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Chen H, Zhao X, Zhai L, Shao K, Jiang K, Shen C, Chen K, Wang S, Wang Y, Xu J. Genetic Bases of the Stomata-Related Traits Revealed by a Genome-Wide Association Analysis in Rice ( Oryza sativa L.). Front Genet 2020; 11:611. [PMID: 32582301 PMCID: PMC7296080 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stomatal density (D) and size (S) are an important adaptive mechanism for abiotic stress tolerance and photosynthesis capacity in rice. However, the genetic base of rice stomata-related traits still remains unclear. We identified quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with D and S on abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces using genome-wide association analysis with 451 diverse accessions in two environments. D and S showed significant differences between indica (xian) and japonica (geng) accessions and significantly negative phenotypic correlations. A total of 64 QTLs influencing eight stomata-related traits were identified using 2,936,762 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphism markers. Twelve QTLs were consistently detected for the same traits in nine chromosomal regions in both environments. In addition, 12 QTL clusters were simultaneously detected for the same stomata-related traits on abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces in the same environment, probably explaining the genetic bases of significant correlations of the stomata-related traits. We screened 64 candidate genes for the nine consistent QTL regions using haplotype analysis. Among them, LOC_Os01g66120 for qD ada 1, OsSPCH2 (LOC_Os02g15760) for qD ada 2.1 and qD aba 2.1, LOC_Os02g34320 for qS ada 2.2, OsFLP (LOC_Os07g43420) or LOC_Os07g43530 for qS aba 7.1, and LOC_Os07g41200 for qW ada 7 and qW aba 7 were considered as the most likely candidate genes based on functional annotations. The results systematically dissected the genetic base of stomata-related traits and provide useful information for improving rice yield potential via increasing abiotic stress tolerance and photosynthesis capacity under stressed and non-stressed conditions through deploying the favorable alleles underlying stomata-related traits by marker-assisted selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Chen
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiuqin Zhao
- Institute of Crop Sciences/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Laiyuan Zhai
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Institute of Crop Sciences/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kuitian Shao
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Kunwei Jiang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Congcong Shen
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shu Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianlong Xu
- Institute of Crop Sciences/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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152
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Ye W, Ando E, Rhaman MS, Tahjib-Ul-Arif M, Okuma E, Nakamura Y, Kinoshita T, Murata Y. Inhibition of light-induced stomatal opening by allyl isothiocyanate does not require guard cell cytosolic Ca2+ signaling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2922-2932. [PMID: 32103265 PMCID: PMC7260714 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The glucosinolate-myrosinase system is a well-known defense system that has been shown to induce stomatal closure in Brassicales. Isothiocyanates are highly reactive hydrolysates of glucosinolates, and an isothiocyanate, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), induces stomatal closure accompanied by elevation of free cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]cyt) in Arabidopsis. It remains unknown whether AITC inhibits light-induced stomatal opening. This study investigated the role of Ca2+ in AITC-induced stomatal closure and inhibition of light-induced stomatal opening. AITC induced stomatal closure and inhibited light-induced stomatal opening in a dose-dependent manner. A Ca2+ channel inhibitor, La3+, a Ca2+chelator, EGTA, and an inhibitor of Ca2+ release from internal stores, nicotinamide, inhibited AITC-induced [Ca2+]cyt elevation and stomatal closure, but did not affect inhibition of light-induced stomatal opening. AITC activated non-selective Ca2+-permeable cation channels and inhibited inward-rectifying K+ (K+in) channels in a Ca2+-independent manner. AITC also inhibited stomatal opening induced by fusicoccin, a plasma membrane H+-ATPase activator, but had no significant effect on fusicoccin-induced phosphorylation of the penultimate threonine of H+-ATPase. Taken together, these results suggest that AITC induces Ca2+ influx and Ca2+ release to elevate [Ca2+]cyt, which is essential for AITC-induced stomatal closure but not for inhibition of K+in channels and light-induced stomatal opening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Ye
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecule, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Eigo Ando
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mohammad Saidur Rhaman
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, Japan
| | - Md Tahjib-Ul-Arif
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, Japan
| | - Eiji Okuma
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Nakamura
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshinori Kinoshita
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecule, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Murata
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, Japan
- Correspondence:
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153
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Wei H, Liu C, Hu J, Jeong BR. Quality of Supplementary Morning Lighting (SML) During Propagation Period Affects Physiology, Stomatal Characteristics, and Growth of Strawberry Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E638. [PMID: 32429476 PMCID: PMC7285151 DOI: 10.3390/plants9050638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Artificial light supplementation is widely used in modern agriculture. Due to their numerous advantages, light emitting diodes (LEDs) are widely used to effectively increase the yield or control the development of crops. In the present study, the effects of supplementary morning lighting (SML) with LEDs on the physiology and stomatal characteristics of strawberry plants were studied, with the aim of awakening the plant guard cells before sunrise and enabling strawberry plants to efficiently photosynthesize immediately after sunrise. Young daughter plants of 'Maehyang' and 'Seolhyang' strawberry cultivars that have just rooted were grown under LEDs with different wavelengths-white (W), red (R), mixed blue and red (BR, 1:1), and blue (B)-to investigate the effects of the SML on the physiology, stomatal characteristics, and growth. The SML was provided for 2 h at an intensity of 100 μmol·m-2·s-1 PPFD before sunrise every morning. A group without supplementary lighting was set as the control. The results showed that the different SML qualities have significantly affected the stomatal characteristics. The B SML promoted the stomatal opening more effectively compared to the other SMLs. The stomatal conductance and quantum yield (Fv/Fm) of leaves treated with the SMLs were higher than those of the control group. The B and BR SMLs most significantly affected the stomatal conductance and quantum yield (Fv/Fm). After 30 days of the SML treatments, it was observed that the B SML effectively improved the plant quality, chlorophyll content, and carbohydrate accumulation in the two strawberry cultivars. In general, a short-term exposure to blue light before sunrise can effectively improve the quality and promote the production of strawberry plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wei
- Department of Horticulture, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (H.W.); (C.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Horticulture, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (H.W.); (C.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Jiangtao Hu
- Department of Horticulture, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (H.W.); (C.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Byoung Ryong Jeong
- Department of Horticulture, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (H.W.); (C.L.); (J.H.)
- Institute of Agriculture & Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
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154
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McAusland L, Lim MT, Morris DE, Smith-Herman HL, Mohammed U, Hayes-Gill BR, Crowe JA, Fisk ID, Murchie EH. Growth Spectrum Complexity Dictates Aromatic Intensity in Coriander ( Coriandrum sativum L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:462. [PMID: 32499791 PMCID: PMC7242725 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Advancements in availability and specificity of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have facilitated trait modification of high-value edible herbs and vegetables through the fine manipulation of spectra. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is a culinary herb, known for its fresh, citrusy aroma, and high economic value. Studies into the impact of light intensity and spectrum on C. sativum physiology, morphology, and aroma are limited. Using a nasal impact frequency panel, a selection of key compounds associated with the characteristic aroma of coriander was identified. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed in the concentration of these aromatics between plants grown in a controlled environment chamber under the same photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) but custom spectra: red (100%), blue (100%), red + blue (RB, 50% equal contribution), or red + green + blue (RGB, 35.8% red: 26.4% green: 37.8% blue) wavelengths. In general, the concentration of aromatics increased with increasing numbers of wavelengths emitted alongside selective changes, e.g., the greatest increase in coriander-defining E-(2)-decenal occurred under the RGB spectrum. This change in aroma profile was accompanied by significant differences (P < 0.05) in light saturated photosynthetic CO2 assimilation, water-use efficiency (Wi), and morphology. While plants grown under red wavelengths achieved the greatest leaf area, RB spectrum plants were shortest and had the highest leaf:shoot ratio. Therefore, this work evidences a trade-off between sellable commercial morphologies with a weaker, less desirable aroma or a less desirable morphology with more intense coriander-like aromas. When supplemental trichromatic LEDs were used in a commercial glasshouse, the majority of compounds, with the exception of linalool, also increased showing that even as a supplement additional wavelength can modify the aromatic profile increasing its complexity. Lower levels of linalool suggest these plants may be more susceptible to biotic stress such as herbivory. Finally, the concentration of coriander-defining aromatics E-(2)-decenal and E-(2)-hexenal was significantly higher in supermarket pre-packaged coriander leaves implying that concentrations of aromatics increase after excision. In summary, spectra can be used to co-manipulate aroma profile and plant form with increasing spectral complexity leading to greater aromatic complexity and intensity. We suggest that increasing spectral complexity progressively stimulates signaling pathways giving rise to valuable economic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna McAusland
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mui-Ting Lim
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - David E. Morris
- Bioengineering Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Hayley L. Smith-Herman
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Umar Mohammed
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Barrie R. Hayes-Gill
- Optics and Photonics Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - John A. Crowe
- Bioengineering Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ian D. Fisk
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Erik H. Murchie
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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155
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Ranjbaran M, Solhtalab M, Datta AK. Mechanistic modeling of light-induced chemotactic infiltration of bacteria into leaf stomata. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1007841. [PMID: 32384085 PMCID: PMC7209104 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Light is one of the factors that can play a role in bacterial infiltration into leafy greens by keeping stomata open and providing photosynthetic products for microorganisms. We model chemotactic transport of bacteria within a leaf tissue in response to photosynthesis occurring within plant mesophyll. The model includes transport of carbon dioxide, oxygen, bicarbonate, sucrose/glucose, bacteria, and autoinducer-2 within the leaf tissue. Biological processes of carbon fixation in chloroplasts, and respiration in mitochondria of the plant cells, as well as motility, chemotaxis, nutrient consumption and communication in the bacterial community are considered. We show that presence of light is enough to boost bacterial chemotaxis through the stomatal opening and toward photosynthetic products within the leaf tissue. Bacterial chemotactic ability is a major player in infiltration, and plant stomatal defense in closing the stomata as a perception of microbe-associated molecular patterns is an effective way to inhibit the infiltration. Exposure to light can trigger photosynthesis in plant leaves, such as leafy-greens, and increase concentrations of photosynthetic products, such as glucose, within the leaf tissue. Bacteria existing at the leaf surfaces may respond to the available photosynthetic products and migrate into the leaf tissue by chemotaxis toward nutrient concentration gradients. Once the bacteria are inside the leaf tissue, they cannot be washed away, presenting a risk to the consumer. Here, a physics-based model for this light-driven infiltration is presented. This mechanistic model couples transport of bacteria and nutrients, and photosynthesis within a leaf tissue around one stomatal opening. The model shows that the ability of bacteria to transport via chemotaxis is a major factor in infiltration. A moderate intensity light is sufficient to promote chemotactic infiltration of bacteria on a leaf surface into its interior. Infiltration is enhanced in the presence of blue, white and red lights, and for a larger stomatal aperture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Ranjbaran
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Mina Solhtalab
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ashim K. Datta
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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156
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Rhaman MS, Nakamura T, Nakamura Y, Munemasa S, Murata Y. The Myrosinases TGG1 and TGG2 Function Redundantly in Reactive Carbonyl Species Signaling in Arabidopsis Guard Cells. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:967-977. [PMID: 32145024 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Myrosinase (β-thioglucoside glucohydrolase, enzyme nomenclature, EC 3.2.1.147, TGG) is a highly abundant protein in Arabidopsis guard cells, of which TGG1 and TGG2 function redundantly in abscisic acid (ABA)- and methyl jasmonate-induced stomatal closure. Reactive carbonyl species (RCS) are α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones, which function downstream of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the ABA signalling pathway in guard cells. Among the RCS, acrolein is the most highly reactive, which is significantly produced in ABA-treated guard cells. To clarify the ABA signal pathway downstream of ROS production, we investigated the responses of tgg mutants (tgg1-3, tgg2-1 and tgg1-3 tgg2-1) to acrolein. Acrolein induced stomatal closure and triggered cytosolic alkalization in wild type (WT), tgg1-3 single mutants and in tgg2-1 single mutants, but not in tgg1-3 tgg2-1 double mutants. Exogenous Ca2+ induced stomatal closure and cytosolic alkalization not only in WT but also in all of the mutants. Acrolein- and Ca2+-induced stomatal closures were inhibited by an intracellular acidifying agent, butyrate, a Ca2+ chelator, ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA) and a Ca2+ channel blocker, LaCl3. Acrolein induced cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]cyt) elevation in guard cells of WT plants but not in the tgg1-3 tgg2-1 double mutants. Exogenous Ca2+ elicited [Ca2+]cyt elevation in guard cells of WT and tgg1-3 tgg2-1. Our results suggest that TGG1 and TGG2 function redundantly, not between ROS production and RCS production, but downstream of RCS production in the ABA signal pathway in Arabidopsis guard cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Saidur Rhaman
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Nakamura
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Nakamura
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | - Shintaro Munemasa
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Murata
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
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157
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Abstract
The control of gaseous exchange between the leaf and external atmosphere is governed by stomatal conductance (gs); therefore, stomata play a critical role in photosynthesis and transpiration and overall plant productivity. Stomatal conductance is determined by both anatomical features and behavioral characteristics. Here we review some of the osmoregulatory pathways in guard cell metabolism, genes and signals that determine stomatal function and patterning, and the recent work that explores coordination between gs and carbon assimilation (A) and the influence of spatial distribution of functional stomata on underlying mesophyll anatomy. We also evaluate the current literature on mesophyll-driven signals that may coordinate stomatal behavior with mesophyll carbon assimilation and explore stomatal kinetics as a possible target to improve A and water use efficiency. By understanding these processes, we can start to provide insight into manipulation of these regulatory pathways to improve stomatal behavior and identify novel unexploited targets for altering stomatal behavior and improving crop plant productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Lawson
- School of Life Science, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom;
| | - Jack Matthews
- School of Life Science, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom;
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158
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Wang Y, Chen ZH. Does Molecular and Structural Evolution Shape the Speedy Grass Stomata? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:333. [PMID: 32373136 PMCID: PMC7186404 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
It has been increasingly important for breeding programs to be aimed at crops that are capable of coping with a changing climate, especially with regards to higher frequency and intensity of drought events. Grass stomatal complex has been proposed as an important factor that may enable grasses to adapt to water stress and variable climate conditions. There are many studies focusing on the stomatal morphology and development in the eudicot model plant Arabidopsis and monocot model plant Brachypodium. However, the comprehensive understanding of the distinction of stomatal structure and development between monocots and eudicots, especially between grasses and eudicots, are still less known at evolutionary and comparative genetic levels. Therefore, we employed the newly released version of the One Thousand Plant Transcriptome (OneKP) database and existing databases of green plant genome assemblies to explore the evolution of gene families that contributed to the formation of the unique structure and development of grass stomata. This review emphasizes the differential stomatal morphology, developmental mechanisms, and guard cell signaling in monocots and eudicots. We provide a summary of useful molecular evidences for the high water use efficiency of grass stomata that may offer new horizons for future success in breeding climate resilient crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Collaborative Innovation Centre for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
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159
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Matthews JSA, Vialet-Chabrand S, Lawson T. Role of blue and red light in stomatal dynamic behaviour. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2253-2269. [PMID: 31872212 PMCID: PMC7134916 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants experience changes in light intensity and quality due to variations in solar angle and shading from clouds and overlapping leaves. Stomatal opening to increasing irradiance is often an order of magnitude slower than photosynthetic responses, which can result in CO2 diffusional limitations on leaf photosynthesis, as well as unnecessary water loss when stomata continue to open after photosynthesis has reached saturation. Stomatal opening to light is driven by two distinct pathways; the 'red' or photosynthetic response that occurs at high fluence rates and saturates with photosynthesis, and is thought to be the main mechanism that coordinates stomatal behaviour with photosynthesis; and the guard cell-specific 'blue' light response that saturates at low fluence rates, and is often considered independent of photosynthesis, and important for early morning stomatal opening. Here we review the literature on these complicated signal transduction pathways and osmoregulatory processes in guard cells that are influenced by the light environment. We discuss the possibility of tuning the sensitivity and magnitude of stomatal response to blue light which potentially represents a novel target to develop ideotypes with the 'ideal' balance between carbon gain, evaporative cooling, and maintenance of hydraulic status that is crucial for maximizing crop performance and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack S A Matthews
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, UK
| | | | - Tracy Lawson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, UK
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160
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Hayashi M, Sugimoto H, Takahashi H, Seki M, Shinozaki K, Sawasaki T, Kinoshita T, Inoue SI. Raf-like kinases CBC1 and CBC2 negatively regulate stomatal opening by negatively regulating plasma membrane H +-ATPase phosphorylation in Arabidopsis. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:88-98. [PMID: 31904040 DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00329k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal pores, which are surrounded by pairs of guard cells in the plant epidermis, regulate gas exchange between plants and the atmosphere, thereby controlling photosynthesis and transpiration. Blue light works as a signal to guard cells, to induce intracellular signaling and open stomata. Blue light receptor phototropins (phots) are activated by blue light; phot-mediated signals promote plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase activity via C-terminal Thr phosphorylation, serving as the driving force for stomatal opening in guard cells. However, the details of this signaling process are not fully understood. In this study, through an in vitro screening of phot-interacting protein kinases, we obtained the CBC1 and CBC2 that had been reported as signal transducers in stomatal opening. Promoter activities of CBC1 and CBC2 indicated that both genes were expressed in guard cells. Single and double knockout mutants of CBC1 and CBC2 showed no lesions in the context of phot-mediated phototropism, chloroplast movement, or leaf flattening. In contrast, the cbc1cbc2 double mutant showed larger stomatal opening under both dark and blue light conditions. Interestingly, the level of phosphorylation of C-terminal Thr of PM H+-ATPase was higher in double mutant guard cells. The larger stomatal openings of the double mutant were effectively suppressed by the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA). CBC1 and CBC2 interacted with BLUS1 and PM H+-ATPase in vitro. From these results, we conclude that CBC1 and CBC2 act as negative regulators of stomatal opening, probably via inhibition of PM H+-ATPase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Hayashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Hodaka Sugimoto
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Takahashi
- Proteo-Science Center (PROS), Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Motoaki Seki
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kazuo Shinozaki
- Gene Discovery Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0074, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sawasaki
- Proteo-Science Center (PROS), Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Toshinori Kinoshita
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Inoue
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.
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161
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Morpho-Physiological Responses of Pisum sativum L. to Different Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Light Spectra in Combination with Biochar Amendment. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10030398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Light quality and nutrient availability are the primary factors that influence plant growth and development. In a research context of improving indoor plant cultivation while lowering environmental impact practices, we investigated the effect of different light spectra, three provided by light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and one by a fluorescent lamp, on the morpho-physiology of Pisum sativum L. seedlings grown in the presence/absence of biochar. We found that all morpho-physiological traits are sensitive to changes in the red-to-far-red light (R:FR) ratio related to the light spectra used. In particular, seedlings that were grown with a LED type characterized by the lowest R:FR ratio (~2.7; AP67), showed good plant development, both above- and belowground, especially when biochar was present. Biochar alone did not affect the physiological traits, which were influenced by the interplay with lighting type. AP67 LED type had a negative impact only on leaf fluorescence emission in light conditions, which was further exacerbated by the addition of biochar to the growing media. However, we found that the combination of biochar with a specific optimal light spectrum may have a synergetic effect enhancing pea seedling physiological performances and fruit yield and fostering desired traits. This is a promising strategy for indoor plant production while respecting the environment.
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162
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Zhu M, Geng S, Chakravorty D, Guan Q, Chen S, Assmann SM. Metabolomics of red-light-induced stomatal opening in Arabidopsis thaliana: Coupling with abscisic acid and jasmonic acid metabolism. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:1331-1348. [PMID: 31677315 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Environmental stimuli-triggered stomatal movement is a key physiological process that regulates CO2 uptake and water loss in plants. Stomata are defined by pairs of guard cells that perceive and transduce external signals, leading to cellular volume changes and consequent stomatal aperture change. Within the visible light spectrum, red light induces stomatal opening in intact leaves. However, there has been debate regarding the extent to which red-light-induced stomatal opening arises from direct guard cell sensing of red light versus indirect responses as a result of red light influences on mesophyll photosynthesis. Here we identify conditions that result in red-light-stimulated stomatal opening in isolated epidermal peels and enlargement of protoplasts, firmly establishing a direct guard cell response to red light. We then employ metabolomics workflows utilizing gas chromatography mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry for metabolite profiling and identification of Arabidopsis guard cell metabolic signatures in response to red light in the absence of the mesophyll. We quantified 223 metabolites in Arabidopsis guard cells, with 104 found to be red light responsive. These red-light-modulated metabolites participate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, carbon balance, phytohormone biosynthesis and redox homeostasis. We next analyzed selected Arabidopsis mutants, and discovered that stomatal opening response to red light is correlated with a decrease in guard cell abscisic acid content and an increase in jasmonic acid content. The red-light-modulated guard cell metabolome reported here provides fundamental information concerning autonomous red light signaling pathways in guard cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Zhu
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Sisi Geng
- The Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - David Chakravorty
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Qijie Guan
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Sixue Chen
- The Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Sarah M Assmann
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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163
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Role of Stomatal Conductance in Modifying the Dose Response of Stress-Volatile Emissions in Methyl Jasmonate Treated Leaves of Cucumber ( Cucumis sativa). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031018. [PMID: 32033119 PMCID: PMC7038070 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment by volatile plant hormone methyl jasmonate (MeJA) leads to release of methanol and volatiles of lipoxygenase pathway (LOX volatiles) in a dose-dependent manner, but how the dose dependence is affected by stomatal openness is poorly known. We studied the rapid (0-60 min after treatment) response of stomatal conductance (Gs), net assimilation rate (A), and LOX and methanol emissions to varying MeJA concentrations (0.2-50 mM) in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) leaves with partly open stomata and in leaves with reduced Gs due to drought and darkness. Exposure to MeJA led to initial opening of stomata due to an osmotic shock, followed by MeJA concentration-dependent reduction in Gs, whereas A initially decreased, followed by recovery for lower MeJA concentrations and time-dependent decline for higher MeJA concentrations. Methanol and LOX emissions were elicited in a MeJA concentration-dependent manner, whereas the peak methanol emissions (15-20 min after MeJA application) preceded LOX emissions (20-60 min after application). Furthermore, peak methanol emissions occurred earlier in treatments with higher MeJA concentration, while the opposite was observed for LOX emissions. This difference reflected the circumstance where the rise of methanol release partly coincided with MeJA-dependent stomatal opening, while stronger stomatal closure at higher MeJA concentrations progressively delayed peak LOX emissions. We further observed that drought-dependent reduction in Gs ameliorated MeJA effects on foliage physiological characteristics, underscoring that MeJA primarily penetrates through the stomata. However, despite reduced Gs, dark pretreatment amplified stress-volatile release upon MeJA treatment, suggesting that increased leaf oxidative status due to sudden illumination can potentiate the MeJA response. Taken together, these results collectively demonstrate that the MeJA dose response of volatile emission is controlled by stomata that alter MeJA uptake and volatile release kinetics and by leaf oxidative status in a complex manner.
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164
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Harrison EL, Arce Cubas L, Gray JE, Hepworth C. The influence of stomatal morphology and distribution on photosynthetic gas exchange. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:768-779. [PMID: 31583771 PMCID: PMC7065165 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The intricate and interconnecting reactions of C3 photosynthesis are often limited by one of two fundamental processes: the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy, or the diffusion of CO2 from the atmosphere through the stomata, and ultimately into the chloroplast. In this review, we explore how the contributions of stomatal morphology and distribution can affect photosynthesis, through changes in gaseous exchange. The factors driving this relationship are considered, and recent results from studies investigating the effects of stomatal shape, size, density and patterning on photosynthesis are discussed. We suggest that the interplay between stomatal gaseous exchange and photosynthesis is complex, and that a disconnect often exists between the rates of CO2 diffusion and photosynthetic carbon fixation. The mechanisms that allow for substantial reductions in maximum stomatal conductance without affecting photosynthesis are highly dependent on environmental factors, such as light intensity, and could be exploited to improve crop performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L. Harrison
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of Sheffield, Western BankSheffieldUK
| | - Lucia Arce Cubas
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of Sheffield, Western BankSheffieldUK
| | - Julie E. Gray
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of Sheffield, Western BankSheffieldUK
| | - Christopher Hepworth
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of Sheffield, Western BankSheffieldUK
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165
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Wang F, Robson TM, Casal JJ, Shapiguzov A, Aphalo PJ. Contributions of cryptochromes and phototropins to stomatal opening through the day. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2020; 47:226-238. [PMID: 32045561 DOI: 10.1071/fp19053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The UV-A/blue photoreceptors phototropins and cryptochromes are both known to contribute to stomatal opening (Δgs) in blue light. However, their relative contributions to the maintenance of gs in blue light through the whole photoperiod remain unknown. To elucidate this question, Arabidopsis phot1 phot2 and cry1 cry2 mutants (MTs) and their respective wild types (WTs) were irradiated with 200 μmolm-2s-1 of blue-, green- or red-light (BL, GL or RL) throughout a 11-h photoperiod. Stomatal conductance (gs) was higher under BL than under RL or GL. Under RL, gs was not affected by either of the photoreceptor mutations, but under GL gs was slightly lower in cry1 cry2 than its WT. Under BL, the presence of phototropins was essential for rapid stomatal opening at the beginning of the photoperiod, and maximal stomatal opening beyond 3 h of irradiation required both phototropins and cryptochromes. Time courses of whole-plant net carbon assimilation rate (Anet) and the effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (ΦPSII) were consistent with an Anet-independent contribution of BL on gs both in phot1 phot2 and cry1 cry2 mutants. The changing roles of phototropins and cryptochromes through the day may allow more flexible coordination between gs and Anet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Organismal and Evolutionary Biology (OEB), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - T Matthew Robson
- Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Organismal and Evolutionary Biology (OEB), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Jorge J Casal
- IFEVA, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Av. San Martín 4453,1417 Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires-CONICET,1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alexey Shapiguzov
- Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Organismal and Evolutionary Biology (OEB), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland; and Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street, 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pedro J Aphalo
- Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Organismal and Evolutionary Biology (OEB), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland; and Corresponding author.
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166
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Albrecht H, Fiorani F, Pieruschka R, Müller-Linow M, Jedmowski C, Schreiber L, Schurr U, Rascher U. Quantitative Estimation of Leaf Heat Transfer Coefficients by Active Thermography at Varying Boundary Layer Conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 10:1684. [PMID: 32038673 PMCID: PMC6985100 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying heat and mass exchanges processes of plant leaves is crucial for detailed understanding of dynamic plant-environment interactions. The two main components of these processes, convective heat transfer, and transpiration, are inevitably coupled as both processes are restricted by the leaf boundary layer. To measure leaf heat capacity and leaf heat transfer coefficient, we thoroughly tested and applied an active thermography method that uses a transient heat pulse to compute τ, the time constant of leaf cooling after release of the pulse. We validated our approach in the laboratory on intact leaves of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), and measured τ-changes at different boundary layer conditions.By modeling the leaf heat transfer coefficient with dimensionless numbers, we could demonstrate that τ improves our ability to close the energy budget of plant leaves and that modeling of transpiration requires considerations of convection. Applying our approach to thermal images we obtained spatio-temporal maps of τ, providing observations of local differences in thermal responsiveness of leaf surfaces. We propose that active thermography is an informative methodology to measure leaf heat transfer and derive spatial maps of thermal responsiveness of leaves contributing to improve models of leaf heat transfer processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Albrecht
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Science, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Fabio Fiorani
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Science, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Roland Pieruschka
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Science, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Mark Müller-Linow
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Science, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Christoph Jedmowski
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Science, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, Department of Ecophysiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schurr
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Science, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Uwe Rascher
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Science, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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167
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Czékus Z, Poór P, Tari I, Ördög A. Effects of Light and Daytime on the Regulation of Chitosan-Induced Stomatal Responses and Defence in Tomato Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E59. [PMID: 31906471 PMCID: PMC7020449 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Closure of stomata upon pathogenesis is among the earliest plant immune responses. However, our knowledge is very limited about the dependency of plant defence responses to chitosan (CHT) on external factors (e.g., time of the day, presence, or absence of light) in intact plants. CHT induced stomatal closure before dark/light transition in leaves treated at 17:00 hrs and stomata were closed at 09:00 hrs in plants treated at dawn and in the morning. CHT was able to induce generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in guard cells in the first part of the light phase, but significant nitric oxide production was observable only at 15:00 hrs. The actual quantum yield of PSII electron transport (ΦPSII) decreased upon CHT treatments at 09:00 hrs in guard cells but it declined only at dawn in mesophyll cells after the treatment at 17:00 hrs. Expression of Pathogenesis-related 1 (PR1) and Ethylene Response Factor 1 were already increased at dawn in the CHT-treated leaves but PR1 expression was inhibited in the dark. CHT-induced systemic response was also observed in the distal leaves of CHT-treated ones. Our results suggest a delayed and daytime-dependent defence response of tomato plants after CHT treatment at night and under darkness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zalán Czékus
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary; (Z.C.); (I.T.); (A.Ö.)
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary
| | - Péter Poór
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary; (Z.C.); (I.T.); (A.Ö.)
| | - Irma Tari
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary; (Z.C.); (I.T.); (A.Ö.)
| | - Attila Ördög
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary; (Z.C.); (I.T.); (A.Ö.)
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168
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Van Meeteren U, Kaiser E, Malcolm Matamoros P, Verdonk JC, Aliniaeifard S. Is nitric oxide a critical key factor in ABA-induced stomatal closure? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:399-410. [PMID: 31565739 PMCID: PMC6913703 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The role of nitric oxide (NO) in abscisic acid (ABA)-induced stomatal closure is a matter of debate. We conducted experiments in Vicia faba leaves using NO gas and sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO-donor compound, and compared their effects to those of ABA. In epidermal strips, stomatal closure was induced by ABA but not by NO, casting doubt on the role of NO in ABA-mediated stomatal closure. Leaf discs and intact leaves showed a dual dose response to NO: stomatal aperture widened at low dosage and narrowed at high dosage. Overcoming stomatal resistance by means of high CO2 concentration ([CO2]) restored photosynthesis in ABA-treated leaf discs but not in those exposed to NO. NO inhibited photosynthesis immediately, causing an instantaneous increase in intercellular [CO2] (Ci), followed by stomatal closure. However, lowering Ci by using low ambient [CO2] showed that it was not the main factor in NO-induced stomatal closure. In intact leaves, the rate of stomatal closure in response to NO was about one order of magnitude less than after ABA application. Because of the different kinetics of photosynthesis and stomatal closure that were observed, we conclude that NO is not likely to be the key factor in ABA-induced rapid stomatal closure, but that it fine-tunes stomatal aperture via different pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uulke Van Meeteren
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| | - Elias Kaiser
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Priscila Malcolm Matamoros
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Julian C Verdonk
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sasan Aliniaeifard
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Present address: Department of Horticulture, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, PC. 3391653775, Pakdasht, Tehran, Iran
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169
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Durand M, Cohen D, Aubry N, Buré C, Tomášková I, Hummel I, Brendel O, Le Thiec D. Element content and expression of genes of interest in guard cells are connected to spatiotemporal variations in stomatal conductance. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:87-102. [PMID: 31423592 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Element content and expression of genes of interest on single cell types, such as stomata, provide valuable insights into their specific physiology, improving our understanding of leaf gas exchange regulation. We investigated how far differences in stomatal conductance (gs ) can be ascribed to changes in guard cells functioning in amphistomateous leaves. gs was measured during the day on both leaf sides, on well-watered and drought-stressed trees (two Populus euramericana Moench and two Populus nigra L. genotypes). In parallel, guard cells were dissected for element content and gene expressions analyses. Both were strongly arranged according to genotype, and drought had the lowest impact overall. Normalizing the data by genotype highlighted a structure on the basis of leaf sides and time of day both for element content and gene expression. Guard cells magnesium, phosphorus, and chlorine were the most abundant on the abaxial side in the morning, where gs was at the highest. In contrast, genes encoding H+ -ATPase and aquaporins were usually more abundant in the afternoon, whereas genes encoding Ca2+ -vacuolar antiporters, K+ channels, and ABA-related genes were in general more abundant on the adaxial side. Our work highlights the unique physiology of each leaf side and their analogous rhythmicity through the day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Durand
- Inra, Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, SILVA, F-54280, Champenoux, France
| | - David Cohen
- Inra, Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, SILVA, F-54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Nathalie Aubry
- Inra, Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, SILVA, F-54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Cyril Buré
- Inra, Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, SILVA, F-54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Ivana Tomášková
- Department of Genetics and Physiology of Forest Trees, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Irène Hummel
- Inra, Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, SILVA, F-54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Oliver Brendel
- Inra, Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, SILVA, F-54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Didier Le Thiec
- Inra, Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, SILVA, F-54280, Champenoux, France
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170
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Wang X, Yan H, Wu B, Ma X, Shi Y. Dorsoventral photosynthetic asymmetry of tobacco leaves in response to direct and diffuse light. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2020; 133:35-48. [PMID: 31745686 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-019-01151-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants can change leaf forms, adjusting light conditions on their adaxial and abaxial surfaces, to adapt to light environments and enhance their light use efficiencies. The difference between photosynthesis on the two leaf sides (dorsoventral asymmetry) is an important factor that affects light use efficiency. However, photosynthetic dorsoventral asymmetry is rarely compared under direct and diffuse light conditions. To estimate the impacts of recently reported alterations in direct and diffuse light in the sky radiation on plant carbon assimilation, variations in morphology between the two leaf sides in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) were investigated, and the dorsoventral responses of photosynthesis to illuminating directions were compared in direct and diffuse light. Dorsoventral asymmetry was reflected in stomatal densities, anatomic structures, and photochemical traits, which caused markedly different photosynthetic rates as well as stomatal conductances both in direct and diffuse light. However, the degree of photosynthetic asymmetry was weakened in diffuse light. The diffuse light caused a greater stomatal conductance on the abaxial side than direct light, which resulted in reduced photosynthetic asymmetry. In addition, the photosynthetic dorsoventral asymmetry could be affected by the photosynthetic photon flux density. These results contribute to understanding the dorsoventral regulation of photosynthesis in bifacial leaves, and provide a reference for breeding to cope with the increase in the proportion of diffuse light in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Wang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Huifeng Yan
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingjie Wu
- School of Agriculture, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinghua Ma
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Shi
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, People's Republic of China.
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171
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Berry ZC, Goldsmith GR. Diffuse light and wetting differentially affect tropical tree leaf photosynthesis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:143-153. [PMID: 31418864 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Most ecosystems experience frequent cloud cover resulting in light that is predominantly diffuse rather than direct. Moreover, these cloudy conditions are often accompanied by rain that results in wet leaf surfaces. Despite this, our understanding of photosynthesis is built upon measurements made on dry leaves experiencing direct light. Using a modified gas exchange setup, we measured the effects of diffuse light and leaf wetting on photosynthesis in canopy species from a tropical montane cloud forest. We demonstrate significant variation in species-level response to light quality independent of light intensity. Some species demonstrated 100% higher rates of photosynthesis in diffuse light, and others had 15% greater photosynthesis in direct light. Even at lower light intensities, diffuse light photosynthesis was equal to that under direct light conditions. Leaf wetting generally led to decreased photosynthesis, particularly when the leaf surface with stomata became wet; however, there was significant variation across species. Ultimately, we demonstrate that ecosystem photosynthesis is significantly altered in response to environmental conditions that are ubiquitous. Our results help to explain the observation that net ecosystem exchange can increase in cloudy conditions and can improve the representation of these processes in Earth systems models under projected scenarios of global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Carter Berry
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, 92866, USA
| | - Gregory R Goldsmith
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, 92866, USA
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172
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Variability and Plasticity in Cuticular Transpiration and Leaf Permeability Allow Differentiation of Eucalyptus Clones at an Early Age. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f11010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives. Water stress is a major constraining factor of Eucalyptus plantations’ growth. Within a genetic improvement program, the selection of genotypes that improve drought resistance would help to improve productivity and to expand plantations. Leaf characteristics, among others, are important factors to consider when evaluating drought resistance evaluation, as well as the clone’s ability to modify leaf properties (e.g., stomatal density (d) and size, relative water content at the time of stomatal closure (RWCc), cuticular transpiration (Ec), specific leaf area (SLA)) according to growing conditions. Therefore, this study aimed at analyzing these properties in nursery plants of nine high-productivity Eucalyptus clones. Material and Methods: Five Eucalyptus globulus Labill. clones and four hybrids clones (Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake × Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden, 12€; Eucalyptus urograndis × E. globulus, HE; Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden–E. grandis × E. globulus, HG; Eucalyptus saligna Sm. × Eucalyptus maidenii F. Muell., HI) were studied. Several parameters relating to the aforementioned leaf traits were evaluated for 2.5 years. Results: Significant differences in stomatal d and size, RWCc, Ec, and SLA among clones (p < 0.001) and according to the dates (p < 0.001) were obtained. Each clone varied seasonally the characteristics of its new developing leaves to acclimatize to the growth conditions. The pore opening surface potential (i.e., the stomatal d × size) did not affect transpiration rates with full open stomata, so the water transpired under these conditions might depend on other leaf factors. The clones HE, HG, and 12€ were the ones that differed the most from the drought resistant E. globulus control clone (C14). Those three clones showed lower leaf epidermis impermeability (HE, HG, 12€), higher SLA (12€, HG), and lower stomatal control under moderate water stress (HE, HG) not being, therefore, good candidates to be selected for drought resistance, at least for these measured traits. Conclusions: These parameters can be incorporated into genetic selection and breeding programs, especially Ec, SLA, RWCc, and stomatal control under moderate water stress.
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173
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Mukherjee S, Jemielita M, Stergioula V, Tikhonov M, Bassler BL. Photosensing and quorum sensing are integrated to control Pseudomonas aeruginosa collective behaviors. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000579. [PMID: 31830037 PMCID: PMC6932827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria convert changes in sensory inputs into alterations in gene expression, behavior, and lifestyles. A common lifestyle choice that bacteria make is whether to exhibit individual behavior and exist in the free-living planktonic state or to engage in collective behavior and form sessile communities called biofilms. Transitions between individual and collective behaviors are controlled by the chemical cell-to-cell communication process called quorum sensing. Here, we show that quorum sensing represses Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation and virulence by activating expression of genes encoding the KinB–AlgB two-component system (TCS). Phospho-AlgB represses biofilm and virulence genes, while KinB dephosphorylates and thereby inactivates AlgB. We discover that the photoreceptor BphP is the kinase that, in response to light, phosphorylates and activates AlgB. Indeed, exposing P. aeruginosa to light represses biofilm formation and virulence gene expression. To our knowledge, P. aeruginosa was not previously known to detect and respond to light. The KinB–AlgB–BphP module is present in all pseudomonads, and we demonstrate that AlgB is the partner response regulator for BphP in diverse bacterial phyla. We propose that in the KinB–AlgB–BphP system, AlgB functions as the node at which varied sensory information is integrated. This network architecture provides a mechanism enabling bacteria to integrate at least two different sensory inputs, quorum sensing (via RhlR-driven activation of algB) and light (via BphP–AlgB), into the control of collective behaviors. This study sets the stage for light-mediated control of P. aeruginosa infectivity. Photosensing and quorum sensing are integrated to control collective behaviors of the pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa; the information is transduced via a phosphorylation–dephosphorylation sensory system. The study has implications for light-mediated control of P. aeruginosa infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampriti Mukherjee
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Matthew Jemielita
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Vasiliki Stergioula
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Mikhail Tikhonov
- Physics Department, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Bonnie L. Bassler
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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174
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Babla M, Cai S, Chen G, Tissue DT, Cazzonelli CI, Chen ZH. Molecular Evolution and Interaction of Membrane Transport and Photoreception in Plants. Front Genet 2019; 10:956. [PMID: 31681411 PMCID: PMC6797626 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Light is a vital regulator that controls physiological and cellular responses to regulate plant growth, development, yield, and quality. Light is the driving force for electron and ion transport in the thylakoid membrane and other membranes of plant cells. In different plant species and cell types, light activates photoreceptors, thereby modulating plasma membrane transport. Plants maximize their growth and photosynthesis by facilitating the coordinated regulation of ion channels, pumps, and co-transporters across membranes to fine-tune nutrient uptake. The signal-transducing functions associated with membrane transporters, pumps, and channels impart a complex array of mechanisms to regulate plant responses to light. The identification of light responsive membrane transport components and understanding of their potential interaction with photoreceptors will elucidate how light-activated signaling pathways optimize plant growth, production, and nutrition to the prevailing environmental changes. This review summarizes the mechanisms underlying the physiological and molecular regulations of light-induced membrane transport and their potential interaction with photoreceptors in a plant evolutionary and nutrition context. It will shed new light on plant ecological conservation as well as agricultural production and crop quality, bringing potential nutrition and health benefits to humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Babla
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Shengguan Cai
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guang Chen
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - David T. Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
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175
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Munemasa S, Hirao Y, Tanami K, Mimata Y, Nakamura Y, Murata Y. Ethylene Inhibits Methyl Jasmonate-Induced Stomatal Closure by Modulating Guard Cell Slow-Type Anion Channel Activity via the OPEN STOMATA 1/SnRK2.6 Kinase-Independent Pathway in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:2263-2271. [PMID: 31241163 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Signal crosstalk between jasmonate and ethylene is crucial for a proper maintenance of defense responses and development. Although previous studies reported that both jasmonate and ethylene also function as modulators of stomatal movements, the signal crosstalk mechanism in stomatal guard cells remains unclear. Here, we show that the ethylene signaling inhibits jasmonate signaling as well as abscisic acid (ABA) signaling in guard cells of Arabidopsis thaliana and reveal the signaling crosstalk mechanism. Both an ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) and an ethylene-releasing compound ethephon induced transient stomatal closure, and also inhibited methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-induced stomatal closure as well as ABA-induced stomatal closure. The ethylene inhibition of MeJA-induced stomatal closure was abolished in the ethylene-insensitive mutant etr1-1, whereas MeJA-induced stomatal closure was impaired in the ethylene-overproducing mutant eto1-1. Pretreatment with ACC inhibited MeJA-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production as well as ABA-induced ROS production in guard cells but did not suppress ABA activation of OPEN STOMATA 1 (OST1) kinase in guard cell-enriched epidermal peels. The whole-cell patch-clamp analysis revealed that ACC attenuated MeJA and ABA activation of S-type anion channels in guard cell protoplasts. However, MeJA and ABA inhibitions of Kin channels were not affected by ACC pretreatment. These results suggest that ethylene signaling inhibits MeJA signaling and ABA signaling by targeting S-type anion channels and ROS but not OST1 kinase and K+ channels in Arabidopsis guard cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Munemasa
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yukari Hirao
- Faculty of Agriculture, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kasumi Tanami
- Faculty of Agriculture, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Mimata
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Nakamura
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Murata
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, Japan
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176
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Zhang Y, Kaiser E, Zhang Y, Yang Q, Li T. Red/blue light ratio strongly affects steady-state photosynthesis, but hardly affects photosynthetic induction in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 167:144-158. [PMID: 30426522 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants are often subjected to rapidly alternating light intensity and quality. While both short- and long-term changes in red and blue light affect leaf photosynthesis, their impact on dynamic photosynthesis is not well documented. It was tested how dynamic and steady-state photosynthetic traits were affected by red/blue ratios, either during growth or during measurements, in tomato leaves. Four red/blue ratios were used: monochromatic red (R100 ), monochromatic blue (B100 ), a red/blue light ratio of 9:1 (R90 B10 ) and a red/blue light ratio of 7:3 (R70 B30 ). R100 grown leaves showed decreased photosynthetic capacity (maximum rates of light-saturated photosynthesis, carboxylation, electron transport and triose phosphate use), leaf thickness and nitrogen concentrations. Acclimation to various red/blue ratios had limited effects on photosynthetic induction in dark-adapted leaves. B100 -grown leaves had a approximately 15% larger initial NPQ transient than the other treatments, which may be beneficial for photoprotection under fluctuating light. B100 -grown leaves also showed faster stomatal closure when exposed to low light intensity, which likely resulted from smaller stomata and higher stomatal density. When measured under different red/blue ratios, stomatal opening rate and photosynthetic induction rate were hardly accelerated by increased fractions of blue light in both growth chamber-grown leaves and greenhouse-grown leaves. However, steady-state photosynthesis rate 30 min after photosynthetic induction was strongly reduced in leaves exposed to B100 during the measurement. We conclude that varying red/blue light ratios during growth and measurement strongly affects steady-state photosynthesis, but has limited effects on photosynthetic induction rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Zhang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Waste Management of Agricultural Structures, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elias Kaiser
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Regulation of Photosynthesis, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Yating Zhang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Waste Management of Agricultural Structures, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Qichang Yang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Waste Management of Agricultural Structures, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Li
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Waste Management of Agricultural Structures, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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177
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Huang S, Waadt R, Nuhkat M, Kollist H, Hedrich R, Roelfsema MRG. Calcium signals in guard cells enhance the efficiency by which abscisic acid triggers stomatal closure. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:177-187. [PMID: 31179540 PMCID: PMC6771588 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
During drought, abscisic acid (ABA) induces closure of stomata via a signaling pathway that involves the calcium (Ca2+ )-independent protein kinase OST1, as well as Ca2+ -dependent protein kinases. However, the interconnection between OST1 and Ca2+ signaling in ABA-induced stomatal closure has not been fully resolved. ABA-induced Ca2+ signals were monitored in intact Arabidopsis leaves, which express the ratiometric Ca2+ reporter R-GECO1-mTurquoise and the Ca2+ -dependent activation of S-type anion channels was recorded with intracellular double-barreled microelectrodes. ABA triggered Ca2+ signals that occurred during the initiation period, as well as in the acceleration phase of stomatal closure. However, a subset of stomata closed in the absence of Ca2+ signals. On average, stomata closed faster if Ca2+ signals were elicited during the ABA response. Loss of OST1 prevented ABA-induced stomatal closure and repressed Ca2+ signals, whereas elevation of the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration caused a rapid activation of SLAC1 and SLAH3 anion channels. Our data show that the majority of Ca2+ signals are evoked during the acceleration phase of stomatal closure, which is initiated by OST1. These Ca2+ signals are likely to activate Ca2+ -dependent protein kinases, which enhance the activity of S-type anion channels and boost stomatal closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouguang Huang
- Molecular Plant Physiology and BiophysicsJulius‐von‐Sachs Institute for BiosciencesBiocenter, Würzburg UniversityJulius‐von‐Sachs‐Platz 2D‐97082 WürzburgGermany
| | - Rainer Waadt
- Centre for Organismal StudiesPlant Developmental BiologyRuprecht‐Karls‐Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 230D‐69120 HeidelbergGermany
| | - Maris Nuhkat
- Institute of TechnologyUniversity of TartuNooruse 1Tartu50411Estonia
| | - Hannes Kollist
- Institute of TechnologyUniversity of TartuNooruse 1Tartu50411Estonia
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Molecular Plant Physiology and BiophysicsJulius‐von‐Sachs Institute for BiosciencesBiocenter, Würzburg UniversityJulius‐von‐Sachs‐Platz 2D‐97082 WürzburgGermany
| | - M. Rob G. Roelfsema
- Molecular Plant Physiology and BiophysicsJulius‐von‐Sachs Institute for BiosciencesBiocenter, Würzburg UniversityJulius‐von‐Sachs‐Platz 2D‐97082 WürzburgGermany
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178
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Lanoue J, Zheng J, Little C, Thibodeau A, Grodzinski B, Hao X. Alternating Red and Blue Light-Emitting Diodes Allows for Injury-Free Tomato Production With Continuous Lighting. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1114. [PMID: 31572419 PMCID: PMC6754077 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant biomass is largely dictated by the total amount of light intercepted by the plant [daily light integral (DLI) - intensity × photoperiod]. Continuous light (CL, 24 h lighting) has been hypothesized to increase plant biomass and yield if CL does not cause any injury. However, lighting longer than 18 h causes leaf injury in tomato characterized by interveinal chlorosis and yield is no longer increased with further photoperiod extension in tomatoes. Our previous research indicated the response of cucumbers to long photoperiod of lighting varies with light spectrum. Therefore, we set out to examine greenhouse tomato production under supplemental CL using an alternating red (200 µmol m-2 s-1, 06:00-18:00) and blue (50 µmol m-2 s-1, 18:00-06:00) spectrum in comparison to a 12 h supplemental lighting treatment with a red/blue mixture (200 µmol m-2 s-1 red + 50 µmol m-2 s-1 blue, 06:00-18:00) at the same DLI. Our results indicate that tomato plants grown under supplemental CL using the red and blue alternating spectrum were injury-free. Furthermore, parameters related to photosynthetic performance (i.e., Pnmax, quantum yield, and Fv/Fm) were similar between CL and 12 h lighting treatments indicating no detrimental effect of growth under CL. Leaves under CL produced higher net carbon exchange rates (NCER) during the subjective night period (18:00-06:00) compared to plants grown under 12 h lighting. Notably, 53 days into the treatment, leaves grown under CL produced positive NCER values (photosynthesis) during the subjective night period, a period typically associated with respiration. At 53 days into the growth cycle, it is estimated that leaves under CL will accumulate approximately 800 mg C m-2 more than leaves under 12 h lighting over a 24 h period. Leaves grown under CL also displayed similar diurnal patterns in carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, sucrose, and starch) as leaves under 12 h lighting indicating no adverse effects on carbohydrate metabolism under CL. Taken together, this study provides evidence that red and blue spectral alternations during CL allow for injury-free tomato production. We suggest that an alternating spectrum during CL may alleviate the injury typically associated with CL production in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Lanoue
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Harrow Research and Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Harrow, ON, Canada
| | - Jingming Zheng
- Harrow Research and Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Harrow, ON, Canada
| | - Celeste Little
- Harrow Research and Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Harrow, ON, Canada
| | - Alyssa Thibodeau
- Harrow Research and Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Harrow, ON, Canada
| | - Bernard Grodzinski
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Xiuming Hao
- Harrow Research and Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Harrow, ON, Canada
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179
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Autophagy controls reactive oxygen species homeostasis in guard cells that is essential for stomatal opening. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:19187-19192. [PMID: 31484757 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1910886116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) function as key signaling molecules to inhibit stomatal opening and promote stomatal closure in response to diverse environmental stresses. However, how guard cells maintain basal intracellular ROS levels is not yet known. This study aimed to determine the role of autophagy in the maintenance of basal ROS levels in guard cells. We isolated the Arabidopsis autophagy-related 2 (atg2) mutant, which is impaired in stomatal opening in response to light and low CO2 concentrations. Disruption of other autophagy genes, including ATG5, ATG7, ATG10, and ATG12, also caused similar stomatal defects. The atg mutants constitutively accumulated high levels of ROS in guard cells, and antioxidants such as ascorbate and glutathione rescued ROS accumulation and stomatal opening. Furthermore, the atg mutations increased the number and aggregation of peroxisomes in guard cells, and these peroxisomes exhibited reduced activity of the ROS scavenger catalase and elevated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as visualized using the peroxisome-targeted H2O2 sensor HyPer. Moreover, such ROS accumulation decreased by the application of 2-hydroxy-3-butynoate, an inhibitor of peroxisomal H2O2-producing glycolate oxidase. Our results showed that autophagy controls guard cell ROS homeostasis by eliminating oxidized peroxisomes, thereby allowing stomatal opening.
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180
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Liu X, Afrin T, Pajerowska-Mukhtar KM. Arabidopsis GCN2 kinase contributes to ABA homeostasis and stomatal immunity. Commun Biol 2019; 2:302. [PMID: 31428690 PMCID: PMC6687712 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0544-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
General Control Non-derepressible 2 (GCN2) is an evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinase that modulates amino acid homeostasis in response to nutrient deprivation in yeast, human and other eukaryotes. However, the GCN2 signaling pathway in plants remains largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that in Arabidopsis, bacterial infection activates AtGCN2-mediated phosphorylation of eIF2α and promotes TBF1 translational derepression. Consequently, TBF1 regulates a subset of abscisic acid signaling components to modulate pre-invasive immunity. We show that GCN2 fine-tunes abscisic acid accumulation and signaling during both pre-invasive and post-invasive stages of an infection event. Finally, we also demonstrate that AtGCN2 participates in signaling triggered by phytotoxin coronatine secreted by P. syringae. During the preinvasive phase, AtGCN2 regulates stomatal immunity by affecting pathogen-triggered stomatal closure and coronatine-mediated stomatal reopening. Our conclusions support a conserved role of GCN2 in various forms of immune responses across kingdoms, highlighting GCN2's importance in studies on both plant and mammalian immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
- Present Address: Bayer Crop Science, 800 N Lindbergh Blvd., Creve Coeur, MO 63144 USA
| | - Taiaba Afrin
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
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181
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Zheng L, Ceusters J, Van Labeke MC. Light quality affects light harvesting and carbon sequestration during the diel cycle of crassulacean acid metabolism in Phalaenopsis. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2019; 141:195-207. [PMID: 30756292 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-019-00620-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a specialized photosynthetic pathway present in a variety of genera including many epiphytic orchids. CAM is under circadian control and can be subdivided into four discrete phases during a diel cycle. Inherent to this specific mode of metabolism, carbohydrate availability is a limiting factor for nocturnal CO2 uptake and biomass production. To evaluate the effects of light quality on the photosynthetic performance and diel changes in carbohydrates during the CAM cycle. Phalaenopsis plants were grown under four different light qualities (red, blue, red + blue and full spectrum white light) at a fluence of 100 µmol m-2 s-1 and a photoperiod of 12 h for 8 weeks. In contrast to monochromatic blue light, plants grown under monochromatic red light showed already a significant decline of the quantum efficiency (ΦPSII) after 5 days and of the maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) after 10 days under this treatment. This was also reflected in a compromised chlorophyll and carotenoid content and total diel CO2 uptake under red light in comparison with monochromatic blue and full spectrum white light. In particular, CO2 uptake during nocturnal phase I was affected under red illumination resulting in a reduced amount of vacuolar malate. In addition, red light caused the rate of decarboxylation of malate during the day to be consistently lower and malic acid breakdown persisted until 4 h after dusk. Because the intrinsic activity of PEPC was not affected, the restricted availability of storage carbohydrates such as starch was likely to cause these adverse effects under red light. Addition of blue to the red light spectrum restored the diel fluxes of carbohydrates and malate and resulted in a significant enhancement of the daily CO2 uptake, pigment concentration and biomass formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zheng
- Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- College of Water Resource and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Qinghua east road 17, Beijing, 10083, People's Republic of China
| | - Johan Ceusters
- Department of Biosystems, Division of Crop Biotechnics, Research group for Sustainable Crop Production & Protection, KU Leuven, Campus Geel, Kleinhoefstraat 4, 2440, Geel, Belgium
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biology, UHasselt, Campus Diepenbeek, Agoralaan Building D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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182
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Fetter KC, Eberhardt S, Barclay RS, Wing S, Keller SR. StomataCounter: a neural network for automatic stomata identification and counting. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:1671-1681. [PMID: 31059134 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Stomata regulate important physiological processes in plants and are often phenotyped by researchers in diverse fields of plant biology. Currently, there are no user-friendly, fully automated methods to perform the task of identifying and counting stomata, and stomata density is generally estimated by manually counting stomata. We introduce StomataCounter, an automated stomata counting system using a deep convolutional neural network to identify stomata in a variety of different microscopic images. We use a human-in-the-loop approach to train and refine a neural network on a taxonomically diverse collection of microscopic images. Our network achieves 98.1% identification accuracy on Ginkgo scanning electron microscropy micrographs, and 94.2% transfer accuracy when tested on untrained species. To facilitate adoption of the method, we provide the method in a publicly available website at http://www.stomata.science/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl C Fetter
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
- Department of Paleobiology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, 20560, USA
| | | | - Rich S Barclay
- Department of Paleobiology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, 20560, USA
| | - Scott Wing
- Department of Paleobiology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, 20560, USA
| | - Stephen R Keller
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
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183
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Aoki S, Toh S, Nakamichi N, Hayashi Y, Wang Y, Suzuki T, Tsuji H, Kinoshita T. Regulation of stomatal opening and histone modification by photoperiod in Arabidopsis thaliana. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10054. [PMID: 31332248 PMCID: PMC6646381 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46440-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Stomatal movements are regulated by many environmental signals, such as light, CO2, temperature, humidity, and drought. Recently, we showed that photoperiodic flowering components have positive effects on light-induced stomatal opening in Arabidopsis thaliana. In this study, we determined that light-induced stomatal opening and increased stomatal conductance were larger in plants grown under long-day (LD) conditions than in those grown under short-day (SD) conditions. Gene expression analyses using purified guard cell protoplasts revealed that FT and SOC1 expression levels were significantly increased under LD conditions. Interestingly, the enhancement of light-induced stomatal opening and increased SOC1 expression in guard cells due to LD conditions persisted for at least 1 week after plants were transferred to SD conditions. We then investigated histone modification using chromatin immunoprecipitation–PCR, and observed increased trimethylation of lysine 4 on histone 3 (H3K4) around SOC1. We also found that LD-dependent enhancement of light-induced stomatal opening and H3K4 trimethylation in SOC1 were suppressed in the ft-2 mutant. These results indicate that photoperiod is an important environmental cue regulating stomatal opening, and that LD conditions enhance light-induced stomatal opening and epigenetic modification (H3K4 trimethylation) around SOC1, a positive regulator of stomatal opening, in an FT-dependent manner. Thus, this study provides novel insights into stomatal responses to photoperiod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saya Aoki
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.,Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 100-8959, Japan
| | - Shigeo Toh
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.,Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Tama, Kawasaki, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Norihito Nakamichi
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yuki Hayashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yin Wang
- Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Takamasa Suzuki
- Department of Biological Chemistry, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsuji
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 641-12 Maioka, Totsuka, Yokohama, 244-0813, Japan
| | - Toshinori Kinoshita
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan. .,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.
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184
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Juráň S, Šigut L, Holub P, Fares S, Klem K, Grace J, Urban O. Ozone flux and ozone deposition in a mountain spruce forest are modulated by sky conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 672:296-304. [PMID: 30959296 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand the main driving factors of ozone (O3) deposition we tested the hypothesis that sky conditions (cloudy, partly cloudy, and clear sky) modulate O3 flux in forest ecosystems via stomatal regulation. The hypothesis is based on the fact that complex microclimate conditions under cloudy sky usually stimulate stomatal conductance. O3 fluxes were inferred from a concentration gradient in a mountainous Norway spruce forest in the Czech Republic (Central Europe) for years 2012-2016 and measured directly by eddy-covariance during the summer of 2017. Daily and seasonal O3 depositions were calculated separately for days with cloudy, partly cloudy, and clear sky conditions. The data show unequivocally that more O3 is taken up under cloudy and partially cloudy skies. Moreover, we found significant interactive effects of sky conditions and season on O3 flux. Though there are other mechanisms and pathways involved in the transport of O3 to the plant-soil system, the highest O3 deposition was associated to the highest stomatal conductance during partly cloudy and cloudy sky conditions in all seasons, while lower O3 ecosystem fluxes were observed under clear sky conditions despite the highest O3 concentrations at this time. These findings suggest that forests growing at sites where conditions are predominantly cloudy are expected to deposit higher extent of O3 than less-cloudy forests being thus more threatened by phytotoxic O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Juráň
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Šigut
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Holub
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Silvano Fares
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Rome, Italy
| | - Karel Klem
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - John Grace
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic; University of Edinburgh, School of GeoSciences, Crew Bldg, Kings Bldgs, Alexander Crum Brown Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Otmar Urban
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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185
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Dappe V, Dumez S, Bernard F, Hanoune B, Cuny D, Dumat C, Sobanska S. The role of epicuticular waxes on foliar metal transfer and phytotoxicity in edible vegetables: case of Brassica oleracea species exposed to manufactured particles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:20092-20106. [PMID: 30264340 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3210-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The rapid industrialization and urbanization of intra- and peri-urban areas at the world scale are responsible for the degradation of the quality of edible crops, because of their contamination with airborne pollutants. Their consumption could lead to serious health risks. In this work, we aim to investigate the phytotoxicity induced by foliar transfer of atmospheric particles of industrial/urban origin. Leaves of cabbage plants (Brassica oleracea var. Prover) were contaminated with metal-rich particles (PbSO4 CuO and CdO) of micrometer size. A trichloroacetic acid (TCA) treatment was used to inhibit the synthesis of the epicuticular waxes in order to investigate their protective role against metallic particles toxicity. Besides the location of the particles on/in the leaves by microscopic techniques, photosynthetic activity measurements, genotoxicity assessment, and quantification of the gene expression have been studied for several durations of exposure (5, 10, and 15 days). The results show that the depletion of epicuticular waxes has a limited effect on the particle penetration in the leaf tissues. The stomatal openings appear to be the main pathway of particles entry inside the leaf tissues, as demonstrated by the overexpression of the BolC.CHLI1 gene. The effects of particles on the photosynthetic activity are limited, considering only the photosynthetic Fv/Fm parameter. The genotoxic effects were significant for the contaminated TCA-treated plants, especially after 10 days of exposure. Still, the cabbage plants are able to implement repair mechanisms quickly, and to thwart the physiological effects induced by the particles. Finally, the foliar contamination by metallic particles induces no serious damage to DNA, as observed by monitoring the BolC.OGG1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Dappe
- Laboratoire de Spectrochimie Infrarouge et Raman, CNRS UMR 8516, Université de Lille, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
| | - Sylvain Dumez
- Laboratoire des Sciences Végétales et Fongiques EA4483, Université de Lille, 3 rue du Professeur Laguesse, B.P. 83, Lille, France
| | - Fabien Bernard
- Laboratoire des Sciences Végétales et Fongiques EA4483, Université de Lille, 3 rue du Professeur Laguesse, B.P. 83, Lille, France
| | - Benjamin Hanoune
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, UMR 8522 CNRS, Université de Lille, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Damien Cuny
- Laboratoire des Sciences Végétales et Fongiques EA4483, Université de Lille, 3 rue du Professeur Laguesse, B.P. 83, Lille, France
| | - Camille Dumat
- Université de Toulouse INP-ENSAT, Avenue de l'Agrobiopole, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Université Toulouse - Le Mirail UTM-CERTOP CNRS UMR, 5044, Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Sobanska
- Laboratoire de Spectrochimie Infrarouge et Raman, CNRS UMR 8516, Université de Lille, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires UMR CNRS 5255, Université de Bordeaux, 351, Cours de la Libération, 33405, Talence, France.
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186
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Kale L, Nakurte I, Jalakas P, Kunga-Jegere L, Brosché M, Rostoks N. Arabidopsis mutant dnd2 exhibits increased auxin and abscisic acid content and reduced stomatal conductance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 140:18-26. [PMID: 31078052 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel gene 4 (AtCNGC4) loss-of-function mutant dnd2 exhibits elevated accumulation of salicylic acid (SA), dwarfed morphology, reduced hypersensitive response (HR), altered disease resistance and spontaneous lesions on plant leaves. An orthologous barley mutant, nec1, has been reported to over-accumulate indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and to exhibit changes in stomatal regulation in response to exogenous auxin. Here we show that the Arabidopsis dnd2 over-accumulates both IAA and abscisic acid (ABA) and displays related phenotypic and physiological changes, such as, reduced stomatal size, higher stomatal density and stomatal index. dnd2 showed increased salt tolerance in root growth assay and significantly reduced stomatal conductance, while maintaining near wt reaction in stomatal conductance upon external application of ABA, and probably consequently increased drought stress tolerance. Introduction of both sid2-1 and fmo1 into dnd2 background resulting in removal of SA did not alter stomatal conductance. Hence, the closed stomata of dnd2 is probably a result of increased ABA levels and not increased SA levels. The triple dnd2sid2abi1-1 mutant exhibited intermediate stomatal conductance compared to dnd2 and abi1-1 (ABA insensitive, open stomata), while the response to external ABA was as in abi1-1 suggesting that reduced stomatal conductance in dnd2 is not due to impaired ABA signaling. In conclusion, Arabidopsis dnd2 mutant exhibited ABA overaccumulation and stomatal phenotypes, which may contribute to the observed improvement in drought stress resistance. Thus, Arabidopsis dnd2 mutant may serve as a model for studying crosstalk between biotic and abiotic stress and hormonal response in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liga Kale
- Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas Street, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia
| | - Ilva Nakurte
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas Street, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia
| | - Pirko Jalakas
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Laura Kunga-Jegere
- Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas Street, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia
| | - Mikael Brosché
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu, 50411, Estonia; Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nils Rostoks
- Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas Street, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia.
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187
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Islam MM, Ye W, Matsushima D, Rhaman MS, Munemasa S, Okuma E, Nakamura Y, Biswas MS, Mano J, Murata Y. Reactive Carbonyl Species Function as Signal Mediators Downstream of H2O2 Production and Regulate [Ca2+]cyt Elevation in ABA Signal Pathway in Arabidopsis Guard Cells. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:1146-1159. [PMID: 30796836 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We have demonstrated that reactive carbonyl species (RCS) function as an intermediate downstream of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production in abscisic acid (ABA) signaling for stomatal closure in guard cells using transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing alkenal reductase. We investigated the conversion of the RCS production into downstream signaling events in the guard cells. Both ABA and H2O2 induced production of the RCS, such as acrolein and 4-hydroxy-(E)-2-nonenal (HNE), in epidermal tissues of wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Application of the RCS scavengers, carnosine and pyridoxamine, did not affect the ABA-induced H2O2 production but inhibited the ABA- and H2O2-induced stomatal closure. Both acrolein and HNE induced stomatal closure in a plasma membrane NAD(P)H oxidase mutant atrbohD atrbohF as well as in the wild type, but not in a calcium-dependent kinase mutant cpk6. Acrolein activated plasma membrane Ca2+-permeable cation channels, triggered cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]cyt) elevation, and induced stomatal closure accompanied by depletion of glutathione in the guard cells. These results suggest that RCS production is a signaling event between the ROS production and [Ca2+]cyt elevation during guard cell ABA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Moshiul Islam
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, Japan
- Department of Agronomy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Wenxiu Ye
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, Japan
| | - Daiki Matsushima
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mohammad Saidur Rhaman
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shintaro Munemasa
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, Japan
| | - Eiji Okuma
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Nakamura
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, Japan
| | - Md Sanaullah Biswas
- The United Graduate School of Agriculture, Tottori University, Koyama-cho Minami 4-101, Tottori, Japan
- Department of Horticulture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Jun'ichi Mano
- The United Graduate School of Agriculture, Tottori University, Koyama-cho Minami 4-101, Tottori, Japan
- Science Research Center, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida 1677-1, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Murata
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, Japan
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188
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Hosseini A, Zare Mehrjerdi M, Aliniaeifard S, Seif M. Photosynthetic and growth responses of green and purple basil plants under different spectral compositions. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 25:741-752. [PMID: 31168236 PMCID: PMC6522611 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-019-00647-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Light spectrum of growing environment is a determinant factor for plant growth and photosynthesis. Plants under different light spectra exhibit different growth and photosynthetic behaviors. To unravel the effects of light spectra on plant growth, photosynthetic pigments and electron transport chain reactions, purple and green basil varieties were grown under five different light spectra including white (W: 400-730 nm), blue (B: 400-500 nm), red (R: 600-700 nm) and two combinations of R and B lights (R50B50 and R70B30), with same PPFD (photosynthetic photon flux density). Almost all values for shoot and root growth traits were higher in purple variety and were improved by combinational R and B lights (especially under R70B30), while they were negatively influenced by B monochromatic light when compared to growth traits of W-grown plants. Highest concentration of photosynthetic pigments was detected in R70B30. Biophysical properties of photosynthetic electron transport chain showed higher florescence intensity at all steps of OJIP kinetics in plants grown under R light in both varieties. Oxygen evolving complex activity (Fv/Fo) and PSII maximum quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm) in R-grown plants were lower than plants grown under other light spectra. Values for parameters related to specific energy fluxes per reaction center (ABS/RC, TRo/RC, ETo/RC and DIo/RC) were increased under R light (especially for purple variety). Performance index was significantly decreased under R light in both varieties. In conclusion, light spectra other than RB combination, induced various limitations on pigmentations, efficiency of electron transport and growth of basil plants and the responses were cultivar specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameneh Hosseini
- Department of Horticulture, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Pakdasht, Tehran Iran
| | | | - Sasan Aliniaeifard
- Department of Horticulture, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Pakdasht, Tehran Iran
| | - Mehdi Seif
- Department of Horticulture, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Pakdasht, Tehran Iran
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189
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Nakano T. Hypocotyl Elongation: A Molecular Mechanism for the First Event in Plant Growth That Influences Its Physiology. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:933-934. [PMID: 31050756 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Nakano
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
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190
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Endo H, Torii KU. Stomatal Development and Perspectives toward Agricultural Improvement. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2019; 11:cshperspect.a034660. [PMID: 30988007 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a034660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stomata are small pores on the surface of land plants that facilitate gas exchange-acquiring CO2 from surrounding atmosphere and releasing water vapor. In adverse conditions, such as drought, stomata close to minimize water loss. The activities of stomata are vital for plant growth and survival. In the last two decades, key players for stomatal development have been discovered thanks to the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana Our knowledge about the formation of stomata and their response to environmental changes are accumulating. In this review, we summarize the genetic and molecular mechanisms of stomatal development, with specific emphasis on recent findings and potential applications toward enhancing the sustainability of agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Endo
- Institute of transformative Biomolecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Keiko U Torii
- Institute of transformative Biomolecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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191
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Fujita T, Noguchi K, Ozaki H, Terashima I. Confirmation of mesophyll signals controlling stomatal responses by a newly devised transplanting method. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2019; 46:467-481. [PMID: 30940335 DOI: 10.1071/fp18250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
There are opposing views on whether the responses of stomata to environmental stimuli are all autonomous reactions of stomatal guard cells or whether mesophyll is involved in these responses. Transplanting isolated epidermis onto mesophyll is a potent methodology for examining the roles of mesophyll-derived signals in stomatal responses. Here we report on development of a new transplanting method. Leaf segments of Commelina communis L. were pretreated in the light or dark at 10, 39 or 70Pa ambient CO2 for 1h. Then the abaxial epidermises were removed and the epidermal strips prepared from the other leaves kept in the dark at 39Pa CO2, were transplanted onto the mesophyll. After illumination of the transplants for 1h at 39Pa CO2, stomatal apertures were measured. We also examined the molecular sizes of the mesophyll signals by inserting the dialysis membrane permeable to molecules smaller than 100-500Da or 500-1000Da between the epidermis and mesophyll. Mesophyll pretreatments in the light at low CO2 partial pressures accelerated stomatal opening in the transplanted epidermal strips, whereas pretreatments at 70Pa CO2 suppressed stomatal opening. Insertion of these dialysis membranes did not suppress stomatal opening significantly at 10Pa CO2 in the light, whereas insertion of the 100-500Da membrane decelerated stomatal closure at high CO2. It is probable that the mesophyll signals inducing stomatal opening at low CO2 in the light would permeate both membranes, and that those inducing stomatal closure at high CO2 would not permeate the 100-500Da membrane. Possible signal compounds are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Fujita
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan; and Present address: Yodosha, Co. LTD, 2-5-1 Kandaogawamachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0052, Japan
| | - Ko Noguchi
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan; and School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ozaki
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Ichiro Terashima
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan; and Corresponding author.
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192
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Gao YQ, Wu WH, Wang Y. Electrophysiological Identification and Activity Analyses of Plasma Membrane K+ Channels in Maize Guard Cells. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:765-777. [PMID: 30590755 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal movement, which plays an essential role in plant transpiration and photosynthesis, is controlled by ion channels that mediate K+ and anion fluxes across the plasma membrane (PM) of guard cells. These channels in dicots are accurately regulated by various physiological factors, such as pH, abscisic acid (ABA) and Ca2+; however, the data in monocots are limited. Here the whole-cell patch-clamping technique was applied to analyze the properties and regulations of PM K+ channels in maize guard cells. The results indicated that the hyperpolarization-activated inward-rectifying channels were highly K+-selective. These inward K+ (Kin) channels were sensitive to extracellular K+. Their slope factor (S) decreased when the apoplastic K+ concentration decline, causing a positive shift of the half-activation potential (V1/2). Their activities were promoted by apoplastic acidification but inhibited by apoplastic and cytosolic alkalization. Nevertheless, the outward K+ (Kout) channel activities were uniquely promoted by cytosolic alkalization. Both apoplastic and cytosolic ABA inhibited Kin channels independent of cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]cyt). And two Ca2+-dependent mechanisms with different Ca2+ affinities may mediate resting- and high-[Ca2+]cyt-induced inhibition on Kin channels, respectively. However, resting [Ca2+]cyt impaired the inhibition of Kin channels induced by apoplastic ABA, not cytosolic ABA. Furthermore, the result that high [Ca2+]cyt attenuated ABA-induced inhibition highlighted the importance of [Ca2+]cyt for Kin channel regulation. There may exist a Ca2+-dependent regulation of the Ca2+-independent ABA signaling pathways for Kin channel inhibition. These results provided an electrophysiological view of the multiple level regulations of PM K+ channel activities and kinetics in maize guard cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Qiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Hua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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193
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Asaoka M, Inoue SI, Gunji S, Kinoshita T, Maeshima M, Tsukaya H, Ferjani A. Excess Pyrophosphate within Guard Cells Delays Stomatal Closure. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:875-887. [PMID: 30649470 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A variety of cellular metabolic reactions generate inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) as an ATP hydrolysis byproduct. The vacuolar H+-translocating pyrophosphatase (H+-PPase) loss-of-function fugu5 mutant is susceptible to drought and displays pleotropic postgerminative growth defects due to excess PPi. It was recently reported that stomatal closure after abscisic acid (ABA) treatment is delayed in vhp1-1, a fugu5 allele. In contrast, we found that specific removal of PPi rescued all of the above fugu5 developmental and growth defects. Hence, we speculated that excess PPi itself, rather than vacuolar acidification, might delay stomatal closure. To test this hypothesis, we constructed transgenic plants expressing the yeast IPP1 gene (encoding a cytosolic pyrophosphatase) driven by a guard cell-specific promoter (pGC1::IPP1) in the fugu5 background. Our measurements confirmed stomatal closure defects in fugu5, further supporting a role for H+-PPase in stomatal functioning. Importantly, while pGC1::IPP1 transgenics morphologically mimicked fugu5, stomatal closure was restored in response to ABA and darkness. Quantification of water loss revealed that fugu5 stomata were almost completely insensitive to ABA. In addition, growth of pGC1::IPP1 plants was promoted compared to fugu5 throughout their life; however, it did not reach the wild type level. fugu5 also displayed an increased stomatal index, in violation of the one-cell-spacing rule, and phenotypes recovered upon removal of PPi by pAVP1::IPP1 (FUGU5, VHP1 and AVP1 are the same gene encoding H+-PPase), but not in the pGC1::IPP1 line. Taken together, these results clearly support our hypothesis that dysfunction in stomata is triggered by excess PPi within guard cells, probably via perturbed guard cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Asaoka
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Inoue
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shizuka Gunji
- United Graduated School of Education, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshinori Kinoshita
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Maeshima
- Laboratory of Cell Dynamics, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tsukaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ali Ferjani
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, Japan
- United Graduated School of Education, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, Japan
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194
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Sussmilch FC, Schultz J, Hedrich R, Roelfsema MRG. Acquiring Control: The Evolution of Stomatal Signalling Pathways. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 24:342-351. [PMID: 30797685 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In vascular plants, stomata balance two opposing functions: they open to facilitate CO2 uptake and close to prevent excessive water loss. Here, we discuss the evolution of three major signalling pathways that are known to control stomatal movements in angiosperms in response to light, CO2, and abscisic acid (ABA). We examine the evolutionary origins of key signalling genes involved in these pathways, and compare their expression patterns between an angiosperm and moss. We propose that variation in stomatal sensitivity to stimuli between plant groups are rooted in differences in: (i) gene presence/absence, (ii) specificity of gene spatial expression pattern, and (iii) protein characteristics and functional interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances C Sussmilch
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Schultz
- Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, University of Würzburg, D-97218 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - M Rob G Roelfsema
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany.
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195
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Ehonen S, Yarmolinsky D, Kollist H, Kangasjärvi J. Reactive Oxygen Species, Photosynthesis, and Environment in the Regulation of Stomata. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:1220-1237. [PMID: 29237281 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Stomata sense the intercellular carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration (Ci) and water availability under changing environmental conditions and adjust their apertures to maintain optimal cellular conditions for photosynthesis. Stomatal movements are regulated by a complex network of signaling cascades where reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a key role as signaling molecules. Recent Advances: Recent research has uncovered several new signaling components involved in CO2- and abscisic acid-triggered guard cell signaling pathways. In addition, we are beginning to understand the complex interactions between different signaling pathways. CRITICAL ISSUES Plants close their stomata in reaction to stress conditions, such as drought, and the subsequent decrease in Ci leads to ROS production through photorespiration and over-reduction of the chloroplast electron transport chain. This reduces plant growth and thus drought may cause severe yield losses for agriculture especially in arid areas. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The focus of future research should be drawn toward understanding the interplay between various signaling pathways and how ROS, redox, and hormonal balance changes in space and time. Translating this knowledge from model species to crop plants will help in the development of new drought-resistant crop species with high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Ehonen
- 1 Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,2 Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Hannes Kollist
- 3 Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaakko Kangasjärvi
- 1 Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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196
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Pennisi G, Blasioli S, Cellini A, Maia L, Crepaldi A, Braschi I, Spinelli F, Nicola S, Fernandez JA, Stanghellini C, Marcelis LFM, Orsini F, Gianquinto G. Unraveling the Role of Red:Blue LED Lights on Resource Use Efficiency and Nutritional Properties of Indoor Grown Sweet Basil. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:305. [PMID: 30918510 PMCID: PMC6424884 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Indoor plant cultivation can result in significantly improved resource use efficiency (surface, water, and nutrients) as compared to traditional growing systems, but illumination costs are still high. LEDs (light emitting diodes) are gaining attention for indoor cultivation because of their ability to provide light of different spectra. In the light spectrum, red and blue regions are often considered the major plants' energy sources for photosynthetic CO2 assimilation. This study aims at identifying the role played by red:blue (R:B) ratio on the resource use efficiency of indoor basil cultivation, linking the physiological response to light to changes in yield and nutritional properties. Basil plants were cultivated in growth chambers under five LED light regimens characterized by different R:B ratios ranging from 0.5 to 4 (respectively, RB0.5, RB1, RB2, RB3, and RB4), using fluorescent lamps as control (CK1). A photosynthetic photon flux density of 215 μmol m-2 s-1 was provided for 16 h per day. The greatest biomass production was associated with LED lighting as compared with fluorescent lamp. Despite a reduction in both stomatal conductance and PSII quantum efficiency, adoption of RB3 resulted in higher yield and chlorophyll content, leading to improved use efficiency for water and energy. Antioxidant activity followed a spectral-response function, with optimum associated with RB3. A low RB ratio (0.5) reduced the relative content of several volatiles, as compared to CK1 and RB ≥ 2. Moreover, mineral leaf concentration (g g-1 DW) and total content in plant (g plant-1) were influences by light quality, resulting in greater N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Fe accumulation in plants cultivated with RB3. Contrarily, nutrient use efficiency was increased in RB ≤ 1. From this study it can be concluded that a RB ratio of 3 provides optimal growing conditions for indoor cultivation of basil, fostering improved performances in terms of growth, physiological and metabolic functions, and resources use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Pennisi
- DISTAL – Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Technologies, Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- DISAFA-VEGMAP, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Sonia Blasioli
- DISTAL – Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Technologies, Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Cellini
- DISTAL – Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Technologies, Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Maia
- DISTAL – Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Technologies, Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Ilaria Braschi
- DISTAL – Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Technologies, Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Spinelli
- DISTAL – Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Technologies, Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvana Nicola
- DISAFA-VEGMAP, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Juan A. Fernandez
- Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | | | - Leo F. M. Marcelis
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Francesco Orsini
- DISTAL – Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Technologies, Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Giorgio Gianquinto
- DISTAL – Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Technologies, Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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197
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Agurla S, Gahir S, Munemasa S, Murata Y, Raghavendra AS. Mechanism of Stomatal Closure in Plants Exposed to Drought and Cold Stress. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1081:215-232. [PMID: 30288712 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-1244-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Drought is one of the abiotic stresses which impairs the plant growth/development and restricts the yield of many crops throughout the world. Stomatal closure is a common adaptation response of plants to the onset of drought condition. Stomata are microscopic pores on the leaf epidermis, which regulate the transpiration/CO2 uptake by leaves. Stomatal guard cells can sense various abiotic and biotic stress stimuli from the internal and external environment and respond quickly to initiate closure under unfavorable conditions. Stomata also limit the entry of pathogens into leaves, restricting their invasion. Drought is accompanied by the production and/or mobilization of the phytohormone, abscisic acid (ABA), which is well-known for its ability to induce stomatal closure. Apart from the ABA, various other factors that accumulate during drought and affect the stomatal function are plant hormones (auxins, MJ, ethylene, brassinosteroids, and cytokinins), microbial elicitors (salicylic acid, harpin, Flg 22, and chitosan), and polyamines . The role of various signaling components/secondary messengers during stomatal opening or closure has been a matter of intense investigation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) , nitric oxide (NO) , cytosolic pH, and calcium are some of the well-documented signaling components during stomatal closure. The interrelationship and interactions of these signaling components such as ROS, NO, cytosolic pH, and free Ca2+ are quite complex and need further detailed examination.Low temperatures can have deleterious effects on plants. However, plants evolved protection mechanisms to overcome the impact of this stress. Cold temperature inhibits stomatal opening and causes stomatal closure. Cold-acclimated plants often exhibit marked changes in their lipid composition, particularly of the membranes. Cold stress often leads to the accumulation of ABA, besides osmolytes such as glycine betaine and proline. The role of signaling components such as ROS, NO, and Ca2+ during cold acclimation is yet to be established, though the effects of cold stress on plant growth and development are studied extensively. The information on the mitigation processes is quite limited. We have attempted to describe consequences of drought and cold stress in plants, emphasizing stomatal closure. Several of these factors trigger signaling components in roots, shoots, and atmosphere, all leading to stomatal closure. A scheme is presented to show the possible signaling events and their convergence and divergence of action during stomatal closure. The possible directions for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Agurla
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Shashibhushan Gahir
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Shintaro Munemasa
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Murata
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Agepati S Raghavendra
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India.
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198
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Gotoh E, Oiwamoto K, Inoue SI, Shimazaki KI, Doi M. Stomatal response to blue light in crassulacean acid metabolism plants Kalanchoe pinnata and Kalanchoe daigremontiana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:1367-1374. [PMID: 30576518 PMCID: PMC6382328 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Blue light (BL) is a fundamental cue for stomatal opening in both C3 and C4 plants. However, it is unknown whether crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants open their stomata in response to BL. We investigated stomatal BL responses in the obligate CAM plants Kalanchoe pinnata and Kalanchoe daigremontiana that characteristically open their stomata at night and close them for part of the day, as contrasted with C3 and C4 plants. Stomata opened in response to weak BL superimposed on background red light in both intact leaves and detached epidermal peels of K. pinnata and K. daigremontiana. BL-dependent stomatal opening was completely inhibited by tautomycin and vanadate, which repress type 1 protein phosphatase and plasma membrane H+-ATPase, respectively. The plasma membrane H+-ATPase activator fusicoccin induced stomatal opening in the dark. Both BL and fusicoccin induced phosphorylation of the guard cell plasma membrane H+-ATPase in K. pinnata. These results indicate that BL-dependent stomatal opening occurs in the obligate CAM plants K. pinnata and K. daigremontiana independently of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Gotoh
- Department of Forest Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kohei Oiwamoto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shin-ichiro Inoue
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ken-ichiro Shimazaki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Michio Doi
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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199
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Cabrita MT, Duarte B, Cesário R, Mendes R, Hintelmann H, Eckey K, Dimock B, Caçador I, Canário J. Mercury mobility and effects in the salt-marsh plant Halimione portulacoides: Uptake, transport, and toxicity and tolerance mechanisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 650:111-120. [PMID: 30196211 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The plant Halimione portulacoides, an abundant species widely distributed in temperate salt-marshes, has been previously assessed as bioindicator and biomonitor of mercury contamination in these ecosystems. The present study aims to assess uptake and distribution of total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MMHg) within H. portulacoides, potential mercury release by volatilization through leaves, and toxicity and tolerance mechanisms by investigating plant photochemical responses. Stem cuttings of H. portulacoides were collected from a salt-marsh within the Tagus estuary natural protected area, and grown under hydroponic conditions. After root development, plants were exposed to 199HgCl2 and CH3201HgCl, and sampled at specific times (0, 1, 2, 4, 24, 72, 120, 168 (7 days) and 432 h (18 days)). After exposure, roots, stems and leaves were analysed for total 199Hg (T199Hg) and MM201Hg content. Photobiology parameters, namely efficiency and photoprotection capacity, were measured in leaves. Both THg and MMHg were incorporated into the plant root system, stems and leaves, with roots showing much higher levels of both isotope enriched spikes than the other plant tissues. Presence of both mercury isotopes in the stems and leaves and high significant correlations found between roots and stems, and stems and leaves, for both THg and MMHg concentrations, indicate Hg translocation between the roots and above-ground organs. Long-term uptake in stems and leaves, leading to higher Hg content, was more influenced by temperature and radiation than short-term uptake. However, the relatively low levels of both THg and MMHg in the aerial parts of the plant, which were influenced by temperature and radiation, support the possibility of mercury release by stems and leaves, probably via stomata aperture, as a way to eliminate toxic mercury. Regarding photochemical responses, few differences between control and exposed plants were observed, indicating high tolerance of this salt marsh plant to THg and MMHg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Cabrita
- Instituto do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA), Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006 Algés, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Bernardo Duarte
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rute Cesário
- Instituto do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA), Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006 Algés, Lisboa, Portugal; Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, Lisboa 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Mendes
- Instituto do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA), Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006 Algés, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Holger Hintelmann
- Water Quality Centre, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON K9J 0G2, Canada
| | - Kevin Eckey
- Water Quality Centre, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON K9J 0G2, Canada; Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 2, 48149 Munster, Germany
| | - Brian Dimock
- Water Quality Centre, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON K9J 0G2, Canada
| | - Isabel Caçador
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Canário
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, Lisboa 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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200
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Saito S, Uozumi N. Guard Cell Membrane Anion Transport Systems and Their Regulatory Components: An Elaborate Mechanism Controlling Stress-Induced Stomatal Closure. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8010009. [PMID: 30609843 PMCID: PMC6359458 DOI: 10.3390/plants8010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
When plants are exposed to drastic environmental changes such as drought, salt or bacterial invasion, rapid stomatal movement confers tolerance to these stresses. This process involves a variety of guard cell expressed ion channels and their complex regulation network. Inward K+ channels mainly function in stomatal opening. On the other hand, guard cell anion channels play a crucial role in the closing of stomata, which is vital in terms of preventing water loss and bacterial entrance. Massive progress has been made on the research of these anion channels in the last decade. In this review, we focus on the function and regulation of Arabidopsis guard cell anion channels. Starting from SLAC1, a main contributor of stomatal closure, members of SLAHs (SLAC1 homologues), AtNRTs (Nitrate transporters), AtALMTs (Aluminum-activated malate transporters), ABC transporters, AtCLCs (Chloride channels), DTXs (Detoxification efflux carriers), SULTRs (Sulfate transporters), and their regulator components are reviewed. These membrane transport systems are the keys to maintaining cellular ion homeostasis against fluctuating external circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunya Saito
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aobayama 6-6-07, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Nobuyuki Uozumi
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aobayama 6-6-07, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
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