151
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Glaab T, Ziegert M, Baelder R, Korolewitz R, Braun A, Hohlfeld JM, Mitzner W, Krug N, Hoymann HG. Invasive versus noninvasive measurement of allergic and cholinergic airway responsiveness in mice. Respir Res 2005; 6:139. [PMID: 16309547 PMCID: PMC1316879 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-6-139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2005] [Accepted: 11/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study seeks to compare the ability of repeatable invasive and noninvasive lung function methods to assess allergen-specific and cholinergic airway responsiveness (AR) in intact, spontaneously breathing BALB/c mice. Methods Using noninvasive head-out body plethysmography and the decrease in tidal midexpiratory flow (EF50), we determined early AR (EAR) to inhaled Aspergillus fumigatus antigens in conscious mice. These measurements were paralleled by invasive determination of pulmonary conductance (GL), dynamic compliance (Cdyn) and EF50 in another group of anesthetized, orotracheally intubated mice. Results With both methods, allergic mice, sensitized and boosted with A. fumigatus, elicited allergen-specific EAR to A. fumigatus (p < 0.05 versus controls). Dose-response studies to aerosolized methacholine (MCh) were performed in the same animals 48 h later, showing that allergic mice relative to controls were distinctly more responsive (p < 0.05) and revealed acute airway inflammation as evidenced from increased eosinophils and lymphocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage. Conclusion We conclude that invasive and noninvasive pulmonary function tests are capable of detecting both allergen-specific and cholinergic AR in intact, allergic mice. The invasive determination of GL and Cdyn is superior in sensitivity, whereas the noninvasive EF50 method is particularly appropriate for quick and repeatable screening of respiratory function in large numbers of conscious mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Glaab
- Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Nikolai-Fuchs Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Carl-Neuberg Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Michaela Ziegert
- Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Nikolai-Fuchs Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ralf Baelder
- Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Nikolai-Fuchs Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Regina Korolewitz
- Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Nikolai-Fuchs Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Armin Braun
- Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Nikolai-Fuchs Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens M Hohlfeld
- Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Nikolai-Fuchs Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Carl-Neuberg Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Wayne Mitzner
- Division of Physiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Norbert Krug
- Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Nikolai-Fuchs Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Heinz G Hoymann
- Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Nikolai-Fuchs Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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152
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McKinley L, Kim J, Bolgos GL, Siddiqui J, Remick DG. CXC chemokines modulate IgE secretion and pulmonary inflammation in a model of allergic asthma. Cytokine 2005; 32:178-85. [PMID: 16290175 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2005.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2005] [Revised: 08/05/2005] [Accepted: 09/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of asthma is influenced by exposure to allergens and endotoxin. Although the role of allergen-induced eosinophilia has been widely studied, neutrophil-mediated responses remain elusive. A role for neutrophils in the asthmatic responses is likely since human neutrophils have been shown to express IgE receptors, as well as receptors for many cytokines and chemokines implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma. In this study we investigated neutrophil involvement in a novel, house dust extract (HDE) induced model of asthma-like pulmonary inflammation. Mice were immunized and challenged with HDE containing high levels of cockroach allergens, 377 U/ml Bla g1 and 6249 ng/ml Bla g2. The biological activity of the murine chemokines KC and MIP-2 was inhibited with specific rabbit antisera. Differential counting of cells recovered from the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid showed that neutralization of KC and MIP-2 significantly decreased pulmonary recruitment of neutrophils (reduced 86%) and lymphocytes (reduced 76%). Neutralization of these chemokines also exerted a systemic effect with a significant decrease in plasma IgE levels, 547 ng/ml+/-65 compared to 1314 ng/ml+/-247 for control sera treated animals. This study shows that CXC chemokines play an important role in allergy and asthma both at the level of pulmonary cell recruitment and systemic immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura McKinley
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0602, USA
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153
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Ameredes BT, Zamora R, Sethi JM, Liu HL, Kohut LK, Gligonic AL, Choi AMK, Calhoun WJ. Alterations in nitric oxide and cytokine production with airway inflammation in the absence of IL-10. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:1206-13. [PMID: 16002724 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.2.1206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine that suppresses NO synthase (NOS) and production of NO; its lack may promote NO production and alterations in cytokines modulated by NO with allergic airway inflammation (AI), such as IL-18 and IL-4. Therefore, we induced AI in IL-10 knockout ((-/-)) and IL-10-sufficient C57BL/6 (C57) mice with inhaled OVA and measured airway NO production, as exhaled NO (E(NO)) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid nitrite levels. E(NO) and nitrite levels were elevated significantly in naive IL-10(-/-) mice as compared with C57 mice. With AI, E(NO) and nitrite levels increased in C57 mice and decreased in IL-10(-/-) mice. IL-18 production fell with both AI and addition of S-nitroso-N-acetyl-d,l-penicillamine (a NO donor) but was not significantly increased by chemical NOS inhibition by l-N(5)-(1-iminoethyl)-ornithine. IL-4 AI was increased significantly (up to 10-fold greater) in the absence of IL-10 but was reduced significantly with chemical inhibition of NOS. Airway responsiveness was lower in IL-10(-/-) mice and was associated with alteration in production of NO and IL-4. Thus, IL-4 production was increased, and likely decreased NO production, in a way not predicted by the absence of IL-10. Inhibition of IL-4 production, with inhibition of NOS in the absence of IL-10, demonstrated the importance of a NO and IL-4 feedback mechanism regulating this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill T Ameredes
- Asthma, Allergy, and Airway Research Center, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3459 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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154
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Lei YC, Chen MC, Chan CC, Wang PY, Lee CT, Cheng TJ. Effects of concentrated ambient particles on airway responsiveness and pulmonary inflammation in pulmonary hypertensive rats. Inhal Toxicol 2005; 16:785-92. [PMID: 16036748 DOI: 10.1080/08958370490490572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have associated particulate air pollution with exacerbation of lung function in human populations. However, the relationship between ambient particles and lung function in animal studies has been inconsistent. In order to investigate the effects of concentrated ambient particles (CAPs) on airway responsiveness, we exposed pulmonary hypertensive rats to CAPs using particle concentrator at an EPA of Taiwan supersite, located at a traffic busy urban area nearing Taipei city. The exposure group (n = 5) was exposed to CAPs for 6 h each day for 3 consecutive days (mean mass concentration = 371.7 microg/m(3)), while a control group (n = 6) was exposed to HEPA-filtered air. Whole-body barometric plethysmography was used to measure respiratory frequency, tidal volume, and airway responsiveness before and after exposure. Enhanced pause (Penh) was used as an indicator of airway responsiveness. To improve the accuracy of airway responsiveness measurement, we controlled temperature and humidity. Further, airway responsiveness was determined 5 h after particle exposure to overcome the stress effect in nose-only exposure chambers. After CAPs exposure, we found decreased respiratory frequency and increased tidal volume (p < .05). Using the methacholine challenge test, a significant difference of Penh measured before and after experiment was observed in the CAPs group (p < .05), but not in the filtered air group. Further analysis showed that the Penh difference before and after exposure in the CAPs group was significantly greater than that in the filtered air group (p < .05). We conclude that CAPs could induce airway hyperresponsiveness in pulmonary hypertensive rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Lei
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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155
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Lai-Fook SJ, Lai YL. Airway resistance due to alveolar gas compression measured by barometric plethysmography in mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2005; 98:2204-18. [PMID: 15677740 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00869.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a method for measuring airway resistance (Raw) in mice that does not require a measurement of airway flow. An analysis of Raw induced by alveolar gas compression showed the following relationship for an animal breathing spontaneously in a closed box: Raw = AbtVb/[Vt (Ve + 0.5Vt)]. Here Abt is the area under the box pressure-time curve during inspiration or expiration, Vb is box volume, Vt is tidal volume, and Ve is functional residual capacity (FRC). In anesthetized and conscious unrestrained mice, from experiments with both room temperature box air and body temperature humidified box air, the contributions of gas compression to the box pressure amplitude were 15 and 31% of those due to the temperature-humidity difference between box and alveolar gas. We corrected the measured Abt and Vt for temperature-humidity and gas compression effects, respectively, using a sinusoidal analysis. In anesthetized mice, Raw averaged 4.3 cmH2O·ml−1·s, fourfold greater than pulmonary resistance measured by conventional methods. In conscious mice with an assumed FRC equal to that measured in the anesthetized mice, the corrected Raw at room temperature averaged 1.9 cmH2O·ml−1·s. In both conscious mice and anesthetized mice, exposure to aerosolized methacholine with room temperature box air significantly increased Raw by around eightfold. Here we assumed that in the conscious mice both Vt and FRC remained constant. In both conscious and anesthetized mice, body temperature humidified box air reduced the methacholine-induced increase in Raw observed at room temperature. The method using the increase in Abt with bronchoconstriction provides a conservative estimate for the increase in Raw in conscious mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Lai-Fook
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Wenner-Gren Research Laboratory, University of Kentucky-Lexington, Lexington, KY 40506-0070, USA.
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156
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Nakagome K, Dohi M, Okunishi K, To Y, Sato A, Komagata Y, Nagatani K, Tanaka R, Yamamoto K. Antigen-sensitized CD4+CD62Llow memory/effector T helper 2 cells can induce airway hyperresponsiveness in an antigen free setting. Respir Res 2005; 6:46. [PMID: 15921525 PMCID: PMC1180472 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-6-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2004] [Accepted: 05/28/2005] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) is one of the most prominent features of asthma, however, precise mechanisms for its induction have not been fully elucidated. We previously reported that systemic antigen sensitization alone directly induces AHR before development of eosinophilic airway inflammation in a mouse model of allergic airway inflammation, which suggests a critical role of antigen-specific systemic immune response itself in the induction of AHR. In the present study, we examined this possibility by cell transfer experiment, and then analyzed which cell source was essential for this process. Methods BALB/c mice were immunized with ovalbumin (OVA) twice. Spleen cells were obtained from the mice and were transferred in naive mice. Four days later, AHR was assessed. We carried out bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) to analyze inflammation and cytokine production in the lung. Fluorescence and immunohistochemical studies were performed to identify T cells recruiting and proliferating in the lung or in the gut of the recipient. To determine the essential phenotype, spleen cells were column purified by antibody-coated microbeads with negative or positive selection, and transferred. Then, AHR was assessed. Results Transfer of spleen cells obtained from OVA-sensitized mice induced a moderate, but significant, AHR without airway antigen challenge in naive mice without airway eosinophilia. Immunization with T helper (Th) 1 elicited antigen (OVA with complete Freund's adjuvant) did not induce the AHR. Transferred cells distributed among organs, and the cells proliferated in an antigen free setting for at least three days in the lung. This transfer-induced AHR persisted for one week. Interleukin-4 and 5 in the BAL fluid increased in the transferred mice. Immunoglobulin E was not involved in this transfer-induced AHR. Transfer of in vitro polarized CD4+ Th2 cells, but not Th1 cells, induced AHR. We finally clarified that CD4+CD62Llow memory/effector T cells recruited in the lung and proliferated, thus induced AHR. Conclusion These results suggest that antigen-sensitized memory/effector Th2 cells themselves play an important role for induction of basal AHR in an antigen free, eosinophil-independent setting. Therefore, regulation of CD4+ T cell-mediated immune response itself could be a critical therapeutic target for allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Nakagome
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Dohi
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhide Okunishi
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo To
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sato
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Komagata
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuya Nagatani
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Tanaka
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yamamoto
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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157
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Torres R, Picado C, de Mora F. [Use of the mouse to unravel allergic asthma: a review of the pathogenesis of allergic asthma in mouse models and its similarity to the condition in humans]. Arch Bronconeumol 2005; 41:141-52. [PMID: 15766467 DOI: 10.1016/s1579-2129(06)60415-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Torres
- Departamento de Farmacología, de Terapéutica y de Toxicología, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallés, Barcelona, Spain
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158
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Savov JD, Brass DM, Lawson BL, McElvania-Tekippe E, Walker JKL, Schwartz DA. Toll-like receptor 4 antagonist (E5564) prevents the chronic airway response to inhaled lipopolysaccharide. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2005; 289:L329-37. [PMID: 15833764 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00014.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although chronic inhalation of endotoxin or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) causes all of the classic features of asthma, including airway hyperreactivity, airway inflammation, and airway remodeling, the mechanisms involved in this process are not clearly understood. The objective of this study was to determine whether intratracheal treatment with LPS antagonist (E5564, a lipid A analog) prevented the development of chronic endotoxin-induced airway disease in a mouse model of environmental airway disease. Pretreatment with 10 and 100 microg of E5564 was found to inhibit the airway response (hyperreactivity and inflammation) for up to 48 h after the administration of the compound. Repeated dosing with 50 microg of E5564 intratracheally did not cause any measurable toxicity. Therefore, in a chronic experiment, mice were treated with either E5564 (50 microg) or vehicle three times weekly for 5 wk and simultaneously daily exposed to either LPS (4.65 +/- 0.30 microg/m3) or saline aerosol. E5564 was effective in decreasing the airway hyperreactivity to methacholine, the air space neutrophilia, the interleukin-6 in the lung lavage fluid, and the neutrophil infiltration of the airways 36 h after 5 wk of LPS inhalation. Less collagen deposition was observed in the airways of E5564-treated mice compared with vehicle-treated mice after a 4-wk recovery period. Our results indicate that E5564, a Toll-like receptor 4 antagonist, minimizes the physiological and biological effects of chronic LPS inhalation, suggesting a therapeutic role for competitive LPS antagonists in preventing or reducing endotoxin-induced environmental airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan D Savov
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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159
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Bowles K, Horohov D, Paulsen D, Leblanc C, Littlefield-Chabaud M, Ahlert T, Ahlert K, Pourciau S, Penn A. Exposure of adult mice to environmental tobacco smoke fails to enhance the immune response to inhaled antigen. Inhal Toxicol 2005; 17:43-51. [PMID: 15764482 DOI: 10.1080/08958370590885690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic evidence supports a role for environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in the occurrence and severity of allergies/asthma. However, neither the precise combination of ETS and allergen exposure nor the mechanism (or mechanisms) by which these factors interact and contribute to asthma induction is known. Animal model studies have failed to establish a convincing relationship between ETS exposure and asthma induction, perhaps because of methodological inadequacies. Here, we tested the hypothesis that ETS inhalation would provoke an asthmatic response by overcoming normal airway tolerance to inhaled antigens. Our protocol combined daily ETS exposure with nose-only sensitization to ovalbumin. Three strains of mice were tested, each with a different level of susceptibility to airway hypersensitivity. Immunological responses were assessed by immunoglobulin production. Airway inflammation was assessed by bronchoalveolar lavage differentials and lung histopathology. Airway hyperresponsiveness was determined by methacholine challenge. The mice produced ovalbumin-specific antibodies following ovalbumin exposure in a strain-dependent manner. Only the A/J mice produced detectable levels of ovalbumin-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) E. Both A/J and BALB/c mice produced ovalbumin-specific IgG1 antibodies. The C57Bl/6 mice did not produce detectable levels of antibodies. The A/J mice also exhibited airway inflammation following ovalbumin exposure. Neither the C57Bl/6 nor the BALB/c mice exhibited signs of airway inflammation. Exposure to ETS failed to enhance ovalbumin-specific antibody production, airway inflammation, or hyperresponsiveness. Together these results indicate that ETS exposure accompanied by nose-only allergen sensitization fails to overcome aerosol tolerance in adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Bowles
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences School of Veterinary Medicine Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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160
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Lundblad LKA, Thompson-Figueroa J, Leclair T, Sullivan MJ, Poynter ME, Irvin CG, Bates JHT. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha overexpression in lung disease: a single cause behind a complex phenotype. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171:1363-70. [PMID: 15805183 PMCID: PMC2718479 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200410-1349oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) has been implicated as a key cytokine in many inflammatory lung diseases. These effects are currently unclear, because a transgenic mouse overexpressing TNF-alpha in the lung has been shown in separate studies to produce elements of both emphysema and pulmonary fibrosis. OBJECTIVES We sought to elucidate the phenotypic effects of TNF-alpha overexpression in a mouse model. MEASUREMENTS We established the phenotype by measuring lung impedance and thoracic gas volume, and using micro-computed tomography and histology. MAIN RESULTS We found that airways resistance in this mouse was not different to control mice, but that lung tissue dampening, elastance, and hysteresivity were significantly elevated. Major heterogeneous abnormalities of the parenchyma were also apparent in histologic sections and in micro-computed tomography images of the lung. These changes included airspace enlargement, loss of small airspaces, increased collagen, and thickened pleural septa. We also found significant increases in lung and chest cavity volumes in the TNF-alpha-overexpressing mice. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that TNF-alpha overexpression causes pathologic changes consistent with both emphysema and pulmonary fibrosis combined with a general lung inflammation, and consequently does not model any single human disease. Our study thus confirms the pleiotropic effects of TNF-alpha, which has been implicated in multiple inflammatory disorders, and underscores the necessity of using a wide range of investigative techniques to link gene expression and phenotype in animal models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart K A Lundblad
- Vermont Lung Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, HSRF 230, 149 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405-0075, USA.
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161
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Torres R, Picado C, de Mora F. Descubriendo el asma de origen alérgico a través del ratón. Un repaso a la patogenia de los modelos de asma alérgica en el ratón y su similitud con el asma alérgica humana. Arch Bronconeumol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0300-2896(05)70605-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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162
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Ramos-Barbón D, Ludwig MS, Martin JG. Airway remodeling: lessons from animal models. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2005; 27:3-21. [PMID: 15347847 DOI: 10.1385/criai:27:1:003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Airway remodeling, an array of persistent tissue structural changes that occurs through a process of injury and dysregulated repair linked to airway chronic inflammation, is presently believed to largely account for the disease mechanisms of asthma. Increases in airway smooth muscle mass are probably the main mechanism causing airway hyperresponsiveness, and changes in the extracellular matrix may stimulate smooth muscle growth and contribute to the mechanics of airway obstruction. The various components of airway remodeling described inhuman asthma have been successfully reproduced in animal models of several species. Most of the data have been contributed by rat models of allergic sensitization and repeated challenge,transgenic mouse models of cytokine overexpression localized to the lung and, more recently, allergen-driven mouse models using wild-type inbred strains. Overall, animal model shave provided significant insights into the mechanisms of airway remodeling and recent technological developments allow us to exploit these models in new directions. However, the challenge of finding new therapeutic strategies that prevent or control airway remodeling,thus providing etiopathogenically oriented treatments for asthma, still stands. Experimental airway remodeling in animals should be an essential tool for treatment discovery in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ramos-Barbón
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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163
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Groeben H, Meier S, Brown RH, O'Donnell CP, Mitzner W, Tankersley CG. The effect of leptin on the ventilatory responseto hyperoxia. Exp Lung Res 2005; 30:559-70. [PMID: 15371092 DOI: 10.1080/01902140490489144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Leptin-deficient mice show a blunted response to hypercapnia explained by central nervous system effects. The impact of leptin on peripheral chemoreceptor function is unclear. Therefore, 9 mutant (ob/ob) and 9 wild-type (+/+) mice were exposed to room air or 100% oxygen and respiratory rate (RR) and tidal volume (Vt) were measured. Subsequently, ob/ob mice received either leptin or vehicle and measurements were repeated. Compared to baseline, for +/+ mice, RR decreased significantly by 9.4% +/- 3.0% (means +/- SD), whereas Vt remained unchanged. Transition from normoxia to hyperoxia did not change RR and Vt in untreated ob/ob mice, whereas after leptin treatment, RR and Vt decreased significantly. Leptin deficiency abolishes the response to hyperoxia, which is restored by leptin replacement. Thus, leptin seems to be influential for a competent peripheral chemoreceptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Groeben
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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164
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Ackerman KG, Huang H, Grasemann H, Puma C, Singer JB, Hill AE, Lander E, Nadeau JH, Churchill GA, Drazen JM, Beier DR. Interacting genetic loci cause airway hyperresponsiveness. Physiol Genomics 2005; 21:105-11. [PMID: 15657107 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00267.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) is a key physiological component of asthma, and the genetic basis of this complex trait has remained elusive. We created recombinant congenic mice with increased naive AHR by serially backcrossing A/J mice (which have elevated naive AHR) with C57BL/6J mice and selecting for mice with an elevated naive AHR phenotype. The seventh backcross-generation hyperresponsive mice retained A/J loci in three regions. Quantitative trait linkage (QTL) analysis of 123 unselected N8 progeny demonstrated that the AHR phenotype was not associated with any single locus but was significantly associated with an interaction of loci on chromosomes 2 and 6. These findings were confirmed in an independent analysis of chromosome substitution strain mice. The identification of genomic regions containing loci causally associated with AHR and the demonstration that this trait requires their interaction have important implications for the dissection of the genetic etiology of asthma in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate G Ackerman
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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165
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Ameredes BT, Sethi JM, Liu HL, Choi AMK, Calhoun WJ. Enhanced nitric oxide production associated with airway hyporesponsiveness in the absence of IL-10. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004; 288:L868-73. [PMID: 15618456 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00207.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine implicated in the regulation of airway inflammation in asthma. Among other activities, IL-10 suppresses production of nitric oxide (NO); consequently, its absence may permit increased NO production, which can affect airway smooth muscle contractility. Therefore, we investigated airway reactivity (AR) in response to methacholine (MCh) in IL-10 knockout (-/-) mice compared with wild-type C57BL/6 (C57) mice, in which airway NO production was measured as exhaled NO (E(NO)), and NO production was altered with administration of either NO synthase (NOS)-specific inhibitors or recombinant murine (rm)IL-10. AR, measured as enhanced pause in vivo, and tracheal ring tension in vitro were lower in IL-10(-/-) mice by 25-50%, which was associated with elevated E(NO) levels (13 vs. 7 ppb). Administration of NOS inhibitors N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (8 mg/kg ip) or L-N(6)-(1-iminoethyl)-lysine (3 mg/kg ip) to IL-10(-/-) mice decreased E(NO) by an average of 50%, which was associated with increased AR, to levels similar to C57 mice. E(NO) in IL-10(-/-) mice decreased in a dose-dependent fashion in response to administered rmIL-10, to levels similar to C57 mice (7 ppb), which was associated with a 30% increment in AR. Thus increased NO production in the absence of IL-10, decreased AR, which was reversed with inhibition of NO, either by inhibition of NOS, or with reconstitution of IL-10. These findings suggest that airway NO production can modulate airway smooth muscle contractility, resulting in airway hyporesponsiveness when IL-10 is absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill T Ameredes
- Asthma, Allergy, and Airway Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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166
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167
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Duan W, Chan JHP, McKay K, Crosby JR, Choo HH, Leung BP, Karras JG, Wong WSF. Inhaled p38alpha mitogen-activated protein kinase antisense oligonucleotide attenuates asthma in mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 171:571-8. [PMID: 15557129 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200408-1006oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) plays a critical role in the activation of inflammatory cells. Therefore, we investigated the antiinflammatory effects of a respirable p38alpha MAPK antisense oligonucleotide (p38alpha-ASO) in a mouse asthma model. A potent and selective p38alpha-ASO was characterized in vitro. Inhalation of aerosolized p38alpha-ASO using an aerosol chamber dosing system produced measurable lung deposition of ASO and significant reduction of ovalbumin (OVA-)-induced increases in total cells, eosinophils, and interleukin 4 (IL-4), IL-5, and IL-13 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and dose-dependent inhibition of airway hyperresponsiveness in allergen-challenged mice. Furthermore, inhaled p38alpha-ASO markedly inhibited OVA-induced lung tissue eosinophilia and airway mucus hypersecretion. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cells and peribronchial lymph node cells showed that p38alpha-ASO significantly reduced p38alpha MAPK mRNA expression. Nose-only aerosol exposure of mice verified the p38alpha-ASO-induced inhibition of OVA-induced pulmonary eosinophilia, mucus hypersecretion, and airway hyperresponsiveness. None of the effects of the p38alpha-ASO were produced by a six-base mismatched control oligonucleotide. These findings demonstrate antisense pharmacodynamic activity in the airways after aerosol delivery and suggest that a p38alpha MAPK ASO approach may have therapeutic potential for asthma and other inflammatory lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Duan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD2, 18 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597
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168
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Kirschvink N, Vincke G, Onclinx C, Peck MJ, Gustin P. Comparison between pulmonary resistance and Penh in anaesthetised rats with tracheal diameter reduction and after carbachol inhalation. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2004; 51:123-8. [PMID: 15767205 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2004.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2004] [Accepted: 10/05/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Single-chambered barometric whole-body plethysmography is frequently used as a noninvasive lung function test. However, the validity of the enhanced Pause (Penh), an index of airflow limitation, remains controversial. We compared Penh with pulmonary resistance (R(L)) to test whether Penh detects tracheal subobstruction and carbachol-induced airflow limitation in spontaneously breathing, anaesthetised rats. METHODS Fourteen male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent tracheal catheterisation, followed by measurements of R(L) and Penh. Six rats underwent tracheal subobstruction by the consecutive insertion into the lumen of the tracheal tube of two catheters of decreasing diameter. Eight rats received an inhaled saline challenge, followed by two noncumulative nebulizations of carbachol (1.25 mg/mL, 1 min). RESULTS In rats with tracheal calibre reductions, R(L) significantly increased at each reduction (0.218+/-0.052 vs. 0.417+/-0.058 vs. 0.820+/-0.258 cm H(2)O/mL s, p<0.05), whereas Penh only increased after the last reduction (1.88+/-0.25 vs. 2.47+/-0.26, p<0.05). Increases (Delta) of R(L) and Penh were not correlated. In comparison to postsaline values, carbachol induced a significant increase of Penh (1.93+/-0.44 vs. 4.05+/-1.45, p<0.005) and R(L) (0.137+/-0.04 vs. 0.284+/-0.084 cm H(2)O/mL.s, p<0.005). DeltaPenh and DeltaR(L) were significantly correlated (r=0.80, p<0.05). DISCUSSION This study showed, by comparing Penh with R(L), that single-chambered plethysmography measuring Penh allows to detect carbachol-induced airflow limitation in spontaneously breathing, anaesthetised Sprague-Dawley rats, but poorly detects an increase in R(L) due to tracheal calibre reductions. These findings suggest that Penh might be only be used as an index of airflow limitation under well-defined experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Kirschvink
- Department for Functional Sciences B41, Section of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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Miyamoto K, Iwase M, Kimura H, Homma I. Central histamine contributes to the inspiratory off-switch mechanism via H1 receptors in mice. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2004; 144:25-33. [PMID: 15522700 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2004.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Central histaminergic neurons are distributed in areas of the medulla and pons concerned with respiratory rhythm generation, but their effects on breathing pattern are unknown. We examined breathing pattern during hypercapnic responses in wild type (WT) and H1 receptor knockout (H1RKO) mice at 9-10 weeks of age before and after vagotomy. Minute ventilation increased with PaCO(2) increase equally in both genotypes; respiratory rate response was lower and tidal volume (V(T)) response higher in H1RKO mice than in WT mice. The V(T)-inspiratory time (T(I)) relation during hypercapnia was hyperbolic in both groups, with the curve in H1RKO mice shifted right-upward. After vagotomy, the V(T)-T(I) relation was a vertical line, which shifted right in H1RKO mice. We conclude that alterations of inspiratory off-switch and respiratory rhythm generation change breathing pattern without affecting central chemosensitivity in H1RKO. Histamine might affect breathing pattern centrally via H1 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Miyamoto
- Department of Physiology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
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170
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Johnston RA, Schwartzman IN, Flynt L, Shore SA. Role of interleukin-6 in murine airway responses to ozone. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004; 288:L390-7. [PMID: 15516495 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00007.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study sought to examine the role of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in ozone (O(3))-induced airway injury, inflammation, and hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Subacute (72 h) exposure to 0.3 ppm O(3) significantly elevated bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) protein, neutrophils, and soluble TNF receptors (sTNFR1 and sTNFR2) in wild-type C57BL/6 (IL-6(+/+)) mice; however, all four outcome indicators were significantly reduced in IL-6-deficient (IL-6(-/-)) compared with IL-6(+/+) mice. Acute O(3) exposure (2 ppm for 3 h) increased BALF protein, KC, macrophage inflammatory protein(MIP)-2, eotaxin, sTNFR1, and sTNFR2 in IL-6(+/+) mice. However, MIP-2 and sTNFR2 were not significantly increased following O(3) exposure in IL-6(-/-) mice. Increases in BALF neutrophils induced by O(3) (2 ppm for 3 h) were also significantly reduced in IL-6(-/-) vs. IL-6(+/+) mice. Airway responsiveness to methacholine was measured by whole body plethysmography before and following acute (3 h) or subacute (72 h) exposure to 0.3 ppm O(3). Acute O(3) exposure caused AHR in both groups of mice, but there was no genotype-related difference in the magnitude of O(3)-induced AHR. AHR was absent in mice of either genotype exposed for 72 h. Our results indicate that IL-6 deficiency reduces airway neutrophilia, as well as the levels of BALF sTNFR1 and sTNFR2 following acute high dose and/or subacute low-dose O(3) exposure, but has no effect on O(3)-induced AHR.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bronchi/drug effects
- Bronchi/metabolism
- Bronchial Hyperreactivity/chemically induced
- Bronchial Hyperreactivity/pathology
- Bronchial Hyperreactivity/physiopathology
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/chemistry
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Female
- Interleukin-6/deficiency
- Interleukin-6/genetics
- Interleukin-6/physiology
- Lung/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Neutrophils/pathology
- Ozone/administration & dosage
- Ozone/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/chemistry
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/chemistry
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/metabolism
- Solubility
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Johnston
- Bldg. 1, Rm. 1304A, Physiology Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115-6021, USA.
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171
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Bates J, Irvin C, Brusasco V, Drazen J, Fredberg J, Loring S, Eidelman D, Ludwig M, Macklem P, Martin J, Milic-Emili J, Hantos Z, Hyatt R, Lai-Fook S, Leff A, Solway J, Lutchen K, Suki B, Mitzner W, Paré P, Pride N, Sly P. The use and misuse of Penh in animal models of lung disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2004; 31:373-4. [PMID: 15317683 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.31.3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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172
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Zosky GR, von Garnier C, Stumbles PA, Holt PG, Sly PD, Turner DJ. The pattern of methacholine responsiveness in mice is dependent on antigen challenge dose. Respir Res 2004; 5:15. [PMID: 15385057 PMCID: PMC521690 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-5-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2004] [Accepted: 09/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Considerable variation exists in the protocols used to induce hyperresponsiveness in murine models of allergic sensitisation. We examined the effect of varying the number of antigen exposures at challenge on the development of methacholine responsiveness in systemically sensitised mice. Methods BALB/c mice were sensitised with ovalbumin (OVA), challenged with 1, 3 or 6 OVA aerosols. Lung function was measured using low frequency forced oscillations and partitioned into components representing the airways (Raw) and lung parenchyma (tissue damping (G) and tissue elastance (H)). Responsiveness to inhaled methacholine (MCh), inflammatory cell profile and circulating IgE were assessed 24 and 48 hours after challenge. The threshold dose of MCh required to elicit a detectable response (sensitivity) and response to 30 mg.mL-1 (maximal response) were determined for each compartment. Results Sensitivity; All three OVA protocols resulted in an increased sensitivity to MCh in Raw but not in G or H. These responses where present at 24 and 48 hrs, except 1 OVA aerosol in which changes had resolved by 48 hrs. Maximal response; 1 OVA aerosol increased maximal responses in Raw, G and H at 24 hrs, which was gone by 48 hrs. Three OVA aerosols increased responses in H at 48 hrs only. Six OVA challenges caused increases in Raw, G and H at both 24 and 48 hrs. Eosinophils increased with increasing antigen challenges. IgE was elevated by OVA sensitisation but not boosted by OVA aerosol challenge. Conclusions The pattern of eosinophilia, IgE and MCh responsiveness in mice was determined by antigen dose at challenge. In this study, increased sensitivity to MCh was confined to the airways whereas increases in maximal responses occurred in both the airway and parenchymal compartments. The presence of eosinophilia and IgE did not always coincide with increased responsiveness to inhaled MCh. These findings require further systematic study to determine whether different mechanisms underlie airway and parenchymal hyperresponsiveness post antigen challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme R Zosky
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, West Perth, 6872, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, Australia
| | - Christophe von Garnier
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, West Perth, 6872, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, Australia
| | - Philip A Stumbles
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, West Perth, 6872, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, Australia
| | - Patrick G Holt
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, West Perth, 6872, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, Australia
| | - Peter D Sly
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, West Perth, 6872, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, Australia
| | - Debra J Turner
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, West Perth, 6872, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, Australia
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173
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Johnston RA, Mizgerd JP, Shore SA. CXCR2 is essential for maximal neutrophil recruitment and methacholine responsiveness after ozone exposure. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004; 288:L61-7. [PMID: 15361358 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00101.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ozone (O(3)), a common air pollutant, induces airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. In mice, the neutrophil chemokines KC and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) are expressed in the lungs following O(3) exposure. The purpose of this study was to determine whether CXCR2, the receptor for these chemokines, is essential to O(3)-induced neutrophil recruitment, injury to lungs, and increases in respiratory system responsiveness to methacholine (MCh). O(3) exposure (1 ppm for 3 h) increased the number of neutrophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of wild-type (BALB/c) and CXCR2-deficient mice. However, CXCR2-deficient mice had significantly fewer emigrated neutrophils than did wild-type mice. The numbers of neutrophils in the blood and concentrations of BALF KC and MIP-2 did not differ between genotypes. Together, these data suggest CXCR2 is essential for maximal chemokine-directed migration of neutrophils to the air spaces. In wild-type mice, O(3) exposure increased BALF epithelial cell numbers and total protein levels, two indirect measures of lung injury. In contrast, in CXCR2-deficient mice, the number of BALF epithelial cells was not increased by O(3) exposure. Responses to inhaled MCh were measured by whole body plethysmography using enhanced pause as the outcome indicator. O(3) exposure increased responses to inhaled MCh in both wild-type and CXCR2-deficient mice 3 h after O(3) exposure. However, at 24 h after exposure, responses to inhaled MCh were elevated in wild-type but not CXCR2-deficient mice. These results indicate CXCR2 is essential for maximal neutrophil recruitment, epithelial cell sloughing, and persistent increases in MCh responsiveness after an acute O(3) exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Johnston
- Physiology Program, Dept. of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115-6021, USA.
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174
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Kumar RK, Herbert C, Webb DC, Li L, Foster PS. Effects of anticytokine therapy in a mouse model of chronic asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 170:1043-8. [PMID: 15306533 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200405-681oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative contribution of Th2 and Th1 cytokines to the pathogenesis of lesions of chronic asthma remains poorly understood. To date, therapeutic inhibition of Th2 cytokines has proved disappointing. We used a clinically relevant model of chronic allergic asthma in mice to compare the effects of administering neutralizing antibodies to interleukin (IL)-13, IL-5, and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) to animals with established disease. As has been observed in clinical studies, anti-IL-5 inhibited both inflammation and remodeling but had no effect on airway responsiveness to methacholine. Anti-IL-13 effectively suppressed eosinophil recruitment and accumulation of chronic inflammatory cells in the airways. This treatment also partially suppressed changes of airway wall remodeling, including goblet cell hyperplasia/metaplasia and subepithelial fibrosis, but had limited ability to inhibit airway hyperreactivity (AHR). In contrast, treatment with anti-IFN-gamma markedly suppressed AHR. This antibody inhibited accumulation of chronic inflammatory cells but did not affect eosinophil recruitment or changes of remodeling. We conclude that inhibition of IL-5 is beneficial and that inhibition of IL-13 has considerable potential as a therapeutic strategy in chronic asthma, that IFN-gamma may play an important role in the pathogenesis of AHR, and that co-operative interaction between Th2 and Th1 cytokines contributes to the pathogenesis of the lesions of chronic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K Kumar
- Department of Pathology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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175
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McKinley L, Kim J, Bolgos GL, Siddiqui J, Remick DG. Reproducibility of a novel model of murine asthma-like pulmonary inflammation. Clin Exp Immunol 2004; 136:224-31. [PMID: 15086384 PMCID: PMC1809026 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02461.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitization to cockroach allergens (CRA) has been implicated as a major cause of asthma, especially among inner-city populations. Endotoxin from Gram-negative bacteria has also been investigated for its role in attenuating or exacerbating the asthmatic response. We have created a novel model utilizing house dust extract (HDE) containing high levels of both CRA and endotoxin to induce pulmonary inflammation (PI) and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). A potential drawback of this model is that the HDE is in limited supply and preparation of new HDE will not contain the exact components of the HDE used to define our model system. The present study involved testing HDEs collected from various homes for their ability to cause PI and AHR. Dust collected from five homes was extracted in phosphate buffered saline overnight. The levels of CRA and endotoxin in the supernatants varied from 7.1 to 49.5 mg/ml of CRA and 1.7-6 micro g/ml of endotoxin in the HDEs. Following immunization and two pulmonary exposures to HDE all five HDEs induced AHR, PI and plasma IgE levels substantially higher than normal mice. This study shows that HDE containing high levels of cockroach allergens and endotoxin collected from different sources can induce an asthma-like response in our murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- L McKinley
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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176
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Glaab T, Mitzner W, Braun A, Ernst H, Korolewitz R, Hohlfeld JM, Krug N, Hoymann HG. Repetitive measurements of pulmonary mechanics to inhaled cholinergic challenge in spontaneously breathing mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2004; 97:1104-11. [PMID: 15121749 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01182.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise and repeatable measurements of pulmonary function in intact mice are becoming increasingly important for experimental investigations on various respiratory disorders including asthma. Here, we present validation of a novel in vivo method that, for the first time, combines direct and repetitive recordings of standard pulmonary mechanics with cholinergic aerosol challenges in anesthetized, orotracheally intubated, spontaneously breathing mice. We demonstrate that, in several groups of nonsensitized BALB/c mice, dose-related increases in pulmonary resistance and dynamic compliance to aerosolized methacholine are reproducible over short and extended intervals without causing detectable cytological alterations in the bronchoalveolar lavage or relevant histological changes in the proximal trachea and larynx regardless of the number of orotracheal intubations. Moreover, as further validation, we confirm that allergic mice, sensitized and challenged with Aspergillus fumigatus, were significantly more responsive to cholinergic challenge (P < 0.01) and exhibited marked eosinophilia and lymphocytosis in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids as well as significant pathological alterations in laryngotracheal histology compared with nonsensitized mice. We suggest that this approach will provide useful and necessary information on pulmonary mechanics in studies of various respiratory disorders in mice, including experimental models of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, investigations of pulmonary pharmacology, or more general investigations of the genetic determinants of lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Glaab
- Fraunhofer Institute of Technology and Experimental Medicine, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
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177
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Adler A, Cieslewicz G, Irvin CG. Unrestrained plethysmography is an unreliable measure of airway responsiveness in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2004; 97:286-92. [PMID: 15033965 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00821.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been significant utilization of the technique described by Hamelmann et al. (Am J Respir Crit Care Med 156: 766-775, 1997) in which a parameter, enhanced pause (Penh), related to airways responsiveness is noninvasively measured by unrestrained plethysmography (UP). Investigating this technique, we sought to answer these questions: 1). How do changes in Penh compare with changes in traditional plethysmographic and lung mechanical parameters? 2). How do UP parameters perform in two different mouse strains? Awake immunized and control BALB/c (n = 16) and C57BL/6 (n = 14) mice were placed in the UP chamber and exposed to doses of aerosolized methacholine while the following parameters were measured at each concentration: inspiratory time (Ti), expiratory time (Te), total time (Ttot), Ti/Ttot, peak inspiratory pressure, peak expiratory pressure, Pause, Penh, tidal volume (Vt), Vt/Ti, Vt/Te, and Vt/Ttot. The next day, lung resistance (Rl) and compliance (Cl) were invasively measured in the same animals. For the BALB/c, the parameters with the highest magnitude of correlation coefficient vs. Rl are (in order) 1). Cl, 2). Pause and Penh, 3). parameters of breathing frequency (Te, Ttot, Ti), and 4). parameters related to Vt (inspiratory pressure, expiratory pressure). Flow parameters (Vt/Ttot, Vt/Te, Vt/Ti) and duty cycle parameters (Ti/Ttot) had insignificant correlations. This ordering is significantly different in C57BL/6 mice, in which the parameters with the largest correlations are 1). Cl, 2). parameters of breathing frequency, and 3). flow parameters. Pause, Penh, Vt, and duty cycle parameters had insignificant correlations. These data show that Penh is problematic in the sense that it is strain specific; it behaves very differently in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. We suggest that UP parameters largely originate as part of reflex control of breathing processes, rather than in the lung mechanics and conclude that it is inappropriate to use UP parameters in general, and Penh specifically, as substitute variables for invasive mechanical indexes such as Rl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Adler
- School of Information Technology and Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5.
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178
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Greenough A. Sickle Cell Disease—Pulmonary Complications and a Proinflammatory State? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 169:663-5. [PMID: 15003947 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.2401004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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179
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Savov JD, Whitehead GS, Wang J, Liao G, Usuka J, Peltz G, Foster WM, Schwartz DA. Ozone-induced acute pulmonary injury in inbred mouse strains. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2004; 31:69-77. [PMID: 14975936 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2003-0001oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine if host factors influence the time course and extent of lung injury after acute inhalation of ozone (O3), we evaluated the physiologic and biologic response of nine genetically diverse inbred strains of mice (C57BL/6J, 129/SvIm, BTBR, BALB/cJ, DBA/2J, A/J, FVB/NJ, CAST/Ei, and C3H/HeJ) exposed to O3 (2.0 ppm x 3 h). Whole lung lavage determined that 129/Svlm, BTBR, DBA/2J, and FVB/NJ had a peak increase in polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) at 6 h, whereas C57BL/6J and CAST/Ei had a peak increase at 24 h after exposure; airway PMNs were minimally elevated in A/J and C3H/HeJ; BALB/cJ had a predominant lymphocytic influx. Interleukin-6 concentration in the lavage fluid was associated with the influx of PMNs, whereas the total protein in the lavage fluid did not always correlate with lavage cellularity. Respiratory responses were monitored using whole body plethysmography and enhanced pause index. C57BL/6J, BALB/cJ, 129/SvIm, and BTBR were highly sensitive to O3 and exhibited significant increases in enhanced pause to methacholine aerosol stimulation at 6 and 24 h after exposure to O3. In contrast, DBA/2J, A/J, FVB/NJ, CAST/Ei, and C3H/HeJ strains had demonstrated increases in sensitivity to MCh at 6 h after exposure, but responses had returned to near baseline by 24 h after exposure to O3. Epithelial cell proliferation as assessed by proliferating cell nuclear antigen staining was evident at 24 h after exposure to O3. C57BL/6J and A/J showed 4% proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive cells; 129/SvIm, DBA/2J, and FVB/NJ had 1-3%; and BTBR, BALB/cJ, CAST/Ei, and C3H/HeJ had < 1%. Phenotypic measurements in six inbred strains were used for an in silico genome analysis based on the Roche mouse database. Consistent loci on chromosomes 1, 7, and 15 were among those identified to have a significant association with the phenotypes studied. In aggregate, our approach has identified O3-resistant (C3H/HeJ and A/J) and -vulnerable (C57BL/6J and 129/SvIm) strains of mice, and determined novel genomic loci, suggesting a clear genetic basis for the lung response to inhaled O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan D Savov
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center and VA Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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180
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Abstract
Lung injury is a broad descriptor that can be applied to conditions ranging from mild interstitial edema without cellular injury to massive and fatal destruction of the lung. This review addresses those methods that can be readily applied to rats and mice whose small size limits the techniques that can be practically used to assess injury. The methodologies employed range from nonspecific measurement of edema formation to techniques for calculating values of specific permeability coefficient for the microvascular membrane in lung. Accumulation of pulmonary edema can be easily and quantitatively measured using gravimetric methods and indicates an imbalance in filtration forces or restrictive properties of the microvascular barrier. Lung compliance can be continuously measured, and light and electron microscopy can be used regardless of lung size to detect edema and structural damage. Increases in fluid and/or protein flux due to increased permeability must also be separated from those due to increased filtration pressure for mechanistic interpretation. Although an increase in the initial lung albumin clearance compared with controls matched for size and filtration pressure is a reliable indicator of endothelial dysfunction, calculated alterations in capillary filtration coefficient Kf,c, reflection coefficient σ, and permeability-surface area product PS are the most accurate indicators of increased permeability. Generally, PS and Kf,cwill increase and σ will decrease with vascular injury, but derecruitment of microvascular surface area may attenuate the affect on PS and Kf,cwithout altering measurements of σ.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Parker
- Department of Physiology, MSB 3074, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688-0002, USA.
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181
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Genest SE, Gulemetova R, Laforest S, Drolet G, Kinkead R. Neonatal maternal separation and sex-specific plasticity of the hypoxic ventilatory response in awake rat. J Physiol 2004; 554:543-57. [PMID: 14634199 PMCID: PMC1664780 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2003.052894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2003] [Accepted: 11/17/2003] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that neonatal maternal separation (NMS), a form of stress that affects hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) function in adult rats, alters development of the respiratory control system. Pups subjected to NMS were placed in a temperature and humidity controlled incubator 3 h per day for 10 consecutive days (P3 to P12). Control pups were undisturbed. Once they reached adulthood (8-10 weeks old), rats were placed in a plethysmography chamber for measurement of ventilatory and cardiovascular parameters under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Measurement of c-fos mRNA expression in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) combined with plasma ACTH and corticosterone levels confirmed that NMS effectively disrupted HPA axis function in males. In males, baseline minute ventilation was not affected by NMS. In contrast, NMS females show a greater resting minute ventilation due to a larger tidal volume. The hypoxic ventilatory response of male NMS rats was 25% greater than controls, owing mainly to an increase in tidal volume response. This augmentation of the hypoxic ventilatory response was sex-specific also because NMS females show an attenuated minute ventilation increase. Baseline mean arterial blood pressure of male NMS rats was 20% higher than controls. NMS-related hypertension was not significant in females. The mechanisms underlying sex-specific disruption of cardio-respiratory control in NMS rats are unknown but may be a consequence of the neuroendocrine disruption associated with NMS. These data indicate that exposure to a non-respiratory stress during early life elicits significant plasticity of these homeostatic functions which persists until adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie-Emmanuelle Genest
- Centre de Recherche du Recherche Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
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182
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Holtzclaw JD, Jack D, Aguayo SM, Eckman JR, Roman J, Hsu LL. Enhanced pulmonary and systemic response to endotoxin in transgenic sickle mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 169:687-95. [PMID: 14684557 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200302-224oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Some suggest that sickle cell disease (SCD) is associated with a "proinflammatory state" that predisposes patients to acute chest syndrome in the setting of triggering factors. Conflicting data emerged when inflammation markers in SCD were compared with healthy individuals. Therefore, we examined transgenic sickle and control mice at baseline and with endotoxin (LPS) intraperitoneal injection to determine whether a proinflammatory state truly exists. At baseline, sickle mice had elevated levels of circulating leukocytes and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (sVCAM-1). No other differences were observed at baseline or in response to saline. However, LPS challenge was associated with significant increases in mortality (p<0.05), airway tone (p<0.03), serum and bronchoalveolar lavage levels of cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (p<0.03), interleukin-1beta (p<0.02), and sVCAM-1 (p<0.01) in sickle mice compared with control subjects. Furthermore, 4 hours after LPS, microarray analysis identified 413 genes differentially expressed in the sickle mice (n=5) compared with only 7 in the control subjects (n=5). No difference in lung parenchyma was observed by light microscopy. This enhanced response to LPS suggests that the sickle red blood cell confers a subclinical "proinflammatory state." This enhanced response to inflammatory insult, particularly by adhesion molecules such as sVCAM-1, could play a role in the increased susceptibility to pulmonary dysfunction that has been observed clinically in SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J David Holtzclaw
- Division of Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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183
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Wagers S, Lundblad LKA, Ekman M, Irvin CG, Bates JHT. The allergic mouse model of asthma: normal smooth muscle in an abnormal lung? J Appl Physiol (1985) 2003; 96:2019-27. [PMID: 14660507 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00924.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice with allergically inflamed airways are widely used as animal models of asthma, but their relevance for human asthma is not understood. We, therefore, examined the time course of changes in respiratory input impedance during induced bronchoconstriction in BALB/c mice sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin. Our results indicate that bronchoconstriction in mice is accompanied by complete closure of substantial regions of the lung and that closure increases markedly when the lungs are allergically inflamed. With the aid of an anatomically accurate computational model of the mouse lung, we show that the hyperresponsiveness of mice with allergically inflamed airways can be explained entirely by a thickening of the airway mucosa and an increased propensity of the airways to close, without the involvement of any increase in the degree of airway smooth muscle shortening. This has implications for the pathophysiology of asthma and suggests that at least some types of asthma may benefit from therapies aimed at manipulating surface tension at the air-liquid interface in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Wagers
- Vermont Lung Center, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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184
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Archer AJ, Cramton JLH, Pfau JC, Colasurdo G, Holian A. Airway responsiveness after acute exposure to urban particulate matter 1648 in a DO11.10 murine model. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2003; 286:L337-43. [PMID: 14660482 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00202.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced airway responsiveness (AR) is a well-established characteristic of asthma that epidemiological evidence has linked with inhalation of ambient particulate matter (PM). To determine whether acute exposure to urban particulate matter PM1648 can exacerbate airway responsiveness and alter the early inflammatory state, a unique murine model was created using DO11.10 mice, transgenic for a T cell receptor recognizing ovalbumin(323-339). Because these mice are sensitive to ovalbumin, immunization procedures involving adjuvant or long aerosolization procedures are not necessary and, therefore, allow for the study of an acute AR response to particulate and antigen in young animals. AR was assessed by barometric whole body plethysmography and measured by enhanced pause (Penh). PM1648 and ovalbumin were administered intranasally 72 and 4 h before to AR assessment, respectively. A dose-response relationship between PM1648 and Penh was determined, and doses at or above 500 microg had Penh values significantly higher than saline controls. Penh values of control particle titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) were similar to saline controls demonstrating no nonspecific particulate effect on AR. Lung lavage at time of AR assessment showed no significant inflammation due to particulate exposure or ovalbumin alone; however, PM1648/ovalbumin and TiO(2)/ovalbumin combinations resulted in significant neutrophilia. In addition, treatment with polymyxin B to remove surface-bound endotoxin did not significantly affect Penh levels. These results indicate that PM1648 specifically increases AR in a dose-dependent manner and that this exacerbation is not a direct response to increased neutrophil concentration, particle-bound endotoxin or nonspecific particle effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J Archer
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
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185
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Joad JP, Munch PA, Bric JM, Evans SJ, Pinkerton KE, Chen CY, Bonham AC. Passive smoke effects on cough and airways in young guinea pigs: role of brainstem substance P. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 169:499-504. [PMID: 14644932 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200308-1139oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Children raised with extended exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) experience increased cough and wheeze. This study was designed to determine whether extended ETS exposure enhances citric acid-induced cough and bronchoconstriction in young guinea pigs via a neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor mechanism at the first central synapse of lung afferent neurons, the nucleus tractus solitarius. Guinea pigs were exposed to ETS from 1 to 6 weeks of age. At 5 weeks of age, guide cannulae were implanted bilaterally in the medial nucleus tractus solitarius at a site that produced apnea in response to the glutamate agonist D,L-homocysteic acid. At 6 weeks of age, either vehicle or a NK-1 receptor antagonist, SR 140333, was injected into the nucleus tractus solitarius of the conscious guinea pigs who were then exposed to citric acid aerosol. ETS exposure significantly enhanced citric acid-induced cough by 56% and maximal Penh (a measure of airway obstruction) by 43%, effects that were attenuated by the NK-1 receptor antagonist in the nucleus tractus solitarius. We conclude that in young guinea pigs extended exposure to ETS increases citric acid-induced cough and bronchoconstriction in part by an NK-1 receptor mechanism in the nucleus tractus solitarius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse P Joad
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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186
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Savov JD, Brass DM, Berman KG, McElvania E, Schwartz DA. Fibrinolysis in LPS-induced chronic airway disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2003; 285:L940-8. [PMID: 12818888 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00102.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To examine the role of the fibrinolytic system in LPS-induced airway disease, we compared the effect of a chronic LPS challenge in plasminogen activator inhibitor-deficient (C57BL/6JPAI-1-/-) mice and wild-type (WT) C57BL/6J mice. Physiological and biological assessments were performed, immediately after, and 4 wk after an 8-wk exposure to LPS or saline. Immediately after the LPS exposure, WT mice had increased estimates of airway reactivity to methacholine compared with C57BL/6JPAI-1-/- mice; however, airway inflammation was similar in both LPS-exposed groups. Significant increases in both active transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 and active matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 was detected after LPS exposure in WT but not C57BL/6JPAI-1-/- mice. C57BL/6JPAI-1-/- mice showed significantly less TGF-beta1 in the lavage and higher MMP-9 in the lung tissue than WT mice at the end of exposure and 4 wk later. After LPS exposure, both WT and C57BL/6JPAI-1-/- mice had substantial expansion of the subepithelial area of the medium [diameter (d) = 90-129 microm]- and large (d > 129 microm)-size airways when compared with saline-exposed mice. Subepithelial fibrin deposition was prevalent in WT mice but diminished in C57BL/6JPAI-1-/-. PAI-1 expression by nonciliated bronchial epithelial cells was enhanced in LPS-exposed WT mice compared with the saline-exposed group. Four weeks after LPS inhalation, airway hyperreactivity and the expansion of the subepithelial area in the medium and large airways persisted in WT but not C57BL/6JPAI-1-/- mice. We conclude that an active fibrinolytic system can substantially alter the development and resolution of the postinflammatory airway remodeling observed after chronic LPS inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan D Savov
- Duke Univ. Medical Center, P. O. Box 2629, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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187
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Kenyon NJ, Gohil K, Last JA. Susceptibility to ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation and fibrosis in inducible nitric oxide synthetase-deficient mice: mechanisms and consequences. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2003; 191:2-11. [PMID: 12915099 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-008x(03)00227-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, we showed that BALB/c mice demonstrate significant increases in accumulation of airway collagen after 4 weeks of exposure to ovalbumin aerosol. In the current study we examined the response to ovalbumin aerosol of a different strain of mice, C57BL/6, and compared this response to an otherwise isogenic C57BL strain (iNOS(-/-)) in which the gene for inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS) had been knocked out. We hypothesized that C57BL mice, a Th-1-responsive strain, would be relatively resistant to ovalbumin exposure compared with our previous observations in the BALB/c strain, a Th-2 responder. Our results are consistent with this hypothesis, especially with respect to the accumulation of collagen in the airways of the mice exposed to ovalbumin and increased airway reactivity to challenge with methacholine, as measured by the Penh response. Since NO participates in multiple signal transduction pathways, there was no a priori reason to predict whether iNOS(-/-) mice would be more or less susceptible to allergen-induced airway inflammation than their parental wild-type strain. Responses to ovalbumin exposure of the Th-1-responsive C57BL animals were significantly less (or slower) than those we observed with the iNOS(-/-) mice. Significant increases in airway collagen content were seen only after 6 weeks of exposure of the C57BL mice, as contrasted with 4 weeks in the iNOS(-/-) animals. At each time point examined, Penh values for the iNOS(-/-) mice were significantly increased, while no increases were observed with the C57BL strain. Thus, the iNOS(-/-) mice are more susceptible to ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation and fibrosis than the C57BL strain, giving results intermediate between the previous observations in BALB/c mice and our current findings in C57BL animals with the various assays performed. We also asked whether the effects of knocking out the iNOS gene were exerted before or after the release of TGF-beta(1) by eosinophils and other effector cells in the lung. We measured the response of C57BL and iNOS(-/-) mice to direct intratracheal challenge with TGF-beta(1). There was no apparent response of C57BL mice to TGF-beta(1) at 4 or 11 days after TGF-beta(1) challenge, as evaluated by bronchoprovocation testing. On the other hand, the observed Penh values were significantly greater in iNOS(-/-) mice that had also received TGF-beta(1) 4 days previously. These results strongly support the hypothesis that the increased sensitivity of iNOS(-/-) mice to ovalbumin is at least partially dependent on pathways that come into play subsequent to the release of TGF-beta(1) by effector cells in the lungs of mice exposed to ovalbumin aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Kenyon
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8723, USA
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188
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McGraw DW, Almoosa KF, Paul RJ, Kobilka BK, Liggett SB. Antithetic regulation by beta-adrenergic receptors of Gq receptor signaling via phospholipase C underlies the airway beta-agonist paradox. J Clin Invest 2003; 112:619-26. [PMID: 12925702 PMCID: PMC171392 DOI: 10.1172/jci18193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
beta-adrenergic receptors (betaARs) relax airway smooth muscle and bronchodilate, but chronic beta-agonist treatment in asthma causes increased sensitivity to airway constriction (hyperreactivity) and is associated with exacerbations. This paradox was explored using mice with ablated betaAR genes (betaAR-/-) and transgenic mice overexpressing airway smooth muscle beta2AR (beta2AR-OE) representing two extremes: absence and persistent activity of airway betaAR. Unexpectedly, betaAR-/- mice, lacking these bronchodilating receptors, had markedly decreased bronchoconstrictive responses to methacholine and other Gq-coupled receptor agonists. In contrast, beta2AR-OE mice had enhanced constrictive responses. Contraction to permeabilization with beta-escin was unaltered by gene ablation or overexpression. Inositol phosphate accumulation by Gq-coupled M3-muscarinic, thromboxane-A2, and 5-HT2 receptors was desensitized in airway smooth muscle cells from betaAR-/- mice and sensitized in cells from beta2AR-OE mice. Thus, betaAR antithetically regulates constrictive signals, affecting bronchomotor tone/reactivity by additional means other than direct dilatation. Studies of signaling elements in these pathways revealed the nodal point of this cross talk as phospholipase C-beta1, whose expression was altered by betaAR in a direction and magnitude consistent with the physiologic and cellular responses. These results establish a mechanism of the beta-agonist paradox and identify a potential asthma modifier gene (phospholipase C-beta1), which may also be a therapeutic target in asthma when chronic beta-agonists are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis W McGraw
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Room G062, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
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189
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Singh SP, Barrett EG, Kalra R, Razani-Boroujerdi S, Langley RJ, Kurup V, Tesfaigzi Y, Sopori ML. Prenatal cigarette smoke decreases lung cAMP and increases airway hyperresponsiveness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 168:342-7. [PMID: 12791581 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200211-1262oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies suggest that in utero exposure to tobacco smoke, primarily through maternal smoking, increases the risk for asthma in children; however, the mechanism of this phenomenon is not clear. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate relaxes airway smooth muscles in the lung and acts as an antiasthmatic. In this study, we examined the effects of in utero cigarette smoke exposure of Balb/c mice on airway responsiveness, as determined by Penh measurements. Animals exposed prenatally but not postnatally to cigarette smoke exhibited increased airway hyperresponsiveness after a single intratracheal injection of Aspergillus fumigatus extract. The increased airway hyperresponsiveness was not associated with increased leukocyte migration or mucous production in the lung but was causally related to decreased lung cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels, increased phosphodiesterase-4 enzymatic activity, and phosphodiesterase-4D (PDE4D) isoform-specific messenger ribonucleic acid expression in the lung. Exposure of adult mice to cigarette smoke did not significantly alter airway responsiveness, cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels, or the phosphodiesterase activity. These results suggest that prenatal exposure to cigarette smoke affects lung airway reactivity by modulating the lung cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels through changes in phosphodiesterase-4D activity, and these effects are independent of significant mucous production or leukocyte recruitment into the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi P Singh
- Respiratory Immunology and Asthma Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87108, USA
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190
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Kannan MS, Deshpande DA. Allergic asthma in mice: what determines the phenotype? Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2003; 285:L29-31. [PMID: 12788787 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00085.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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191
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Bates JHT, Irvin CG. Measuring lung function in mice: the phenotyping uncertainty principle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2003; 94:1297-306. [PMID: 12626466 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00706.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Measuring lung function in mice is essential for establishing the relevance of murine models to human lung disease. However, making such measurements presents particular technical challenges due to the small size of the animal, particularly with regard to the measurement of respiratory flows. In this review, we examine the various methods currently available for assessment of lung function in mice and contrast them in terms of a concept we call the phenotyping uncertainty principle; each method can be considered to lie somewhere along a continuum on which noninvasiveness must be traded off against experimental control and measurement precision. Unrestrained plethysmography in conscious mice represents the extreme of noninvasiveness and is highly convenient but provides respiratory measures that are so tenuously linked to respiratory mechanics that they cannot be considered as meaningful indicators of lung function. At the other extreme, the measurement of input impedance in anesthetized, paralyzed, tracheostomized mice is precise and specific but requires that an animal be studied under conditions far from natural. In between these two extremes lie methods that sacrifice some precision for a reduction in the level of invasiveness, a promising example being the measurement of transfer impedance in conscious, restrained mice. No method is optimal in all regards; therefore, the appropriate technique to use depends on the application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason H T Bates
- Vermont Lung Center and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA.
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192
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Flandre TD, Leroy PL, Desmecht DJM. Effect of somatic growth, strain, and sex on double-chamber plethysmographic respiratory function values in healthy mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2003; 94:1129-36. [PMID: 12571140 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00561.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Double-chamber plethysmography has been recognized since 1979 as a reference technique to measure pulmonary function values in guinea pigs, but it has not gained attention for use in mice. Theoretically, however, this technique combines the advantages of single-chamber plethysmography with a quantitative assessment of flow and/or volume and a calculated resistance, the interpretation of which in terms of bronchoconstriction is not disputed. Here we show that, when appropriately preconditioned, mice are able to gradually grow accustomed to the apparatus and display extremely stable nasal and thoracoabdominal flow tracings. Overall, strain, sex, and somatic growth had a significant effect on pulmonary function values. The changes in specific airway resistance (sRaw) and enhanced pause (Penh) values were never in the same direction, indicating that they measure different things. The respiratory frequency was far higher in C57BL/6 compared with BALB/c mice. Peak flows, minute volume, specific tidal and minute volumes, and sRaw were also higher, but Penh was smaller. Males breathed at a higher frequency than females, leading to a higher minute volume. Nevertheless, the specific volumes were considerably higher among females. Penh was lower in males, whereas sRaw was identical in both sexes. Changes associated with somatic growth were rapid and important between 5 and 9 wk, then slowed down between 9 and 12-13 wk and became almost imperceptible after.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry D Flandre
- Departments of Pathology and Biostatistics, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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193
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194
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Irvin CG, Bates JHT. Measuring the lung function in the mouse: the challenge of size. Respir Res 2003; 4:4. [PMID: 12783622 PMCID: PMC184039 DOI: 10.1186/rr199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2002] [Revised: 01/06/2003] [Accepted: 01/14/2003] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Measurement of the effects of drugs, mediators and infectious agents on various models of lung disease, as well as assessment of lung function in the intact mouse has the potential for significantly advancing our knowledge of lung disease. However, the small size of the mouse presents significant challenges for the assessment of lung function. Because of compromises made between precision and noninvasiveness, data obtained may have an uncertain bearing on the mechanical response of the lung. Nevertheless, considerable recent progress has been made in developing valid and useful measures of mouse lung function. These advances, resulting in our current ability to measure sophisticated indices of lung function in laboratory animals, are likely to lead to important insights into the mechanisms of lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles G Irvin
- Vermont Lung Center, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Room 226, HSRF, 149 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Jason HT Bates
- Vermont Lung Center, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Room 226, HSRF, 149 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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195
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Hantos Z, Brusasco V. Assessment of respiratory mechanics in small animals: the simpler the better? J Appl Physiol (1985) 2002; 93:1196-7. [PMID: 12235014 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00526.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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