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Cobo‐Quinche J, Endara M, Valencia R, Muñoz‐Upegui D, Cárdenas RE. Physical, but not chemical, antiherbivore defense expression is related to the clustered spatial distribution of tropical trees in an Amazonian forest. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:1750-1763. [PMID: 30847070 PMCID: PMC6392389 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The conspecific negative density dependence hypothesis states that mortality of young trees (seedlings and saplings) is higher near conspecific adults due to mechanisms such as allelopathy, intraspecific competition, and pest facilitation, explaining why in the tropics, most of plant species tend to be rare and live dispersed. However, there are some tree species that defy this expectation and grow in large clusters of conspecific juveniles and adults. We hypothesize that conspecifics living in clusters show higher and/or more variable defensive profiles than conspecifics with dispersed distributions.We evaluated our hypothesis by assessing the expression of physical leaf traits (thickness, and the resistance to punch, tear and shear) and leaf chemical defenses for six clustered and six non-clustered tree species in Yasuní National Park, Ecuadorian Amazon. We ask ourselves whether (a) clustered species have leaves with higher physical resistance to damage and more chemical defenses variability than non-clustered species; (b) saplings of clustered species may show higher physical resistance to damage and higher variation on chemical leaf defenses than their conspecific adults, and (c) saplings of non-clustered species show lower resistance to physical damage and lower variation in chemical defenses compared to conspecific adults.Overall, our study did not support any of our hypotheses. Remarkably, we found that soluble metabolites were significantly species-specific.Our study suggests that plants physical but not chemical leaf antiherbivore defenses may be a crucial strategy for explaining survivorship of clustered species. Trees in Yasuní may also fall along a suite of tolerance/escape/defense strategies based on limitations of each species physiological constraints for survival and establishment. We conclude that other mechanisms, such as those related to indirect defenses, soil nutrient exploitation efficiency, volatile organic compounds, delayed leaf-greening, and seed dispersal mechanisms, shall be evaluated to understand conspecific coexistence in this forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Cobo‐Quinche
- Herbario QCA, Laboratorio de Ecología de Plantas, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesPontificia Universidad Católica del EcuadorQuitoEcuador
| | - María‐José Endara
- Department of BiologyUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtah
- Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio ClimáticoUniversidad Tecnológica IndoaméricaQuitoEcuador
| | - Renato Valencia
- Herbario QCA, Laboratorio de Ecología de Plantas, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesPontificia Universidad Católica del EcuadorQuitoEcuador
| | - Dolly Muñoz‐Upegui
- Museo de Zoología QCAZ, Laboratorio de Entomología, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesPontificia Universidad Católica del EcuadorQuitoEcuador
| | - Rafael E. Cárdenas
- Herbario QCA, Laboratorio de Ecología de Plantas, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesPontificia Universidad Católica del EcuadorQuitoEcuador
- Museo de Zoología QCAZ, Laboratorio de Entomología, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesPontificia Universidad Católica del EcuadorQuitoEcuador
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152
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Gowda JH, Palo RT, Udén P. Seasonal variation in the nutritional value of woody plants along a natural gradient in Eastern Africa. Afr J Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Haridas Gowda
- Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA CONICET‐Universidad Nacional del Comahue Bariloche Argentina
| | - R. Thomas Palo
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Faculty of Forest SciencesSLU Umeå Sweden
| | - Peter Udén
- Department of Animal Health and Nutrition SLU Uppsala Sweden
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153
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Kerfahi D, Tripathi BM, Dong K, Kim M, Kim H, Ferry Slik JW, Go R, Adams JM. From the High Arctic to the Equator: Do Soil Metagenomes Differ According to Our Expectations? MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2019; 77:168-185. [PMID: 29882154 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-018-1215-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Comparing the functional gene composition of soils at opposite extremes of environmental gradients may allow testing of hypotheses about community and ecosystem function. Here, we were interested in comparing how tropical microbial ecosystems differ from those of polar climates. We sampled several sites in the equatorial rainforest of Malaysia and Brunei, and the high Arctic of Svalbard, Canada, and Greenland, comparing the composition and the functional attributes of soil biota between the two extremes of latitude, using shotgun metagenomic Illumina HiSeq2000 sequencing. Based upon "classical" views of how tropical and higher latitude ecosystems differ, we made a series of predictions as to how various gene function categories would differ in relative abundance between tropical and polar environments. Results showed that in some respects our predictions were correct: the polar samples had higher relative abundance of dormancy related genes, and lower relative abundance of genes associated with respiration, and with metabolism of aromatic compounds. The network complexity of the Arctic was also lower than the tropics. However, in various other respects, the pattern was not as predicted; there were no differences in relative abundance of stress response genes or in genes associated with secondary metabolism. Conversely, CRISPR genes, phage-related genes, and virulence disease and defense genes, were unexpectedly more abundant in the Arctic, suggesting more intense biotic interaction. Also, eukaryote diversity and bacterial diversity were higher in the Arctic of Svalbard compared to tropical Brunei, which is consistent with what may expected from amplicon studies in terms of the higher pH of the Svalbard soil. Our results in some respects confirm expectations of how tropical versus polar nature may differ, and in other respects challenge them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorsaf Kerfahi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 151-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Binu M Tripathi
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Ke Dong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 151-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Mincheol Kim
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoki Kim
- Celemics Inc., 19F, Bldg. A, BYC High City, 131, Gasandigital 1-ro, Geumcheon-gu, Seoul, 153-718, Republic of Korea
| | - J W Ferry Slik
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Rusea Go
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jonathan M Adams
- Division of Agrifood and Environment, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK.
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154
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Kirmse S, Chaboo CS. Polyphagy and florivory prevail in a leaf-beetle community (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) inhabiting the canopy of a tropical lowland rainforest in southern Venezuela. J NAT HIST 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1548666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Kirmse
- Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Museum of Entomology, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Institute of Botany, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Caroline S. Chaboo
- State Museum, Systematics Research Collections, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
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155
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Rocha AG, Oliveira BMS, Melo CR, Sampaio TS, Blank AF, Lima AD, Nunes RS, Araújo APA, Cristaldo PF, Bacci L. Lethal Effect and Behavioral Responses of Leaf-Cutting Ants to Essential Oil of Pogostemon cablin (Lamiaceae) and Its Nanoformulation. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 47:769-779. [PMID: 29995283 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-018-0615-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Leaf-cutting ants belonging to the genus Atta (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) are important pests in agricultural and forest environments. In the present study, we evaluated the formicidal activity of the essential oil of Pogostemon cablin and its nanoformulation on the leaf-cutting ants: Atta opaciceps (Borgmeier, 1939), Atta sexdens (Linnaeus, 1758), and Atta sexdens rubropilosa Forel, 1908. The nanoformulation was developed by magnetic stirring using polyoxyethylene (36%), pure ethanol (36%), essential oil of P. cablin (18%), and water (10%). Bioassays of acute toxicity by fumigation and behavioral bioassays in treated arenas, with and without choice, were performed. The essential oil of P. cablin and its nanoformulation demonstrated efficient insecticidal activity and irritability to ant species. The concentration required to kill 50% of workers varied from 1.06 to 2.10 μL L-1, with a mean time to death of less than or equal to 42 h. The essential oil of P. cablin and its nanoformulation reduced the displacement and velocity speed of the workers of A. opaciceps and A. sexdens rubropilosa in totally treated arenas. In the bioassays with choices, the three species of ants walked less and at a greater speed on the treated side of arena. This work demonstrates the potential of the essential oil of P. cablin and its nanoformulation to the generation of new formicidal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Rocha
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Agricultura e Biodiversidade (PPGAGRI), Univ Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brasil
| | - B M S Oliveira
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Agricultura e Biodiversidade (PPGAGRI), Univ Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brasil
| | - C R Melo
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Agricultura e Biodiversidade (PPGAGRI), Univ Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brasil
| | - T S Sampaio
- Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Univ Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brasil
| | - A F Blank
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Agricultura e Biodiversidade (PPGAGRI), Univ Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brasil
- Depto de Engenharia Agronômica, Univ Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brasil
| | - A D Lima
- Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Univ Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brasil
| | - R S Nunes
- Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Univ Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brasil
| | - A P A Araújo
- Depto de Ecologia, Univ Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brasil
| | - P F Cristaldo
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Agricultura e Biodiversidade (PPGAGRI), Univ Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brasil
- Depto de Agronomia/Entomologia, Univ Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - L Bacci
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Agricultura e Biodiversidade (PPGAGRI), Univ Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brasil.
- Depto de Engenharia Agronômica, Univ Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brasil.
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156
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Izzo TJ, Fernandez Piedade MT, Dáttilo W. Postponing the production of ant domatia as a strategy promoting an escape from flooding in an Amazonian myrmecophyte. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:985-991. [PMID: 29878049 PMCID: PMC6266100 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Even when adapted to flooding environments, the spatial distribution, growing strategies and anti-herbivore defences of plants face stressful conditions. Here we describe the effects of flooding on carbon allocation on growth, domatia and leaf production, and the herbivory on the myrmecophyte domatia-bearing Tococa coronata Benth. (Melastomataceae) growing along river banks in the Amazon region. Methods In an area of 80 000 m2 of riparian forest along the Juruena River we actively searched for individuals of T. coronata. In each plant we evaluated the size of the plant when producing the first domatium and determined its best predictor: (1) plant total height; (2) size of plants above flood level; or (3) length of time each plant spent underwater. We also compared the herbivory, internode elongation, foliar asymmetry and specific leaf weight between T. coronata individuals growing above and below the maximum flooding level. The distance to the river and the height of the first domatium produced were compared between T. coronata and its sympatric congener, T. bulifera. Key Results We found that T. coronata invests in rapid growth in the early ontogenetic stages through an elongation of internodes rather than in constitutive anti-herbivore defences to leaves or domatia to exceed the maximum flooding level. Consequently, its leaf herbivory was higher when compared with those produced above the flooding level. Individuals with leaves above flood levels produce coriaceous leaves and ant-domatias. Thus, flooding seems to trigger changes in growth strategies of the species. Furthermore, T. coronata occurs within the flood level, whereas its congener T. bullifera invariably occurs at sites unreachable by floods. Conclusion Even in conditions of high stress, T. coronata presents both physiological and adaptive strategies that allow for colonization and establishment within flooded regions. These mechanisms involve an extreme trade-off of postponing adult plant characteristics to rapid growth to escape flooding while minimizing carbon allocation to defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago J Izzo
- Departamento de Botânica e Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, CEP, Brazil
| | - Maria Teresa Fernandez Piedade
- Departamento de Biologia Aquática e Limnologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, CEP, Brazil
| | - Wesley Dáttilo
- Red de Ecoetología, Instituto de Ecología AC, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
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157
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Muscarella R, Messier J, Condit R, Hubbell SP, Svenning JC. Effects of biotic interactions on tropical tree performance depend on abiotic conditions. Ecology 2018; 99:2740-2750. [PMID: 30485410 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Predicting biotic responses to environmental change requires understanding the joint effects of abiotic conditions and biotic interactions on community dynamics. One major challenge is to separate the potentially confounding effects of abiotic environmental variation and local biotic interactions on individual performance. The stress gradient hypothesis (SGH) addresses this issue directly by predicting that the effects of biotic interactions on performance become more positive as the abiotic environment becomes more stressful. It is unclear, however, how the predictions of the SGH apply to plants of differing functional strategies in diverse communities. We asked (1) how the effect of crowding on performance (growth and survival) of trees varies across a precipitation gradient, and (2) how functional strategies (as measured by two key traits: wood density and leaf mass per area, LMA) mediate average demographic rates and responses to crowding across the gradient. We built trait-based neighborhood models of growth and survival across a regional precipitation gradient where increasing precipitation is associated with reduced abiotic stress. In total, our dataset comprised ~170,000 individual trees belonging to 252 species. The effect of crowding on tree performance varied across the gradient; crowding negatively affected growth across plots and positively affected survival in the wettest plot. Functional traits mediated average demographic rates across the gradient, but we did not find clear evidence that the strength of these responses depends on species' traits. Our study lends support to the SGH and demonstrates how a trait-based perspective can advance these concepts by linking the diversity of species interactions with functional variation across abiotic gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Muscarella
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Julie Messier
- Biology Department, University of Sherbrooke, 2500 Blvd de l' Université, Sherbrooke, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Richard Condit
- Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S. Lake Shore Dr, Chicago, Illinois, 60605, USA.,Morton Arboretum, 4100 Illinois Rte. 53, Lisle, Illinois, 60532, USA
| | - Stephen P Hubbell
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
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158
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Souza Lima PF, Teixido AL, Sousa Paiva EA. Herbivory-induced overcompensation and resource-dependent production of extrafloral nectaries in Luffa cylindrica (Cucurbitaceae). ACTA OECOLOGICA 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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159
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Hodgkins SB, Richardson CJ, Dommain R, Wang H, Glaser PH, Verbeke B, Winkler BR, Cobb AR, Rich VI, Missilmani M, Flanagan N, Ho M, Hoyt AM, Harvey CF, Vining SR, Hough MA, Moore TR, Richard PJH, De La Cruz FB, Toufaily J, Hamdan R, Cooper WT, Chanton JP. Tropical peatland carbon storage linked to global latitudinal trends in peat recalcitrance. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3640. [PMID: 30194308 PMCID: PMC6128871 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06050-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Peatlands represent large terrestrial carbon banks. Given that most peat accumulates in boreal regions, where low temperatures and water saturation preserve organic matter, the existence of peat in (sub)tropical regions remains enigmatic. Here we examined peat and plant chemistry across a latitudinal transect from the Arctic to the tropics. Near-surface low-latitude peat has lower carbohydrate and greater aromatic content than near-surface high-latitude peat, creating a reduced oxidation state and resulting recalcitrance. This recalcitrance allows peat to persist in the (sub)tropics despite warm temperatures. Because we observed similar declines in carbohydrate content with depth in high-latitude peat, our data explain recent field-scale deep peat warming experiments in which catotelm (deeper) peat remained stable despite temperature increases up to 9 °C. We suggest that high-latitude deep peat reservoirs may be stabilized in the face of climate change by their ultimately lower carbohydrate and higher aromatic composition, similar to tropical peats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne B Hodgkins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Curtis J Richardson
- Duke University Wetland Center, Nicholas School of the Environment, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - René Dommain
- Institute of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Anthropology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, 20013, USA
| | - Hongjun Wang
- Duke University Wetland Center, Nicholas School of the Environment, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Paul H Glaser
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Brittany Verbeke
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - B Rose Winkler
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Alexander R Cobb
- Center for Environmental Sensing and Modeling, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, 138602, Singapore
| | - Virginia I Rich
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Malak Missilmani
- Laboratory of Materials, Catalysis, Environment and Analytical Methods (MCEMA-CHAMSI), EDST and Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Campus Rafic Hariri, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Neal Flanagan
- Duke University Wetland Center, Nicholas School of the Environment, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Mengchi Ho
- Duke University Wetland Center, Nicholas School of the Environment, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Alison M Hoyt
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07701, Jena, Germany
| | - Charles F Harvey
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - S Rose Vining
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85716, USA
| | - Moira A Hough
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85716, USA
| | - Tim R Moore
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B9, Canada
| | - Pierre J H Richard
- Département de Géographie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2V 2B8, Canada
| | - Florentino B De La Cruz
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Joumana Toufaily
- Laboratory of Materials, Catalysis, Environment and Analytical Methods (MCEMA-CHAMSI), EDST and Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Campus Rafic Hariri, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rasha Hamdan
- Laboratory of Materials, Catalysis, Environment and Analytical Methods (MCEMA-CHAMSI), EDST and Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Campus Rafic Hariri, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - William T Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Chanton
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA.
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160
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Anstett DN, Ahern JR, Johnson MTJ, Salminen JP. Testing for latitudinal gradients in defense at the macroevolutionary scale. Evolution 2018; 72:2129-2143. [PMID: 30101976 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Plant defenses against herbivores are predicted to evolve to be greater in warmer climates, such as lower latitudes where herbivore pressure is also thought to be higher. Instead, recent findings are often inconsistent with this expectation, suggesting alternative hypotheses are needed. We tested for latitudinal gradients in plant defense evolution at the macroevolutionary scale by characterizing plant chemical defenses across 80 species of the evening primroses, spanning both North and South America. We quantified phenolics in leaves, flowers, and fruits, using advanced analytical chemistry techniques. Dominant individual ellagitannin compounds, total concentrations of ellagitannins, flavonoids, total phenolics, and compound diversity were quantified. Variation in these compounds was predicted with latitude, temperature, precipitation, and continent using phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) multiple regression models. Latitude did not strongly explain variation in chemical defenses. Instead, fruit total ellagitannins, oenothein A, and total phenolics were greater in species inhabiting regions with colder climates. Using analytical chemistry and 80 species in two continents, we show that contrary to classic predictions, concentrations of secondary metabolites are not greater at lower latitudes or in warmer regions. We propose higher herbivore pressure in colder climates and gradients in resource availability as potential drivers of the observed patterns in Oenothera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N Anstett
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada.,Current Address: Biodiversity Research Centre and Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jeffrey R Ahern
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Marc T J Johnson
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Juha-Pekka Salminen
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
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161
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Siqueira FFS, Ribeiro-Neto JD, Tabarelli M, Andersen AN, Wirth R, Leal IR. Human disturbance promotes herbivory by leaf-cutting ants in the Caatinga dry forest. Biotropica 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe F. S. Siqueira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Av. Prof. Moraes Rego s/n°, Cidade Universitária Recife PE 50670-901 Brazil
| | - José Domingos Ribeiro-Neto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Av. Prof. Moraes Rego s/n°, Cidade Universitária Recife PE 50670-901 Brazil
- Departamento de Fitotecnia e Ciências Ambientais; Centro de Ciências Agrárias; Universidade Federal da Paraíba; Rodovia PB-079 Areia PB 58397-000 Brazil
| | - Marcelo Tabarelli
- Departamento de Botânica; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Av. Prof. Moraes Rego s/n°, Cidade Universitária Recife PE 50670-901 Brazil
| | - Alan N. Andersen
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods; Charles Darwin University; Darwin NT 0909 Australia
| | - Rainer Wirth
- Plant Ecology and Systematics; University of Kaiserslautern; PO Box 3049 Kaiserslautern 67663 Germany
| | - Inara R. Leal
- Departamento de Botânica; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Av. Prof. Moraes Rego s/n°, Cidade Universitária Recife PE 50670-901 Brazil
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162
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Trade-offs between growth, reproduction and defense in response to resource availability manipulations. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201873. [PMID: 30133458 PMCID: PMC6104975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Brazilian Cerrado is one of the most endangered biomes in the world. We evaluated the sustainability of leaf harvest in one of the most important Cerrado tree species, Stryphnodendron adstringens. The bark of this tree is used as a source of medicinal tannin. Harvesting bark, however, often kills the tree. In a manipulative field experiment, we tested the hypothesis that harvesting leaves, which might serve as an alternative source of tannin, would be less detrimental for tree survival, growth, reproduction, and defense than harvesting bark. In a two-way crossed experimental design, we either clipped 100% of a plant’s leaves or applied NPK fertilizer to the soil. Our predictions of the experimental outcomes were based on plant resource and defense theory. Growth was determined by total leaf dry mass production, reproduction by inflorescence and fruit production traits, and defense by total phenolics, hydrolyzable tannins, and condensed tannins. Fertilization had a marginally positive effect on total leaf dry mass. Defoliation had no effect on subsequent leaf production, and most importantly, no plants died as a result of defoliation. We found high tannin amounts in leaves of S. adstringens produced both prior to and subsequent to clipping, further suggesting that leaves could serve as a sustainable alternative source of tannin. After clipping, plants invested more in tannin production and less in reproduction. Our results suggest that leaf harvest may be more sustainable than harvesting of bark in S. adstringens. We suggest the need for further investigation of the medicinal properties of leaf tannins to formulate a viable sustainable management plan for the exploitation of this plant species.
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163
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164
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Adroit B, Girard V, Kunzmann L, Terral JF, Wappler T. Plant-insect interactions patterns in three European paleoforests of the late-Neogene-early-Quaternary. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5075. [PMID: 29942705 PMCID: PMC6015487 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants and insects are constantly interacting in complex ways through forest communities since hundreds of millions of years. Those interactions are often related to variations in the climate. Climate change, due to human activities, may have disturbed these relationships in modern ecosystems. Fossil leaf assemblages are thus good opportunities to survey responses of plant-insect interactions to climate variations over the time. The goal of this study is to discuss the possible causes of the differences of plant-insect interactions' patterns in European paleoforests from the Neogene-Quaternary transition. This was accomplished through three fossil leaf assemblages: Willershausen, Berga (both from the late Neogene of Germany) and Bernasso (from the early Quaternary of France). In Willershausen it has been measured that half of the leaves presented insect interactions, 35% of the fossil leaves were impacted by insects in Bernasso and only 25% in Berga. The largest proportion of these interactions in Bernasso were categorized as specialist (mainly due to galling) while in Willershausen and Berga those ones were significantly more generalist. Contrary to previous studies, this study did not support the hypothesis that the mean annual precipitation and temperature were the main factors that impacted the different plant-insect interactions' patterns. However, for the first time, our results tend to support that the hydric seasonality and the mean temperature of the coolest months could be potential factors influencing fossil plant-insect interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Adroit
- Steinmann Institute for Geology, Mineralogy and Palaeontology, Division Palaeontology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution, UMR 5554, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Girard
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution, UMR 5554, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Lutz Kunzmann
- Senckenberg Natural History Collections Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jean-Frédéric Terral
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution, UMR 5554, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Torsten Wappler
- Steinmann Institute for Geology, Mineralogy and Palaeontology, Division Palaeontology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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165
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Slinn HL, Richards LA, Dyer LA, Hurtado PJ, Smilanich AM. Across Multiple Species, Phytochemical Diversity and Herbivore Diet Breadth Have Cascading Effects on Herbivore Immunity and Parasitism in a Tropical Model System. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:656. [PMID: 29942320 PMCID: PMC6004389 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial tri-trophic interactions account for a large part of biodiversity, with approximately 75% represented in plant-insect-parasitoid interactions. Herbivore diet breadth is an important factor mediating these tri-trophic interactions, as specialisation can influence how herbivore fitness is affected by plant traits. We investigated how phytochemistry, herbivore immunity, and herbivore diet breadth mediate plant-caterpillar-parasitoid interactions on the tropical plant genus Piper (Piperaceae) at La Selva Biological station in Costa Rica and at Yanayacu Biological Station in Ecuador. We collected larval stages of one Piper generalist species, Quadrus cerealis, (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) and 4 specialist species in the genus Eois (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from 15 different species of Piper, reared them on host leaf material, and assayed phenoloxidase activity as a measure of potential larval immunity. We combined these data with parasitism and caterpillar species diet breadth calculated from a 19-year database, as well as established values of phytochemical diversity calculated for each plant species, in order to test specific hypotheses about how these variables are related. We found that phytochemical diversity was an important predictor for herbivore immunity, herbivore parasitism, and diet breadth for specialist caterpillars, but that the direction and magnitude of these relationships differed between sites. In Costa Rica, specialist herbivore immune function was negatively associated with the phytochemical diversity of the Piper host plants, and rates of parasitism decreased with higher immune function. The same was true for Ecuador with the exception that there was a positive association between immune function and phytochemical diversity. Furthermore, phytochemical diversity did not affect herbivore immunity and parasitism for the more generalised herbivore. Results also indicated that small differences in herbivore diet breadth are an important factor mediating herbivore immunity and parasitism success for Eois at both sites. These patterns contribute to a growing body of literature that demonstrate strong cascading effects of phytochemistry on higher trophic levels that are dependent on herbivore specialisation and that can vary in space and time. Investigating the interface between herbivore immunity, plant chemical defence, and parasitoids is an important facet of tri-trophic interactions that can help to explain the enormous amount of biodiversity found in the tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L. Slinn
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, United States
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166
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Coconut Leaf Age and Coconut Rhinoceros Beetle Herbivory Influence Leaflet Nutrients, Metals, and Lignin. HORTICULTURAE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae4020009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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167
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Dean GH, Asmarayani R, Ardiyani M, Santika Y, Triono T, Mathews S, Webb CO. Generating DNA sequence data with limited resources for molecular biology: Lessons from a barcoding project in Indonesia. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2018; 6:e01167. [PMID: 30131909 PMCID: PMC6055555 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.1167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The advent of the DNA sequencing age has led to a revolution in biology. The rapid and cost-effective generation of high-quality sequence data has transformed many fields, including those focused on discovering species and surveying biodiversity, monitoring movement of biological materials, forensic biology, and disease diagnostics. There is a need to build capacity to generate useful sequence data in countries with limited historical access to laboratory resources, so that researchers can benefit from the advantages offered by these data. Commonly used molecular techniques such as DNA extraction, PCR, and DNA sequencing are within the reach of small laboratories in many countries, with the main obstacles to successful implementation being lack of funding and limited practical experience. Here we describe a successful approach that we developed to obtain DNA sequence data during a small DNA barcoding project in Indonesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian H. Dean
- Department of BotanyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverV6T1Z4British ColumbiaCanada
| | - Rani Asmarayani
- Herbarium BogorienseBotany DivisionResearch Center for BiologyIndonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)Cibinong16911BogorWest JavaIndonesia
- Present address:
Department of BiologyUniversity of Missouri–St. LouisSt. LouisMissouri63121USA
| | - Marlina Ardiyani
- Herbarium BogorienseBotany DivisionResearch Center for BiologyIndonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)Cibinong16911BogorWest JavaIndonesia
| | - Yessi Santika
- Herbarium BogorienseBotany DivisionResearch Center for BiologyIndonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)Cibinong16911BogorWest JavaIndonesia
| | - Teguh Triono
- Herbarium BogorienseBotany DivisionResearch Center for BiologyIndonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)Cibinong16911BogorWest JavaIndonesia
- Present address:
Zoological Society of London (ZSL) Indonesia ProgramBogor16128Indonesia
| | - Sarah Mathews
- Arnold Arboretum of Harvard UniversityBostonMassachusetts02131USA
- Present address:
CSIROAustralian National HerbariumCanberraAustralian Capital Territory2601Australia
| | - Campbell O. Webb
- Arnold Arboretum of Harvard UniversityBostonMassachusetts02131USA
- Present address:
University of Alaska Museum of the NorthFairbanksAlaska99775USA
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168
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Rivkin LR, Barrett SCH, Johnson MTJ. The effects of plant sexual system and latitude on resistance to herbivores. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:977-985. [PMID: 29917233 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY The strength of plant-herbivore interactions varies in space and time, but the factors that explain this variation are poorly understood. Several lines of research suggest that variation in plant reproductive systems and latitude may explain resistance against herbivores, but how these factors jointly affect plant-herbivore interactions has not been investigated in detail. We examined the effects of latitude, sexual system, and plant gender on herbivory in Sagittaria latifolia, an aquatic plant in which populations are typically monoecious (separate female and male flowers) or dioecious (separate female and male plants). METHODS We surveyed 43 populations of S. latifolia between 42 and 48° N in Ontario, Canada. In each population, we recorded the sexual system and obtained estimates of herbivore damage to ramets of known gender (i.e. female, male, or hermaphrodite) by the weevil Listronotus appendiculatus, the principal herbivore of S. latifolia. Herbivore damage was quantified as the percent leaf area removed by adult L. appendiculatus weevils, and the abundance of larvae feeding within flowering stalks, which was correlated with the amount of damage by herbivores to the inflorescence. KEY RESULTS Leaf herbivory significantly decreased with increasing latitude but did not vary with sexual system or plant gender. By contrast, larvae were more abundant in dioecious populations and on female plants, corresponding to increased stem damage, providing evidence for sex-biased larval abundance in S. latifolia. These effects of sexual system and gender on larval abundance were strongest at lower latitudes. CONCLUSIONS Our study found latitudinal variation in leaf herbivory and sex-biased resistance to weevil larvae that feed on the reproductive tissues of S. latifolia, which is predicted to be a necessary condition for herbivory to influence the evolution of dioecy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Rivkin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Ontario, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Spencer C H Barrett
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Marc T J Johnson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Ontario, L5L 1C6, Canada
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169
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de Araújo WS, Daud RD. Contrasting structures of plant-mite networks compounded by phytophagous and predatory mite species. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2018; 74:335-346. [PMID: 29569075 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-018-0250-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Differences in the feeding habits between phytophagous and predatory species can determine distinct ecological interactions between mites and their host plants. Herein, plant-mite networks were constructed using available literature on plant-dwelling mites from Brazilian natural vegetation in order to contrast phytophagous and predatory mite networks. The structural patterns of plant-mite networks were described through network specialization (connectance) and modularity. A total of 187 mite species, 65 host plant species and 646 interactions were recorded in 14 plant-mite networks. Phytophagous networks included 96 mite species, 61 host plants and 277 interactions, whereas predatory networks contained 91 mite species, 54 host plants and 369 interactions. No differences in the species richness of mites and host plants were observed between phytophagous and predatory networks. However, plant-mite networks composed of phytophagous mites showed lower connectance and higher modularity when compared to the predatory mite networks. The present results corroborate the hypothesis that trophic networks are more specialized than commensalistic networks, given that the phytophagous species must deal with plant defenses, in contrast to predatory mites which only inhabit and forage for resources on plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Santos de Araújo
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Biodiversity, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil.
- Department of General Biology, Center of Biological Sciences and Health, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, MG, 39401-089, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Damasco Daud
- Laboratory of Acarology, Department of Ecology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
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170
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Hodel RG, Chandler LM, Fahrenkrog AM, Kirst M, Gitzendanner MA, Soltis DE, Soltis PS. Linking genome signatures of selection and adaptation in non-model plants: exploring potential and limitations in the angiosperm Amborella. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 42:81-89. [PMID: 29694936 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Selective sweeps may be caused by environmental conditions that select for a gene function or trait at one locus, causing reduced variation at neighboring sites due to linkage, with specific non-selected variants being swept along with the selected variant. For many species, genomic and environmental data are available to test hypotheses that environmental conditions are correlated with selected regions. Most genomic studies relating selection to environment use model organisms or crop species; typically, these studies have genomic data from large numbers of individuals and extensive environmental data. Here, we review studies associating selective sweeps with environment and consider the impediments to successful application of these methods to non-model species. We present an initial investigation into linking genomic regions of selection to environmental conditions in the narrowly distributed, non-model plant Amborella trichopoda (Amborellaceae), the sister species to all other living flowering plants and one of over 2500 plant species endemic to New Caledonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Gj Hodel
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Luke M Chandler
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; The Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Annette M Fahrenkrog
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Matias Kirst
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; The Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | | | - Douglas E Soltis
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; The Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; The Biodiversity Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Pamela S Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; The Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; The Biodiversity Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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171
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Baskett CA, Schemske DW. Latitudinal patterns of herbivore pressure in a temperate herb support the biotic interactions hypothesis. Ecol Lett 2018; 21:578-587. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carina A. Baskett
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior Program Michigan State University East Lansing MI48824 USA
| | - Douglas W. Schemske
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior Program Michigan State University East Lansing MI48824 USA
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172
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Zhu Y, Queenborough SA, Condit R, Hubbell SP, Ma KP, Comita LS. Density‐dependent survival varies with species life‐history strategy in a tropical forest. Ecol Lett 2018; 21:506-515. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Zhu
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies Yale University New Haven CT06511 USA
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan Beijing100093 China
| | - S. A. Queenborough
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies Yale University New Haven CT06511 USA
| | - R. Condit
- Morton Arboretum 4100 Illinois Rte. 53 Lisle IL60532 USA
- Field Museum of Natural History 1400 S. Lake Shore Dr. Chicago IL60605USA
| | - S. P. Hubbell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles CA90095 USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Box 0843‐03092 Balboa Ancón Panama
| | - K. P. Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan Beijing100093 China
| | - L. S. Comita
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies Yale University New Haven CT06511 USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Box 0843‐03092 Balboa Ancón Panama
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173
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Graf LV, Barbieri F, Sperb E, Soares Rivaldo D, de A. Moura L, B. da Silveira RM, A. Reck M, Nogueira-de-Sá F. Factors affecting the structure of Coleoptera assemblages on bracket fungi (Basidiomycota) in a Brazilian forest. Biotropica 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Letícia V. Graf
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia; Departamento de Ecologia; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500 91501-970 Porto Alegre RS Brasil
| | - Fabrícia Barbieri
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Interações; Departamento de Ecologia; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500 91501-970 Porto Alegre Brasil
| | - Edilena Sperb
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Interações; Departamento de Ecologia; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500 91501-970 Porto Alegre Brasil
| | - Daniela Soares Rivaldo
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Interações; Departamento de Ecologia; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500 91501-970 Porto Alegre Brasil
| | - Luciano de A. Moura
- Seção de Zoologia de Invertebrados, Museu de Ciências Naturais; Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul; Rua Dr. Salvador França, 1427 90690-000 Porto Alegre RS Brasil
| | - Rosa Mara B. da Silveira
- Laboratório de Micologia; Departamento de Botânica; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500 91501-970 Porto Alegre Brasil
| | - Mateus A. Reck
- Laboratório de Micologia; Departamento de Botânica; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500 91501-970 Porto Alegre Brasil
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174
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Piper FI, Altmann SH, Lusk CH. Global patterns of insect herbivory in gap and understorey environments, and their implications for woody plant carbon storage. OIKOS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.04686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frida I. Piper
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP); Moraleda 16 Coyhaique Chile
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175
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Stiegel S, Mantilla-Contreras J. Environment vs. Plant Ontogeny: Arthropod Herbivory Patterns on European Beech Leaves along the Vertical Gradient of Temperate Forests in Central Germany. INSECTS 2018; 9:E9. [PMID: 29373542 PMCID: PMC5872274 DOI: 10.3390/insects9010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Environmental and leaf trait effects on herbivory are supposed to vary among different feeding guilds. Herbivores also show variability in their preferences for plant ontogenetic stages. Along the vertical forest gradient, environmental conditions change, and trees represent juvenile and adult individuals in the understorey and canopy, respectively. This study was conducted in ten forests sites in Central Germany for the enrichment of canopy research in temperate forests. Arthropod herbivory of different feeding traces was surveyed on leaves of Fagus sylvatica Linnaeus (European beech; Fagaceae) in three strata. Effects of microclimate, leaf traits, and plant ontogenetic stage were analyzed as determining parameters for herbivory. The highest herbivory was caused by exophagous feeding traces. Herbivore attack levels varied along the vertical forest gradient for most feeding traces with distinct patterns. If differences of herbivory levels were present, they only occurred between juvenile and adult F. sylvatica individuals, but not between the lower and upper canopy. In contrast, differences of microclimate and important leaf traits were present between the lower and upper canopy. In conclusion, the plant ontogenetic stage had a stronger effect on herbivory than microclimate or leaf traits along the vertical forest gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Stiegel
- Ecology and Environmental Education Group, Institute of Biology and Chemistry, University of Hildesheim, 31141 Hildesheim, Germany.
| | - Jasmin Mantilla-Contreras
- Ecology and Environmental Education Group, Institute of Biology and Chemistry, University of Hildesheim, 31141 Hildesheim, Germany
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176
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Roslin T, Hardwick B, Novotny V, Petry WK, Andrew NR, Asmus A, Barrio IC, Basset Y, Boesing AL, Bonebrake TC, Cameron EK, Dáttilo W, Donoso DA, Drozd P, Gray CL, Hik DS, Hill SJ, Hopkins T, Huang S, Koane B, Laird-Hopkins B, Laukkanen L, Lewis OT, Milne S, Mwesige I, Nakamura A, Nell CS, Nichols E, Prokurat A, Sam K, Schmidt NM, Slade A, Slade V, Suchanková A, Teder T, van Nouhuys S, Vandvik V, Weissflog A, Zhukovich V, Slade EM. Higher predation risk for insect prey at low latitudes and elevations. Science 2018; 356:742-744. [PMID: 28522532 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaj1631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Biotic interactions underlie ecosystem structure and function, but predicting interaction outcomes is difficult. We tested the hypothesis that biotic interaction strength increases toward the equator, using a global experiment with model caterpillars to measure predation risk. Across an 11,660-kilometer latitudinal gradient spanning six continents, we found increasing predation toward the equator, with a parallel pattern of increasing predation toward lower elevations. Patterns across both latitude and elevation were driven by arthropod predators, with no systematic trend in attack rates by birds or mammals. These matching gradients at global and regional scales suggest consistent drivers of biotic interaction strength, a finding that needs to be integrated into general theories of herbivory, community organization, and life-history evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Roslin
- Spatial Foodweb Ecology Group, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Post Office Box 7044, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden. .,Spatial Foodweb Ecology Group, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Post Office Box 27, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bess Hardwick
- Spatial Foodweb Ecology Group, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Post Office Box 27, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vojtech Novotny
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences (CAS), Branisovska 31, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 1760, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,The New Guinea Binatang Research Center, Post Office Box 604, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - William K Petry
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California-Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, USA.,Institute of Integrative Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nigel R Andrew
- Insect Ecology Lab, Centre of Excellence for Behavioural and Physiological Ecology, University of New England, NSW, Australia, 2351, Australia
| | - Ashley Asmus
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Isabel C Barrio
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E9 Alberta, Canada.,Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7 IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Yves Basset
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences (CAS), Branisovska 31, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 1760, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Panama City, Republic of Panama
| | - Andrea Larissa Boesing
- Department of Ecology, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão 321, T-14, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Timothy C Bonebrake
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Rd, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Erin K Cameron
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, Post Office Box 65, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland.,Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate Change, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, København, Denmark
| | - Wesley Dáttilo
- Red de Ecoetología, Instituto de Ecología, CP 91070, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - David A Donoso
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Ladrón de Guevara E11-253, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Pavel Drozd
- University of Ostrava, Faculty of Science-Department of Biology and Ecology, Chittussiho 10, 710 00 Slezská Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Claudia L Gray
- Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered (EDGE) of Existence, Conservation Programmes, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK.,Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - David S Hik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E9 Alberta, Canada
| | - Sarah J Hill
- Insect Ecology Lab, Centre of Excellence for Behavioural and Physiological Ecology, University of New England, NSW, Australia, 2351, Australia
| | - Tapani Hopkins
- Zoological Museum, Biodiversity Unit, FI-20014 University of Turku, Finland
| | - Shuyin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303 Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bonny Koane
- The New Guinea Binatang Research Center, Post Office Box 604, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Benita Laird-Hopkins
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Panama City, Republic of Panama
| | | | - Owen T Lewis
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Sol Milne
- University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Isaiah Mwesige
- Makerere University Biological Field Station, Post Office Box 409, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - Akihiro Nakamura
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303 Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Colleen S Nell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California-Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, USA
| | - Elizabeth Nichols
- Department of Ecology, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão 321, T-14, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, 500 College Avenue, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA
| | - Alena Prokurat
- State Institution of Education, Zditovo High School, Zditovo, Belarus
| | - Katerina Sam
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences (CAS), Branisovska 31, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 1760, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Niels M Schmidt
- Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.,Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Alison Slade
- 40 Town End Lane, Lepton, Huddersfield, HD8 ONA, UK
| | - Victor Slade
- 40 Town End Lane, Lepton, Huddersfield, HD8 ONA, UK
| | - Alžběta Suchanková
- University of Ostrava, Faculty of Science-Department of Biology and Ecology, Chittussiho 10, 710 00 Slezská Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Tiit Teder
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, EE-51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Saskya van Nouhuys
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, Post Office Box 65, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vigdis Vandvik
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Post Office Box 7800, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Anita Weissflog
- Department of Plant Ecology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Vital Zhukovich
- State Institution of Education, Zditovo High School, Zditovo, Belarus
| | - Eleanor M Slade
- Spatial Foodweb Ecology Group, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Post Office Box 27, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.,Lancaster Environment Centre, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, UK
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177
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Lu HP, Liu PY, Wang YB, Hsieh JF, Ho HC, Huang SW, Lin CY, Hsieh CH, Yu HT. Functional Characteristics of the Flying Squirrel's Cecal Microbiota under a Leaf-Based Diet, Based on Multiple Meta-Omic Profiling. Front Microbiol 2018; 8:2622. [PMID: 29354108 PMCID: PMC5758534 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian herbivores rely on microbial activities in an expanded gut chamber to convert plant biomass into absorbable nutrients. Distinct from ruminants, small herbivores typically have a simple stomach but an enlarged cecum to harbor symbiotic microbes; however, knowledge of this specialized gut structure and characteristics of its microbial contents is limited. Here, we used leaf-eating flying squirrels as a model to explore functional characteristics of the cecal microbiota adapted to a high-fiber, toxin-rich diet. Specifically, environmental conditions across gut regions were evaluated by measuring mass, pH, feed particle size, and metabolomes. Then, parallel metagenomes and metatranscriptomes were used to detect microbial functions corresponding to the cecal environment. Based on metabolomic profiles, >600 phytochemical compounds were detected, although many were present only in the foregut and probably degraded or transformed by gut microbes in the hindgut. Based on metagenomic (DNA) and metatranscriptomic (RNA) profiles, taxonomic compositions of the cecal microbiota were dominated by bacteria of the Firmicutes taxa; they contained major gene functions related to degradation and fermentation of leaf-derived compounds. Based on functional compositions, genes related to multidrug exporters were rich in microbial genomes, whereas genes involved in nutrient importers were rich in microbial transcriptomes. In addition, genes encoding chemotaxis-associated components and glycoside hydrolases specific for plant beta-glycosidic linkages were abundant in both DNA and RNA. This exploratory study provides findings which may help to form molecular-based hypotheses regarding functional contributions of symbiotic gut microbiota in small herbivores with folivorous dietary habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Pei Lu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yu Liu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University & Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-bin Wang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Fan Hsieh
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chen Ho
- Department of Anatomy, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Shiao-Wei Huang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yen Lin
- Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-hao Hsieh
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- National Center for Theoretical Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hon-Tsen Yu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University & Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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178
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Griffin EA, Carson WP. Tree Endophytes: Cryptic Drivers of Tropical Forest Diversity. ENDOPHYTES OF FOREST TREES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-89833-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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179
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Peschiutta ML, Scholz FG, Goldstein G, Bucci SJ. Herbivory alters plant carbon assimilation, patterns of biomass allocation and nitrogen use efficiency. ACTA OECOLOGICA 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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180
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Poveda K, Díaz MF, Ramirez A. Can overcompensation increase crop production? Ecology 2017; 99:270-280. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Poveda
- Department of Entomology; Cornell University; Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | - María F. Díaz
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Universidad Nacional de Colombia; Postal code 111321; Bogotá Colombia
| | - Augusto Ramirez
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Universidad Nacional de Colombia; Postal code 111321; Bogotá Colombia
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181
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Marting PR, Wcislo WT, Pratt SC. Colony personality and plant health in the Azteca-Cecropia mutualism. Behav Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arx165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
For interspecific mutualisms, the behavior of one partner can influence the fitness of the other, especially in the case of symbiotic mutualisms where partners live in close physical association for much of their lives. Behavioral effects on fitness may be particularly important if either species in these long-term relationships displays personality. We conducted a field study on collective personality in Azteca constructor colonies that live in Cecropia trees, one of the most successful and prominent mutualisms of the neotropics. These pioneer plants provide hollow internodes for nesting and nutrient-rich food bodies; in return, the ants provide protection from herbivores and encroaching vines. We tested the consistency and correlation of 5 colony-level behavioral traits, censused colonies, and measured the amount of leaf damage for each plant. Four of five traits were both consistent within colonies and correlated among colonies. This reveals a behavioral syndrome along a docile-aggressive axis, with higher-scoring colonies showing greater activity, aggression, and responsiveness. Scores varied substantially between colonies and were independent of colony size and age. Host plants of more active, aggressive colonies had less leaf damage, suggesting a link between a colony’s personality and effective defense of its host, though the directionality of this link remains uncertain. Our field study shows that colony personality is an ecologically relevant phenomenon and sheds light on the importance of behavioral differences within mutualism dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Marting
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa Ancon, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - William T Wcislo
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa Ancon, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Stephen C Pratt
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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182
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Lurie MH, Barton KE, Daehler CC. Pre-damage biomass allocation and not invasiveness predicts tolerance to damage in seedlings of woody species in Hawaii. Ecology 2017; 98:3011-3021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew H. Lurie
- Department of Botany; University of Hawai'i at Mānoa; 3190 Maile Way Room 101 Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822 USA
| | - Kasey E. Barton
- Department of Botany; University of Hawai'i at Mānoa; 3190 Maile Way Room 101 Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822 USA
| | - Curtis C. Daehler
- Department of Botany; University of Hawai'i at Mānoa; 3190 Maile Way Room 101 Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822 USA
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183
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Weissflog A, Markesteijn L, Lewis OT, Comita LS, Engelbrecht BM. Contrasting patterns of insect herbivory and predation pressure across a tropical rainfall gradient. Biotropica 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anita Weissflog
- Department of Plant Ecology; Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER); 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Lars Markesteijn
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Apartado 0843-03092 Balboa República de Panama
- School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography; Bangor University; Bangor Gwynedd LL57 2DG UK
- Department of Zoology; University of Oxford; South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PS UK
| | - Owen T. Lewis
- Department of Zoology; University of Oxford; South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PS UK
| | - Liza S. Comita
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Apartado 0843-03092 Balboa República de Panama
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies; Yale University; New Haven CT 06511 USA
| | - Bettina M.J. Engelbrecht
- Department of Plant Ecology; Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER); 95440 Bayreuth Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Apartado 0843-03092 Balboa República de Panama
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184
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Green PT, Harms KE. The causes of disproportionate non-random mortality among life-cycle stages. Ecology 2017; 99:36-46. [PMID: 28977684 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The emergent properties of the collection of species in a natural community, such as diversity and the distribution of relative abundances, are influenced by both niche-based and neutral (stochastic) processes. This pluralistic view of the natural world reconciles theory with empirical observations better than does either a strictly niche- or neutrality-based perspective. Even so, rules (or rules of thumb) that govern the relative contributions that niche-based and stochastic processes make as communities assemble remain only vaguely formulated and incompletely tested. For example, the translation of non-random (non-neutral) ecological processes, which differentially sort among species within a community, into species-compositional patterns may occur more influentially within some demographic subsets of organisms than within others. In other words, the relative contributions of niche vs. neutral processes may vary among age-, size-, or stage-classes. For example, non-random patterns of mortality that occur among seedlings in a rain forest, or among newly settled juveniles in communities of sessile marine communities, could be more influential than non-random mortality during later stages in determining overall community diversity. We propose two alternative, mutually compatible, hypotheses to account for different levels of influence from mortality among life-cycle stages toward producing non-random patterns in organismal communities. The Turnover Model simply posits that those demographic classes characterized by faster rates of turnover contribute greater influence in the short-term as sufficient mortality gives rise to non-random changes to the community, as well as over the longer-term as multiple individuals of a given fast-turnover demographic class transition into later classes compared to each individual that ratchets from a slow-turnover starting class into a later class. The Turnover Model should apply to most communities of organisms. The Niche Model, which posits that niche-based processes are more influential in some demographic classes relative to others, may alternatively or additionally apply to communities. We also propose several alternative mechanisms, especially relevant to forest trees, that could cause dynamics consistent with the Niche Model. These mechanisms depend on differences among demographic classes in the extent of demographic variation that individual organisms experience through their trait values or neighborhood conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Green
- Department of Ecology, Environment & Evolution, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Kyle E Harms
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA
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185
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Trogisch S, Schuldt A, Bauhus J, Blum JA, Both S, Buscot F, Castro-Izaguirre N, Chesters D, Durka W, Eichenberg D, Erfmeier A, Fischer M, Geißler C, Germany MS, Goebes P, Gutknecht J, Hahn CZ, Haider S, Härdtle W, He JS, Hector A, Hönig L, Huang Y, Klein AM, Kühn P, Kunz M, Leppert KN, Li Y, Liu X, Niklaus PA, Pei Z, Pietsch KA, Prinz R, Proß T, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Schmidt K, Scholten T, Seitz S, Song Z, Staab M, von Oheimb G, Weißbecker C, Welk E, Wirth C, Wubet T, Yang B, Yang X, Zhu CD, Schmid B, Ma K, Bruelheide H. Toward a methodical framework for comprehensively assessing forest multifunctionality. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:10652-10674. [PMID: 29299246 PMCID: PMC5743643 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity-ecosystem functioning (BEF) research has extended its scope from communities that are short-lived or reshape their structure annually to structurally complex forest ecosystems. The establishment of tree diversity experiments poses specific methodological challenges for assessing the multiple functions provided by forest ecosystems. In particular, methodological inconsistencies and nonstandardized protocols impede the analysis of multifunctionality within, and comparability across the increasing number of tree diversity experiments. By providing an overview on key methods currently applied in one of the largest forest biodiversity experiments, we show how methods differing in scale and simplicity can be combined to retrieve consistent data allowing novel insights into forest ecosystem functioning. Furthermore, we discuss and develop recommendations for the integration and transferability of diverse methodical approaches to present and future forest biodiversity experiments. We identified four principles that should guide basic decisions concerning method selection for tree diversity experiments and forest BEF research: (1) method selection should be directed toward maximizing data density to increase the number of measured variables in each plot. (2) Methods should cover all relevant scales of the experiment to consider scale dependencies of biodiversity effects. (3) The same variable should be evaluated with the same method across space and time for adequate larger-scale and longer-time data analysis and to reduce errors due to changing measurement protocols. (4) Standardized, practical and rapid methods for assessing biodiversity and ecosystem functions should be promoted to increase comparability among forest BEF experiments. We demonstrate that currently available methods provide us with a sophisticated toolbox to improve a synergistic understanding of forest multifunctionality. However, these methods require further adjustment to the specific requirements of structurally complex and long-lived forest ecosystems. By applying methods connecting relevant scales, trophic levels, and above- and belowground ecosystem compartments, knowledge gain from large tree diversity experiments can be optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Trogisch
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Andreas Schuldt
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Jürgen Bauhus
- Chair of Silviculture Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Juliet A Blum
- Institute of Plant Sciences University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Sabine Both
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Aberdeen Aberdeen UK
| | - François Buscot
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany.,Department of Soil Ecology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Nadia Castro-Izaguirre
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | | | - Walter Durka
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany.,Department of Community Ecology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - David Eichenberg
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany.,Institute of Biology University of Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Alexandra Erfmeier
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany.,Institute for Ecosystem Research/Geobotany Kiel University Kiel Germany
| | - Markus Fischer
- Institute of Plant Sciences University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Christian Geißler
- Institute of Geography, Soil Science and Geomorphology University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Markus S Germany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany.,Institute for Ecosystem Research/Geobotany Kiel University Kiel Germany
| | - Philipp Goebes
- Institute of Geography, Soil Science and Geomorphology University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Jessica Gutknecht
- Department of Soil Ecology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ Halle (Saale) Germany.,Department of Soil, Water, and Climate University of Minnesota, Twin Cities Saint Paul MN USA
| | - Christoph Zacharias Hahn
- Department of Community Ecology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Sylvia Haider
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Werner Härdtle
- Institute of Ecology Leuphana University of Lüneburg Lüneburg Germany
| | - Jin-Sheng He
- Department of Ecology College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education Peking University Beijing China
| | - Andy Hector
- Department of Plant Sciences University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Lydia Hönig
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Yuanyuan Huang
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Alexandra-Maria Klein
- Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Peter Kühn
- Institute of Geography, Soil Science and Geomorphology University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Matthias Kunz
- Institute of General Ecology and Environmental Protection Technische Universität Dresden Tharandt Germany
| | - Katrin N Leppert
- Faculty of Biology University of Freiburg Geobotany, Freiburg Germany
| | - Ying Li
- Faculty of Soil and Water Conservation Beijing Forestry University Haidian District Beijing China
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Pascal A Niklaus
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Zhiqin Pei
- Department of Soil Ecology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ Halle (Saale) Germany
| | | | - Ricarda Prinz
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany.,Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BIK-F) Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Tobias Proß
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | | | - Karsten Schmidt
- Institute of Geography, Soil Science and Geomorphology University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Thomas Scholten
- Institute of Geography, Soil Science and Geomorphology University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Steffen Seitz
- Institute of Geography, Soil Science and Geomorphology University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Zhengshan Song
- Institute of Geography, Soil Science and Geomorphology University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Michael Staab
- Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Goddert von Oheimb
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany.,Institute of General Ecology and Environmental Protection Technische Universität Dresden Tharandt Germany
| | - Christina Weißbecker
- Department of Soil Ecology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Erik Welk
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Christian Wirth
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany.,Institute of Biology University of Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Tesfaye Wubet
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany.,Department of Soil Ecology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Bo Yang
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany.,Key Laboratory of Speciality Plant Resources of Jiangxi Province Jingdezhen University Jingdezhen China
| | - Xuefei Yang
- Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming China
| | - Chao-Dong Zhu
- Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Bernhard Schmid
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Keping Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany
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186
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O'Brien MJ, Brezzi M, Schuldt A, Zhang J, Ma K, Schmid B, Niklaus PA. Tree diversity drives diversity of arthropod herbivores, but successional stage mediates detritivores. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:8753-8760. [PMID: 29152174 PMCID: PMC5677472 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The high tree diversity of subtropical forests is linked to the biodiversity of other trophic levels. Disentangling the effects of tree species richness and composition, forest age, and stand structure on higher trophic levels in a forest landscape is important for understanding the factors that promote biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Using a plot network spanning gradients of tree diversity and secondary succession in subtropical forest, we tested the effects of tree community characteristics (species richness and composition) and forest succession (stand age) on arthropod community characteristics (morphotype diversity, abundance and composition) of four arthropod functional groups. We posit that these gradients differentially affect the arthropod functional groups, which mediates the diversity, composition, and abundance of arthropods in subtropical forests. We found that herbivore richness was positively related to tree species richness. Furthermore, the composition of herbivore communities was associated with tree species composition. In contrast, detritivore richness and composition was associated with stand age instead of tree diversity. Predator and pollinator richness and abundance were not strongly related to either gradient, although positive trends with tree species richness were found for predators. The weaker effect of tree diversity on predators suggests a cascading diversity effect from trees to herbivores to predators. Our results suggest that arthropod diversity in a subtropical forest reflects the net outcome of complex interactions among variables associated with tree diversity and stand age. Despite this complexity, there are clear linkages between the overall richness and composition of tree and arthropod communities, in particular herbivores, demonstrating that these trophic levels directly impact each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. O'Brien
- Estación Experimental de Zonas ÁridasConsejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasAlmeríaSpain
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Matteo Brezzi
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Institute of Global HealthUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Andreas Schuldt
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - Jia‐Yong Zhang
- Institute of EcologyZhejiang Normal UniversityJinhuaZhejiang ProvinceChina
| | - Keping Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental ChangeInstitute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Bernhard Schmid
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Pascal A. Niklaus
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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187
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Hartmann M, Štefánek M, Zdvořák P, Heřman P, Chrtek J, Mráz P. The Red Queen hypothesis and geographical parthenogenesis in the alpine hawkweed Hieracium alpinum (Asteraceae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blx105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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188
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Asner GP, Martin RE, Knapp DE, Tupayachi R, Anderson CB, Sinca F, Vaughn NR, Llactayo W. Airborne laser-guided imaging spectroscopy to map forest trait diversity and guide conservation. Science 2017; 355:385-389. [PMID: 28126815 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaj1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Functional biogeography may bridge a gap between field-based biodiversity information and satellite-based Earth system studies, thereby supporting conservation plans to protect more species and their contributions to ecosystem functioning. We used airborne laser-guided imaging spectroscopy with environmental modeling to derive large-scale, multivariate forest canopy functional trait maps of the Peruvian Andes-to-Amazon biodiversity hotspot. Seven mapped canopy traits revealed functional variation in a geospatial pattern explained by geology, topography, hydrology, and climate. Clustering of canopy traits yielded a map of forest beta functional diversity for land-use analysis. Up to 53% of each mapped, functionally distinct forest presents an opportunity for new conservation action. Mapping functional diversity advances our understanding of the biosphere to conserve more biodiversity in the face of land use and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Asner
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - R E Martin
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - D E Knapp
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - R Tupayachi
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - C B Anderson
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - F Sinca
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - N R Vaughn
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - W Llactayo
- Dirección General de Ordenamiento Territorial, Ministerio del Ambiente, San Isidro, Lima, Perú
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189
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Leaf-cutting ant populations profit from human disturbances in tropical dry forest in Brazil. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467417000311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:Anthropogenic disturbance often results in the proliferation of native species of particular groups that leads to biotic homogenization. Leaf-cutting ants are an example of such winner organisms in tropical rain forests, but their response to disturbance in dry forests is poorly known. We investigated Atta colony density in areas of tropical dry forest in Brazil with different distance to roads and vegetation cover. Atta colonies were surveyed in 59 belt transects of 300 × 20 m, covering a total area of 35.4 ha. We found 224 Atta colonies, 131 of which were active and belonged to Atta opaciceps (87 colonies, 2.45 ha−1), A. sexdens (35 colonies, 0.98 ha−1) and A. laevigata (9 colonies, 0.25 ha−1). The density of active colonies sharply decreased from 15 ± 2.92 ha−1 in the 50-m zone along roads to only 2.55 ± 1.65 ha−1 at distances up to 300 m. The reverse pattern was observed for inactive colonies. Active Atta colonies preferentially occur in areas with low vegetation cover, while inactive colonies prefer areas with high vegetation cover. We demonstrate for the first time that anthropogenic disturbances promote the proliferation of leaf-cutting ants in dry forest in Brazil, which may affect plant regeneration via herbivory and ecosystem engineering as demonstrated for rain forests.
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190
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Bhattacharyya A, Babu C. Caesalpinia bonduc serine proteinase inhibitor CbTI–2: Exploring the conformational features and antimalarial activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 103:294-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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191
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Abstract
Plant litter represents a major basal resource in streams, where its decomposition is partly regulated by litter traits. Litter-trait variation may determine the latitudinal gradient in decomposition in streams, which is mainly microbial in the tropics and detritivore-mediated at high latitudes. However, this hypothesis remains untested, as we lack information on large-scale trait variation for riparian litter. Variation cannot easily be inferred from existing leaf-trait databases, since nutrient resorption can cause traits of litter and green leaves to diverge. Here we present the first global-scale assessment of riparian litter quality by determining latitudinal variation (spanning 107°) in litter traits (nutrient concentrations; physical and chemical defences) of 151 species from 24 regions and their relationships with environmental factors and phylogeny. We hypothesized that litter quality would increase with latitude (despite variation within regions) and traits would be correlated to produce ‘syndromes’ resulting from phylogeny and environmental variation. We found lower litter quality and higher nitrogen:phosphorus ratios in the tropics. Traits were linked but showed no phylogenetic signal, suggesting that syndromes were environmentally determined. Poorer litter quality and greater phosphorus limitation towards the equator may restrict detritivore-mediated decomposition, contributing to the predominance of microbial decomposers in tropical streams.
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192
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de Luca JR, Pardini R. Use of early and late successional forest patches by the endangered Lowland tapir Tapirus terrestris (Perissodactyla: Tapiridae). Mamm Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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193
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Chen Z, Wang L, Dai Y, Wan X, Liu S. Phenology-dependent variation in the non-structural carbohydrates of broadleaf evergreen species plays an important role in determining tolerance to defoliation (or herbivory). Sci Rep 2017; 7:10125. [PMID: 28860453 PMCID: PMC5579018 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09757-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two broadleaf evergreen canopy species (Schima superba and Engelhardia roxburghiana) with different phenologies in a subtropical region of southern China were used to determine the influence of leaf phenology on the impact of an insect pest attack. S. superba regenerates its leaves in February, while E. roxburghiana regenerates its leaves in May. The moth Thalassodes quadraria attacked the two broadleaf evergreen species in March to April, and the newly produced leaves were removed for S. superba but not for E. roxburghiana. The young trees were artificially defoliated to imitate an insect pest attack during March 2014. Nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) and growth measurements and a retrospective analysis based on the radial growth of mature trees were conducted in January 2015. The results showed that NSC concentrations decreased in S. superba during canopy rebuilding, and the subsequent defoliation severely inhibited leaf and shoot growth, prevented NSC restoration in roots and stem xylem, and caused high mortality. The insect outbreaks reduced the radial growth of S. superba. In contrast, E. roxburghiana experienced less growth retardation, lower mortality, and normal radial growth. Thus, taking phenology-dependent variation in NSCs into consideration, defoliation and insect pest outbreaks more negatively impacted S. superba than E. roxburghiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Chen
- Institute of New Forestry Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Lin Wang
- College of Forestry, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030800, China
| | - Yongxin Dai
- Institute of New Forestry Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Xianchong Wan
- Institute of New Forestry Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China.
| | - Shirong Liu
- Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of State Forestry Administration, Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
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194
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Darrigo MR, dos Santos FAM, Venticinque EM. The confounding effects of logging on tree seedling growth and herbivory in Central Amazon. Biotropica 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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195
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Abstract
The great bulk of the angiosperm fossil record consists of isolated fossil leaves that preserve abundant shape and venation (leaf architectural) information but are difficult to identify because they are not attached to other plant organs. Thus, poor taxonomic knowledge has tempered the tremendous potential of fossil leaves for constructing finely resolved records of biodiversity through time, extinction and recovery, past climate change and biotic response, paleoecology, and plant-animal associations. Moreover, paleoecological and paleoclimatic interpretations of fossil leaves are in great need of new approaches. Recent work is rapidly increasing the scientific value of fossil angiosperm leaves through advances in traditional paleobotanical reconstruction, phylogenetic understanding of both leaf architecture and the response of leaf shape to climate, quantitative plant ecology using measurable, correlatable leaf traits, and improved understanding of insect leaf-feeding damage. These emerging areas offer many novel opportunities to link paleoecology and neoecology. Increased collaboration across traditionally separate research areas is critical to continued success.
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196
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Xu X, Medvigy D, Joseph Wright S, Kitajima K, Wu J, Albert LP, Martins GA, Saleska SR, Pacala SW. Variations of leaf longevity in tropical moist forests predicted by a trait‐driven carbon optimality model. Ecol Lett 2017; 20:1097-1106. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangtao Xu
- Department of Geosciences Princeton University Princeton NJ08544 USA
| | - David Medvigy
- Department of Geosciences Princeton University Princeton NJ08544 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN46556 USA
| | | | - Kaoru Kitajima
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Apartado Balboa0843‐03092 Panama
- Graduate School of Agriculture Kyoto University Kyoto606‐8502 Japan
| | - Jin Wu
- Environmental & Climate Sciences Department Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton New York NY11973 USA
| | - Loren P. Albert
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona Tucson AZ85721 USA
| | | | - Scott R. Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona Tucson AZ85721 USA
| | - Stephen W. Pacala
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Princeton University Princeton NJ08544 USA
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197
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Choo J, Carasco C, Alvarez-Loayza P, Simpson BB, Economo EP. Life history traits influence the strength of distance- and density-dependence at different life stages of two Amazonian palms. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 120:147-158. [PMID: 28549080 PMCID: PMC5737847 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Natural enemies are known to be important in regulating plant populations and contributing to species coexistence (Janzen-Connell effects). The strength of Janzen-Connell effects (both distance- and density-effects) varies across species, but the life history traits that may mediate such a variation are not well understood. This study examined Janzen-Connell effects across the life stages (seed through adult stages) of two sympatric palm species with distinct phenologies and shade tolerances, two traits that may mediate the strength and timing of Janzen-Connell effects. Methods Populations of two common palm species, Attalea phalerata and Astrocaryum murumuru , were studied in Manu National Park, Peru. Seed predation experiments were conducted to assess Janzen-Connell effects at the seed stage. In the post-seed stages, spatial point pattern analyses of the distributions of individuals and biomass were used to infer the strength of distance- and density-effects. Key Results Seed predation was both negative distance- and density-dependent consistent with the Janzen-Connell effects. However, only seedling recruitment for asynchronously fruiting Attalea phalerata was depressed near adults while recruitment remained high for synchronously fruiting Astrocaryum murumuru , consistent with weak distance-effects. Negative density-effects were strong in the early stages for shade-intolerant Attalea phalerata but weak or absent in shade-tolerant Astrocaryum murumuru. Conclusions Distance- and density-effects varied among the life stages of the two palm species in a manner that corresponded to their contrasting phenology and shade tolerance. Generalizing such connections across many species would provide a route to understanding how trait-mediated Janzen-Connell effects scale up to whole communities of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanita Choo
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, Japan 904-0495
| | - Cecilia Carasco
- Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Jr. Victoria Palestina FF-2 Santiago, Departamento de Cusco, Peru
| | | | - Beryl B. Simpson
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station CO930, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Evan P. Economo
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, Japan 904-0495
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198
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Massad TJ, Martins de Moraes M, Philbin C, Oliveira C, Cebrian Torrejon G, Fumiko Yamaguchi L, Jeffrey CS, Dyer LA, Richards LA, Kato MJ. Similarity in volatile communities leads to increased herbivory and greater tropical forest diversity. Ecology 2017; 98:1750-1756. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tara J. Massad
- Biology Department; Rhodes College; 2000 North Parkway Memphis Tennessee 38103 USA
- Instituto de Química; Universidade de São Paulo; Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, Bloco 11 Térreo São Paulo São Paulo 05508-000 Brasil
| | - Marcílio Martins de Moraes
- Instituto de Química; Universidade de São Paulo; Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, Bloco 11 Térreo São Paulo São Paulo 05508-000 Brasil
| | - Casey Philbin
- Department of Chemistry; University of Nevada; Reno Nevada 89557 USA
| | - Celso Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry; University of Nevada; Reno Nevada 89557 USA
| | - Gerardo Cebrian Torrejon
- Instituto de Química; Universidade de São Paulo; Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, Bloco 11 Térreo São Paulo São Paulo 05508-000 Brasil
| | - Lydia Fumiko Yamaguchi
- Instituto de Química; Universidade de São Paulo; Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, Bloco 11 Térreo São Paulo São Paulo 05508-000 Brasil
| | | | - Lee A. Dyer
- Department of Biology; University of Nevada; Reno Nevada 89557 USA
| | - Lora A. Richards
- Department of Biology; University of Nevada; Reno Nevada 89557 USA
| | - Massuo J. Kato
- Instituto de Química; Universidade de São Paulo; Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, Bloco 11 Térreo São Paulo São Paulo 05508-000 Brasil
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199
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Li L, Aguilar R, Berkov A. What shapes cerambycid beetle communities in a tropical forest mosaic? Assessing the effects of host tree identity, forest structure, and vertical stratification. Biotropica 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Department of Biology; City College and the Graduate Center; The City University of New York; Convent Avenue @ 138 St. New York NY 10031 USA
- The New York Botanical Garden; 2900 South Blvd Bronx NY 10458 USA
| | | | - Amy Berkov
- Department of Biology; City College and the Graduate Center; The City University of New York; Convent Avenue @ 138 St. New York NY 10031 USA
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology; American Museum of Natural History; Central Park West @ 81 St. New York NY 10024 USA
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200
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Upscaling hypotheses on herbivore damage in plants facing environmental stress: Variation among scales and plant enemies in a relict tree. Basic Appl Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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