151
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Yang M, Tyrer H, Johnson T, Tyrer P. Personality change in the Nottingham Study of Neurotic Disorder:
30-Year cohort study. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2022; 56:260-269. [PMID: 34250845 PMCID: PMC8866742 DOI: 10.1177/00048674211025624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistence is said to be a feature of personality disorder, but there are few long-term prospective studies of the condition. A total of 200 patients with anxiety and depressive disorders involved in a randomised controlled trial initiated in 1983 had full personality status assessed at baseline. We repeated assessment of personality status on three subsequent occasions over 30 years. METHODS Personality status was recorded using methods derived from the Personality Assessment Schedule, which has algorithms for allocating Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and the 11th International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) categories. The category and severity of personality diagnosis were recorded at baseline in the randomised patients with DSM-III anxiety and depressive diagnoses. The same methods of assessing personality status was repeated at 2, 12 and 30 years after baseline. RESULTS Using the ICD-11 system, 47% of patients, mainly those with no personality disturbance at baseline, retained their personality status; of the others 16.8% improved and 20.4% worsened to more severe disorder. In DSM-III diagnosed patients, those diagnosed as Cluster A and Cluster C increased in frequency (from 14% to 40%, p < 0.001, and 21.5% to 36%, p < 0.001, respectively) over follow-up, while those with Cluster B showed little change in frequency (22% to 18%, p = 0.197). CONCLUSION In this population of patients with common mental disorders, personality status showed many changes over time, inconsistent with the view that personality disorder is a persistent or stable condition. The increase in diagnoses within the Cluster A and C groups suggests personality disorder generally increases in frequency as people age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- Swinburne University of Technology,
Hawthorn, VIC, Australia,Imperial College London, London,
UK
| | | | - Tony Johnson
- Medical Research Council Clinical
Trials Unit, University College, London, UK
| | - Peter Tyrer
- University College London, London,
UK,Peter Tyrer, Imperial College London,
London, WC1V 6LJ, UK.
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152
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Fortunato A, Tanzilli A, Lingiardi V, Speranza AM. Psychodiagnostic Chart-Child (PDC-C): a valid and clinically sensitive diagnostic tool for patient-tailored intervention planning. RESEARCH IN PSYCHOTHERAPY (MILANO) 2022; 25. [PMID: 35373960 PMCID: PMC9153754 DOI: 10.4081/ripppo.2022.591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The reliable clinical-diagnostic evaluation of child patients is crucial. The present research sought to examine the validity of the Psychodiagnostic Chart-Child (PDC-C) in assessing children’s mental functioning and personality organization, according to the framework of the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual, Second Edition (PDM-2). A sample of 209 clinicians assessed 209 children (aged 4-11 years) who had been in their care between 2-12 months, using the PDC-C. Each clinician also completed a clinical questionnaire to provide demographic information, the Child Behavior Checklist to evaluate children’s behavioral problems and social competences, and the Childhood Personality Assessment Q-Sort measure to assess children’s emerging personality patterns. The findings suggest that the PDC-C is a valid diagnostic tool that considers children’s full range of functioning. Moreover, the measure has good sensitivity and appears clinically useful in differentiating between certain clinical populations according to psychological characteristics. The PDC-C could promote more accurate assessment during childhood and inform the development of individualized therapies. One of the advantages of the tool is its ability to capture individual variations in child functioning (illuminating strengths and psychological vulnerabilities), even within children in the same diagnostic group. Of note, additional research is needed to establish the utility of PDC-C ratings in predicting clinically relevant constructs and to monitor the processes and outcomes of interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandro Fortunato
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, La Sapienza University of Rome.
| | - Annalisa Tanzilli
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, La Sapienza University of Rome.
| | - Vittorio Lingiardi
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, La Sapienza University of Rome.
| | - Anna Maria Speranza
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, La Sapienza University of Rome.
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153
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Cerutti R, Fontana A, Ghezzi V, Menozzi F, Spensieri V, Tambelli R. Exploring psychopathological distress in Italian university students seeking help: A picture from a university counselling service. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-00665-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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154
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Stolz MG, Rea KE, Cushman GK, Quast LF, Gutierrez-Colina AM, Eaton C, Blount RL. Associations between executive functioning, personality, and posttraumatic stress symptoms in adolescent solid organ transplant recipients. Pediatr Transplant 2022; 26:e14176. [PMID: 34723407 DOI: 10.1111/petr.14176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric solid organ transplant recipients are susceptible to posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), given the presence of a life-threatening chronic medical condition and potential for complications. However, little is known about what individual characteristics are associated with an increased risk for PTSS among youth who received an organ transplant. The aim of the current study was to evaluate PTSS and its associations with executive functioning (EF) and personality (i.e., neuroticism and conscientiousness) among adolescents with solid organ transplants. METHODS Fifty-three adolescents (Mage = 16.40, SD = 1.60) with a kidney, heart, or liver transplant completed self-report measures of PTSS and personality, whereas caregivers completed a caregiver-proxy report of adolescent EF. RESULTS Twenty-two percent of adolescent transplant recipients reported clinically significant levels of PTSS. Higher EF difficulties and neuroticism levels, and lower conscientiousness levels were significantly associated with higher PTSS (rs -.34 to .64). Simple slope analyses revealed that adolescents with both high EF impairment and high levels of neuroticism demonstrated the highest PTSS (t = 3.47; p < .001). CONCLUSIONS Most adolescent transplant recipients in the present study did not report clinically significant levels of PTSS; however, those with high neuroticism and greater EF difficulties may be particularly vulnerable to PTSS following organ transplantation. Following transplantation, medical providers should assess for PTSS and risk factors for developing PTSS. Identification of those at risk for PTSS is critical, given the strong associations between PTSS and certain medical outcomes (e.g., medication nonadherence) among these youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Gray Stolz
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Kelly E Rea
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Grace K Cushman
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Lauren F Quast
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Cyd Eaton
- The John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ronald L Blount
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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155
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Cirimele F, Pastorelli C, Favini A, Remondi C, Zuffiano A, Basili E, Thartori E, Gerbino M, Gregori F. Facing the Pandemic in Italy: Personality Profiles and Their Associations With Adaptive and Maladaptive Outcomes. Front Psychol 2022; 13:805740. [PMID: 35282221 PMCID: PMC8908009 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.805740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on individuals' psychosocial functioning was widely attested during the last year. However, the extent to which individual differences are associated with adaptive and maladaptive outcomes during quarantine in Italy remains largely unexplored. Using a person-oriented approach, the present study explored the association of personality profiles, based on three broad individual dispositions (i.e., positivity, irritability, and hostile rumination) and two self-efficacy beliefs in the emotional area (i.e., expressing positive emotions and regulating anger emotion), with adaptive and maladaptive outcomes during the first Italian lockdown (March-June 2020). In doing so, we focused also on how different age groups (i.e., young adults and adults) differently faced the pandemic. The study was conducted through an online survey from May to June 2020 and included 1341 participants living in Italy, divided into two groups: 737 young adults aged 18-35 and 604 adults aged 36-60 years old. Latent Profile Analysis identified three personality profiles: resilient, vulnerable, and moderate. A subsequent path analysis model showed that the resilient profile was positively associated with prosocial behavior as an indicator of adaptive outcome, and negatively associated with three maladaptive outcomes: interpersonal aggression, depressive symptoms, and anxiety problems. Contrarily, the vulnerable profile resulted negatively associated with prosocial behavior and positively associated with the three maladaptive outcomes. Finally, regarding age group differences, young adults belonging to the vulnerable profile showed a greater association especially with interpersonal aggression, depression, and anxiety problems, as compared to adults belonging to the same profile. Overall, the results of the present study highlighted the importance to analyze individual functioning during an isolation period by using a person-oriented approach. Findings evidenced the existence of three different profiles (i.e., Resilient, Vulnerable, and Moderate) and subsequent path analysis revealed, especially for the vulnerable profile and young adults, a greater maladaptive consequence of the quarantine. The practical implications will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Cirimele
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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156
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Schoeps A, Gontijo de Castro T, Peterson ER, Wall C, D'Souza S, Waldie KE, Morton S. Associations between antenatal maternal diet and other health aspects with infant temperament in a large multiethnic cohort study: a path analysis approach. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e046790. [PMID: 35190405 PMCID: PMC8862497 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess the association of antenatal maternal dietary patterns (DPs) and other health aspects with infant temperament in a large multiethnic cohort, taking maternal personality and prenatal stress into account. DESIGN AND METHODS Using data from 3968 children born in 2009/2010 and their mothers from the Growing Up in New Zealand cohort, infant temperament was assessed at 9 months using the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised Very Short Form. Maternal antenatal diet and other health aspects were assessed antenatally. Maternal DPs (n=4) were derived using principal components analysis based on food intake reported on a 44-item food frequency questionnaire. Path analyses investigated factors associated with infant temperament, namely maternal personality, prenatal maternal stress, DPs and other health aspects, including potential inter-relations and mediating effects. RESULTS Women who scored higher in the fusion DP (standardised beta (β)=0.05; 95% CI 0.02 to 0.09) and healthy DP (β=0.05; 95% CI 0.02 to 0.09), who exercised more (β=0.04; 95% CI 0.01 to 0.07), and who drank less alcohol (β=-0.05; 95% CI -0.08 to -0.02) were more likely to have infants with an overall less difficult temperament. Sex-specific differences were found in the associations between maternal DP and infant temperament. Maternal personality and prenatal stress were significantly associated with all dimensions of infant temperament. The strongest predictors for a more difficult temperament were prenatal stress (β=0.12; 95% CI 0.08 to 0.15) and the personality dimensions neuroticism (β=0.10; 95% CI 0.07 to 0.14) and extraversion (β=-0.09; 95% CI -0.12 to -0.06). CONCLUSIONS Associations of antenatal maternal diet and health aspects with infant temperament were statistically significant but small. While they should not be overinterpreted as being deterministic, the findings of this study support the link between maternal modifiable health-related behaviours and infant temperament outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Schoeps
- School of Psychology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Clare Wall
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Stephanie D'Souza
- Centre of Methods and Policy Application in the Social Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Social Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Karen E Waldie
- School of Psychology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Susan Morton
- Centre for Longitudinal Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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157
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Stockbridge MD, Keser Z, Newman RS. Concussion in Women's Flat-Track Roller Derby. Front Neurol 2022; 13:809939. [PMID: 35237230 PMCID: PMC8882964 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.809939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Concussions are common among flat-track roller derby players, a unique and under-studied sport, but little has been done to assess how common they are or what players can do to manage injury risk. The purpose of this study is to provide an epidemiological investigation of concussion incidence and experience in a large international sampling of roller derby players. Six hundred sixty-five roller derby players from 25 countries responded to a comprehensive online survey about injury and sport participation. Participants also responded to a battery of psychometric assessment tools targeting risk-factors for poor injury recovery (negative bias, social support, mental toughness) and players' thoughts and feelings in response to injury. Per 1,000 athletes, 790.98 concussions were reported. Current players reported an average of 2.2 concussions, while former players reported 3.1 concussions. However, groups were matched when these figures were corrected for differences in years of play (approximately one concussion every 2 years). Other frequent injuries included fractures in extremities and upper limbs, torn knee ligaments, and sprained ankles. We found no evidence that players' position, full-contact scrimmages, or flooring impacted number of concussions. However, neurological history and uncorrected vision were more influential predictors of an individual's number of concussions during roller derby than years of participation or age, though all four contributed significantly. These findings should assist athletes in making informed decisions about participation in roller derby, though more work is needed to understand the nature of risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa D. Stockbridge
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Melissa D. Stockbridge
| | - Zafer Keser
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Rochelle S. Newman
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
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158
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Charting a Course, Weathering Storms, and Making Lemonade: A Person-Centered Mixed Methods Analysis of Emotional Wellbeing and Dispositional Strengths following University Graduation. JOURNAL OF ADULT DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10804-022-09394-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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159
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Kaniušonytė G, Laursen B. Perceptions of Positive Parenting Predict Increases in Resilience for Low Neurotic and High Agreeable Adolescents. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022; 185:111272. [PMID: 34658471 PMCID: PMC8516125 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.111272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This study examines whether adolescent personality moderates longitudinal associations between perceived parenting practices and changes in adolescent resilience. A community sample of 442 (224 boys, 218 girls) Lithuanian adolescents completed surveys twice, one year apart, beginning in Grade 11 (M=17.1 years old). Adolescent self-reports described resilience, personality (neuroticism and agreeableness), and perceptions of positive parenting (support and monitoring). Adolescent personality moderated associations between initial perceptions of parenting and changes in resilience. Monitoring and support anticipated greater resilience for adolescents low but not high on neuroticism. Monitoring also anticipated greater resilience for adolescents high but not low on agreeableness. Consistent with the vantage-resistance hypothesis, the results suggest that neuroticism and disagreeableness interfere with the child's ability to profit from positive environmental experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brett Laursen
- Florida Atlantic University, Department of Psychology
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160
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Etkin P, De Caluwé E, Ibáñez MI, Ortet G, Mezquita L. Personality development and its associations with the bifactor model of psychopathology in adolescence. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2022.104205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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161
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Educational stays abroad and the development of self-perceived grit: A longitudinal analysis in young adulthood. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00600-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AbstractGrit can be viewed as a facet of conscientiousness consisting of the two sub-facets perseverance of effort and consistency of interest. Although ample research illustrates the importance of grit for educational attainment, little is known about its developmental trajectories. The goal of the present study was to examine the development of self-perceptions in the two grit facets during educational stays abroad in young adulthood. We measured grit in a sample of 179 German sojourners, who went abroad for some type of educational stay, immediately before the start of their stay abroad (T1), 3 months afterwards (T2), and 15 months afterwards (T3). We compared the developmental trajectories across T1 and T2 with a control group of 112 Germans staying at home during this period. Multivariate latent change score models showed an increase in perseverance of effort between T1 and T2 in the group of sojourners, which did not emerge in the control group and persisted throughout T3. Consistency of interest did not change between T1 and T2, but sojourners showed an increase in consistency of interest between T1 and T3. This change was positively predicted by the time sojourners had spent abroad. Although we found different developmental trajectories for perseverance of effort and consistency of interest, substantial correlated change between these facets indicated similar processes to account for change in both traits. We discuss implications for research on the development of grit as well as the role of educational stays abroad.
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162
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Israel A, Brandt ND, Spengler M, Göllner R, Lüdtke O, Trautwein U, Wagner J. The longitudinal interplay of personality and school experiences in adolescence. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070211062326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The school environment is one key developmental context that is assumed to shape individual characteristics during adolescence. However, little is known about which school experiences are central to personality change or whether school experiences and personality co-shape each other over time. We address this gap by examining the longitudinal interplay between seven school experiences in the three domains of achievement, social relationships, and well-being, and the Big Five personality traits at four measurement points from fifth to eighth grade. By using data from the German TRAIN study ( N = 3,473, MageT1 = 11.1 years, 45% female), we estimated bivariate latent growth curve models and cross-lagged panel models to illustrate this longitudinal interplay. Results demonstrated correlated change between school experiences and personality with differentiated patterns for achievement variables and a general longitudinal interplay with the social relationship and well-being variables. Furthermore, we found cross-lagged effects in both directions, although there were more effects of personality on school experiences. The most consistent predictor of school experiences was conscientiousness, whereas well-being in school in particular was related to personality change 1 year later. We integrate our findings into the current picture of personality development in adolescence and the role of school-related environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Israel
- Department of Psychology, University of Hamburg, Germany
| | - Naemi D Brandt
- Department of Psychology, University of Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marion Spengler
- Hector Research Institute of Education Sciences and Psychology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Richard Göllner
- Hector Research Institute of Education Sciences and Psychology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Lüdtke
- Leibniz Institute for Science and Mathematics Education, Kiel, Germany
- Centre for International Student Assessment (ZIB), Germany
| | - Ulrich Trautwein
- Hector Research Institute of Education Sciences and Psychology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jenny Wagner
- Department of Psychology, University of Hamburg, Germany
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163
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Chu X, Wang Q, Huang W, Wang Y, Yu J, Zhou Y, Chen T, Lei L. Neuroticism and problematic online gaming: The mediating role of social anxiety and the moderating role of family socioeconomic status. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02588-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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164
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Stuber EF, Carlson BS, Jesmer BR. Spatial personalities: a meta-analysis of consistent individual differences in spatial behavior. Behav Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arab147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Individual variation in behavior, particularly consistent among-individual differences (i.e., personality), has important ecological and evolutionary implications for population and community dynamics, trait divergence, and patterns of speciation. Nevertheless, individual variation in spatial behaviors, such as home range behavior, movement characteristics, or habitat use has yet to be incorporated into the concepts or methodologies of ecology and evolutionary biology. To evaluate evidence for the existence of consistent among-individual differences in spatial behavior – which we refer to as “spatial personality” – we performed a meta-analysis of 200 repeatability estimates of home range size, movement metrics, and habitat use. We found that the existence of spatial personality is a general phenomenon, with consistently high repeatability (r) across classes of spatial behavior (r = 0.67–0.82), taxa (r = 0.31–0.79), and time between repeated measurements (r = 0.54–0.74). These results suggest: 1) repeatable spatial behavior may either be a cause or consequence of the environment experienced and lead to spatial personalities that may limit the ability of individuals to behaviorally adapt to changing landscapes; 2) interactions between spatial phenotypes and environmental conditions could result in differential reproduction, survival, and dispersal, suggesting that among-individual variation may facilitate population-level adaptation; 3) spatial patterns of species' distributions and spatial population dynamics may be better understood by shifting from a mean field analytical approach towards methods that account for spatial personalities and their associated fitness and ecological dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica F Stuber
- U.S. Geological Survey Utah Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Wildland Resources, 5230 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
- Center for Biodiversity and Global Change, Yale University, 165 Prospect St., New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 165 Prospect St., New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ben S Carlson
- Center for Biodiversity and Global Change, Yale University, 165 Prospect St., New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 165 Prospect St., New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Brett R Jesmer
- Center for Biodiversity and Global Change, Yale University, 165 Prospect St., New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 165 Prospect St., New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, 310 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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165
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Skinner M, Miller N. Stability and change in gartersnake social networks across ontogeny. Ethology 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.13262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Skinner
- Department of Psychology Wilfrid Laurier University Waterloo Canada
| | - Noam Miller
- Department of Psychology Wilfrid Laurier University Waterloo Canada
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166
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Pickleball, Personality, and Eudaimonic Well-Being in Middle-Aged and Older Adults. J Aging Phys Act 2022; 30:885-892. [DOI: 10.1123/japa.2021-0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study explored how personality and serious leisure activities, such as playing pickleball, contribute to eudaimonic well-being in middle-aged and older adults. Data were collected at pickleball events at the 2017 Huntsman World Senior Games from a convenience sample of 250 players aged between 50 and 91 years (M = 65.11, SD = 7.49). Of the five personality dispositions examined, conscientiousness (β = 0.32, p < .001), neuroticism (β = −0.22, p < .01), and openness to experience (β = 0.18, p < .01) were discovered to be significant predictors of eudaimonic well-being. Serious leisure also contributed to eudaimonic well-being (β = 0.28, p < .01). The findings of this study enhance the understanding of the behaviors exhibited by older adults and elucidate the positive impact exerted on eudaimonic well-being by personality and serious leisure.
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167
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Bobdey S, Mookkiah I, Narayan S, Pawar AA. Evaluation of stress level and its association with personality traits among trainees at an armed forces training establishment. JOURNAL OF MARINE MEDICAL SOCIETY 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/jmms.jmms_26_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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168
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Kiraga MK, Kuypers KPC, Uthaug MV, Ramaekers JG, Mason NL. Decreases in State and Trait Anxiety Post-psilocybin: A Naturalistic, Observational Study Among Retreat Attendees. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:883869. [PMID: 35873251 PMCID: PMC9300865 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.883869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are the most common type of psychiatric disorders among Western countries. Evidence-based treatment modalities including pharmacological and cognitive-behavioral therapy result in deficient treatment responses. Historical and recent research suggests psychedelic drugs may be efficacious in alleviating anxiety-related symptoms among healthy and clinical populations. The main aim of the present study was investigation of the effects of psilocybin-containing truffles, when taken in a supportive group setting, on ratings of state and trait anxiety across self-reported healthy volunteers. Attendees of psilocybin ceremonies were asked to complete a test battery at three separate occasions: before the ceremony (baseline), the morning after, and 1 week after the ceremony. The test battery included questionnaires assessing state and trait anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory), mindfulness capacities (Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire), and personality (Big Five Inventory). Additionally, the psychedelic experience was quantified with the Persisting Effects Questionnaire and the Ego Dissolution Inventory. The total amount of psilocybin-containing truffles consumed by each participant was recorded, and a sample of the truffles was analyzed to determine psilocin concentrations. Fifty-two attendees (males = 25; females = 25; others = 2) completed parts of the baseline assessment, 46 (males = 21; females = 24; others = 1) completed assessments the morning after the ceremony, and 23 (males = 10; females = 13) completed assessments at the 1-week follow-up. Average psilocin consumption across individuals was 27.1 mg. The morning after the ceremony, we observed medium reductions in anxiety measures (both state and trait) compared to baseline ( d ¯ = 6.4; p < 0.001 and d ¯ = 6; p = 0.014, respectively), which persisted over a 1-week period post-ceremony ( d ¯ = 6.7; p = 0.001 and d ¯ = 8.6; p = 0.004, respectively). At 1 week post-ceremony, the non-judging facet of the mindfulness scale was increased ( d ¯ = 1.5; p = 0.03), while the personality trait neuroticism decreased ( d ¯ = 5.2; p = 0.005), when compared to baseline. Additionally, we found ratings of ego dissolution (mean: 59.7, SD: 28.3) and changes in neuroticism to be the strongest predictors of reductions in state and trait anxiety, respectively. In sum, results suggest rapid and persisting (up to 1 week) anxiolytic effects in individuals with sub-clinical anxiety symptoms, which are related to the acute experience of ego dissolution, as well as lasting changes in trait neuroticism. Results also add support to the feasibility and potential efficacy of group sessions with psychedelics. To understand whether these effects extend to wider populations suffering from heightened anxiety, and the mechanisms involved, further experimental research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie Kamila Kiraga
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Kim P C Kuypers
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Malin Vedoy Uthaug
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Johannes G Ramaekers
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Natasha Leigh Mason
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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169
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Weststrate NM, Jayawickreme E, Wrzus C. Advancing a Three-Tier Personality Framework for Posttraumatic Growth. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070211062327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adversity has been assumed to foster positive personality change under certain conditions. In this article, we examine this assumption within the context of the three-tier personality framework integrating traits, characteristic adaptations, and narrative identity to provide a comprehensive understanding of personality growth. We first review findings on how adverse events affect personality on each of these three levels. Second, we summarize knowledge on event-based and person-based predictors of personality change in the face of adversity. Third, we specify affective, behavioral, and cognitive processes that explain personality change across levels of personality. Innovatively, our proposed process model addresses change at all three levels of personality, as well as similarities and differences in processes across the levels. We conclude by discussing unresolved issues, asking critical questions, and posing challenging hypotheses for testing this framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nic M. Weststrate
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Eranda Jayawickreme
- Department of Psychology & Program for Leadership and Character, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Cornelia Wrzus
- Department of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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170
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Lall-Trail SF, Salter NP, Xu X. How Personality Relates to Attitudes Toward Diversity and Workplace Diversity Initiatives. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2021; 49:66-80. [PMID: 34930046 DOI: 10.1177/01461672211057755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present research examined how the Big Five traits Openness to Experience and Agreeableness predicted general attitudes toward diversity (Study 1) and receptivity to concrete diversity initiatives in the workplace (Study 2). Study 1 found that Openness to Experience positively predicted universal diverse orientation, but not pro-diversity belief or sensitivity to diversity. Agreeableness positively predicted universal diverse orientation and pro-diversity belief. In Study 2, Openness to Experience positively predicted universal diverse orientation, but not support for workplace diversity initiatives. Agreeableness positively predicted universal diverse orientation and support for both existing and potential workplace diversity initiatives. We also showed that universal diverse orientation mediated the links between personality and support for workplace diversity initiatives. We discuss how these findings can shed more light on the types of individuals who are more likely to endorse diversity and inclusion, which can subsequently inform more effective implementation and communication of diversity initiatives.
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171
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Dretsch MN, Trachik B, Taylor M, Kotov R, Krueger R. Variability in the stability of personality traits across a single combat deployment. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2021.2003147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael N. Dretsch
- US Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory, Fort Rucker, Alabama, USA
- US Army Medical Research Directorate-West, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington, USA
| | - Benjamin Trachik
- US Army Medical Research Directorate-West, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington, USA
| | - Maura Taylor
- US Army Medical Research Directorate-West, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington, USA
| | - Roman Kotov
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Robert Krueger
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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172
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Mathijssen J, Rozema A, Hiemstra M, Jansen M, van Oers J. Stability of and change in substance use risk personality: Gender differences and smoking cigarettes among early adolescents. Addict Behav Rep 2021; 14:100360. [PMID: 34159249 PMCID: PMC8196044 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2021.100360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adolescents show a steadily increasing inclination toward health risk behaviors, including smoking cigarettes. There is ample evidence that personality traits are related to smoking behavior. However, less is known about the stability of and change in these personality traits during early adolescence and whether smoking behavior affects the developmental trajectories. Moreover, less is known about the influence of gender on the course of personality. METHOD Longitudinal data of three waves were used from 1121 early adolescents. To measure personality, the Substance Use Risk Profile Scale was used. Individual growth curve models were conducted to measure the stability, mean-level change and individual differences in change for personality. RESULTS Stability of personality was moderate for boys and ranged from moderate to high for girls. On average early adolescents became more impulsive and more sensation seeking over a period of 18 months. Furthermore, hopelessness for girls increased and the increase in sensation seeking was higher for girls than for boys. Third, smoking behavior was related to all personality traits, indicating that smoking adolescents are more anxious, hopeless, impulsive and sensation seeking than non-smoking adolescents. CONCLUSIONS Our results are in line with the disruption hypothesis, i.e., during early adolescence there is a dip in personality maturity. There are clear differences between girls and boys in stability of and change in personality traits. Besides, although smoking behavior is related to personality, the change in personality is probably related to other variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.J.P Mathijssen
- Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Department Tranzo, Tilburg University, the Netherlands
| | - A.D. Rozema
- Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Department Tranzo, Tilburg University, the Netherlands
| | - M. Hiemstra
- Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Department Tranzo, Tilburg University, the Netherlands
| | - M.W.J. Jansen
- Academic Collaborative Centre for Public Health Limburg, Public Health Service South Limburg (GGD ZL), Heerlen, the Netherlands
- Department of Health Services Research, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - J.A.M. van Oers
- Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Department Tranzo, Tilburg University, the Netherlands
- Ministry of Health and Welfare, Den Haag, the Netherlands
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173
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Stronge S, Sibley CG. “Put Away Childish Things”: Psychological entitlement has weaker negative associations with wellbeing for emerging adults. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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174
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McCloskey K, Johnson BT. You Are What You Repeatedly Do: Links Between Personality and Habit. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021; 181. [PMID: 34737484 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.111000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Several socio-cognitive theories of personality describe habit development as an integral process of personality development. Yet, no empirical research has rigorously examined linkages between personality traits and habits. In the present study, participants (N=459) reported perceived automaticity, intrinsic rewards, and extrinsic rewards for several of 25 total behaviors; they also self-reported two important traits: conscientiousness and neuroticism. Conditional multilevel mediation analyses were used to assess the effect of each conscientiousness and neuroticism on automaticity through intrinsic and extrinsic rewards for each behavior. Across behaviors, conscientiousness was negatively associated with behavioral automaticity, and neuroticism positively predicted it. Specifically, conscientiousness appeared to protect against automaticity for health risk behaviors but did not promote automaticity for behaviors performed frequently by those high in conscientiousness; conversely, neuroticism positively predicted automaticity even for behaviors not performed more frequently by those high on the trait. Perceived intrinsic and extrinsic rewards mediated the link between traits and automaticity for some behaviors (e.g., sugary drink consumption), but these effects were not consistent across all behaviors. These findings offer some of the first empirical insights into the links between personality and habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran McCloskey
- Institute for Collaboration, Health, Intervention, and Policy, and the Department of Psychological Sciences at the University of Connecticut
| | - Blair T Johnson
- Institute for Collaboration, Health, Intervention, and Policy, and the Department of Psychological Sciences at the University of Connecticut
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175
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Mourelatos E. How personality affects reaction. A mental health behavioral insight review during the Pandemic. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 42:8644-8665. [PMID: 34744405 PMCID: PMC8563358 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02425-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The fear caused by the Covid-19 pandemic is changing our psychology and behavior. This ongoing negative event, imposing restrictions such as home isolation and social distancing, can result in heightened anxiety, depression and a sense of loneliness, with immediate effects on mental health. This study investigates adolescents’ reaction to the pandemic, by analyzing the behavioral mental health trends of depression, anxiety and sense of loneliness, in relation to personality traits. After controlling for demographics and family background, our results reveal strong relationships between several personality traits and psychological health indicators, during the pandemic in Greece. A total of 419 secondary school students (aged 12–18) were administered the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC), the Child Depression Inventory (CDI), the Big Five Inventory for measuring personality (BFI) and the Children’s Loneliness Questionnaire (CLS) during two time periods within pandemic. Overall, it appears that depression increased significantly in line with the escalation of the pandemic, while anxiety decreased, with the strongest predictors being the personality variables of extraversion, neuroticism and openness. Surprisingly, the study also revealed that the level of extraversion has a positive effect on changes in anxiety, while a negative one on changes in depression. On the other hand, neuroticism and openness seem to negatively correlate with anxiety changes and positively with depression changes. These findings highlight the importance of considering these variables in addressing individuals’ mental health behavior during the Covid-19 pandemic and elucidate the literature by offering a deeper understanding of the strong relationship between personality, depression and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Mourelatos
- Department of Economics, Oulu Business School, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Economics, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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176
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Deutz MHF, van Eldik WM, Over de Vest VT, Ringoot A, de Haan AD, Prinzie P. An 11-year prospective study of personality X parenting interactions as predictors of self-efficacy in young adults: diathesis-stress or differential susceptibility? BMC Psychol 2021; 9:172. [PMID: 34732263 PMCID: PMC8567597 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-021-00676-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-efficacy, individuals' beliefs regarding their capacities to perform actions or control (potentially stressful or novel) events, is thought to be important for various life domains. Little however is known about its early precursors. This study examined the predictive effects of childhood personality and parental behaviors (i.e., overreactive discipline and warmth) for general self-efficacy in young adulthood. Furthermore, it was examined whether personality and parenting behaviors interacted and whether these interactions supported the diathesis-stress or differential susceptibility model. These aims were examined in an 11-year prospective study of 336 participants (Mage at T1 = 10.83 years, range = 9-12 years, 53.9% girls). Personality and parental behaviors were reported at T1 by both mothers and fathers, whereas self-efficacy was self-reported at T2 11 years later. Hypotheses were tested in Mplus using multilevel structural equation modeling. RESULTS Results revealed that (only) emotional stability, and not parenting, predicted higher self-efficacy 11 years later. Benevolence functioned as a susceptibility marker in the association between overreactivity and self-efficacy. CONCLUSIONS The results show that childhood emotional stability is an important long-term predictor of self-efficacy, even into emerging adulthood. Moreover, the integration of individual differences in models of parenting effects may further improve our understanding of early adults' adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marike H F Deutz
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- HYPE Centre of Expertise on Early Intervention for Borderline Personality Disorder, GGz Centraal, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Willemijn M van Eldik
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Youz, Parnassia Psychiatric Institution, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Vera T Over de Vest
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ank Ringoot
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Amaranta D de Haan
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Prinzie
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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177
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Aassve A, Conzo P, Mattioli F. Was Banfield right? New insights from a nationwide laboratory experiment. JOURNAL OF REGIONAL SCIENCE 2021; 61:1029-1064. [PMID: 34819698 PMCID: PMC8596913 DOI: 10.1111/jors.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Since the pioneering study by Banfield, the North-South gap in Italian social capital has been considered by international scholars as an example of how cultural diversity within a country can generate different developmental outcomes. Most studies, however, suffer from limited external validity and measurement error. This paper exploits a new and representative online lab-experiment to assess social-capital patterns in Italy. Unlike previous experiments, we do not inform participants about the geographic origins of their counterparts. This feature allows us to assess the North-South gap in universal, as opposed to parochial, behavior. Results suggest that Southerners and Northerners do not systematically differ in generalized prosocial preferences. Only trustworthiness is higher among. Northerners, while they are statistically similar to Southerners in many other economic preferences such as cooperation, trust, expected trustworthiness, altruism, and risk tolerance. We also show that the gap in trustworthiness stems from the lower reciprocity of Southerners in response to large transfers, and it is characterized by the intergenerational transmission of norms. Possible policy implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnstein Aassve
- Dondena Centre for Research on Social Dynamics and Public PolicyBocconi UniversityMilanoItaly
- Department of Social and Political SciencesBocconi UniversityMilanoItaly
| | - Pierluigi Conzo
- University of TurinTorinoItaly
- Collegio Carlo AlbertoTorinoItaly
- Department of Economics and Statistics ‘S. Cognetti de Martiis’University of Turin, Campus Luigi EinaudiLungodora Siena 100ATorino10153Italy
| | - Francesco Mattioli
- Dondena Centre for Research on Social Dynamics and Public PolicyBocconi UniversityMilanoItaly
- Department of Social and Political SciencesBocconi UniversityMilanoItaly
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178
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Kanazawa S. Personality and early susceptibility to COVID-19 in the United Kingdom. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 32:786-795. [PMID: 34898962 PMCID: PMC8653120 DOI: 10.1002/casp.2578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper takes advantage of a unique dataset with a prospectively longitudinal, nationally representative sample (n = 5,178) that began in 1958 and has information on COVID-19 health status in 2020 to examine the effect of Big Five personality traits on compliance with social distancing requirements and contraction of COVID-19. The results show some consistency with epidemiological recommendations (Conscientious individuals were more likely to maintain social distance and less likely to contract COVID-19; men were less likely to comply and more likely to contract) but more inconsistency (Agreeable individuals were more likely to comply with social distancing requirements yet more likely to contract COVID-19; Open and Neurotic individuals were no less likely to comply yet more likely to contract COVID-19). The results highlight the importance of Big Five personality factors for behaviour in the global pandemic and may call into question the universal effectiveness of social distancing requirements for all individuals. However, the small number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 during the early months of the pandemic requires caution in interpretation of the results. Please refer to the Supplementary Material section to find this article's Community and Social Impact Statement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kanazawa
- Department of Management London School of Economics and Political Science London UK
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179
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Piotrowski K. Parental identity status in emerging and early adulthood, personality, and well-being: A cluster analytic approach. Scand J Psychol 2021; 62:820-832. [PMID: 34665875 PMCID: PMC9297901 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study was the first one in which parental identity statuses were investigated from the point of view of the processual identity model. The aim was the observation of individual differences among parents in respect of their parental identity (identity statuses) and differences between parents with a different identity status. In the study, 709 parents between the ages of 20 and 40 participated (64.8% women). The obtained results support the hypothesis that five different identity statuses in the parental domain could be identified, that is: Achievement, Foreclosure, Searching Moratorium, Moratorium, and Diffusion. Furthermore, hypothesized differences between different statuses regarding personality traits and well‐being have also been observed. The present study suggests that parental identity, which is often overlooked by neo‐Eriksonian identity researchers, is a fully‐fledged identity domain related to parents’ personality and well‐being and contextual factors associated with family life. The importance of the obtained results for our understanding of parental identity formation is discussed in the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Piotrowski
- Center for Research on Personality Development, SWPS University, Poznań, Poland
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180
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Wang P, Feng J, Wang Y, Zhu W, Wei S, Im H, Wang Q. Sex-specific static and dynamic functional networks of sub-divisions of striatum linking to the greed personality trait. Neuropsychologia 2021; 163:108066. [PMID: 34678357 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.108066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The study of greed has been broadly investigated and discussed in the field of social sciences, including economics, political science, and psychology. However, the neural mechanisms underlying greed personality trait (GPT) have received little attention from the cognitive neuroscience field and still remain unclear. In this study, we explored the associations between GPT and static/dynamic reward circuit-specifically its sub-regions' functional networks including caudate, nucleus accumbens (NAcc), and putamen. Behavioral analyses revealed significant associations of GPT with Past-Negative and Present-Fatalistic time attitude as well as attention impulsivity. Imaging analyses revealed a significant interaction effect between sex and GPT on the static reward functional networks. In particular, GPT was positively correlated with static caudate-NAcc, caudate-cerebellum, and NAcc-parahippocampus/medial orbitofrontal cortex (PHG/mOFC) for males but negatively correlated for females. GPT was also marginally and negatively correlated with static putamen-occipital pole functional connectivities among males. Interestingly, sex difference interaction patterns were further observed in the dynamic reward functional networks. Further, dynamic reward functional networks also exhibited some specific characteristics, manifesting in more brain regions involved for greedy behaviors. These findings suggest sex-specific static and dynamic functional networks underlying human dispositional greed, and also implicate the critical contributions of reward circuit, especially for sub-circuits of reward, on greed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinchun Wang
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Jie Feng
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Yajie Wang
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Wenwei Zhu
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Shiyu Wei
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Hohjin Im
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, 92697-7085, CA, USA.
| | - Qiang Wang
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China; Key Research Base of Humanities and Social of the Ministry of Education, Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China; Tianjin Social Science Laboratory of Students' Mental Development and Learning, Tianjin, 300387, China.
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181
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Volkert J, Taubner S, Barkauskiene R, Mestre JM, Sales CMD, Thiele V, Saliba A, Protić S, Adler A, Conejo-Cerón S, Di Giacomo D, Ioannou Y, Moreno-Peral P, Vieira FM, Mota CP, Raleva M, Rangel Santos Henriques MI, Røssberg JI, Schmidt SJ, Perdih TS, Ulberg R, Heinonen E. Mediators and Theories of Change in Psychotherapy for Young People With Personality Disorders: A Systematic Review Protocol. Front Psychol 2021; 12:703095. [PMID: 34616334 PMCID: PMC8488151 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.703095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Personality disorders (PDs) are a severe health issue already prevalent among adolescents and young adults. Early detection and intervention offer the opportunity to reduce disease burden and chronicity of symptoms and to enhance long-term functional outcomes. While psychological treatments for PDs have been shown to be effective for young people, the mediators and specific change mechanisms of treatment are still unclear. Aim: As part of the “European Network of Individualized Psychotherapy Treatment of Young People with Mental Disorders” (TREATme), funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST), we will conduct a systematic review to summarize the existing knowledge on mediators of treatment outcome and theories of change in psychotherapy for young people with personality disorders. In particular, we will evaluate whether mediators appear to be common or specific to particular age groups, treatment models, or outcome domains (e.g., psychosocial functioning, life quality, and adverse treatment effects). Method: We will follow the reporting guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement recommendations. Electronic databases (PubMed and PsycINFO) have been systematically searched for prospective, longitudinal, and case–control designs of psychological treatment studies, which examine mediators published in English. Participants will be young people between 10 and 30years of age who suffer from subclinical personality symptoms or have a personality disorder diagnosis and receive an intervention that aims at preventing, ameliorating, and/or treating psychological problems. Results: The results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and at conference presentations and will be shared with relevant stakeholder groups. The data set will be made available to other research groups following recommendations of the open science initiative. Databases with the systematic search will be made openly available following open science initiatives. The review has been registered in PROSPERO (evaluation is pending, registration number ID 248959). Implications: This review will deliver a comprehensive overview on the empirical basis to contribute to the further development of psychological treatments for young people with personality disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Volkert
- Department of Psychology, MSB Medical School Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Psychosocial Prevention, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Svenja Taubner
- Institute of Psychosocial Prevention, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Jose M Mestre
- Department of Psychology, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Célia M D Sales
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Science, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Center for Psychology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Thiele
- Institute of Psychology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Andrea Saliba
- Mental Health Services Malta, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Sonja Protić
- Institute of Criminological and Sociological Research Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Asta Adler
- Institute of Psychology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Dina Di Giacomo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Yianna Ioannou
- Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Filipa Mucha Vieira
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Science, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Center for Psychology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Pinheiro Mota
- Center for Psychology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Center for Psychology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Marija Raleva
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Clinic Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | | | | | - Stefanie J Schmidt
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Randi Ulberg
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Psychiatry, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erkki Heinonen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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182
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Fan W, Li M, Chen X. Reciprocal Relationship Between Parenting Styles and Interpersonal Personality in Chinese Adolescents. Front Psychol 2021; 12:740026. [PMID: 34690893 PMCID: PMC8528998 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.740026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the reciprocal relations between the parenting styles and adolescents' interpersonal personality in China. A total of 722 sixth-grade Chinese junior high school students reported their interpersonal relatedness (IR) personality trait and perceived parenting styles of their parents. Of these students, 411 completed the survey again in eighth grade. One parent of each student rated their parenting styles. The results indicated that perceived paternal rejection negatively predicted adolescents' IR 2 years later, whereas perceived paternal behavioral controlling positively predicted adolescents' IR 2 years later. IR also positively predicted perceived paternal warmth 2 years later. Significant reciprocal association between adolescents' IR and perceived maternal rejection was found. Parent-rated behavioral control negatively predicted adolescents' IR, whereas Parent-rated filial piety positively predicted adolescents' IR. The results were discussed in the Chinese context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiao Fan
- Research Institute for International and Comparative Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengting Li
- Faculty of Education, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Xinyin Chen
- Graduate School of Education, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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183
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EEG-Based Personality Prediction Using Fast Fourier Transform and DeepLSTM Model. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2021; 2021:6524858. [PMID: 34603433 PMCID: PMC8481053 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6524858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a deep long short term memory (DeepLSTM) network to classify personality traits using the electroencephalogram (EEG) signals is implemented. For this research, the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) model for predicting personality is used. There are four groups in MBTI, and each group consists of two traits versus each other; i.e., out of these two traits, every individual will have one personality trait in them. We have collected EEG data using a single NeuroSky MindWave Mobile 2 dry electrode unit. For data collection, 40 Hindi and English video clips were included in a standard database. All clips provoke various emotions, and data collection is focused on these emotions, as the clips include targeted, inductive scenes of personality. Fifty participants engaged in this research and willingly agreed to provide brain signals. We compared the performance of our deep learning DeepLSTM model with other state-of-the-art-based machine learning classifiers such as artificial neural network (ANN), K-nearest neighbors (KNN), LibSVM, and hybrid genetic programming (HGP). The analysis shows that, for the 10-fold partitioning method, the DeepLSTM model surpasses the other state-of-the-art models and offers a maximum classification accuracy of 96.94%. The proposed DeepLSTM model was also applied to the publicly available ASCERTAIN EEG dataset and showed an improvement over the state-of-the-art methods.
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184
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Lee JM, Roy N, Park A, Muntz H, Meier J, Skirko J, Smith M. Personality in Children With Vocal Fold Nodules: A Multitrait Analysis. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2021; 64:3742-3758. [PMID: 34525315 DOI: 10.1044/2021_jslhr-21-00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Vocal fold nodules (VNs) are bilateral, symmetrical, callous-like lesions secondary to phonotrauma and possibly related to specific personality traits. This case-control study examined the relation between personality and VNs in children within the context of the Trait Theory of VNs. Method Parents of children with VNs (N = 39, M = 7.43, SD = 2.01 years) and two medical control groups (i.e., voice disordered controls, but not VNs [VDCs; N = 40, M = 7.09, SD = 2.01 years] and vocally normal controls [VNCs; N = 40, M = 7.6, SD = 1.54 years]) completed the Inventory of Child Individual Differences, a personality instrument that describes the Big Five superfactors as well as 15 lower order personality traits. Results Children with VNs, as compared with VNCs, were (a) emotionally reactive (i.e., higher N-Neuroticism, p < .005, Cohen's d = 0.53), (b) Antagonistic, Strong-Willed, and less Compliant (i.e., lower A-Agreeableness, p < .014, Cohen's d = 0.59), and (c) Distractible and Disorganized (i.e., lower C-Conscientiousness, p < .009, Cohen's d = 0.62). Both voice disordered groups displayed elevated scores on the personality superfactor of Neuroticism (N; and the "Negative Emotions" lower order trait). Conclusions The combination of personality traits identified in this study (i.e., high N, low A and C) may play a central role in VNs development and possibly attenuate voice therapy success. Children with VNs displayed a similar personality typology as women with VNs, with the exception of elevated Extraversion (E), thereby providing support for the relevance of the Trait Theory of VNs in both children and adults. Clinicians treating children with voice disorders, including VNs, should consider their underlying personality traits in assessment and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Min Lee
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Nelson Roy
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Albert Park
- Pediatric Otolaryngology Clinic, Primary Children's Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Harlan Muntz
- Pediatric Otolaryngology Clinic, Primary Children's Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Jeremy Meier
- Pediatric Otolaryngology Clinic, Primary Children's Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Jonathan Skirko
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Marshall Smith
- Pediatric Otolaryngology Clinic, Primary Children's Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City
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185
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Cortico-striatal-thalamic loop as a neural correlate of neuroticism in the mind-body interface. J Psychosom Res 2021; 149:110590. [PMID: 34385032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although brain structural studies have demonstrated the neural correlates of neuroticism, the outcomes are not easily identified because of the various possible brain regions involved, low statistical power (low number of subjects), and brain structural measures available, such as mean diffusivity (MD), which are more suitable than standard regional measures of grey and white-matter volume (rGMV, rWMV) and fractional anisotropy (FA). We hypothesized that neuroticism neural correlates could be detected by MD and differentially identified using other measures. We aimed to visualize the neural correlates of neuroticism. METHODS A voxel-by-voxel regression analysis was performed using the MD, rGMV, rWMV, or FA value as the dependent variable and with neuroticism scores based on the NEO-FFI and its confounding factors as independent variables in 1207 (693 men and 514 women; age, 20.7 ± 1.8, 18-27 years), non-clinical students in a cross-sectional study. RESULTS MD in the cortico- (orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and posterior insula) striatal- (caudate and putamen) thalamic loop regions, including the right posterior limb of the internal capsule, were positively associated with neuroticism using the threshold-free cluster enhancement method with a family-wise error-corrected threshold of P < 0.0125 (0.05/4, Bonferroni correction for four types of MRI data [MD, rGMV, rWMV, and FA]) at the whole-brain level. CONCLUSIONS An increased MD has generally been associated with reduced neural tissues and possibly area function. Accordingly, this finding helps elucidate the mechanism of somatization in neuroticism because the regions related to neuroticism are considered neural correlates of somatoform disorders.
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186
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Watts AL, Wood PK, Jackson KM, Lisdahl KM, Heitzeg MM, Gonzalez R, Tapert SF, Barch DM, Sher KJ. Incipient alcohol use in childhood: Early alcohol sipping and its relations with psychopathology and personality. Dev Psychopathol 2021; 33:1338-1350. [PMID: 32522303 PMCID: PMC7814694 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579420000541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Prior research has shown that sipping of alcohol begins to emerge during childhood and is potentially etiologically significant for later substance use problems. Using a large, community sample of 9- and 10-year-olds (N = 11,872; 53% female), we examined individual differences in precocious alcohol use in the form of alcohol sipping. We focused explicitly on features that are robust and well-demonstrated correlates of, and antecedents to, alcohol excess and related problems later in the lifespan, including youth- and parent-reported externalizing traits (i.e., impulsivity, behavioral inhibition and activation) and psychopathology. Seventeen percent of the sample reported sipping alcohol outside of a religiously sanctioned activity by age 9 or 10. Several aspects of psychopathology and personality emerged as small but reliable correlates of sipping. Nonreligious sipping was related to youth-reported impulsigenic traits, aspects of behavioral activation, prodromal psychotic-like symptoms, and mood disorder diagnoses, as well as parent-reported externalizing disorder diagnoses. Religious sipping was unexpectedly associated with certain aspects of impulsivity. Together, our findings point to the potential importance of impulsivity and other transdiagnostic indicators of psychopathology (e.g., emotion dysregulation, novelty seeking) in the earliest forms of drinking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L. Watts
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MI, USA
| | - Phillip K. Wood
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MI, USA
| | | | - Krista M. Lisdahl
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Mary M. Heitzeg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Raul Gonzalez
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Susan F. Tapert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Deanna M. Barch
- Departments of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Psychiatry and Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kenneth J. Sher
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MI, USA
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187
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Bobdey S, Narayan S, Ilankumaran M, Pawar A. Association of personality traits with performance in military training. Med J Armed Forces India 2021; 77:431-436. [PMID: 34594072 PMCID: PMC8459049 DOI: 10.1016/j.mjafi.2020.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In today's era of asymmetric and unconventional warfare, psychological fitness is equally important as physical fitness. Personality assessment of soldiers, and more so officers who are leaders of men is essential in deciding what makes a good "War asset" The present study was conducted to explore the correlation between personality traits of cadets undergoing training in an Armed Forces Training Academy and their performance in terms of their military and academic pursuits. METHODS Personality traits of 607 cadets determined using Revised Neuroticism-Extraversion-Openness Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R) were compared and correlated with their performance in terms of Officer Like Qualities (OLQ), Outdoor activities (ODT), Academics, and Extracurricular Activities (ECA). RESULTS Cadets with high personality traits scores in Neuroticism and low scores in Conscientiousness (Work ethics) had performed poorly in all the domains/criteria for evaluation of performance viz Officer like qualities, Outdoor activities, Academics, and Extracurricular Activities. Further, a significant negative correlation was observed between facets of Neuroticism and Academics, ODT, and OLQ. In contrast, personality facets of Conscientiousness (Work ethic) were found to be positively correlated with performance in Academics, ODT, and OLQ. Extracurricular activities were found to be positively correlated with Modesty and Intellectual Curiosity. CONCLUSION The present study represents the first-ever attempt in Indian Armed Forces to correlate and identify personality traits most suited for military training. The findings of the study indicate that cadets with low scores of neuroticism and high scores of conscientiousness perform well in the military academy. However, more such studies are required to reaffirm the findings of the present study and to conclusively recommend personality traits most conducive for military training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Bobdey
- Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, India
| | | | - M. Ilankumaran
- Principal Medical Officer, Naval Dockyard, Mumbai, India
| | - A.A. Pawar
- Flat No. C-503, Jal Vayu Vihar, Sector A CHS Ltd, Adi Shankaracharya Marg, Powai, Mumbai, India
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188
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Kandler C, Rauthmann JF. Conceptualizing and Studying Characteristics, Units, and Fits of Persons and Environments: A Coherent Synthesis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070211048728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Based on a perspective on personality coherence as the extent to which personality-relevant characteristics are differentiated and integrated within a person in his or her environment, we propose a synthesis that builds on and harmonizes existing and partly conflicting theories, methodological approaches, and empirical findings. This understanding of personality coherence needs clear definitions of person and environment characteristics. We define traits as characteristics of the person, adaptations as characteristics of the person-in-contexts, and states as characteristics of the person-in-situations. Thus, our synthesis involves concepts of environments and person-environment units. Next, we provide testable criteria to differentiate characteristics of persons from characteristics of person-environment units and to identify dispositional traits for a narrow-sense perspective on personality coherence. We raise awareness of the importance of fit between (profiles of) person and environment characteristics for an understanding of the integrated uniqueness of persons in their environments. We outline implications of this broader perspective on personality coherence for personality development, self-regulation, social integration, well-being, and psychological interventions. Lastly, we conclude that the analysis of an individual’s uniqueness and personality differences requires information about how well-defined, well-differentiated, well-integrated, and well-operationalized person(ality) variables are actually expressed in, or interact and transact with, the individual environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kandler
- Department of Psychology, University of Bremen, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - John F. Rauthmann
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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189
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Twelve-Month Stability of a Brief FFM Measure and Validity of Its Impulsigenic Facets. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-021-09933-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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190
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Abstract
Personality psychology, which seeks to study individual differences in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that persist over time and place, has experienced a renaissance in the last few decades. It has also not been reviewed as a field in the Annual Review of Psychology since 2001. In this article, we seek to provide an update as well as a meta-organizational structure to the field. In particular, personality psychology has a prescribed set of four responsibilities that it implicitly or explicitly tackles as a field: (a) describing what personality is-i.e., what the units of analysis in the field are; (b) documenting how it develops; (c) explaining the processes of personality and why they affect functioning; and (d) providing a framework for understanding individuals and explaining their actions, feelings, and motivations. We review progress made over the last 20 years to address these four agendas and conclude by highlighting future directions and ongoing challenges to the field. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Psychology, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent W Roberts
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61820, USA; , .,Hector Research Institute of Education Sciences and Psychology, University of Tübingen, 72072 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hee J Yoon
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61820, USA; ,
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191
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Gagne JR, Barker K, Chang CN, Nwadinobi OK, Kwok OM. A Multi-Theoretical and Multi-Method Family Study Approach to Preschool Inhibitory Control: Links to Working Memory, Receptive Vocabulary, Behavioral Maladjustment, and Parent Mental Health in the Context of Temperament and Executive Functioning Perspectives. Front Psychol 2021; 12:703606. [PMID: 34475839 PMCID: PMC8407072 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.703606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory control (IC) is defined as the executive functioning (EF) and self-regulatory temperamental inhibition of impulsive or pre-potent behavior and has been consistently linked to multiple forms of childhood cognitive and socio-emotional maladjustment including academic and learning challenges, externalizing behaviors, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. However, the results of relevant investigations are somewhat dependent on the method of IC assessment and the theoretical approach of the researcher. The two primary theoretical perspectives on IC are the temperament and the EF approaches, and although there is considerable overlap between these perspectives, there are some distinctions with regard to assessment and emphases on cognition vs. emotion. Therefore, investigations including both temperament and EF approaches to IC are of considerable interest and will best inform future education, prevention, and intervention efforts. This investigation examined associations between child IC, working memory (WM), receptive vocabulary, externalizing behavioral problems, and primary caregiver depression and anxiety symptoms using a family study design. The sample was composed of 99 families with two typically developing preschool children (n = 198; 2.5-5.5 years old; M = 3.88, SD = 1.04) and one primary caregiver/parent. Child IC was assessed using a multi-method approach consisting of one parent-rated questionnaire, three independent observer rating subscales, two videotaped in-person laboratory temperament episodes, and an EF Stroop task. Child WM and receptive vocabulary were measured in the laboratory using standard assessment techniques, and the remaining measures were parent-reported. Male child participants had significantly higher levels of observer-rated hyperactivity and impulsivity, and females had higher levels of observer-rated attention and Stroop-assessed IC. Correlational results showed that excepting IC-Stroop and a snack delay task, all IC measures were significantly correlated. All IC measures except snack delay were positively correlated with WM, and with receptive vocabulary (except Lab-TAB snack delay and observer-rated hyperactivity), and WM and receptive vocabulary were also positively correlated. All IC variables, WM, and receptive vocabulary were significantly related to externalizing behavior problems. Generally, children with higher IC, WM, and receptive vocabulary had lower levels of behavioral maladjustment. Lower parent-rated IC and higher levels of externalizing behavior problems were positively associated with maternal depression and anxiety (lower receptive vocabulary level was related to depression only). Employing structural equation modeling (SEM) analyses, we further examined the interrelationships among IC temperament variables, IC-Stroop, WM, and receptive vocabulary, controlling for age, gender, externalizing behaviors, maternal depression and anxiety, and the parent-rater variance (the multi-method effect). The results of our hypothesized model showed that the IC Temperament factor, composed of the six temperament IC measures, showed a positive effect on receptive vocabulary, while the IC-Stroop positively predicted WM. The IC Temperament factor and IC-Stroop were positively correlated with each other, and the IC Temperament factor, IC-Stroop, WM, and receptive vocabulary were positively related to age. The IC Temperament factor was also associated with fewer externalizing behavior problems, maternal depression had a negative effect on receptive vocabulary, and females showed lower levels of WM and receptive vocabulary than males. Overall, the IC Temperament factor and other covariates together accounted for 22.5% of the variance in vocabulary, whereas IC-Stroop and other controlled variables could explain 49.8% of the variance in WM. These findings indicate that theoretical perspectives (in this case temperament and EF IC contexts) and the different types of assessments used are crucial considerations when interpreting the results of studies of early childhood IC. Although most assessments of IC were associated with the outcomes under study, we found specific associations between temperament measures of IC and receptive vocabulary as well as externalizing, and IC-Stroop and WM. In addition, maternal depression had an effect on receptive vocabulary, emphasizing the developmental importance of family environment in preschool. These findings are relevant to the field of child development because they address several important questions about child EF and self-regulation. 1. Do temperament and EF conceptions of IC differentially predict outcomes? 2. How does the way we measure IC from the EF and self-regulation/temperament perspectives impact our conceptualizations of these important constructs? 3. How can we reconcile the various ways different disciplines define IC and their independence/overlap? 4. How can multi-method and multi-disciplinary perspectives and data collection approaches be combined to better understand both the temperament and EF conceptions of IC? Future studies with this sample will employ this multi-theoretical and multi-method approach on assessment in preschool to predict temperament, EF, and behavioral and academic adjustment in elementary school longitudinally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Gagne
- Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Kaelyn Barker
- Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Chi-Ning Chang
- KU Life Span Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Ogechi K Nwadinobi
- Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Oi-Man Kwok
- Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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192
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Revisiting the relationship between smartphone use and academic performance: A large-scale study. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2021.106835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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193
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194
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Vital personality scores and healthy aging: Life-course associations and familial transmission. Soc Sci Med 2021; 285:114283. [PMID: 34450386 PMCID: PMC8482063 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Personality traits are linked with healthy aging, but it is not clear how these associations come to manifest across the life-course and across generations. To study this question, we tested a series of hypotheses about (a) personality-trait prediction of markers of healthy aging across the life-course, (b) developmental origins, stability and change of links between personality and healthy aging across time, and (c) intergenerational transmission of links between personality and healthy aging. For our analyses we used a measure that aggregates the contributions of Big 5 personality traits to healthy aging: a "vital personality" score. METHODS Data came from two population-based longitudinal cohort studies, one based in New Zealand and the other in the UK, comprising over 6000 study members across two generations, and spanning an age range from birth to late life. RESULTS Our analyses revealed three main findings: first, individuals with higher vital personality scores engaged in fewer health-risk behaviors, aged slower, and lived longer. Second, individuals' vital personality scores were preceded by differences in early-life temperament and were relatively stable across adulthood, but also increased from young adulthood to midlife. Third, individuals with higher vital personality scores had children with similarly vital partners, promoted healthier behaviors in their children, and had children who grew up to have more vital personality scores themselves, for genetic and environmental reasons. CONCLUSION Our study shows how the health benefits associated with personality accrue throughout the life-course and across generations.
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195
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McLean KC, Dunlap D, Jennings SC, Litvitskiy NS, Lilgendahl JP. Stability and change in autobiographical reasoning: A 4-year longitudinal study of narrative identity development. J Pers 2021; 90:343-356. [PMID: 34449887 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research on personality development has traditionally focused on rank-order stability and mean-level change in the context of personality traits. The present study expands this approach to the examination of change and stability at another level of personality-narrative identity-by focusing on autobiographical reasoning. Drawing from theory in personality and developmental science, we examine stability and change in exploratory processing and positive and negative self-event connections. METHOD We take advantage of a longitudinal study of emerging adult personality and identity development, which includes four waves of data across 4 years, examining reasoning in two domains of identity, academics, and romance (n = 1520 narratives; n = 176-638 participants, depending on the analysis). RESULTS We found moderate rank-order stability in autobiographical reasoning, but more so for exploratory processing than self-event connections. We found mean-level increases for exploratory processing in the context of romance and stability in the context of academics. For self-event connections, we saw a decrease for positive connections, and for negative connections about romance, with stability for negative connections about academics. CONCLUSIONS Implications include developmental differences in types of reasoning as well as the sensitivity of narrative identity to revealing the contextual nature of personality development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate C McLean
- Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
| | - David Dunlap
- Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
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196
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de Maat DA, Schuurmans IK, Jongerling J, Metcalf SA, Lucassen N, Franken IHA, Prinzie P, Jansen PW. Early life stress and behavior problems in early childhood: Investigating the contributions of child temperament and executive functions to resilience. Child Dev 2021; 93:e1-e16. [PMID: 34448495 PMCID: PMC9291511 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This preregistered study examined whether child temperament and executive functions moderated the longitudinal association between early life stress (ELS) and behavior problems. In a Dutch population-based cohort (n = 2803), parents reported on multiple stressors (age 0-6 years), child temperament (age 5), and executive functions (age 4), and teachers rated child internalizing and externalizing problems (age 7). Results showed that greater ELS was related to higher levels of internalizing and externalizing problems, with betas reflecting small effects. Lower surgency buffered the positive association of ELS with externalizing problems, while better shifting capacities weakened the positive association between ELS and internalizing problems. Other child characteristics did not act as moderators. Findings underscore the importance of examining multiple protective factors simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna A de Maat
- Department of Psychology, Education, and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Isabel K Schuurmans
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joran Jongerling
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen A Metcalf
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicole Lucassen
- Department of Psychology, Education, and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingmar H A Franken
- Department of Psychology, Education, and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Prinzie
- Department of Psychology, Education, and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pauline W Jansen
- Department of Psychology, Education, and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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197
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Yang J, Huebner ES, Tian L. Transactional Processes Among Childhood Maltreatment, Self-Control and Aggression in Early Adolescence: Disentangling Between- and Within-Person Associations. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2021; 50:321-334. [PMID: 34448119 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-021-00863-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has investigated the associations among childhood maltreatment, self-control, and aggression among adolescents without distinguishing between-person effects from within-person effects. Thus, we evaluated the dynamic longitudinal associations among childhood maltreatment, self-control, and aggression, including whether self-control functioned as a mediator of the reciprocal relations between childhood maltreatment and aggression at the within-person level after disentangling between- and within-person associations. A sample of 2050 Chinese early adolescents (43.69% girls, Mage = 10.39 years, SD = 0.55, range = 9 to 12 years at T1) completed measures on 5 occasions across 2.5 years, using 6-month intervals. Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Models were applied to disaggregate between- and within-person effects. RI-CLPMs analysis revealed that at the within-person level: (a) Childhood maltreatment and aggression bidirectionally predicted each other; (b) Childhood maltreatment and self-control bidirectionally predicted each other; (c) Aggression predicted subsequent self-control but not vice versa; (d) Childhood maltreatment did not indirectly predict aggression via self-control and vice versa; (e) Additionally, there were no gender differences observed in the longitudinal associations among childhood maltreatment, self-control and aggression. These findings advanced the literature by elucidating longitudinal associations among childhood maltreatment, self-control, and aggression at the within-person level, highlighting the significance of distinguishing between- and within-person effects in research informing the development of prevention and intervention programs aimed at reducing adolescent aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaping Yang
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - E Scott Huebner
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Lili Tian
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China. .,Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China. .,Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China. .,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
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198
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Problem Gambling 'Fuelled on the Fly'. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168607. [PMID: 34444355 PMCID: PMC8392478 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Problem gambling is a gambling disorder often described as continued gambling in the face of increasing losses. In this article, we explored problem gambling behaviour and its psychological determinants. We considered the assumption of stability in risky preferences, anticipated by both normative and descriptive theories of decision making, as well as recent evidence that risk preferences are in fact 'constructed on the fly' during risk elicitation. Accordingly, we argue that problem gambling is a multifaceted disorder, which is 'fueled on the fly' by a wide range of contextual and non-contextual influences, including individual differences in personality traits, hormonal and emotional activations. We have proposed that the experience of gambling behaviour in itself is a dynamic experience of events in time series, where gamblers anchor on the most recent event-typically a small loss or rare win. This is a highly adaptive, but erroneous, decision-making mechanism, where anchoring on the most recent event alters the psychological representations of substantial and accumulated loss in the past to a representation of negligible loss. In other words, people feel better while they gamble. We conclude that problem gambling researchers and policy makers will need to employ multifaceted and holistic approaches to understand problem gambling.
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199
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Age differences in the personality hierarchy: A multi-sample replication study across the life span. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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200
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Personality Traits and Health-Related Quality of Life in Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) Patients: The Mediating Role of Illness Perceptions. PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12646-021-00618-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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