151
|
Martinez S, Scerbo P, Giordano M, Daulat AM, Lhoumeau AC, Thomé V, Kodjabachian L, Borg JP. The PTK7 and ROR2 Protein Receptors Interact in the Vertebrate WNT/Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) Pathway. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:30562-72. [PMID: 26499793 PMCID: PMC4683276 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.697615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-canonical WNT/planar cell polarity (WNT/PCP) pathway plays important roles in morphogenetic processes in vertebrates. Among WNT/PCP components, protein tyrosine kinase 7 (PTK7) is a tyrosine kinase receptor with poorly defined functions lacking catalytic activity. Here we show that PTK7 associates with receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2) to form a heterodimeric complex in mammalian cells. We demonstrate that PTK7 and ROR2 physically and functionally interact with the non-canonical WNT5A ligand, leading to JNK activation and cell movements. In the Xenopus embryo, Ptk7 functionally interacts with Ror2 to regulate protocadherin papc expression and morphogenesis. Furthermore, we show that Ptk7 is required for papc activation induced by Wnt5a. Interestingly, we find that Wnt5a stimulates the release of the tagged Ptk7 intracellular domain, which can translocate into the nucleus and activate papc expression. This study reveals novel molecular mechanisms of action of PTK7 in non-canonical WNT/PCP signaling that may promote cell and tissue movements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Martinez
- From the CRCM, Cell Polarity, Cell Signaling, and Cancer "Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer", INSERM, U1068, 13009 Marseille, France, the Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 13009 Marseille, France, the Aix-Marseille Université, 13284 Marseille, France, the CNRS, UMR7258, 13009 Marseille, France, and
| | - Pierluigi Scerbo
- the Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Marilyn Giordano
- From the CRCM, Cell Polarity, Cell Signaling, and Cancer "Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer", INSERM, U1068, 13009 Marseille, France, the Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 13009 Marseille, France, the Aix-Marseille Université, 13284 Marseille, France, the CNRS, UMR7258, 13009 Marseille, France, and
| | - Avais M Daulat
- From the CRCM, Cell Polarity, Cell Signaling, and Cancer "Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer", INSERM, U1068, 13009 Marseille, France, the Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 13009 Marseille, France, the Aix-Marseille Université, 13284 Marseille, France, the CNRS, UMR7258, 13009 Marseille, France, and
| | - Anne-Catherine Lhoumeau
- From the CRCM, Cell Polarity, Cell Signaling, and Cancer "Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer", INSERM, U1068, 13009 Marseille, France, the Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 13009 Marseille, France, the Aix-Marseille Université, 13284 Marseille, France, the CNRS, UMR7258, 13009 Marseille, France, and
| | - Virginie Thomé
- the Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Kodjabachian
- the Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Paul Borg
- From the CRCM, Cell Polarity, Cell Signaling, and Cancer "Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer", INSERM, U1068, 13009 Marseille, France, the Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 13009 Marseille, France, the Aix-Marseille Université, 13284 Marseille, France, the CNRS, UMR7258, 13009 Marseille, France, and
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Sisson BE, Dale RM, Mui SR, Topczewska JM, Topczewski J. A role of glypican4 and wnt5b in chondrocyte stacking underlying craniofacial cartilage morphogenesis. Mech Dev 2015; 138 Pt 3:279-90. [PMID: 26459057 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Wnt/Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) pathway controls cell morphology and behavior during animal development. Several zebrafish mutants were identified as having perturbed Wnt/PCP signaling. Many of these mutants have defects in craniofacial formation. To better understand the role that Wnt/PCP plays in craniofacial development we set out to identify which of the mutants, known to be associated with the Wnt/PCP pathway, perturb head cartilage formation by disrupting chondrocyte morphology. Here we demonstrate that while vang-like 2 (vangl2), wnt11 and scribbled (scrib) mutants have severe craniofacial morphogenesis defects they do not display the chondrocyte stacking and intercalation problems seen in glypican 4 (gpc4) and wnt5b mutants. The function of Gpc4 or Wnt5b appears to be important for chondrocyte organization, as the neural crest in both mutants is specified, undergoes migration, and differentiates into the same number of cells to compose the craniofacial cartilage elements. We demonstrate that Gpc4 activity is required cell autonomously in the chondrocytes and that the phenotype of single heterozygous mutants is slightly enhanced in embryos double heterozygous for wnt5b and gpc4. This data suggests a novel mechanism for Wnt5b and Gpc4 regulation of chondrocyte behavior that is independent of the core Wnt/PCP molecules and differs from their collaborative action of controlling cell movements during gastrulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara E Sisson
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Ripon College, Department of Biology, 300 Seward St., Ripon, WI 54971, USA.
| | - Rodney M Dale
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Loyola University Chicago, Department of Biology, Quinlan 222, 1032 W. Sheridan Rd., Chicago, IL 60660, USA.
| | - Stephanie R Mui
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Jolanta M Topczewska
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, 225 East Chicago Avenue, Box 93, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Jacek Topczewski
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Wang M, De Marco P, Merello E, Drapeau P, Capra V, Kibar Z. Role of the planar cell polarity gene Protein tyrosine kinase 7 in neural tube defects in humans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 103:1021-7. [PMID: 26368655 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neural tube defects (NTDs) are among the most common congenital defects affecting approximately 1 in 1000 live births in North America. Their etiology is complex including environmental and genetic factors. Defects in the planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling pathway have been strongly associated with NTDs in animal models and human cohorts. Protein tyrosine kinase 7 (Ptk7) was shown to cause a very severe form of NTDs called craniorachischisis in a mouse model and genetically interacts with a core PCP member Vangl2 where double heterozygotes suffer from spina bifida. In this study, we examined the role of PTK7 in human NTDs to determine whether variants at this gene predispose to these defects. METHODS We sequenced the coding region and the exon-intron junctions of PTK7 in a cohort of 473 patients affected with various forms of open and closed NTDs. Novel and rare variants(<1%) were genotyped in a cohort of 473 individuals. Their pathogenic effect was predicted in silico and functionally in an overexpression assay in a well-established zebrafish model. RESULTS We identified in our cohort 6 rare variants, 3 of which were absent in public databases. One variant, p.Gly348Ser, acted as a hypermorph when overexpressed in the zebrafish model. CONCLUSION We detected potentially pathogenic PTK7 variants in 1.1% of our NTD cohort. Our findings implicate PTK7 as a risk factor for NTDs and provide additional evidence for a pathogenic role of PCP signaling in these malformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingqin Wang
- CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | - Pierre Drapeau
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,CHUM Research Center, Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Zoha Kibar
- CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Neurosciences, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
154
|
Amano M, Hamaguchi T, Shohag MH, Kozawa K, Kato K, Zhang X, Yura Y, Matsuura Y, Kataoka C, Nishioka T, Kaibuchi K. Kinase-interacting substrate screening is a novel method to identify kinase substrates. J Cell Biol 2015; 209:895-912. [PMID: 26101221 PMCID: PMC4477863 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201412008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases play pivotal roles in numerous cellular functions; however, the specific substrates of each protein kinase have not been fully elucidated. We have developed a novel method called kinase-interacting substrate screening (KISS). Using this method, 356 phosphorylation sites of 140 proteins were identified as candidate substrates for Rho-associated kinase (Rho-kinase/ROCK2), including known substrates. The KISS method was also applied to additional kinases, including PKA, MAPK1, CDK5, CaMK1, PAK7, PKN, LYN, and FYN, and a lot of candidate substrates and their phosphorylation sites were determined, most of which have not been reported previously. Among the candidate substrates for Rho-kinase, several functional clusters were identified, including the polarity-associated proteins, such as Scrib. We found that Scrib plays a crucial role in the regulation of subcellular contractility by assembling into a ternary complex with Rho-kinase and Shroom2 in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. We propose that the KISS method is a comprehensive and useful substrate screen for various kinases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mutsuki Amano
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tomonari Hamaguchi
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Md Hasanuzzaman Shohag
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kei Kozawa
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Kato
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Xinjian Zhang
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Yura
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Chikako Kataoka
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoki Nishioka
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kozo Kaibuchi
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
Undi RB, Gutti U, Sahu I, Sarvothaman S, Pasupuleti SR, Kandi R, Gutti RK. Wnt Signaling: Role in Regulation of Haematopoiesis. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2015; 32:123-34. [PMID: 27065573 DOI: 10.1007/s12288-015-0585-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are a unique population of bone marrow cells which are responsible for the generation of various blood cell lineages. One of the significant characteristics of these HSCs is to self-renew, while producing differentiating cells for normal hematopoiesis. Deregulation of self-renewal and differentiation leads to the hematological malignancies. Several pathways are known to be involved in the maintenance of HSC fate among which Wnt signaling is a crucial pathway which controls development and cell fate determination. Wnt signaling also plays a major role in differentiation, self-renewal and maintenance of HSCs. Wnt ligands activate three major pathways including planar cell polarity, Wnt/β-catenin and Wnt/Ca(2+). It has been shown that Wnt/β-catenin or canonical pathway regulates cell proliferation, survival and differentiation in HSCs, deregulation of this pathway leads to hematological malignancies. Wnt non-canonical pathway regulates calcium signaling and planar cell polarity. In this review, we discuss various signaling pathways induced by Wnt ligands and their potential role in hematopoiesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ram Babu Undi
- Stem Cells and Haematological Disorders Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, (PO) Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana 500046 India
| | - Usha Gutti
- Department of Biotechnology, GITAM Institute of Science, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh 530 045 India
| | - Itishri Sahu
- Stem Cells and Haematological Disorders Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, (PO) Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana 500046 India
| | - Shilpa Sarvothaman
- Stem Cells and Haematological Disorders Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, (PO) Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana 500046 India
| | - Satya Ratan Pasupuleti
- Stem Cells and Haematological Disorders Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, (PO) Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana 500046 India
| | - Ravinder Kandi
- Stem Cells and Haematological Disorders Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, (PO) Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana 500046 India
| | - Ravi Kumar Gutti
- Stem Cells and Haematological Disorders Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, (PO) Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana 500046 India
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Parodi J, Montecinos-Oliva C, Varas R, Alfaro IE, Serrano FG, Varas-Godoy M, Muñoz FJ, Cerpa W, Godoy JA, Inestrosa NC. Wnt5a inhibits K(+) currents in hippocampal synapses through nitric oxide production. Mol Cell Neurosci 2015; 68:314-22. [PMID: 26311509 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal synapses play a key role in memory and learning processes by inducing long-term potentiation and depression. Wnt signaling is essential in the development and maintenance of synapses via several mechanisms. We have previously found that Wnt5a induces the production of nitric oxide (NO), which modulates NMDA receptor expression in the postsynaptic regions of hippocampal neurons. Here, we report that Wnt5a selectively inhibits a voltage-gated K(+) current (Kv current) and increases synaptic activity in hippocampal slices. Further supporting a specific role for Wnt5a, the soluble Frizzled receptor protein (sFRP-2; a functional Wnt antagonist) fully inhibits the effects of Wnt5a. We additionally show that these responses to Wnt5a are mediated by activation of a ROR2 receptor and increased NO production because they are suppressed by the shRNA-mediated knockdown of ROR2 and by 7-nitroindazole, a specific inhibitor of neuronal NOS. Together, our results show that Wnt5a increases NO production by acting on ROR2 receptors, which in turn inhibit Kv currents. These results reveal a novel mechanism by which Wnt5a may regulate the excitability of hippocampal neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Parodi
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carla Montecinos-Oliva
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Varas
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Iván E Alfaro
- Fundación Ciencia y Vida, Santiago, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Felipe G Serrano
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Francisco J Muñoz
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology and Channelopathies, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Parc de Recerca Biomédica de Barcelonab, Spain
| | - Waldo Cerpa
- Laboratorio de Función y Patología Neuronal, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan A Godoy
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Laboratory of Molecular Physiology and Channelopathies, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Parc de Recerca Biomédica de Barcelonab, Spain
| | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Centro UC Síndrome de Down, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
157
|
Namba T, Funahashi Y, Nakamuta S, Xu C, Takano T, Kaibuchi K. Extracellular and Intracellular Signaling for Neuronal Polarity. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:995-1024. [PMID: 26133936 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00025.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons are one of the highly polarized cells in the body. One of the fundamental issues in neuroscience is how neurons establish their polarity; therefore, this issue fascinates many scientists. Cultured neurons are useful tools for analyzing the mechanisms of neuronal polarization, and indeed, most of the molecules important in their polarization were identified using culture systems. However, we now know that the process of neuronal polarization in vivo differs in some respects from that in cultured neurons. One of the major differences is their surrounding microenvironment; neurons in vivo can be influenced by extrinsic factors from the microenvironment. Therefore, a major question remains: How are neurons polarized in vivo? Here, we begin by reviewing the process of neuronal polarization in culture conditions and in vivo. We also survey the molecular mechanisms underlying neuronal polarization. Finally, we introduce the theoretical basis of neuronal polarization and the possible involvement of neuronal polarity in disease and traumatic brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Namba
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Funahashi
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinichi Nakamuta
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chundi Xu
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Takano
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kozo Kaibuchi
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
158
|
Srivastava D, Chakrabarti O. Ubiquitin in regulation of spindle apparatus and its positioning: implications in development and disease. Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 93:273-81. [PMID: 26110206 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2015-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging data implicates ubiquitination, a post-translational modification, in regulating essential cellular events, one of them being mitosis. In this review we discuss how various E3 ligases modulate the cortical proteins such as dynein, LGN, NuMa, Gα, along with polymerization, stability, and integrity of spindles. These are responsible for regulating symmetric cell division. Some of the ubiquitin ligases regulating these proteins include PARK2, BRCA1/BARD1, MGRN1, SMURF2, and SIAH1; these play a pivotal role in the correct positioning of the spindle apparatus. A direct connection between developmental or various pathological disorders and the ubiquitination mediated cortical regulation is rather speculative, though deletions or mutations in them lead to developmental disorders and disease conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devika Srivastava
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Sector-1, Block-AF, Bidhannagar, Kolkata, West Bengal 700064, India
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Sector-1, Block-AF, Bidhannagar, Kolkata, West Bengal 700064, India
| | - Oishee Chakrabarti
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Sector-1, Block-AF, Bidhannagar, Kolkata, West Bengal 700064, India
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Sector-1, Block-AF, Bidhannagar, Kolkata, West Bengal 700064, India
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Chen SY, Han B, Zhu YT, Mahabole M, Huang J, Beebe DC, Tseng SCG. HC-HA/PTX3 Purified From Amniotic Membrane Promotes BMP Signaling in Limbal Niche Cells to Maintain Quiescence of Limbal Epithelial Progenitor/Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2015; 33:3341-55. [PMID: 26148958 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To explore how limbal niche cells (LNCs) may control quiescence, self-renewal, and corneal epithelial lineage commitment/differentiation of limbal epithelial progenitor/stem cells (LEPCs), we have established an in vitro sphere assay by reunion between the two cell types in three-dimensional Matrigel. The resultant sphere exhibits inhibition of corneal epithelial lineage commitment/differentiation and marked clonal growth of LEPCs, of which the latter is correlated with activation of canonical Wnt signaling. Herein, we have created a similar reunion assay in immobilized heavy chain-hyaluronic acid/pentraxin 3 (HC-HA/PTX3), which is purified from amniotic membrane (AM) and consists of a complex formed by hyaluronic covalently linked to heavy chain 1 of inter-α-inhibitor and noncovalently linked to pentraxin 3. The resultant spheres exhibited similar suppression of corneal epithelial lineage commitment/differentiation but upregulation of quiescence markers including nuclear translocation of Bmi-1, and negligible clonal growth of LEPCs. This outcome was correlated with the suppression of canonical Wnt but activation of noncanonical (Planar cell polarity) Wnt signaling as well as BMP signaling in both LEPCs and LNCs. The activation of BMP signaling in LNCs was pivotal because nuclear translocation of pSmad1/5/8 was prohibited in hLEPCs when reunioned with mLNCs of conditionally deleted Bmpr1a;Acvr1(DCKO) mice. Furthermore, ablation of BMP signaling in LEPCs led to upregulation of cell cycle genes, downregulation of Bmi-1, nuclear exclusion of phosphorylated Bmi-1, and marked promotion of the clonal growth of LEPCs. Hence, HC-HA/PTX3 uniquely upregulates BMP signaling in LNCs which leads to BMP signaling in LEPCs to achieve quiescence, helping explain how AM transplantation is clinically useful to be used as a matrix for ex vivo expansion of LEPCs and to treat corneal blindness caused by limbal stem cells deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Yu Chen
- R&D Department, TissueTech, Inc., Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Bo Han
- Ocular Surface Research & Education Foundation, Miami, Florida, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Ting Zhu
- R&D Department, TissueTech, Inc., Miami, Florida, USA
| | | | - Jie Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - David C Beebe
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Scheffer C G Tseng
- R&D Department, TissueTech, Inc., Miami, Florida, USA.,Ocular Surface Research & Education Foundation, Miami, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
Schenkelaars Q, Fierro-Constain L, Renard E, Hill AL, Borchiellini C. Insights into Frizzled evolution and new perspectives. Evol Dev 2015; 17:160-9. [PMID: 25801223 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Frizzled proteins (FZDs) are a family of trans-membrane receptors that play pivotal roles in Wnt pathways and thus in animal development. Based on evaluation of the Amphimedon queenslandica genome, it has been proposed that two Fzd genes may have been present before the split between demosponges and other animals. The major purpose of this study is to go deeper into the evolution of this family of proteins by evaluating an extended set of available data from bilaterians, cnidarians, and different basally branching animal lineages (Ctenophora, Placozoa, Porifera). The present study provides evidence that the last common ancestor of metazoans did possess two Fzd genes, and that the last common ancestor of cnidarians and bilaterians may have possessed four Fzd. Furthermore, amino acid analyses revealed an accurate diagnostic motif for these four FZD subfamilies facilitating the assignation of Frizzled paralogs to each subfamily. By highlighting conserved amino acids for each FZD subfamily, our study could also provide a framework for further research on the precise mechanisms that have driven FZD neo-functionalization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Schenkelaars
- Aix-Marseille Université, IMBE UMR CNRS 7263, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale, Station Marine d'Endoume, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
161
|
Song JL, Nigam P, Tektas SS, Selva E. microRNA regulation of Wnt signaling pathways in development and disease. Cell Signal 2015; 27:1380-91. [PMID: 25843779 PMCID: PMC4437805 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling pathways and microRNAs (miRNAs) are critical regulators of development. Aberrant Wnt signaling pathways and miRNA levels lead to developmental defects and diverse human pathologies including but not limited to cancer. Wnt signaling pathways regulate a plethora of cellular processes during embryonic development and maintain homeostasis of adult tissues. A majority of Wnt signaling components are regulated by miRNAs which are small noncoding RNAs that are expressed in both animals and plants. In animal cells, miRNAs fine tune gene expression by pairing primarily to the 3'untranslated region of protein coding mRNAs to repress target mRNA translation and/or induce target degradation. miRNA-mediated regulation of signaling transduction pathways is important in modulating dose-sensitive response of cells to signaling molecules. This review discusses components of the Wnt signaling pathways that are regulated by miRNAs in the context of development and diseases. A fundamental understanding of miRNA functions in Wnt signaling transduction pathways may yield new insight into crosstalks of regulatory mechanisms essential for development and disease pathophysiology leading to novel therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia L Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| | - Priya Nigam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Senel S Tektas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Erica Selva
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| |
Collapse
|
162
|
Bagherie-Lachidan M, Reginensi A, Pan Q, Zaveri HP, Scott DA, Blencowe BJ, Helmbacher F, McNeill H. Stromal Fat4 acts non-autonomously with Dchs1/2 to restrict the nephron progenitor pool. Development 2015; 142:2564-73. [PMID: 26116661 DOI: 10.1242/dev.122648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of the balance between progenitor self-renewal and differentiation is crucial to development. In the mammalian kidney, reciprocal signalling between three lineages (stromal, mesenchymal and ureteric) ensures correct nephron progenitor self-renewal and differentiation. Loss of either the atypical cadherin FAT4 or its ligand Dachsous 1 (DCHS1) results in expansion of the mesenchymal nephron progenitor pool, called the condensing mesenchyme (CM). This has been proposed to be due to misregulation of the Hippo kinase pathway transcriptional co-activator YAP. Here, we use tissue-specific deletions to prove that FAT4 acts non-autonomously in the renal stroma to control nephron progenitors. We show that loss of Yap from the CM in Fat4-null mice does not reduce the expanded CM, indicating that FAT4 regulates the CM independently of YAP. Analysis of Six2(-/-);Fat4(-/-) double mutants demonstrates that excess progenitors in Fat4 mutants are dependent on Six2, a crucial regulator of nephron progenitor self-renewal. Electron microscopy reveals that cell organisation is disrupted in Fat4 mutants. Gene expression analysis demonstrates that the expression of Notch and FGF pathway components are altered in Fat4 mutants. Finally, we show that Dchs1, and its paralogue Dchs2, function in a partially redundant fashion to regulate the number of nephron progenitors. Our data support a model in which FAT4 in the stroma binds to DCHS1/2 in the mouse CM to restrict progenitor self-renewal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mazdak Bagherie-Lachidan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8 Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5
| | - Antoine Reginensi
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5
| | - Qun Pan
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E1
| | - Hitisha P Zaveri
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Daryl A Scott
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Benjamin J Blencowe
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8 Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E1
| | | | - Helen McNeill
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8 Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5
| |
Collapse
|
163
|
Shrestha R, Little KA, Tamayo JV, Li W, Perlman DH, Devenport D. Mitotic Control of Planar Cell Polarity by Polo-like Kinase 1. Dev Cell 2015; 33:522-34. [PMID: 26004507 PMCID: PMC4464975 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
During cell division, polarized epithelial cells employ mechanisms to preserve cell polarity and tissue integrity. In dividing cells of the mammalian skin, planar cell polarity (PCP) is maintained through the bulk internalization, equal segregation, and polarized recycling of cortical PCP proteins. The dramatic redistribution of PCP proteins coincides precisely with cell-cycle progression, but the mechanisms coordinating PCP and mitosis are unknown. Here we identify Plk1 as a master regulator of PCP dynamics during mitosis. Plk1 interacts with core PCP component Celsr1 via a conserved polo-box domain (PBD)-binding motif, localizes to mitotic endosomes, and directly phosphorylates Celsr1. Plk1-dependent phosphorylation activates the endocytic motif specifically during mitosis, allowing bulk recruitment of Celsr1 into endosomes. Inhibiting Plk1 activity blocks PCP internalization and perturbs PCP asymmetry. Mimicking dileucine motif phosphorylation is sufficient to drive Celsr1 internalization during interphase. Thus, Plk1-mediated phosphorylation of Celsr1 ensures that PCP redistribution is precisely coordinated with mitotic entry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rezma Shrestha
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Katherine A Little
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Joel V Tamayo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Wenyang Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - David H Perlman
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Danelle Devenport
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
164
|
Sokol SY. Spatial and temporal aspects of Wnt signaling and planar cell polarity during vertebrate embryonic development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 42:78-85. [PMID: 25986055 PMCID: PMC4562884 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling pathways act at multiple locations and developmental stages to specify cell fate and polarity in vertebrate embryos. A long-standing question is how the same molecular machinery can be reused to produce different outcomes. The canonical Wnt/β-catenin branch modulates target gene transcription to specify cell fates along the dorsoventral and anteroposterior embryonic axes. By contrast, the Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) branch is responsible for cell polarization along main body axes, which coordinates morphogenetic cell behaviors during gastrulation and neurulation. Whereas both cell fate and cell polarity are modulated by spatially- and temporally-restricted Wnt activity, the downstream signaling mechanisms are very diverse. This review highlights recent progress in the understanding of Wnt-dependent molecular events leading to the establishment of PCP and linking it to early morphogenetic processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Y Sokol
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
165
|
Molecular signalling in hepatocellular carcinoma: Role of and crosstalk among WNT/ß-catenin, Sonic Hedgehog, Notch and Dickkopf-1. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 29:209-17. [PMID: 25965442 PMCID: PMC4444031 DOI: 10.1155/2015/172356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is the sixth most common cancer worldwide. In the majority of cases, there is evidence of existing chronic liver disease from a variety of causes including viral hepatitis B and C, alcoholic liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Identification of the signalling pathways used by hepatocellular carcinoma cells to proliferate, invade or metastasize is of paramount importance in the discovery and implementation of successfully targeted therapies. Activation of Wnt/β-catenin, Notch and Hedgehog pathways play a critical role in regulating liver cell proliferation during development and in controlling crucial functions of the adult liver in the initiation and progression of human cancers. β-catenin was identified as a protein interacting with the cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin at the cell-cell junction, and has been shown to be one of the most important mediators of the Wnt signalling pathway in tumourigenesis. Investigations into the role of Dikkopf-1 in hepatocellular carcinoma have demonstrated controversial results, with a decreased expression of Dickkopf-1 and soluble frizzled-related protein in various cancers on one hand, and as a possible negative prognostic indicator of hepatocellular carcinoma on the other. In the present review, the authors focus on the Wnt⁄β-catenin, Notch and Sonic Hedgehog pathways, and their interaction with Dikkopf-1 in hepatocellular carcinoma.
Collapse
|
166
|
Pataki CA, Couchman JR, Brábek J. Wnt Signaling Cascades and the Roles of Syndecan Proteoglycans. J Histochem Cytochem 2015; 63:465-80. [PMID: 25910817 DOI: 10.1369/0022155415586961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling comprises a group of pathways emanating from the extracellular environment through cell-surface receptors into the intracellular milieu. Wnt signaling cascades can be divided into two main branches, the canonical/β-catenin pathway and the non-canonical pathways containing the Wnt/planar cell polarity and Wnt/calcium signaling. Syndecans are type I transmembrane proteoglycans with a long evolutionary history, being expressed in all Bilateria and in almost all cell types. Both Wnt pathways have been extensively studied over the past 30 years and shown to have roles during development and in a multitude of diseases. Although the first evidence for interactions between syndecans and Wnts dates back to 1997, the number of studies connecting these pathways is low, and many open questions remained unanswered. In this review, syndecan's involvement in Wnt signaling pathways as well as some of the pathologies resulting from dysregulation of the components of these pathways are summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Csilla A Pataki
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (CAP,JB)
| | - John R Couchman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotech Research and Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (JRC)
| | - Jan Brábek
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (CAP,JB)
| |
Collapse
|
167
|
Ossipova O, Kim K, Sokol SY. Planar polarization of Vangl2 in the vertebrate neural plate is controlled by Wnt and Myosin II signaling. Biol Open 2015; 4:722-30. [PMID: 25910938 PMCID: PMC4467192 DOI: 10.1242/bio.201511676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate neural tube forms as a result of complex morphogenetic movements, which require the functions of several core planar cell polarity (PCP) proteins, including Vangl2 and Prickle. Despite the importance of these proteins for neurulation, their subcellular localization and the mode of action have remained largely unknown. Here we describe the anteroposterior planar cell polarity (AP-PCP) of the cells in the Xenopus neural plate. At the neural midline, the Vangl2 protein is enriched at anterior cell edges and that this localization is directed by Prickle, a Vangl2-interacting protein. Our further analysis is consistent with the model, in which Vangl2 AP-PCP is established in the neural plate as a consequence of Wnt-dependent phosphorylation. Additionally, we uncover feedback regulation of Vangl2 polarity by Myosin II, reiterating a role for mechanical forces in PCP. These observations indicate that both Wnt signaling and Myosin II activity regulate cell polarity and cell behaviors during vertebrate neurulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Ossipova
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kyeongmi Kim
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sergei Y Sokol
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| |
Collapse
|
168
|
Dishevelled promotes Wnt receptor degradation through recruitment of ZNRF3/RNF43 E3 ubiquitin ligases. Mol Cell 2015; 58:522-33. [PMID: 25891077 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tumor suppressors ZNRF3 and RNF43 inhibit Wnt signaling through promoting degradation of Wnt coreceptors Frizzled (FZD) and LRP6, and this activity is counteracted by stem cell growth factor R-spondin. The mechanism by which ZNRF3 and RNF43 recognize Wnt receptors remains unclear. Here we uncover an unexpected role of Dishevelled (DVL), a positive Wnt regulator, in promoting Wnt receptor degradation. DVL knockout cells have significantly increased cell surface levels of FZD and LRP6. DVL is required for ZNRF3/RNF43-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of FZD. Physical interaction with DVL is essential for the Wnt inhibitory activity of ZNRF3/RNF43. Binding of FZD through the DEP domain of DVL is required for DVL-mediated downregulation of FZD. Fusion of the DEP domain to ZNRF3/RNF43 overcomes their DVL dependency to downregulate FZD. Our study reveals DVL as a dual function adaptor to recruit negative regulators ZNRF3/RNF43 to Wnt receptors to ensure proper control of pathway activity.
Collapse
|
169
|
Iizuka-Kogo A, Senda T, Akiyama T, Shimomura A, Nomura R, Hasegawa Y, Yamamura KI, Kogo H, Sawai N, Matsuzaki T. Requirement of DLG1 for cardiovascular development and tissue elongation during cochlear, enteric, and skeletal development: possible role in convergent extension. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123965. [PMID: 25860837 PMCID: PMC4393223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Dlg1 gene encodes a member of the MAGUK protein family involved in the polarization of epithelial cells. Null mutant mice for the Dlg1 gene (Dlg1-/- mice) exhibit respiratory failure and cyanosis, and die soon after birth. However, the cause of this neonatal lethality has not been determined. In the present study, we further examined Dlg1-/- mice and found severe defects in the cardiovascular system, including ventricular septal defect, persistent truncus arteriosus, and double outlet right ventricle, which would cause the neonatal lethality. These cardiovascular phenotypes resemble those of mutant mice lacking planar cell polarity (PCP) genes and support a recent notion that DLG1 is involved in the PCP pathway. We assessed the degree of involvement of DLG1 in the development of other organs, as the cochlea, intestine, and skeleton, in which PCP signaling has been suggested to play a role. In the organ of Corti, tissue elongation was inhibited accompanied by disorganized arrangement of the hair cell rows, while the orientation of the stereocilia bundle was normal. In the sternum, cleft sternum, abnormal calcification pattern of cartilage, and disorganization of chondrocytes were observed. Furthermore, shortening of the intestine, sternum, and long bones of the limbs was observed. These phenotypes of Dlg1-/- mice involving cellular disorganization and insufficient tissue elongation strongly suggest a defect in the convergent extension movements in these mice. Thus, our present results provide a possibility that DLG1 is particularly required for convergent extension among PCP signaling-dependent processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Iizuka-Kogo
- Department of Anatomy I, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Takao Senda
- Department of Anatomy I, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Anatomy, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tetsu Akiyama
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Information, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shimomura
- Department of Anatomy I, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
- The Department of Communication Disorders, School of Psychological Science, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ryuji Nomura
- Department of Anatomy I, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Hasegawa
- Department of Anatomy I, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Yamamura
- Division of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Resource Development Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kogo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Sawai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Matsuzaki
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
170
|
Galic M, Matis M. Polarized trafficking provides spatial cues for planar cell polarization within a tissue. Bioessays 2015; 37:678-86. [PMID: 25845311 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201400196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Planar cell polarity, the polarization of cells within the plane of the epithelium, orthogonal to the apical-basal axis, is essential for a growing list of developmental events, and - over the last 15 years - has evolved from a little-studied curiosity in Drosophila to the subject of a substantial research enterprise. In that time, it has been recognized that two molecular systems are responsible for polarization of most tissues: Both the "core" Frizzled system and the "global" Fat/Dachsous/Four-jointed system produce molecular asymmetry within cells, and contribute to morphological polarization. In this review, we discuss recent findings on the molecular mechanism that links "global" directional signals with local coordinated polarity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milos Galic
- Cells-In-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC1003-CiM), University of Münster, Germany.,Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Maja Matis
- Cells-In-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC1003-CiM), University of Münster, Germany.,Institute of Cell Biology, ZMBE, University of Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
171
|
May-Simera HL, Petralia RS, Montcouquiol M, Wang YX, Szarama KB, Liu Y, Lin W, Deans MR, Pazour GJ, Kelley MW. Ciliary proteins Bbs8 and Ift20 promote planar cell polarity in the cochlea. Development 2015; 142:555-66. [PMID: 25605782 DOI: 10.1242/dev.113696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia have been implicated in the generation of planar cell polarity (PCP). However, variations in the severity of polarity defects in different cilia mutants, coupled with recent demonstrations of non-cilia-related actions of some cilia genes, make it difficult to determine the basis of these polarity defects. To address this issue, we evaluated PCP defects in cochlea from a selection of mice with mutations in cilia-related genes. Results indicated notable PCP defects, including mis-oriented hair cell stereociliary bundles, in Bbs8 and Ift20 single mutants that are more severe than in other cilia gene knockouts. In addition, deletion of either Bbs8 or Ift20 results in disruptions in asymmetric accumulation of the core PCP molecule Vangl2 in cochlear cells, suggesting a role for Bbs8 and/or Ift20, possibly upstream of core PCP asymmetry. Consistent with this, co-immunoprecipitation experiments indicate direct interactions of Bbs8 and Ift20 with Vangl2. We observed localization of Bbs and Ift proteins to filamentous actin as well as microtubules. This could implicate these molecules in selective trafficking of membrane proteins upstream of cytoskeletal reorganization, and identifies new roles for cilia-related proteins in cochlear PCP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen L May-Simera
- Section on Developmental Neuroscience, Laboratory of Cochlear Development, National Institute on Deafness and other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ronald S Petralia
- Advanced Imaging Core, National Institute on Deafness and other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mireille Montcouquiol
- Planar Polarity and Plasticity Group, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U862, Neurocenter Magendie, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Ya-Xian Wang
- Advanced Imaging Core, National Institute on Deafness and other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Katherine B Szarama
- Section on Developmental Neuroscience, Laboratory of Cochlear Development, National Institute on Deafness and other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Weichun Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Michael R Deans
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Gregory J Pazour
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Matthew W Kelley
- Section on Developmental Neuroscience, Laboratory of Cochlear Development, National Institute on Deafness and other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
172
|
Enzo MV, Rastrelli M, Rossi CR, Hladnik U, Segat D. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway in human fibrotic-like diseases and its eligibility as a therapeutic target. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR THERAPIES 2015; 3:1. [PMID: 26056602 PMCID: PMC4452070 DOI: 10.1186/s40591-015-0038-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The canonical Wnt signaling pathway is involved in a variety of biological processes like cell proliferation, cell polarity, and cell fate determination. This pathway has been extensively investigated as its deregulation is linked to different diseases, including various types of cancer, skeletal defects, birth defect disorders (including neural tube defects), metabolic diseases, neurodegenerative disorders and several fibrotic diseases like desmoid tumors. In the "on state", beta-catenin, the key effector of Wnt signaling, enters the nucleus where it binds to the members of the TCF-LEF family of transcription factors and exerts its effect on gene transcription. Disease development can be caused by direct or indirect alterations of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling. In the first case germline or somatic mutations of the Wnt components are associated to several diseases such as the familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) - caused by germline mutations of the tumor suppressor adenomatous polyposis coli gene (APC) - and the desmoid-like fibromatosis, a sporadic tumor associated with somatic mutations of the β-catenin gene (CTNNB1). In the second case, epigenetic modifications and microenvironmental factors have been demonstrated to play a key role in Wnt pathway activation. The natural autocrine Wnt signaling acts through agonists and antagonists competing for the Wnt receptors. Anomalies in this regulation, whichever is their etiology, are an important part in the pathogenesis of Wnt pathway linked diseases. An example is promoter hypermethylation of Wnt antagonists, such as SFRPs, that causes gene silencing preventing their function and consequently leading to the activation of the Wnt pathway. Microenvironmental factors, such as the extracellular matrix, growth factors and inflammatory mediators, represent another type of indirect mechanism that influence Wnt pathway activation. A favorable microenvironment can lead to aberrant fibroblasts activation and accumulation of ECM proteins with subsequent tissue fibrosis that can evolve in fibrotic disease or tumor. Since the development and progression of several diseases is the outcome of the Wnt pathway cross-talk with other signaling pathways and inflammatory factors, it is important to consider not only direct inhibitors of the Wnt signaling pathway but also inhibitors of microenvironmental factors as promising therapeutic approaches for several tumors of fibrotic origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vittoria Enzo
- Genetics Unit, "Mauro Baschirotto" Institute for Rare Diseases, Via B. Bizio, 1- 36023 Vicenza, Italy
| | - Marco Rastrelli
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV-IRCSS, Via Gattamelata, 64-35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Carlo Riccardo Rossi
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV-IRCSS, Via Gattamelata, 64-35128 Padua, Italy ; Department of Surgical Oncological and Gastroenterological Science, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani, 2- 35124 Padua, Italy
| | - Uros Hladnik
- Genetics Unit, "Mauro Baschirotto" Institute for Rare Diseases, Via B. Bizio, 1- 36023 Vicenza, Italy
| | - Daniela Segat
- Genetics Unit, "Mauro Baschirotto" Institute for Rare Diseases, Via B. Bizio, 1- 36023 Vicenza, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
173
|
Enzo MV, Rastrelli M, Rossi CR, Hladnik U, Segat D. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway in human fibrotic-like diseases and its eligibility as a therapeutic target. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR THERAPIES 2015; 3:1. [PMID: 26056602 PMCID: PMC4452070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The canonical Wnt signaling pathway is involved in a variety of biological processes like cell proliferation, cell polarity, and cell fate determination. This pathway has been extensively investigated as its deregulation is linked to different diseases, including various types of cancer, skeletal defects, birth defect disorders (including neural tube defects), metabolic diseases, neurodegenerative disorders and several fibrotic diseases like desmoid tumors. In the "on state", beta-catenin, the key effector of Wnt signaling, enters the nucleus where it binds to the members of the TCF-LEF family of transcription factors and exerts its effect on gene transcription. Disease development can be caused by direct or indirect alterations of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling. In the first case germline or somatic mutations of the Wnt components are associated to several diseases such as the familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) - caused by germline mutations of the tumor suppressor adenomatous polyposis coli gene (APC) - and the desmoid-like fibromatosis, a sporadic tumor associated with somatic mutations of the β-catenin gene (CTNNB1). In the second case, epigenetic modifications and microenvironmental factors have been demonstrated to play a key role in Wnt pathway activation. The natural autocrine Wnt signaling acts through agonists and antagonists competing for the Wnt receptors. Anomalies in this regulation, whichever is their etiology, are an important part in the pathogenesis of Wnt pathway linked diseases. An example is promoter hypermethylation of Wnt antagonists, such as SFRPs, that causes gene silencing preventing their function and consequently leading to the activation of the Wnt pathway. Microenvironmental factors, such as the extracellular matrix, growth factors and inflammatory mediators, represent another type of indirect mechanism that influence Wnt pathway activation. A favorable microenvironment can lead to aberrant fibroblasts activation and accumulation of ECM proteins with subsequent tissue fibrosis that can evolve in fibrotic disease or tumor. Since the development and progression of several diseases is the outcome of the Wnt pathway cross-talk with other signaling pathways and inflammatory factors, it is important to consider not only direct inhibitors of the Wnt signaling pathway but also inhibitors of microenvironmental factors as promising therapeutic approaches for several tumors of fibrotic origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vittoria Enzo
- />Genetics Unit, “Mauro Baschirotto” Institute for Rare Diseases, Via B. Bizio, 1- 36023 Vicenza, Italy
| | - Marco Rastrelli
- />Melanoma and Sarcoma Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV-IRCSS, Via Gattamelata, 64-35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Carlo Riccardo Rossi
- />Melanoma and Sarcoma Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV-IRCSS, Via Gattamelata, 64-35128 Padua, Italy
- />Department of Surgical Oncological and Gastroenterological Science, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani, 2- 35124 Padua, Italy
| | - Uros Hladnik
- />Genetics Unit, “Mauro Baschirotto” Institute for Rare Diseases, Via B. Bizio, 1- 36023 Vicenza, Italy
| | - Daniela Segat
- />Genetics Unit, “Mauro Baschirotto” Institute for Rare Diseases, Via B. Bizio, 1- 36023 Vicenza, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
174
|
Abstract
The Wnt/Wingless (Wg) signaling cascade controls a number of biological processes in animal development and adult life; aberrant Wnt/Wg signaling can cause diseases. In the 1980s genes were discovered that encode core Wnt/Wg pathway components: their mutant phenotypes were similar and an outline of a signaling cascade emerged. Over the years our knowledge of this important signaling system increased and more components were uncovered that are instrumental for Wnt/Wg secretion and transduction. Here we provide an overview of these discoveries, the technologies involved, with a particular focus on the important role Drosophila screens played in this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Heinz Jenny
- a University of Zurich; Institute of Molecular Life Sciences ; Zurich , Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
175
|
Fu X, Wang H, Hu P. Stem cell activation in skeletal muscle regeneration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1663-77. [PMID: 25572293 PMCID: PMC4412728 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1819-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Muscle stem cell (satellite cell) activation post muscle injury is a transient and critical step in muscle regeneration. It is regulated by physiological cues, signaling molecules, and epigenetic regulatory factors. The mechanisms that coherently turn on the complex activation process shortly after trauma are just beginning to be illuminated. In this review, we will discuss the current knowledge of satellite cell activation regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
176
|
Godoy JA, Arrázola MS, Ordenes D, Silva-Alvarez C, Braidy N, Inestrosa NC. Wnt-5a ligand modulates mitochondrial fission-fusion in rat hippocampal neurons. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:36179-93. [PMID: 25336659 PMCID: PMC4276881 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.557009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway plays an important role in developmental processes, including embryonic patterning, cell specification, and cell polarity. Wnt components participate in the development of the central nervous system, and growing evidence indicates that this pathway also regulates the function of the adult nervous system. In this study, we report that Wnt-5a, a noncanonical Wnt ligand, is a potent activator of mitochondrial dynamics and induces acute fission and fusion events in the mitochondria of rat hippocampal neurons. The effect of Wnt-5a was inhibited in the presence of sFRP, a Wnt scavenger. Similarly, the canonical Wnt-3a ligand had no effect on mitochondrial fission-fusion events, suggesting that this effect is specific for Wnt-5a alone. We also show that the Wnt-5a effects on mitochondrial dynamics occur with an increase in both intracellular and mitochondrial calcium (Ca(2+)), which was correlated with an increased phosphorylation of Drp1(Ser-616) and a decrease of Ser-637 phosphorylation, both indicators of mitochondrial dynamics. Electron microscope analysis of hippocampal tissues in the CA1 region showed an increase in the number of mitochondria present in the postsynaptic region, and this finding correlated with a change in mitochondrial morphology. We conclude that Wnt-5a/Ca(2+) signaling regulates the mitochondrial fission-fusion process in hippocampal neurons, a feature that might help to further understand the role of Wnt-related pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, and represents a potentially important link between impaired metabolic function and degenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Godoy
- From the Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8331150 Santiago, Chile
| | - Macarena S Arrázola
- From the Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8331150 Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Ordenes
- From the Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8331150 Santiago, Chile
| | - Carmen Silva-Alvarez
- From the Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8331150 Santiago, Chile
| | - Nady Braidy
- the Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2031 New South Wales, Australia, and
| | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- From the Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8331150 Santiago, Chile, the Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2031 New South Wales, Australia, and the Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes, Universidad de Magallanes, 6200000 Punta Arenas, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
177
|
López-Escobar B, Cano DA, Rojas A, de Felipe B, Palma F, Sánchez-Alcázar JA, Henderson D, Ybot-González P. The effect of maternal diabetes on the Wnt-PCP pathway during embryogenesis as reflected in the developing mouse eye. Dis Model Mech 2014; 8:157-68. [PMID: 25540130 PMCID: PMC4314781 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.017723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryopathies that develop as a consequence of maternal diabetes have been studied intensely in both experimental and clinical scenarios. Accordingly, hyperglycaemia has been shown to downregulate the expression of elements in the non-canonical Wnt-PCP pathway, such as the Dishevelled-associated activator of morphogenesis 1 (Daam1) and Vangl2. Daam1 is a formin that is essential for actin polymerization and for cytoskeletal reorganization, and it is expressed strongly in certain organs during mouse development, including the eye, neural tube and heart. Daam1gt/gt and Daam1gt/+ embryos develop ocular defects (anophthalmia or microphthalmia) that are similar to those detected as a result of hyperglycaemia. Indeed, studying the effects of maternal diabetes on the Wnt-PCP pathway demonstrated that there was strong association with the Daam1 genotype, whereby the embryopathy observed in Daam1gt/+ mutant embryos of diabetic dams was more severe. There was evidence that embryonic exposure to glucose in vitro diminishes the expression of genes in the Wnt-PCP pathway, leading to altered cytoskeletal organization, cell shape and cell polarity in the optic vesicle. Hence, the Wnt-PCP pathway appears to influence cell morphology and cell polarity, events that drive the cellular movements required for optic vesicle formation and that, in turn, are required to maintain the fate determination. Here, we demonstrate that the Wnt-PCP pathway is involved in the early stages of mouse eye development and that it is altered by diabetes, provoking the ocular phenotype observed in the affected embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz López-Escobar
- Grupo de Neurodesarrollo, Unidad de Gestión de Pediatría, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - David A Cano
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Anabel Rojas
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Beatriz de Felipe
- Grupo de Neurodesarrollo, Unidad de Gestión de Pediatría, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Francisco Palma
- Unidad de Experimentación animal. Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | | | - Deborah Henderson
- Institute of Human Genetics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Patricia Ybot-González
- Grupo de Neurodesarrollo, Unidad de Gestión de Pediatría, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
178
|
Hua ZL, Chang H, Wang Y, Smallwood PM, Nathans J. Partial interchangeability of Fz3 and Fz6 in tissue polarity signaling for epithelial orientation and axon growth and guidance. Development 2014; 141:3944-54. [PMID: 25294940 DOI: 10.1242/dev.110189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, a set of anatomically diverse polarity processes - including axon growth and guidance, hair follicle orientation, and stereociliary bundle orientation in inner ear sensory hair cells - appear to be mechanistically related, as judged by their dependence on vertebrate homologues of core tissue polarity/planar cell polarity (PCP) genes in Drosophila. To explore more deeply the mechanistic similarities between different polarity processes, we have determined the extent to which frizzled 3 (Fz3) can rescue the hair follicle and Merkel cell polarity defects in frizzled 6-null (Fz6(-/-)) mice, and, reciprocally, the extent to which Fz6 can rescue the axon growth and guidance defects in Fz3(-/-) mice. These experiments reveal full rescue of the Fz6(-/-) phenotype by Fz3 and partial rescue of the Fz3(-/-) phenotype by Fz6, implying that these two proteins are likely to act in a conserved manner in these two contexts. Stimulated by these observations, we searched for additional anatomical structures that exhibit macroscopic polarity and that might plausibly use Fz3 and/or Fz6 signaling. This search has revealed a hitherto unappreciated pattern of papillae on the dorsal surface of the tongue that depends, at least in part, on redundant signaling by Fz3 and Fz6. Taken together, these experiments provide compelling evidence for a close mechanistic relationship between multiple anatomically diverse polarity processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong L Hua
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hao Chang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yanshu Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Philip M Smallwood
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jeremy Nathans
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| |
Collapse
|
179
|
RHOA inactivation enhances Wnt signalling and promotes colorectal cancer. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5458. [PMID: 25413277 PMCID: PMC4255233 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the small GTPase RHOA has strong oncogenic effects in many tumour types, although its role in colorectal cancer remains unclear. Here we show that RHOA inactivation contributes to colorectal cancer progression/metastasis, largely through the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling. RhoA inactivation in the murine intestine accelerates the tumorigenic process and in human colon cancer cells leads to the redistribution of β-catenin from the membrane to the nucleus and enhanced Wnt/β-catenin signalling, resulting in increased proliferation, invasion and de-differentiation. In mice, RHOA inactivation contributes to colon cancer metastasis and reduced RHOA levels were observed at metastatic sites compared with primary human colon tumours. Therefore, we have identified a new mechanism of activation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling and characterized the role of RHOA as a novel tumour suppressor in colorectal cancer. These results constitute a shift from the current paradigm and demonstrate that RHO GTPases can suppress tumour progression and metastasis.
Collapse
|
180
|
Ezan J, Montcouquiol M. Les liens multiples entre les cils et la polarité planaire cellulaire. Med Sci (Paris) 2014; 30:1004-10. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20143011015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
181
|
Abstract
E-cadherin belongs to the classic cadherin subfamily of calcium-dependent cell adhesion molecules and is crucial for the formation and function of epithelial adherens junctions. In this study, we demonstrate that Vangl2, a vertebrate regulator of planar cell polarity (PCP), controls E-cadherin in epithelial cells. E-cadherin co-immunoprecipitates with Vangl2 from embryonic kidney extracts, and this association is also observed in transfected fibroblasts. Vangl2 enhances the internalization of E-cadherin when overexpressed. Conversely, the quantitative ratio of E-cadherin exposed to the cell surface is increased in cultured renal epithelial cells derived from Vangl2(Lpt/+) mutant mice. Interestingly, Vangl2 is also internalized through protein traffic involving Rab5- and Dynamin-dependent endocytosis. Taken together with recent reports regarding the transport of Frizzled3, MMP14 and nephrin, these results suggest that one of the molecular functions of Vangl2 is to enhance the internalization of specific plasma membrane proteins with broad selectivity. This function may be involved in the control of intercellular PCP signalling or in the PCP-related rearrangement of cell adhesions.
Collapse
|
182
|
Sebbagh M, Borg JP. Insight into planar cell polarity. Exp Cell Res 2014; 328:284-95. [PMID: 25236701 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Planar cell polarity or PCP refers to a uniform cellular organization within the plan, typically orthogonal to the apico-basal polarity axis. As such, PCP provides directional cues that control and coordinate the integration of cells in tissues to build a living organism. Although dysfunctions of this fundamental cellular process have been convincingly linked to the etiology of various pathologies such as cancer and developmental defects, the molecular mechanisms governing its establishment and maintenance remain poorly understood. Here, we review some aspects of invertebrate and vertebrate PCPs, highlighting similarities and differences, and discuss the prevalence of the non-canonical Wnt signaling as a central PCP pathway, as well as recent findings on the importance of cell contractility and cilia as promising avenues of investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sebbagh
- CRCM, "Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer", Inserm, U1068, Marseille F-13009, France; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille F-13009, France; CNRS, UMR7258, Marseille F-13009, France; Aix-Marseille University, F-13284 Marseille, France.
| | - Jean-Paul Borg
- CRCM, "Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer", Inserm, U1068, Marseille F-13009, France; Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille F-13009, France; CNRS, UMR7258, Marseille F-13009, France; Aix-Marseille University, F-13284 Marseille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
183
|
Allache R, Wang M, De Marco P, Merello E, Capra V, Kibar Z. Genetic studies ofANKRD6as a molecular switch between Wnt signaling pathways in human neural tube defects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 103:20-6. [DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Redouane Allache
- Department of Neurosciences; CHU Sainte Justine Research Center and University of Montréal; Genova Italy
| | - Mingqin Wang
- Department of Neurosciences; CHU Sainte Justine Research Center and University of Montréal; Genova Italy
| | | | - Elisa Merello
- U.O. C. Neurochirurgia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Genova Italy
| | - Valeria Capra
- U.O. C. Neurochirurgia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Genova Italy
| | - Zoha Kibar
- Department of Neurosciences; CHU Sainte Justine Research Center and University of Montréal; Genova Italy
| |
Collapse
|
184
|
Is Alzheimer's disease related to metabolic syndrome? A Wnt signaling conundrum. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 121:125-46. [PMID: 25084549 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, affecting more than 36 million people worldwide. AD is characterized by a progressive loss of cognitive functions. For years, it has been thought that age is the main risk factor for AD. Recent studies suggest that life style factors, including nutritional behaviors, play a critical role in the onset of dementia. Evidence about the relationship between nutritional behavior and AD includes the role of conditions such as obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and elevated glucose levels. The coexistence of some of these cardio-metabolic risk factors is generally known as metabolic syndrome (MS). Some clinical studies support the role of MS in the onset of AD. However, the cross-talk between the molecular signaling implicated in these disorders is unknown. In the present review, we focus on the molecular correlates that support the relationship between MS and the onset of AD. We also discuss relevant issues such as the role of leptin, insulin and renin-angiotensin signaling in the brain and the possible role of Wnt signaling in both MS and AD. We discuss the evidence supporting the use of ob/ob mice, high-fructose diets, aortic coarctation-induced hypertension and Octodon degus, which spontaneously develops β-amyloid deposits and metabolic derangements, as suitable animal models to address the relationships between MS and AD. Finally, we examine emergent data supporting the role of Wnt signaling in the modulation of AD and MS, implicating this pathway as a therapeutic target in both conditions.
Collapse
|
185
|
Sheng R, Kim H, Lee H, Xin Y, Chen Y, Tian W, Cui Y, Choi JC, Doh J, Han JK, Cho W. Cholesterol selectively activates canonical Wnt signalling over non-canonical Wnt signalling. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4393. [PMID: 25024088 PMCID: PMC4100210 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt proteins control diverse biological processes through β-catenin-dependent canonical signalling and β-catenin-independent non-canonical signalling. The mechanisms by which these signalling pathways are differentially triggered and controlled are not fully understood. Dishevelled (Dvl) is a scaffold protein that serves as the branch point of these pathways. Here, we show that cholesterol selectively activates canonical Wnt signalling over non-canonical signalling under physiological conditions by specifically facilitating the membrane recruitment of the PDZ domain of Dvl and its interaction with other proteins. Single-molecule imaging analysis shows that cholesterol is enriched around the Wnt-activated Frizzled and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5/6 receptors and plays an essential role for Dvl-mediated formation and maintenance of the canonical Wnt signalling complex. Collectively, our results suggest a new regulatory role of cholesterol in Wnt signalling and a potential link between cellular cholesterol levels and the balance between canonical and non-canonical Wnt signalling activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ren Sheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | | | | | - Yao Xin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Wen Tian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Yang Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Jong-Cheol Choi
- Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, Korea
| | - Junsang Doh
- Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, Korea
| | | | - Wonhwa Cho
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| |
Collapse
|
186
|
Yorgan TA, Schinke T. Relevance of Wnt signaling for osteoanabolic therapy. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR THERAPIES 2014; 2:22. [PMID: 26056589 PMCID: PMC4452071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway is long known to play fundamental roles in various aspects of embryonic development, but also in several homeostatic processes controlling tissue functions in adults. The complexity of this system is best underscored by the fact that the mammalian genome encodes for 19 different Wnt ligands, most but not all of them acting through an intracellular stabilization of β-catenin, representing the key molecule within the so-called canonical Wnt signaling pathway. Wnt ligands primarily bind to 10 different serpentine receptors of the Fzd family, and this binding can be positively or negatively regulated by additional molecules present at the surface of the respective target cells. One of these molecules is the transmembrane protein Lrp5, which has been shown to act as a Wnt co-receptor. In 2001, Lrp5, and thereby Wnt signaling, entered center stage in the research area of bone remodeling, a homeostatic process controlling bone mass, whose disturbance causes osteoporosis, one of the most prevalent disorders worldwide. More specifically, it was found that inactivating mutations of the human LRP5 gene cause osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome, a rare genetic disorder characterized by impaired bone formation and persistence of hyaloid vessels in the eyeballs. In addition, activating LRP5 mutations were identified in individuals with osteosclerosis, a high bone mass condition characterized by excessive bone formation. Especially explained by the lack of cost-effective osteoanabolic treatment options, these findings had an immediate impact on the research regarding the bone-forming cell type, i.e. the osteoblast, whose differentiation and function is apparently controlled by Wnt signaling. This review summarizes the most important results obtained in a large number of studies, involving tissue culture experiments, mouse models and human patients. While there are still many open questions regarding the precise molecular interactions controlling Wnt signaling in osteoblasts, it is obvious that understanding this pathway is a key to optimize the therapeutic strategies for treating various skeletal disorders, including osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timur A Yorgan
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246 Germany
| | - Thorsten Schinke
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246 Germany
| |
Collapse
|
187
|
Yorgan TA, Schinke T. Relevance of Wnt signaling for osteoanabolic therapy. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR THERAPIES 2014; 2:22. [PMID: 26056589 PMCID: PMC4452071 DOI: 10.1186/2052-8426-2-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway is long known to play fundamental roles in various aspects of embryonic development, but also in several homeostatic processes controlling tissue functions in adults. The complexity of this system is best underscored by the fact that the mammalian genome encodes for 19 different Wnt ligands, most but not all of them acting through an intracellular stabilization of β-catenin, representing the key molecule within the so-called canonical Wnt signaling pathway. Wnt ligands primarily bind to 10 different serpentine receptors of the Fzd family, and this binding can be positively or negatively regulated by additional molecules present at the surface of the respective target cells. One of these molecules is the transmembrane protein Lrp5, which has been shown to act as a Wnt co-receptor. In 2001, Lrp5, and thereby Wnt signaling, entered center stage in the research area of bone remodeling, a homeostatic process controlling bone mass, whose disturbance causes osteoporosis, one of the most prevalent disorders worldwide. More specifically, it was found that inactivating mutations of the human LRP5 gene cause osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome, a rare genetic disorder characterized by impaired bone formation and persistence of hyaloid vessels in the eyeballs. In addition, activating LRP5 mutations were identified in individuals with osteosclerosis, a high bone mass condition characterized by excessive bone formation. Especially explained by the lack of cost-effective osteoanabolic treatment options, these findings had an immediate impact on the research regarding the bone-forming cell type, i.e. the osteoblast, whose differentiation and function is apparently controlled by Wnt signaling. This review summarizes the most important results obtained in a large number of studies, involving tissue culture experiments, mouse models and human patients. While there are still many open questions regarding the precise molecular interactions controlling Wnt signaling in osteoblasts, it is obvious that understanding this pathway is a key to optimize the therapeutic strategies for treating various skeletal disorders, including osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timur A Yorgan
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246 Germany
| | - Thorsten Schinke
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246 Germany
| |
Collapse
|
188
|
Thuenauer R, Rodriguez-Boulan E, Römer W. Microfluidic approaches for epithelial cell layer culture and characterisation. Analyst 2014; 139:3206-18. [PMID: 24668405 PMCID: PMC4286366 DOI: 10.1039/c4an00056k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In higher eukaryotes, epithelial cell layers line most body cavities and form selective barriers that regulate the exchange of solutes between compartments. In order to fulfil these functions, the cells assume a polarised architecture and maintain two distinct plasma membrane domains, the apical domain facing the lumen and the basolateral domain facing other cells and the extracellular matrix. Microfluidic biochips offer the unique opportunity to establish novel in vitro models of epithelia in which the in vivo microenvironment of epithelial cells is precisely reconstituted. In addition, analytical tools to monitor biologically relevant parameters can be directly integrated on-chip. In this review we summarise recently developed biochip designs for culturing epithelial cell layers. Since endothelial cell layers, which line blood vessels, have similar barrier functions and polar organisation as epithelial cell layers, we also discuss biochips for culturing endothelial cell layers. Furthermore, we review approaches to integrate tools to analyse and manipulate epithelia and endothelia in microfluidic biochips; including methods to perform electrical impedance spectroscopy; methods to detect substances undergoing trans-epithelial transport via fluorescence, spectrophotometry, and mass spectrometry; techniques to mechanically stimulate cells via stretching and fluid flow-induced shear stress; and methods to carry out high-resolution imaging of vesicular trafficking using light microscopy. Taken together, this versatile microfluidic toolbox enables novel experimental approaches to characterise epithelial monolayers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Thuenauer
- Institute of Biology II, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
189
|
Genetic evidence that Celsr3 and Celsr2, together with Fzd3, regulate forebrain wiring in a Vangl-independent manner. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E2996-3004. [PMID: 25002511 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1402105111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Celsr3 and Fzd3, members of "core planar cell polarity" (PCP) genes, were shown previously to control forebrain axon guidance and wiring by acting in axons and/or guidepost cells. Here, we show that Celsr2 acts redundantly with Celsr3, and that their combined mutation mimics that of Fzd3. The phenotypes generated upon inactivation of Fzd3 in different forebrain compartments are similar to those in conditional Celsr2-3 mutants, indicating that Fzd3 and Celsr2-3 act in the same population of cells. Inactivation of Celsr2-3 or Fzd3 in thalamus does not affect forebrain wiring, and joint inactivation in cortex and thalamus adds little to cortical inactivation alone in terms of thalamocortical projections. On the other hand, joint inactivation perturbs strongly the formation of the barrel field, which is unaffected upon single cortical or thalamic inactivation, indicating a role for interactions between thalamic axons and cortical neurons in cortical arealization. Unexpectedly, forebrain wiring is normal in mice defective in Vangl1 and Vangl2, showing that, contrary to epithelial PCP, axon guidance can be Vangl independent in some contexts. Our results suggest that Celsr2-3 and Fzd3 regulate axonal navigation in the forebrain by using mechanisms different from classical epithelial PCP, and require interacting partners other than Vangl1-2 that remain to be identified.
Collapse
|
190
|
Ayukawa T, Akiyama M, Mummery-Widmer JL, Stoeger T, Sasaki J, Knoblich JA, Senoo H, Sasaki T, Yamazaki M. Dachsous-dependent asymmetric localization of spiny-legs determines planar cell polarity orientation in Drosophila. Cell Rep 2014; 8:610-21. [PMID: 24998533 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In Drosophila, planar cell polarity (PCP) molecules such as Dachsous (Ds) may function as global directional cues directing the asymmetrical localization of PCP core proteins such as Frizzled (Fz). However, the relationship between Ds asymmetry and Fz localization in the eye is opposite to that in the wing, thereby causing controversy regarding how these two systems are connected. Here, we show that this relationship is determined by the ratio of two Prickle (Pk) isoforms, Pk and Spiny-legs (Sple). Pk and Sple form different complexes with distinct subcellular localizations. When the amount of Sple is increased in the wing, Sple induces a reversal of PCP using the Ds-Ft system. A mathematical model demonstrates that Sple is the key regulator connecting Ds and the core proteins. Our model explains the previously noted discrepancies in terms of the differing relative amounts of Sple in the eye and wing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Ayukawa
- Research Center for Biosignal, Akita University, Akita 010-8543, Japan; Department of Cell Biology and Morphology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan; Global COE program, Gunma University and Akita University, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Masakazu Akiyama
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
| | - Jennifer L Mummery-Widmer
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Thomas Stoeger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Junko Sasaki
- Department of Medical Biology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| | - Juergen A Knoblich
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Haruki Senoo
- Department of Cell Biology and Morphology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Takehiko Sasaki
- Research Center for Biosignal, Akita University, Akita 010-8543, Japan; Global COE program, Gunma University and Akita University, Akita 010-8543, Japan; Department of Medical Biology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Masakazu Yamazaki
- Research Center for Biosignal, Akita University, Akita 010-8543, Japan; Department of Cell Biology and Morphology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan; Global COE program, Gunma University and Akita University, Akita 010-8543, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
191
|
Paul I, Bhattacharya S, Chatterjee A, Ghosh MK. Current Understanding on EGFR and Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling in Glioma and Their Possible Crosstalk. Genes Cancer 2014; 4:427-46. [PMID: 24386505 DOI: 10.1177/1947601913503341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiformes (GBMs) are extensively heterogeneous at both cellular and molecular levels. Current therapeutic strategies include targeting of key signaling molecules using pharmacological inhibitors in combination with genotoxic agents such as temozolomide. In spite of all efforts, the prognosis of glioma patients remains dismal. Therefore, a proper understanding of individual molecular pathways responsible for the progression of GBM is necessary. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway is probably the most significant signaling pathway clinically implicated in glioma. Not surprisingly, anti-EGFR therapies mostly prevail for therapeutic purposes. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway is well implicated in multiple tumors; however, its role in glioma has only recently started to emerge. We give a concise account of the current understanding of the role of both these pathways in glioma. Last, taking evidences from a limited literature, we outline a number of points where these pathways intersect each other and put forward the possibility of combinatorially targeting them for treatment of glioma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Indranil Paul
- Signal Transduction in Cancer and Stem Cells Laboratory, Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Seemana Bhattacharya
- Signal Transduction in Cancer and Stem Cells Laboratory, Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Anirban Chatterjee
- Signal Transduction in Cancer and Stem Cells Laboratory, Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Mrinal K Ghosh
- Signal Transduction in Cancer and Stem Cells Laboratory, Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| |
Collapse
|
192
|
Huang L, Lipschutz JH. Cilia and polycystic kidney disease, kith and kin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 102:174-85. [PMID: 24898006 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, cilia have been found to play important roles in renal cystogenesis. Many genes, such as PKD1 and PKD2 which, when mutated, cause autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), have been found to localize to primary cilia. The cilium functions as a sensor to transmit extracellular signals into the cell. Abnormal cilia structure and function are associated with the development of polyscystic kidney disease (PKD). Cilia assembly includes centriole migration to the apical surface of the cell, ciliary vesicle docking and fusion with the cell membrane at the intended site of cilium outgrowth, and microtubule growth from the basal body. This review summarizes the most recent advances in cilia and PKD research, with special emphasis on the mechanisms of cytoplasmic and intraciliary protein transport during ciliogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Huang
- Department of Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
| | | |
Collapse
|
193
|
Xu N, Zhou WJ, Wang Y, Huang SH, Li X, Chen ZY. Hippocampal Wnt3a is Necessary and Sufficient for Contextual Fear Memory Acquisition and Consolidation. Cereb Cortex 2014; 25:4062-75. [PMID: 24904070 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway plays critical roles in development. However, to date, the role of Wnts in learning and memory in adults is still not well understood. Here, we aimed to investigate the roles and mechanisms of Wnts in hippocampal-dependent contextual fear conditioning (CFC) memory formation in adult mice. CFC training induced the secretion and expression of Wnt3a and the activation of its downstream Wnt/Ca(2+) and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways in the dorsal hippocampus (DH). Intrahippocampal infusion of Wnt3a antibody impaired CFC acquisition and consolidation, but not expression. Using the Wnt antagonist sFRP1 or the canonical Wnt inhibitor Dkk1, we found that Wnt/Ca(2+) and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways were involved in acquisition and consolidation, respectively. Moreover, we found Wnt3a signaling is not only necessary but also sufficient for CFC memory. Intrahippocampal infusion of exogenous Wnt3a could enhance acquisition and consolidation of CFC. Overexpression of constitutively active β-catenin in the DH could rescue the deficit in CFC memory consolidation, but not acquisition induced by Wnt3a antibody injection, which suggests β-catenin signaling pathway acts downstream of Wnt3a to mediate CFC memory consolidation. Our study may help further the understanding of the precise regulation of Wnt3a in differential memory phases depending on divergent signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xu
- Department of Neurobiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Juan Zhou
- Department of Neurobiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Hong Huang
- Department of Neurobiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Xian Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Zhe-Yu Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
194
|
Barik A, Zhang B, Sohal GS, Xiong WC, Mei L. Crosstalk between Agrin and Wnt signaling pathways in development of vertebrate neuromuscular junction. Dev Neurobiol 2014; 74:828-38. [PMID: 24838312 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a cholinergic synapse where motor neurons elicit muscle contraction. Agrin and its coreceptors LRP4 and MuSK are critical for vertebrate NMJ formation. This paper reviews recent evidence for Wnts and Wnt signaling molecules in NMJ formation including a possible retrograde mechanism by muscle β-catenin. We also present data that Wnt3a, 7a, 8a and 10b could inhibit agrin-mediated AChR clustering. Together with the stimulating effect of Wnt9a, 9b, 10b, 11 and 16 on AChR clustering in the absence of agrin, these results suggest diverse roles for Wnt ligands in NMJ development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Barik
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, 30912
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
195
|
De Marco P, Merello E, Piatelli G, Cama A, Kibar Z, Capra V. Planar cell polarity gene mutations contribute to the etiology of human neural tube defects in our population. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 100:633-41. [PMID: 24838524 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neural Tube Defects (NTDs) are congenital malformations that involve failure of the neural tube closure during the early phases of development at any level of the rostro-caudal axis. The planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway is a highly conserved, noncanonical Wnt-Frizzled-Dishevelled signaling cascade, that was first identified in the fruit fly Drosophila. We are here reviewing the role of the PCP pathway genes in the etiology of human NTDs, updating the list of the rare and deleterious mutations identified so far. We report 50 rare nonsynonymous mutations of PCP genes in 54 patients having a pathogenic effect on the protein function. Thirteen mutations that have previously been reported as novel are now reported in public databases, although at very low frequencies. The mutations were private, mostly missense, and transmitted by a healthy parent. To date, no clear genotype-phenotype correlation has been possible to create. Even if PCP pathway genes are involved in the pathogenesis of neural tube defects, future studies will be necessary to better dissect the genetic causes underlying these complex malformations.
Collapse
|
196
|
Polymorphisms in FZD3 and FZD6 genes and risk of neural tube defects in a northern Han Chinese population. Neurol Sci 2014; 35:1701-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-014-1815-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
197
|
Abstract
The first animals arose more than six hundred million years ago, yet they left little impression in the fossil record. Nonetheless, the cell biology and genome composition of the first animal, the Urmetazoan, can be reconstructed through the study of phylogenetically relevant living organisms. Comparisons among animals and their unicellular and colonial relatives reveal that the Urmetazoan likely possessed a layer of epithelium-like collar cells, preyed on bacteria, reproduced by sperm and egg, and developed through cell division, cell differentiation, and invagination. Although many genes involved in development, body patterning, immunity, and cell-type specification evolved in the animal stem lineage or after animal origins, several gene families critical for cell adhesion, signaling, and gene regulation predate the origin of animals. The ancestral functions of these and other genes may eventually be revealed through studies of gene and genome function in early-branching animals and their closest non-animal relatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Richter
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3200; ,
| | | |
Collapse
|
198
|
Phospho-NHE3 forms membrane patches and interacts with beta-actin to sense and maintain constant direction during cell migration. Exp Cell Res 2014; 324:13-29. [PMID: 24657527 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The Na(+)/H(+) exchanger NHE3 colocalizes with beta-actin at the leading edge of directionally migrating cells. Using human osteosarcoma cells (SaOS-2), rat osteoblasts (calvaria), and human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells, we identified a novel role for NHE3 via beta-actin in anode and cathode directed motility, during electrotaxis. NHE3 knockdown by RNAi revealed that NHE3 expression is required to achieve constant directionality and polarity in migrating cells. Phosphorylated NHE3 (pNHE3) and beta-actin complex formation was impaired by the NHE3 inhibitor S3226 (IC50 0.02µM). Fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy (FCCS) revealed that the molecular interactions between NHE3 and beta-actin in membrane protrusions increased 1.7-fold in the presence of a directional cue and decreased 3.3-fold in the presence of cytochalasin D. Data from flow cytometric analysis showed that membrane potential of cells (Vmem) decreases in directionally migrating, NHE3-deficient osteoblasts and osteosarcoma cells whereas only Vmem of wild type osteoblasts is affected during directional migration. These findings suggest that pNHE3 has a mechanical function via beta-actin that is dependent on its physiological activity and Vmem. Furthermore, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) levels increase while PIP2 remains stable when cells have persistent directionality. Both PI3 kinase (PI3K) and Akt expression levels change proportionally to NHE3 levels. Interestingly, however, the content of pNHE3 level does not change when PI3K/Akt is inhibited. Therefore, we conclude that NHE3 can act as a direction sensor for cells and that NHE3 phosphorylation in persistent directional cell migration does not involve PI3K/Akt during electrotaxis.
Collapse
|
199
|
Lei Y, Zhu H, Yang W, Ross ME, Shaw GM, Finnell RH. Identification of novel CELSR1 mutations in spina bifida. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92207. [PMID: 24632739 PMCID: PMC3954890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spina bifida is one of the most common neural tube defects (NTDs) with a complex etiology. Variants in planar cell polarity (PCP) genes have been associated with NTDs including spina bifida in both animal models and human cohorts. In this study, we sequenced all exons of CELSR1 in 192 spina bifida patients from a California population to determine the contribution of CELSR1 mutations in the studied population. Novel and rare variants identified in these patients were subsequently genotyped in 190 ethnically matched control individuals. Six missense mutations not found in controls were predicted to be deleterious by both SIFT and PolyPhen. Two TG dinucleotide repeat variants were individually detected in 2 spina bifida patients but not detected in controls. In vitro functional analysis showed that the two TG dinucleotide repeat variants not only changed subcellular localization of the CELSR1 protein, but also impaired the physical association between CELSR1 and VANGL2, and thus diminished the ability to recruit VANGL2 for cell-cell contact. In total, 3% of our spina bifida patients carry deleterious or predicted to be deleterious CELSR1 mutations. Our findings suggest that CELSR1 mutations contribute to the risk of spina bifida in a cohort of spina bifida patients from California.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunping Lei
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Huiping Zhu
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - M. Elizabeth Ross
- Center for Neurogenetics, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Gary M. Shaw
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Richard H. Finnell
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
200
|
Briguglio JS, Turkewitz AP. Tetrahymena thermophila: a divergent perspective on membrane traffic. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2014; 322:500-16. [PMID: 24634411 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tetrahymena thermophila, a member of the Ciliates, represents a class of organisms distantly related from commonly used model organisms in cell biology, and thus offers an opportunity to explore potentially novel mechanisms and their evolution. Ciliates, like all eukaryotes, possess a complex network of organelles that facilitate both macromolecular uptake and secretion. The underlying endocytic and exocytic pathways are key mediators of a cell's interaction with its environment, and may therefore show niche-specific adaptations. Our laboratory has taken a variety of approaches to identify key molecular determinants for membrane trafficking pathways in Tetrahymena. Studies of Rab GTPases, dynamins, and sortilin-family receptors substantiate the widespread conservation of some features but also uncover surprising roles for lineage-restricted innovation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S Briguglio
- The Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | | |
Collapse
|