotype. In summary, our data demonstrate that the immune modulating enzyme TDO is a target for CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses both in healthy subjects as well as patients with cancer; notably, however, the functional phenotype of these T-cell responses differ depending on the respective conditions of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Duus Hjortsø
- Department of Hematology and Oncology; Center for Cancer Immune Therapy; University Hospital; Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stine Kiaer Larsen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology; Center for Cancer Immune Therapy; University Hospital; Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Kongsted
- Department of Hematology and Oncology; Center for Cancer Immune Therapy; University Hospital; Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Özcan Met
- Department of Hematology and Oncology; Center for Cancer Immune Therapy; University Hospital; Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Mørch Frøsig
- Department of Hematology and Oncology; Center for Cancer Immune Therapy; University Hospital; Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gitte Holmen Andersen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology; Center for Cancer Immune Therapy; University Hospital; Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shamaila Munir Ahmad
- Department of Hematology and Oncology; Center for Cancer Immune Therapy; University Hospital; Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Inge Marie Svane
- Department of Hematology and Oncology; Center for Cancer Immune Therapy; University Hospital; Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jürgen C Becker
- Department for Translational Dermato-Oncology (DKTK); Center for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB); University Hospital Essen; Universitätsstraße; Essen, Germany
| | - Per thor Straten
- Department of Hematology and Oncology; Center for Cancer Immune Therapy; University Hospital; Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Hald Andersen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology; Center for Cancer Immune Therapy; University Hospital; Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark
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188
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Xu X, Zhang S, Jin R, Wang K, Li P, Lin L, Dong J, Hao J, Zhang Y, Sun X, Pang X, Qian X, Zhang J, Wu H, Zhang Y, Ge Q. Retention and tolerance of autoreactive CD4(+) recent thymic emigrants in the liver. J Autoimmun 2015; 56:87-97. [PMID: 25468259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms of peripheral tolerance play a critical role in preventing T cells that escape from negative selection in the thymus from initiating autoimmune reactions. To investigate the site of peripheral tolerance induction, we examined migration and activation of recent thymic emigrants (RTEs) in liver, spleen, lymph node and peripheral blood. We show that a fraction of RTE precursors were retained in the liver independent of the secondary lymphoid organs. Compared to RTEs from the lymph nodes, RTEs from the liver proliferated more and many exhibited an activated phenotype with the capability of producing IL-10 upon activation. Liver RTEs also responded poorly to interleukin (IL)-7 and were more prone to apoptosis. Following transfer into RAG(-/-) recipients, liver RTEs induced more severe inflammation and T cell infiltration in the lung and colon. The extrathymic expression of MHC and Aire is required for the acquisition of tolerogenic phenotype of newly generated thymic emigrants in the liver. These results suggest that the liver is the first checkpoint in the periphery to filter, retain, and enforce tolerance to autoreactive CD4(+) thymic emigrants that escape from negative selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Shusong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Rong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Pingping Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Liang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Jie Dong
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Jie Hao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Xiuyuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Xuewen Pang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Xiaoping Qian
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Hounan Wu
- Peking University Medical and Health Analytical Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China.
| | - Qing Ge
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China.
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189
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Hou MS, Huang ST, Tsai MH, Yen CC, Lai YG, Liou YH, Lin CK, Liao NS. The interleukin-15 system suppresses T cell-mediated autoimmunity by regulating negative selection and nT(H)17 cell homeostasis in the thymus. J Autoimmun 2014; 56:118-29. [PMID: 25500198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The interleukin-15 (IL-15) system is important for regulating both innate and adaptive immune responses, however, its role in autoimmune disease remained unclear. Here we found that Il15(-/-) and Il15ra(-/-) mice spontaneously developed late-onset autoimmune phenotypes. CD4(+) T cells of the knockout mice showed elevated autoreactivity as demonstrated by the induction of lymphocyte infiltration in the lacrimal and salivary glands when transferred into nude mice. The antigen-presenting cells in the thymic medullary regions expressed IL-15 and IL-15Rα, whose deficiency resulted in insufficient negative selection and elevated number of natural IL-17A-producing CD4(+) thymocytes. These findings reveal previously unknown functions of the IL-15 system in thymocyte development, and thus a new layer of regulation in T cell-mediated autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mau-Sheng Hou
- Molecular Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and Graduate Institute of Life Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ting Huang
- Graduate Institute of Life Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Han Tsai
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Cheng Yen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Yein-Gei Lai
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yae-Huei Liou
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kung Lin
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Shih Liao
- Molecular Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and Graduate Institute of Life Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Life Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
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190
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Gaffen SL, Jain R, Garg AV, Cua DJ. The IL-23-IL-17 immune axis: from mechanisms to therapeutic testing. Nat Rev Immunol 2014; 14:585-600. [PMID: 25145755 DOI: 10.1038/nri3707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1137] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Following the discovery of T helper 17 (TH17) cells, the past decade has witnessed a major revision of the TH subset paradigm and substantial progress has been made in deciphering the molecular mechanisms of T cell lineage commitment and function. In this Review, we focus on the recent advances that have been made regarding the transcriptional control of TH17 cell plasticity and stability, as well as the effector functions of TH17 cells, and we highlight the mechanisms of IL-17 signalling in mesenchymal and barrier epithelial tissues. We also discuss the emerging clinical data showing that IL-17-specific and IL-23-specific antibody treatments are remarkably effective for treating many immune-mediated inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Gaffen
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, S702 BST, 3500 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Renu Jain
- Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, 901 California Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
| | - Abhishek V Garg
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, S702 BST, 3500 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Daniel J Cua
- Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, 901 California Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
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191
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Abstract
T-cell receptor affinity for self-antigen has an important role in establishing self-tolerance. Three transgenic mouse strains expressing antigens of variable affinity for the OVA transgenic-I T-cell receptor were generated to address how TCR affinity affects the efficiency of negative selection, the ability to prime an autoimmune response, and the elimination of the relevant target cell. Mice expressing antigens with an affinity just above the negative selection threshold exhibited the highest risk of developing experimental autoimmune diabetes. The data demonstrate that close to the affinity threshold for negative selection, sufficient numbers of self-reactive T cells escape deletion and create an increased risk for the development of autoimmunity.
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192
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Abstract
The intestinal epithelium harbors a large number of T cells, including TCRαβ cells that lack expression of CD4 and CD8αβ coreceptors. In this issue of Immunity, Mayans et al. (2014) and McDonald et al. (2014) shed light on the specificity and development of this enigmatic T cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Kurd
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ellen A Robey
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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193
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Khailaie S, Robert PA, Toker A, Huehn J, Meyer-Hermann M. A signal integration model of thymic selection and natural regulatory T cell commitment. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:5983-96. [PMID: 25392533 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The extent of TCR self-reactivity is the basis for selection of a functional and self-tolerant T cell repertoire and is quantified by repeated engagement of TCRs with a diverse pool of self-peptides complexed with self-MHC molecules. The strength of a TCR signal depends on the binding properties of a TCR to the peptide and the MHC, but it is not clear how the specificity to both components drives fate decisions. In this study, we propose a TCR signal-integration model of thymic selection that describes how thymocytes decide among distinct fates, not only based on a single TCR-ligand interaction, but taking into account the TCR stimulation history. These fates are separated based on sustained accumulated signals for positive selection and transient peak signals for negative selection. This spans up the cells into a two-dimensional space where they are either neglected, positively selected, negatively selected, or selected as natural regulatory T cells (nTregs). We show that the dynamics of the integrated signal can serve as a successful basis for extracting specificity of thymocytes to MHC and detecting the existence of cognate self-peptide-MHC. It allows to select a self-MHC-biased and self-peptide-tolerant T cell repertoire. Furthermore, nTregs in the model are enriched with MHC-specific TCRs. This allows nTregs to be more sensitive to activation and more cross-reactive than conventional T cells. This study provides a mechanistic model showing that time integration of TCR-mediated signals, as opposed to single-cell interaction events, is needed to gain a full view on the properties emerging from thymic selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahamoddin Khailaie
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Philippe A Robert
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Aras Toker
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; and
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; and
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology, and Bioinformatics, University of Technology Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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194
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Han BY, Wu S, Foo CS, Horton RM, Jenne CN, Watson SR, Whittle B, Goodnow CC, Cyster JG. Zinc finger protein Zfp335 is required for the formation of the naïve T cell compartment. eLife 2014; 3. [PMID: 25343476 PMCID: PMC4371841 DOI: 10.7554/elife.03549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of naïve T lymphocytes is critical for immune function yet the
mechanisms governing their maturation remain incompletely understood. We have
identified a mouse mutant, bloto, that harbors a hypomorphic
mutation in the zinc finger protein Zfp335.
Zfp335bloto/bloto mice exhibit a naïve T cell
deficiency due to an intrinsic developmental defect that begins to manifest in the
thymus and continues into the periphery, affecting T cells that have recently
undergone thymic egress. The effects of Zfp335bloto are multigenic and
cannot be attributed to altered thymic selection, proliferation or Bcl2-dependent
survival. Zfp335 binds to promoter regions via a consensus motif, and its target
genes are enriched in categories related to protein metabolism, mitochondrial
function, and transcriptional regulation. Restoring the expression of one target,
Ankle2, partially rescues T cell maturation. These findings identify Zfp335 as a
transcription factor and essential regulator of late-stage intrathymic and
post-thymic T cell maturation. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03549.001 To defend our bodies against a variety of foreign microbes, our immune system makes
cells called T cells that can identify these invaders and help to destroy them. There
are several types of T cells that play different roles in the immune response: some
activate other immune cells, while others destroy cells that have been infected by
viruses or other pathogens. T cells develop in a specialized organ called the thymus, where they go through a
rigorous selection process before being released as mature T cells into the rest of
the body. This selection process includes eliminating individual T cells that are
found to be sub-standard, perhaps because they might mistake our own cells for enemy
cells. However, many of the details of the later stages of T cell development are not
fully understood. Han et al. have now found that a protein called Zfp335 that is involved in the
production of mature T cells. Mice carrying a mutation in the gene that makes this
protein have fewer mature T cells than normal mice. Han et al. also reveal that
Zfp335 is a transcription factor that can control whether or not other genes are
expressed as proteins, and further show that one of these proteins, Ankle2, has an
important role in the production of mature T cells. A next step in the work is to define exactly how Zfp335 controls the expression of
these genes. It will also be important to determine whether mutations in Zfp335
contribute to human T-cell immunodeficiency. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03549.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Y Han
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Shuang Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Chuan-Sheng Foo
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Robert M Horton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Craig N Jenne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Susan R Watson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Belinda Whittle
- Australian Phenomics Facility, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Chris C Goodnow
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Jason G Cyster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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195
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Perry JSA, Lio CWJ, Kau AL, Nutsch K, Yang Z, Gordon JI, Murphy KM, Hsieh CS. Distinct contributions of Aire and antigen-presenting-cell subsets to the generation of self-tolerance in the thymus. Immunity 2014; 41:414-426. [PMID: 25220213 PMCID: PMC4175925 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of thymic antigen-presenting-cell (APC) subsets in selecting a self-tolerant T cell population remains unclear. We show that bone marrow (BM) APCs and medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) played nonoverlapping roles in shaping the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire by deletion and regulatory T (Treg) cell selection of distinct TCRs. Aire, which induces tissue-specific antigen expression in mTECs, affected the TCR repertoire in a manner distinct from mTEC presentation. Approximately half of Aire-dependent deletion or Treg cell selection utilized a pathway dependent on antigen presentation by BM APCs. Batf3-dependent CD8α⁺ dendritic cells (DCs) were the crucial BM APCs for Treg cell selection via this pathway, showing enhanced ability to present antigens from stromal cells. These results demonstrate the division of function between thymic APCs in shaping the self-tolerant TCR repertoire and reveal an unappreciated cooperation between mTECs and CD8α⁺ DCs for presentation of Aire-induced self-antigens to developing thymocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin S A Perry
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chan-Wang J Lio
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Andrew L Kau
- Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Katherine Nutsch
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Zhuo Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Gordon
- Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Kenneth M Murphy
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chyi-Song Hsieh
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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196
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Burger ML, Leung KK, Bennett MJ, Winoto A. T cell-specific inhibition of multiple apoptotic pathways blocks negative selection and causes autoimmunity. eLife 2014; 3. [PMID: 25182415 PMCID: PMC4171708 DOI: 10.7554/elife.03468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell self-tolerance is thought to involve peripheral tolerance and negative selection, involving apoptosis of autoreactive thymocytes. However, evidence supporting an essential role for negative selection is limited. Loss of Bim, a Bcl-2 BH3-only protein essential for thymocyte apoptosis, rarely results in autoimmunity on the C57BL/6 background. Mice with T cell-specific over-expression of Bcl-2, that blocks multiple BH3-only proteins, are also largely normal. The nuclear receptor Nur77, also implicated in negative selection, might function redundantly to promote apoptosis by associating with Bcl-2 and exposing its potentially pro-apoptotic BH3 domain. Here, we report that T cell-specific expression of a Bcl2 BH3 mutant transgene results in enhanced rescue of thymocytes from negative selection. Concomitantly, Treg development is increased. However, aged BH3 mutant mice progressively accumulate activated, autoreactive T cells, culminating in development of multi-organ autoimmunity and lethality. These data provide strong evidence that negative selection is crucial for establishing T cell tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Burger
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Kenneth K Leung
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Margaux J Bennett
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Astar Winoto
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
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197
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Hogquist KA, Jameson SC. The self-obsession of T cells: how TCR signaling thresholds affect fate 'decisions' and effector function. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:815-23. [PMID: 25137456 PMCID: PMC4348363 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Self-reactivity was once seen as a potential characteristic of T cells that was eliminated by clonal selection to protect the host from autoimmune pathology. It is now understood that the T cell repertoire is in fact broadly self-reactive, even self-centered. The strength with which a T cell reacts to self ligands and the environmental context in which this reaction occurs influence almost every aspect of T cell biology, from development to differentiation to effector function. Here we highlight recent advances and discoveries that relate to T cell self-reactivity, with a particular emphasis on T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin A Hogquist
- Center for Immunology and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Stephen C Jameson
- Center for Immunology and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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198
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Mayans S, Stepniak D, Palida S, Larange A, Dreux J, Arlian B, Shinnakasu R, Kronenberg M, Cheroutre H, Lambolez F. αβT cell receptors expressed by CD4(-)CD8αβ(-) intraepithelial T cells drive their fate into a unique lineage with unusual MHC reactivities. Immunity 2014; 41:207-218. [PMID: 25131531 PMCID: PMC4142827 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Coreceptor CD4 and CD8αβ double-negative (DN) TCRαβ(+) intraepithelial T cells, although numerous, have been greatly overlooked and their contribution to the immune response is not known. Here we used T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing of single cells combined with retrogenic expression of TCRs to study the fate and the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restriction of DN TCRαβ(+) intraepithelial T cells. The data show that commitment of thymic precursors to the DN TCRαβ(+) lineage is imprinted by their TCR specificity. Moreover, the TCRs they express display a diverse and unusual pattern of MHC restriction that is nonoverlapping with that of CD4(+) or CD8αβ(+) T cells, indicating that they sense antigens that are not recognized by the conventional T cell subsets. The new insights indicate that DN TCRαβ(+) T cells form a third lineage of TCRαβ T lymphocytes expressing a variable TCR repertoire, which serve nonredundant immune functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Mayans
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Clinical Microbiology-Immunology, NUS Building 6C, 901 85 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Dariusz Stepniak
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- eBioscience, 10255 Science center drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Sakina Palida
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- HHMI – UCSD, 9500 Gilman Dr, George Palade 310 La Jolla, CA 92093-0647, USA
| | - Alexandre Larange
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Joanna Dreux
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Britni Arlian
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, MB-209, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Ryo Shinnakasu
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Riken, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Mitchell Kronenberg
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hilde Cheroutre
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Florence Lambolez
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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199
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Jarid2 is induced by TCR signalling and controls iNKT cell maturation. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4540. [PMID: 25105474 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Jarid2 is a reported component of three lysine methyltransferase complexes, polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) that methylates histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27), and GLP-G9a and SETDB1 complexes that methylate H3K9. Here we show that Jarid2 is upregulated upon TCR stimulation and during positive selection in the thymus. Mice lacking Jarid2 in T cells display an increase in the frequency of IL-4-producing promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF)(hi) immature invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and innate-like CD8(+) cells; Itk-deficient mice, which have a similar increase of innate-like CD8(+) cells, show blunted upregulation of Jarid2 during positive selection. Jarid2 binds to the Zbtb16 locus, which encodes PLZF, and thymocytes lacking Jarid2 show increased PLZF and decreased H3K9me3 levels. Jarid2-deficient iNKT cells perturb Th17 differentiation, leading to reduced Th17-driven autoimmune pathology. Our results establish Jarid2 as a novel player in iNKT cell maturation that regulates PLZF expression by modulating H3K9 methylation.
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200
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Xing Y, Hogquist KA. Isolation, identification, and purification of murine thymic epithelial cells. J Vis Exp 2014:e51780. [PMID: 25145384 DOI: 10.3791/51780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The thymus is a vital organ for T lymphocyte development. Of thymic stromal cells, thymic epithelial cells (TECs) are particularly crucial at multiple stages of T cell development: T cell commitment, positive selection and negative selection. However, the function of TECs in the thymus remains incompletely understood. In the article, we provide a method to isolate TEC subsets from fresh mouse thymus using a combination of mechanical disruption and enzymatic digestion. The method allows thymic stromal cells and thymocytes to be efficiently released from cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix connections and to form a single-cell suspension. Using the isolated cells, multiparameter flow cytometry can be applied to identification and characterization of TECs and dendritic cells. Because TECs are a rare cell population in the thymus, we also describe an effective way to enrich and purify TECs by depleting thymocytes, the most abundant cell type in the thymus. Following the enrichment, cell sorting time can be decreased so that loss of cell viability can be minimized during purification of TECs. Purified cells are suitable for various downstream analyses like Real Time-PCR, Western blot and gene expression profiling. The protocol will promote research of TEC function and as well as the development of in vitro T cell reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xing
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota;
| | - Kristin A Hogquist
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota
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