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Zhou C, Chen J, Zhang X, Costa LG, Guizzetti M. Prenatal Ethanol Exposure Up-Regulates the Cholesterol Transporters ATP-Binding Cassette A1 and G1 and Reduces Cholesterol Levels in the Developing Rat Brain. Alcohol Alcohol 2014; 49:626-34. [PMID: 25081040 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agu049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Cholesterol plays a pivotal role in many aspects of brain development; reduced cholesterol levels during brain development, as a consequence of genetic defects in cholesterol biosynthesis, leads to severe brain damage, including microcephaly and mental retardation, both of which are also hallmarks of the fetal alcohol syndrome. We had previously shown that ethanol up-regulates the levels of two cholesterol transporters, ABCA1 (ATP binding cassette-A1) and ABCG1, leading to increased cholesterol efflux and decreased cholesterol content in astrocytes in vitro. In the present study we investigated whether similar effects could be seen in vivo. METHODS Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were fed liquid diets containing 36% of the calories from ethanol from gestational day (GD) 6 to GD 21. A pair-fed control groups and an ad libitum control group were included in the study. ABCA1 and ABCG1 protein expression and cholesterol and phospholipid levels were measured in the neocortex of female and male fetuses at GD 21. RESULTS Body weights were decreased in female fetuses as a consequence of ethanol treatments. ABCA1 and ABCG1 protein levels were increased, and cholesterol levels were decreased, in the neocortex of ethanol-exposed female, but not male, fetuses. Levels of phospholipids were unchanged. Control female fetuses fed ad libitum displayed an up-regulation of ABCA1 and a decrease in cholesterol content compared with pair-fed controls, suggesting that a compensatory up-regulation of cholesterol levels may occur during food restriction. CONCLUSION Maternal ethanol consumption may affect fetal brain development by increasing cholesterol transporters' expression and reducing brain cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Zhou
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lucio G Costa
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marina Guizzetti
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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Abstract
Most types of cells in the body do not express the capability of catabolizing cholesterol, so cholesterol efflux is essential for homeostasis. For instance, macrophages possess four pathways for exporting free (unesterified) cholesterol to extracellular high density lipoprotein (HDL). The passive processes include simple diffusion via the aqueous phase and facilitated diffusion mediated by scavenger receptor class B, type 1 (SR-BI). Active pathways are mediated by the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1, which are membrane lipid translocases. The efflux of cellular phospholipid and free cholesterol to apolipoprotein A-I promoted by ABCA1 is essential for HDL biogenesis. Current understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in these four efflux pathways is presented in this minireview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Phillips
- From the Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-5158
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153
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MicroRNA-19b promotes macrophage cholesterol accumulation and aortic atherosclerosis by targeting ATP-binding cassette transporter A1. Atherosclerosis 2014; 236:215-26. [PMID: 25084135 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Macrophage accumulation of cholesterol leads to foam cell formation which is a major pathological event of atherosclerosis. Recent studies have shown that microRNA (miR)-19b might play an important role in cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerotic diseases. Here, we have identified miR-19b binding to the 3'UTR of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) transporters, and further determined the potential roles of this novel interaction in atherogenesis. OBJECTIVE To investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in a miR-19b promotion of macrophage cholesterol accumulation and the development of aortic atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed bioinformatics analysis using online websites, and found that miR-19b was highly conserved during evolution and directly bound to ABCA1 mRNA with very low binding free energy. Luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miR-19b bound to 3110-3116 sites within ABCA1 3'UTR. MiR-19b directly regulated the expression levels of endogenous ABCA1 in foam cells derived from human THP-1 macrophages and mouse peritoneal macrophages (MPMs) as determined by qRT-PCR and western blot. Cholesterol transport assays revealed that miR-19b dramatically suppressed apolipoprotein AI-mediated ABCA1-dependent cholesterol efflux, resulting in the increased levels of total cholesterol (TC), free cholesterol (FC) and cholesterol ester (CE) as revealed by HPLC. The excretion of (3)H-cholesterol originating from cholesterol-laden MPMs into feces was decreased in mice overexpressing miR-19b. Finally, we evaluated the proatherosclerotic role of miR-19b in apolipoprotein E deficient (apoE(-/-)) mice. Treatment with miR-19b precursor reduced plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, but increased plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels. Consistently, miR-19b precursor treatment increased aortic plaque size and lipid content, but reduced collagen content and ABCA1 expression. In contrast, treatment with the inhibitory miR-19b antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) prevented or reversed these effects. CONCLUSION MiR-19b promotes macrophage cholesterol accumulation, foam cell formation and aortic atherosclerotic development by targeting ABCA1.
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154
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Harrington JM, Nishanova T, Pena SR, Hess M, Scelsi CL, Widener J, Hajduk SL. A retained secretory signal peptide mediates high density lipoprotein (HDL) assembly and function of haptoglobin-related protein. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:24811-20. [PMID: 25037218 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.567578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Haptoglobin-related protein (Hpr) is a component of a minor subspecies of high density lipoproteins (HDL) that function in innate immunity. Here we show that assembly of Hpr into HDL is mediated by its retained N-terminal signal peptide, an unusual feature for a secreted protein and the major difference between Hpr and the soluble acute phase protein haptoglobin (Hp). The 18-amino acid signal peptide is necessary for binding to HDL and interacts directly with the hydrocarbon region of lipids. Utilizing model liposomes, we show that the rate of assembly and steady-state distribution of Hpr in lipid particles is mediated by the physical property of lipid fluidity. Dye release assays reveal that Hpr interacts more rapidly with fluid liposomes. Conversely, steady-state binding assays indicate that more rigid lipid compositions stabilize Hpr association. Lipid association also plays a role in facilitating hemoglobin binding by Hpr. Our data may offer an explanation for the distinct distribution of Hpr among HDL subspecies. Rather than protein-protein interactions mediating localization, direct interaction with phospholipids and sensitivity to lipid fluidity may be sufficient for localization of Hpr and may represent a mechanism of HDL subspeciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Harrington
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Tuiumkan Nishanova
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Savannah Rose Pena
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Matthew Hess
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Chris L Scelsi
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Justin Widener
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Stephen L Hajduk
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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155
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Multimarker screening of oxidative stress in aging. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:562860. [PMID: 25147595 PMCID: PMC4124763 DOI: 10.1155/2014/562860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a complex process of organism decline in physiological functions. There is no clear theory explaining this phenomenon, but the most accepted one is the oxidative stress theory of aging. Biomarkers of oxidative stress, substances, which are formed during oxidative damage of phospholipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, are present in body fluids of diseased people as well as the healthy ones (in a physiological concentration). 8-iso prostaglandin F2α is the most prominent biomarker of phospholipid oxidative damage, o-tyrosine, 3-chlorotyrosine, and 3-nitrotyrosine are biomarkers of protein oxidative damage, and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine and 8-hydroxyguanosine are biomarkers of oxidative damage of nucleic acids. It is thought that the concentration of biomarkers increases as the age of people increases. However, the concentration of biomarkers in body fluids is very low and, therefore, it is necessary to use a sensitive analytical method. A combination of HPLC and MS was chosen to determine biomarker concentration in three groups of healthy people of a different age (twenty, forty, and sixty years) in order to find a difference among the groups.
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156
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Reiner Ž, Guardamagna O, Nair D, Soran H, Hovingh K, Bertolini S, Jones S, Ćorić M, Calandra S, Hamilton J, Eagleton T, Ros E. Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency--an under-recognized cause of dyslipidaemia and liver dysfunction. Atherosclerosis 2014; 235:21-30. [PMID: 24792990 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency (LAL-D) is a rare autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease caused by deleterious mutations in the LIPA gene. The age at onset and rate of progression vary greatly and this may relate to the nature of the underlying mutations. Patients presenting in infancy have the most rapidly progressive disease, developing signs and symptoms in the first weeks of life and rarely surviving beyond 6 months of age. Children and adults typically present with some combination of dyslipidaemia, hepatomegaly, elevated transaminases, and microvesicular hepatosteatosis on biopsy. Liver damage with progression to fibrosis, cirrhosis and liver failure occurs in a large proportion of patients. Elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels are common features, and cardiovascular disease may manifest as early as childhood. Given that these clinical manifestations are shared with other cardiovascular, liver and metabolic diseases, it is not surprising that LAL-D is under-recognized in clinical practice. This article provides practical guidance to lipidologists, endocrinologists, cardiologists and hepatologists on how to recognize individuals with this life-limiting disease. A diagnostic algorithm is proposed with a view to achieving definitive diagnosis using a recently developed blood test for lysosomal acid lipase. Finally, current management options are reviewed in light of the ongoing development of enzyme replacement therapy with sebelipase alfa (Synageva BioPharma Corp., Lexington, MA, USA), a recombinant human lysosomal acid lipase enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Željko Reiner
- University Hospital Center, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Kispaticeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ornella Guardamagna
- Department of Public and Health Sciences, Medical School, University of Turin, Piazza Polonia 94, I-10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Devaki Nair
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Handrean Soran
- Cardiovascular Trials Unit, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Kees Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, Netherlands
| | - Stefano Bertolini
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV n. 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Simon Jones
- Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, St. Mary's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Marijana Ćorić
- University Hospital Center, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Kispaticeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sebastiano Calandra
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - John Hamilton
- Biochemistry Department, Yorkhill Hospital, Glasgow, G3 8SJ, UK
| | - Terence Eagleton
- Synageva BioPharma Corp., 33 Hayden Ave., Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Emilio Ros
- Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology & Nutrition Service, Institut d'Investigations Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, C. Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carloss III (ISCIII), Spain.
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157
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Fan SL, Li X, Chen SJ, Qi GX. ABCA1rs4149313 Polymorphism and Susceptibility to Coronary Heart Disease: A Meta-Analysis. Ann Hum Genet 2014; 78:264-76. [PMID: 24942079 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Li Fan
- Department of Geriatrics; The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University; Shenyang 110001 P.R. China
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Sports Medicine and Joint Surgery; The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University; Shenyang 110001 P.R. China
| | - Si-Jiao Chen
- Department of Geriatrics; The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University; Shenyang 110001 P.R. China
| | - Guo-Xian Qi
- Department of Geriatrics; The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University; Shenyang 110001 P.R. China
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158
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Kessler EC, Gross JJ, Bruckmaier RM, Albrecht C. Cholesterol metabolism, transport, and hepatic regulation in dairy cows during transition and early lactation. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:5481-90. [PMID: 24952770 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-7926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The transition from the nonlactating to the lactating state represents a critical period for dairy cow lipid metabolism because body reserves have to be mobilized to meet the increasing energy requirements for the initiation of milk production. The purpose of this study was to provide a comprehensive overview on cholesterol homeostasis in transition dairy cows by assessing in parallel plasma, milk, and hepatic tissue for key factors of cholesterol metabolism, transport, and regulation. Blood samples and liver biopsies were taken from 50 multiparous Holstein dairy cows in wk 3 antepartum (a.p.), wk 1 postpartum (p.p.), wk 4 p.p., and wk 14 p.p. Milk sampling was performed in wk 1, 4, and 14 p.p. Blood and milk lipid concentrations [triglycerides (TG), cholesterol, and lipoproteins], enzyme activities (phospholipid transfer protein and lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase) were analyzed using enzymatic assays. Hepatic gene expression patterns of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMGC) synthase 1 (HMGCS1) and HMGC reductase (HMGCR), sterol regulatory element-binding factor (SREBF)-1 and -2, microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP), ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABC) A1 and ABCG1, liver X receptor (LXR) α and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) α and γ were measured using quantitative RT-PCR. Plasma TG, cholesterol, and lipoprotein concentrations decreased from wk 3 a.p. to a minimum in wk 1 p.p., and then gradually increased until wk 14 p.p. Compared with wk 4 p.p., phospholipid transfer protein activity was increased in wk 1 p.p., whereas lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activity was lowest at this period. Total cholesterol concentration and mass, and cholesterol concentration in the milk fat fraction decreased from wk 1 p.p. to wk 4 p.p. Both total and milk fat cholesterol concentration were decreased in wk 4 p.p. compared with wk 1 and 14 p.p. The mRNA abundance of genes involved in cholesterol synthesis (SREBF-2, HMGCS1, and HMGCR) markedly increased from wk 3 a.p. to wk 1 p.p., whereas SREBF-1 was downregulated. The expression of ABCA1 increased from wk 3 a.p. to wk 1 p.p., whereas ABCG1 was increased in wk 14 p.p. compared with other time points. In conclusion, hepatic expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis of cholesterol as well as the ABCA1 transporter were upregulated at the onset of lactation, whereas plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, phospholipids, lipoprotein-cholesterol, and TG were at a minimum. Thus, at the gene expression level, the liver seems to react to the increased demand for cholesterol after parturition. Whether the low plasma cholesterol and TG levels are due to impaired hepatic export mechanisms or reflect an enhanced transfer of these compounds into the milk to provide essential nutrients for the newborn remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Kessler
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - J J Gross
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - R M Bruckmaier
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - C Albrecht
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; Swiss National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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159
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Tachibana S, Hirano M, Hirata T, Matsuo M, Ikeda I, Ueda K, Sato R. Cholesterol and Plant Sterol Efflux from Cultured Intestinal Epithelial Cells Is Mediated by ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 71:1886-95. [PMID: 17690481 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this study we analyzed functions of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters involved in sterol transport from Caco-2 cells. Treatment with a synthetic liver x receptor ligand elevated both mRNA and protein levels of ABCG5, G8, and ABCA1. The ligand stimulated cholesterol efflux, suggesting that ABC transporters are involved in it. To identify the acceptors of cholesterol, potential molecules such as apolipoprotein A-I, glycocholic acid, phosphatidylcholine, and bile acid micelles were added to the medium. Apo A-I, a known acceptor of cholesterol transported by ABCA1, elevated cholesterol efflux on the basal side, whereas the others raised cholesterol efflux on the apical side. Moreover, bile acid micelles preferentially augmented plant sterol efflux rather than cholesterol. Finally, in HEK293 cells stably expressing ABCG5/G8, bile acid micelle-mediated sterol efflux was significantly accelerated. These results indicate that ABCG5/G8, unlike ABCA1, together with bile acids should participate in sterol efflux on the apical surface of Caco-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuko Tachibana
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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160
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Shalia K, Saranath D, Shah VK. Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell ABCA1 Transcripts and Protein Expression in Acute Myocardial Infarction. J Clin Lab Anal 2014; 29:242-9. [PMID: 24796288 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ATP binding cassette transporter-A1 (ABCA1) facilitates the formation of high density lipoprotein (HDL). HDL due to its anti-atherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic activities provides protection against atherothrombosis or myocardial infarction (MI). The aim was to investigate the role of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMNC) ABCA1 expression in MI. METHODS The participants comprised 29 males with acute MI (AMI) and 20 healthy controls. AMI patients were normotensive, not on statins, with triglycerides < 200mg/dl and categorized into AMI with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) (N = 12) and without T2DM (N = 17). The PBMNC ABCA1 mRNA transcripts were analysed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRTPCR) and protein by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS PBMNC ABCA1 mRNA transcript and protein levels were not significantly different in AMI patients or when sub-grouped into with/without T2DM, as compared to controls. ABCA1 protein correlated positively with HDL-cholesterol (r = 0.655, p = 0.021) in AMI patients with T2DM and negatively with age (r = - 0.525, p = 0.031) in AMI patients without T2DM and it was more strongly associated in latter group with smoking and alcohol habit. CONCLUSION In the present study, the effects of metabolites of diabetes and ischemia were observed on PBMNC ABCA1 protein and thus on HDL-C in AMI patients. Further influence of risk factors such as smoking and alcohol consumption observed in the present study can be evaluated in larger sample size. The control of these cardiovascular associated risk factors may increase stability of PBMNC ABCA1 protein and thus HDL-C levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Shalia
- Sir H. N. Medical Research Society, Sir H. N. Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Vinod K Shah
- Sir H. N. Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India
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161
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Das M, Mei X, Jayaraman S, Atkinson D, Gursky O. Amyloidogenic mutations in human apolipoprotein A-I are not necessarily destabilizing - a common mechanism of apolipoprotein A-I misfolding in familial amyloidosis and atherosclerosis. FEBS J 2014; 281:2525-42. [PMID: 24702826 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
High-density lipoproteins and their major protein, apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), remove excess cellular cholesterol and protect against atherosclerosis. However, in acquired amyloidosis, nonvariant full-length apoA-I deposits as fibrils in atherosclerotic plaques; in familial amyloidosis, N-terminal fragments of variant apoA-I deposit in vital organs, damaging them. Recently, we used the crystal structure of Δ(185-243)apoA-I to show that amyloidogenic mutations destabilize apoA-I and increase solvent exposure of the extended strand 44-55 that initiates β-aggregation. In the present study, we test this hypothesis by exploring naturally occurring human amyloidogenic mutations, W50R and G26R, within or close to this strand. The mutations caused small changes in the protein's α-helical content, stability, proteolytic pattern and protein-lipid interactions. These changes alone were unlikely to account for amyloidosis, suggesting the importance of other factors. Sequence analysis predicted several amyloid-prone segments that can initiate apoA-I misfolding. Aggregation studies using N-terminal fragments verified this prediction experimentally. Three predicted N-terminal amyloid-prone segments, mapped on the crystal structure, formed an α-helical cluster. Structural analysis indicates that amyloidogenic mutations or Met86 oxidation perturb native packing in this cluster. Taken together, the results suggest that structural perturbations in the amyloid-prone segments trigger α-helix to β-sheet conversion in the N-terminal ~ 75 residues forming the amyloid core. Polypeptide outside this core can be proteolysed to form 9-11 kDa N-terminal fragments found in familial amyloidosis. Our results imply that apoA-I misfolding in familial and acquired amyloidosis follows a similar mechanism that does not require significant structural destabilization or proteolysis. This novel mechanism suggests potential therapeutic interventions for apoA-I amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhurima Das
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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162
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Lathe R, Kotelevtsev Y. Steroid signaling: ligand-binding promiscuity, molecular symmetry, and the need for gating. Steroids 2014; 82:14-22. [PMID: 24462647 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Steroid/sterol-binding receptors and enzymes are remarkably promiscuous in the range of ligands they can bind to and, in the case of enzymes, modify - raising the question of how specific receptor activation is achieved in vivo. Estrogen receptors (ER) are modulated by 27-hydroxycholesterol and 5α-androstane-3β,17β-diol (Adiol), in addition to estradiol (E2), and respond to diverse small molecules such as bisphenol A. Steroid-modifying enzymes are also highly promiscuous in ligand binding and metabolism. The specificity problem is compounded by the fact that the steroid core (hydrogenated cyclopentophenanthrene ring system) has several planes of symmetry. Ligand binding can be in symmetrical East-West (rotation) and North-South (inversion) orientations. Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs) can modify symmetrical 7 and 11, also 3 and 17/20, positions, exemplified here by yeast 3α,20β-HSD and mammalian 11β-HSD and 17β-HSD enzymes. Faced with promiscuity and symmetry, other strategies are clearly necessary to promote signaling selectivity in vivo. Gating regulates hormone access via enzymes that preferentially inactivate (or activate) a subclass of ligands, thereby governing which ligands gain receptor access - exemplified by 11β-HSD gating cortisol access to the mineralocorticoid receptor, and P450 CYP7B1 gating Adiol access to ER. Counter-intuitively, the specificity of steroid/sterol action is achieved not by intrinsic binding selectivity but by the combination of local metabolism and binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lathe
- State University of Pushchino, Prospekt Nauki, Pushchino 142290, Moscow Region, Russia; Pushchino Branch of the Institute of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Moscow Region, Russia; Pieta Research, PO Box 27069, Edinburgh EH10 5YW, UK.
| | - Yuri Kotelevtsev
- State University of Pushchino, Prospekt Nauki, Pushchino 142290, Moscow Region, Russia; Pushchino Branch of the Institute of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Moscow Region, Russia; Biomedical Centre for Research Education and Innovation (CREI), Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 143025 Skolkovo, Russia; Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Little France, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
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163
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Sharma A, Aggarwal J, Sodhi M, Kishore A, Mishra BP, Mohanty AK, Kataria RS, Kaushik JK, Mukesh M. Stage Specific Expression of ATP-Binding Cassette and Solute Carrier Superfamily of Transporter Genes in Mammary Gland of Riverine Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Anim Biotechnol 2014; 25:200-9. [DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2013.839949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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164
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Shao B, Tang C, Sinha A, Mayer PS, Davenport GD, Brot N, Oda MN, Zhao XQ, Heinecke JW. Humans with atherosclerosis have impaired ABCA1 cholesterol efflux and enhanced high-density lipoprotein oxidation by myeloperoxidase. Circ Res 2014; 114:1733-42. [PMID: 24647144 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.303454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The efflux capacity of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) with cultured macrophages associates strongly and negatively with coronary artery disease status, indicating that impaired sterol efflux capacity might be a marker-and perhaps mediator-of atherosclerotic burden. However, the mechanisms that contribute to impaired sterol efflux capacity remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to determine the relationship between myeloperoxidase-mediated oxidative damage to apolipoprotein A-I, the major HDL protein, and the ability of HDL to remove cellular cholesterol by the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) pathway. METHODS AND RESULTS We quantified both site-specific oxidation of apolipoprotein A-I and HDL's ABCA1 cholesterol efflux capacity in control subjects and subjects with stable coronary artery disease or acute coronary syndrome. Subjects with coronary artery disease and acute coronary syndrome had higher levels of chlorinated tyrosine 192 and oxidized methionine 148 compared with control subjects. In contrast, plasma levels of myeloperoxidase did not differ between the groups. HDL from the subjects with coronary artery disease and acute coronary syndrome was less able to accept cholesterol from cells expressing ABCA1 compared with HDL from control subjects. Levels of chlorinated tyrosine and oxidized methionine associated inversely with ABCA1 efflux capacity and positively with atherosclerotic disease status. These differences remained significant after adjusting for HDL-cholesterol levels. CONCLUSIONS Our observations indicate that myeloperoxidase may contribute to the generation of dysfunctional HDL with impaired ABCA1 efflux capacity in humans with atherosclerosis. Quantification of chlorotyrosine and oxidized methionine in circulating HDL might be useful indicators of the risk of cardiovascular disease that are independent of HDL-cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohai Shao
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (B.S., C.T., A.S., P.S.M., G.D.D., X.-Q.Z., J.W.H.); Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, University of Washington, Seattle (B.S, C.T., P.S.M., J.W.H.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY (N.B.); Center for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter (N.B.); and Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (M.N.O.).
| | - Chongren Tang
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (B.S., C.T., A.S., P.S.M., G.D.D., X.-Q.Z., J.W.H.); Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, University of Washington, Seattle (B.S, C.T., P.S.M., J.W.H.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY (N.B.); Center for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter (N.B.); and Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (M.N.O.)
| | - Abhishek Sinha
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (B.S., C.T., A.S., P.S.M., G.D.D., X.-Q.Z., J.W.H.); Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, University of Washington, Seattle (B.S, C.T., P.S.M., J.W.H.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY (N.B.); Center for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter (N.B.); and Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (M.N.O.)
| | - Philip S Mayer
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (B.S., C.T., A.S., P.S.M., G.D.D., X.-Q.Z., J.W.H.); Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, University of Washington, Seattle (B.S, C.T., P.S.M., J.W.H.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY (N.B.); Center for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter (N.B.); and Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (M.N.O.)
| | - George D Davenport
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (B.S., C.T., A.S., P.S.M., G.D.D., X.-Q.Z., J.W.H.); Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, University of Washington, Seattle (B.S, C.T., P.S.M., J.W.H.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY (N.B.); Center for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter (N.B.); and Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (M.N.O.)
| | - Nathan Brot
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (B.S., C.T., A.S., P.S.M., G.D.D., X.-Q.Z., J.W.H.); Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, University of Washington, Seattle (B.S, C.T., P.S.M., J.W.H.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY (N.B.); Center for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter (N.B.); and Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (M.N.O.)
| | - Michael N Oda
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (B.S., C.T., A.S., P.S.M., G.D.D., X.-Q.Z., J.W.H.); Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, University of Washington, Seattle (B.S, C.T., P.S.M., J.W.H.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY (N.B.); Center for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter (N.B.); and Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (M.N.O.)
| | - Xue-Qiao Zhao
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (B.S., C.T., A.S., P.S.M., G.D.D., X.-Q.Z., J.W.H.); Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, University of Washington, Seattle (B.S, C.T., P.S.M., J.W.H.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY (N.B.); Center for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter (N.B.); and Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (M.N.O.)
| | - Jay W Heinecke
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (B.S., C.T., A.S., P.S.M., G.D.D., X.-Q.Z., J.W.H.); Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, University of Washington, Seattle (B.S, C.T., P.S.M., J.W.H.); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY (N.B.); Center for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter (N.B.); and Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (M.N.O.)
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165
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Bocchetta S, Maillard P, Yamamoto M, Gondeau C, Douam F, Lebreton S, Lagaye S, Pol S, Helle F, Plengpanich W, Guérin M, Bourgine M, Michel ML, Lavillette D, Roingeard P, le Goff W, Budkowska A. Up-regulation of the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 inhibits hepatitis C virus infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92140. [PMID: 24646941 PMCID: PMC3960176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) establishes infection using host lipid metabolism pathways that are thus considered potential targets for indirect anti-HCV strategies. HCV enters the cell via clathrin-dependent endocytosis, interacting with several receptors, and virus-cell fusion, which depends on acidic pH and the integrity of cholesterol-rich domains of the hepatocyte membrane. The ATP-binding Cassette Transporter A1 (ABCA1) mediates cholesterol efflux from hepatocytes to extracellular Apolipoprotein A1 and moves cholesterol within cell membranes. Furthermore, it generates high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles. HDL protects against arteriosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. We show that the up-regulation of ABCA1 gene expression and its cholesterol efflux function in Huh7.5 hepatoma cells, using the liver X receptor (LXR) agonist GW3965, impairs HCV infection and decreases levels of virus produced. ABCA1-stimulation inhibited HCV cell entry, acting on virus-host cell fusion, but had no impact on virus attachment, replication, or assembly/secretion. It did not affect infectivity or properties of virus particles produced. Silencing of the ABCA1 gene and reduction of the specific cholesterol efflux function counteracted the inhibitory effect of the GW3965 on HCV infection, providing evidence for a key role of ABCA1 in this process. Impaired virus-cell entry correlated with the reorganisation of cholesterol-rich membrane microdomains (lipid rafts). The inhibitory effect could be reversed by an exogenous cholesterol supply, indicating that restriction of HCV infection was induced by changes of cholesterol content/distribution in membrane regions essential for virus-cell fusion. Stimulation of ABCA1 expression by GW3965 inhibited HCV infection of both human primary hepatocytes and isolated human liver slices. This study reveals that pharmacological stimulation of the ABCA1-dependent cholesterol efflux pathway disrupts membrane cholesterol homeostasis, leading to the inhibition of virus–cell fusion and thus HCV cell entry. Therefore besides other beneficial roles, ABCA1 might represent a potential target for HCV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Bocchetta
- Unité Hépacivirus et Immunité Innée, CNRS, UMR3569, Paris, France
- Dipartimento di Medicina Translazionale, Università del Piemonte Orientale, “Amedeo Avogadro”, Novara, Italy
| | - Patrick Maillard
- Unité Hépacivirus et Immunité Innée, CNRS, UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Mami Yamamoto
- Unité Hépacivirus et Immunité Innée, CNRS, UMR3569, Paris, France
- Department of Biochemistry, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Claire Gondeau
- INSERM U1040, Institut de Recherche en Biothérapie, Hôpital Saint-Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Florian Douam
- Groupe de Recherche Dynamique Microbienne et Transmission virale, UMR CNRS 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Stéphanie Lebreton
- Unité Trafic Membranaire et Pathogenèse, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Lagaye
- Unité d’Hépatologie, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin-Hôtel Dieu, Paris, France
| | - Stanislas Pol
- Unité d’Hépatologie, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin-Hôtel Dieu, Paris, France
- Equipe Cycle Cellulaire, Régénération et Hépatopathies, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - François Helle
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU Sud Amiens, Centre de Biologie Humaine, Amiens, France
| | - Wanee Plengpanich
- Dyslipidemia, Inflammation and Atherosclerosis in Metabolic Diseases, INSERM UMRS939, Paris, France
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit, Department of Medecine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Maryse Guérin
- Dyslipidemia, Inflammation and Atherosclerosis in Metabolic Diseases, INSERM UMRS939, Paris, France
| | - Maryline Bourgine
- Pathogénèse des Virus de l′Hépatite B, INSERM U845, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Marie Louise Michel
- Pathogénèse des Virus de l′Hépatite B, INSERM U845, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Dimitri Lavillette
- Groupe de Recherche Dynamique Microbienne et Transmission virale, UMR CNRS 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Philippe Roingeard
- INSERM U966, Université François-Rabelais and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Wilfried le Goff
- Dyslipidemia, Inflammation and Atherosclerosis in Metabolic Diseases, INSERM UMRS939, Paris, France
| | - Agata Budkowska
- Unité Hépacivirus et Immunité Innée, CNRS, UMR3569, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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166
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Tang L, Ye H, Hong Q, Chen F, Wang Q, Xu L, Bu S, Liu Q, Ye M, Wang DW, Mai Y, Duan S. Meta-analyses between 18 candidate genetic markers and overweight/obesity. Diagn Pathol 2014; 9:56. [PMID: 24621099 PMCID: PMC4008255 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-9-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims The goal of our study is to investigate the associations between 18 candidate genetic markers and overweight/obesity. Methods A total of 72 eligible articles were retrieved from literature databases including PubMed, Embase, SpingerLink, Web of Science, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang. Meta-analyses of 18 genetic markers among 56,738 controls and 48,148 overweight/obese persons were done by Review Manager 5.0. Results Our results showed that SH2B1 rs7498665 polymorphism was significantly associated with the risk of overweight/obesity (overall odds ratio (OR) = 1.21, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.09-1.34, P = 0.0004). Increased risk of overweight/obesity was also observed in FAIM2 rs7138803 polymorphism (overall OR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.01-1.22, P = 0.04). Conclusion Our meta-analyses have shown the important role of 2 polymorphisms (SH2B1 rs7498665 and FAIM2 rs7138803) in the development of overweight/obesity. This study highlighted the importance of above two candidate genes (SH2B1 and FAIM2) in the risk of overweight/obesity. Virtual slides The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/2785487401176182.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Meng Ye
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, 315211 Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.
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167
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Liu W, Qin L, Yu H, Lv F, Wang Y. Apolipoprotein A-I and adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter A1 expression alleviates lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 29:614-22. [PMID: 24219083 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Abnormal lipid metabolism may contribute to the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) mediates the transport of cholesterol and phospholipids from cells to high density lipoprotein apolipoproteins. The lipidation of apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) by ABCA1 is the rate-limiting step in reverse cholesterol transport and the generation of plasma high density lipoprotein. Here, we examined the effect of apoA-I or ABCA1 overexpression on hepatic lipid levels in BEL-7402 cells. METHODS Human ABCA1 or apoA-I was overexpressed in BEL-7402 hepatocytes by transfection and human apoA-I was overexpressed via adenoviral vector in C57BL/6J mice with MCD diet. RESULTS Overexpression of either apoA-I or ABCA1 resulted in an increase in cholesterol efflux and a decrease in cellular fatty acids and triglycerides. However, after repression of ABCA1 by its siRNA, overexpression of apoA-I failed to decrease both cellular fatty acids and triglycerides. ApoA-I or ABCA1 overexpression also resulted in a decrease in the expression of the endoplasmic reticulum stress-related proteins GRP78 and SREBP-1. Overexpression of apoA-I in mice also reduced hepatic lipid levels. CONCLUSIONS Expression of apoA-I or ABCA1 can reduce steatosis by decreasing lipid storage in hepatocytes through lipid transport and may also reduce endoplasmic reticulum stress, further lessening hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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168
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Abstract
The prompt removal of apoptotic cells by phagocytes is important for maintaining tissue homeostasis. The molecular and cellular events that underpin apoptotic cell recognition and uptake, and the subsequent biological responses, are increasingly better defined. The detection and disposal of apoptotic cells generally promote an anti-inflammatory response at the tissue level, as well as immunological tolerance. Consequently, defects in apoptotic cell clearance have been linked with various inflammatory diseases and autoimmunity. Conversely, under certain conditions, such as the killing of tumour cells by specific cell-death inducers, the recognition of apoptotic tumour cells can promote an immunogenic response and antitumour immunity. Here, we review the current understanding of the complex process of apoptotic cell clearance in physiology and pathology, and discuss how this knowledge could be harnessed for new therapeutic strategies.
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169
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Hu YW, Zhang P, Yang JY, Huang JL, Ma X, Li SF, Zhao JY, Hu YR, Wang YC, Gao JJ, Sha YH, Zheng L, Wang Q. Nur77 decreases atherosclerosis progression in apoE(-/-) mice fed a high-fat/high-cholesterol diet. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87313. [PMID: 24498071 PMCID: PMC3909091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale It is clear that lipid disorder and inflammation are associated with cardiovascular diseases and underlying atherosclerosis. Nur77 has been shown to be involved in inflammatory response and lipid metabolism. Objective Here, we explored the role of Nur77 in atherosclerotic plaque progression in apoE−/− mice fed a high-fat/high cholesterol diet. Methods and Results The Nur77 gene, a nuclear hormone receptor, was highly induced by treatment with Cytosporone B (Csn-B, specific Nur77 agonist), recombinant plasmid over-expressing Nur77 (pcDNA-Nur77), while inhibited by treatment with siRNAs against Nur77 (si-Nur77) in THP-1 macrophage-derived foam cells, HepG2 cells and Caco-2 cells, respectively. In addition, the expression of Nur77 was highly induced by Nur77 agonist Csn-B, lentivirus encoding Nur77 (LV-Nur77), while silenced by lentivirus encoding siRNA against Nur77 (si-Nur77) in apoE−/− mice fed a high-fat/high cholesterol diet, respectively. We found that increased expression of Nur77 reduced macrophage-derived foam cells formation and hepatic lipid deposition, downregulated gene levels of inflammatory molecules, adhesion molecules and intestinal lipid absorption, and decreases atherosclerotic plaque formation. Conclusion These observations provide direct evidence that Nur77 is an important nuclear hormone receptor in regulation of atherosclerotic plaque formation and thus represents a promising target for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apolipoproteins E/genetics
- Apolipoproteins E/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/etiology
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Caco-2 Cells
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cholesterol, Dietary/adverse effects
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Disease Progression
- Foam Cells/drug effects
- Foam Cells/metabolism
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Hep G2 Cells
- Humans
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Lipid Metabolism/drug effects
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/agonists
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/metabolism
- Phenylacetates/pharmacology
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/etiology
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/genetics
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Wei Hu
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun-Yao Yang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jin-Lan Huang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shu-Fen Li
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jia-Yi Zhao
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ya-Rong Hu
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan-Chao Wang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ji-Juan Gao
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan-Hua Sha
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail: (QW); (LZ)
| | - Qian Wang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail: (QW); (LZ)
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170
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Allahverdian S, Chehroudi AC, McManus BM, Abraham T, Francis GA. Contribution of intimal smooth muscle cells to cholesterol accumulation and macrophage-like cells in human atherosclerosis. Circulation 2014; 129:1551-9. [PMID: 24481950 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.113.005015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 476] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimal smooth muscle cells (SMCs) contribute to the foam cell population in arterial plaque, and express lower levels of the cholesterol exporter ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) in comparison with medial arterial SMCs. The relative contribution of SMCs to the total foam cell population and their expression of ABCA1 in comparison with intimal monocyte-derived macrophages, however, are unknown. Although the expression of macrophage markers by SMCs following lipid loading has been described, the relevance of this phenotypic switch by SMCs in human coronary atherosclerosis has not been determined. METHODS AND RESULTS Human coronary artery sections from hearts explanted at the time of transplantation were processed to clearly delineate intracellular and extracellular lipids and allow costaining for cell-specific markers. Costaining for oil red O and the SMC-specific marker SM α-actin of foam cell-rich lesions revealed that 50±7% (average±standard error of the mean, n=14 subjects) of total foam cells were SMC derived. ABCA1 expression by intimal SMCs was significantly reduced between early and advanced atherosclerotic lesions, with no loss in ABCA1 expression by myeloid lineage cells. Costaining with the macrophage marker CD68 and SM α-actin revealed that 40±6% (n=15) of CD68-positive cells originated as SMCs in advanced human coronary atherosclerosis. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest SMCs contain a much larger burden of the excess cholesterol in human coronary atherosclerosis than previously known, in part, because of their relative inability to release excess cholesterol via ABCA1 in comparison with myeloid lineage cells. Our results also indicate that many cells identified as monocyte-derived macrophages in human atherosclerosis are in fact SMC derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Allahverdian
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Institute for Heart + Lung Health, Providence Health Care Research Institute at St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada (S.A., A.C.C., B.M.M., G.A.F.), and Department of Research Resources, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA (T.A.)
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171
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Ohara K, Wakabayashi H, Taniguchi Y, Shindo K, Yajima H, Yoshida A. Quercetin-3-O-glucuronide induces ABCA1 expression by LXRα activation in murine macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 441:929-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.10.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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172
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Leman LJ, Maryanoff BE, Ghadiri MR. Molecules that mimic apolipoprotein A-I: potential agents for treating atherosclerosis. J Med Chem 2013; 57:2169-96. [PMID: 24168751 DOI: 10.1021/jm4005847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Certain amphipathic α-helical peptides can functionally mimic many of the properties of full-length apolipoproteins, thereby offering an approach to modulate high-density lipoprotein (HDL) for combating atherosclerosis. In this Perspective, we summarize the key findings and advances over the past 25 years in the development of peptides that mimic apolipoproteins, especially apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I). This assemblage of information provides a reasonably clear picture of the state of the art in the apolipoprotein mimetic field, an appreciation of the potential for such agents in pharmacotherapy, and a sense of the opportunities for optimizing the functional properties of HDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J Leman
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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173
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Abstract
At least 468 individual genes have been manipulated by molecular methods to study their effects on the initiation, promotion, and progression of atherosclerosis. Most clinicians and many investigators, even in related disciplines, find many of these genes and the related pathways entirely foreign. Medical schools generally do not attempt to incorporate the relevant molecular biology into their curriculum. A number of key signaling pathways are highly relevant to atherogenesis and are presented to provide a context for the gene manipulations summarized herein. The pathways include the following: the insulin receptor (and other receptor tyrosine kinases); Ras and MAPK activation; TNF-α and related family members leading to activation of NF-κB; effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on signaling; endothelial adaptations to flow including G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and integrin-related signaling; activation of endothelial and other cells by modified lipoproteins; purinergic signaling; control of leukocyte adhesion to endothelium, migration, and further activation; foam cell formation; and macrophage and vascular smooth muscle cell signaling related to proliferation, efferocytosis, and apoptosis. This review is intended primarily as an introduction to these key signaling pathways. They have become the focus of modern atherosclerosis research and will undoubtedly provide a rich resource for future innovation toward intervention and prevention of the number one cause of death in the modern world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Hopkins
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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174
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Gursky O, Jones MK, Mei X, Segrest JP, Atkinson D. Structural basis for distinct functions of the naturally occurring Cys mutants of human apolipoprotein A-I. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:3244-57. [PMID: 24038317 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r037911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
HDL removes cell cholesterol and protects against atherosclerosis. ApoA-I provides a flexible structural scaffold and an important functional ligand on the HDL surface. We propose structural models for apoA-I(Milano) (R173C) and apoA-I(Paris) (R151C) mutants that show high cardioprotection despite low HDL levels. Previous studies established that two apoA-I molecules encircle HDL in an antiparallel, helical double-belt conformation. Recently, we solved the atomic structure of lipid-free Δ(185-243)apoA-I and proposed a conformational ensemble for apoA-I(WT) on HDL. Here we modify this ensemble to understand how intermolecular disulfides involving C173 or C151 influence protein conformation. The double-belt conformations are modified by belt rotation, main-chain unhinging around Gly, and Pro-induced helical bending, and they are verified by comparison with previous experimental studies and by molecular dynamics simulations of apoA-I(Milano) homodimer. In our models, the molecular termini repack on various-sized HDL, while packing around helix-5 in apoA-I(WT), helix-6 in apoA-I(Paris), or helix-7 in apoA-I(Milano) homodimer is largely conserved. We propose how the disulfide-induced constraints alter the protein conformation and facilitate dissociation of the C-terminal segment from HDL to recruit additional lipid. Our models unify previous studies of apoA-I(Milano) and demonstrate how the mutational effects propagate to the molecular termini, altering their conformations, dynamics, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Gursky
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
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175
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Zhao Y, Imura T, Leman LJ, Curtiss LK, Maryanoff BE, Ghadiri MR. Mimicry of high-density lipoprotein: functional peptide-lipid nanoparticles based on multivalent peptide constructs. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:13414-24. [PMID: 23978057 DOI: 10.1021/ja404714a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We describe an approach for engineering peptide-lipid nanoparticles that function similarly to high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Branched, multivalent constructs, bearing multiple 23- or 16-amino-acid peptides, were designed, synthesized, and combined with phospholipids to produce nanometer-scale discoidal HDL-like particles. A variety of biophysical techniques were employed to characterize the constructs, including size exclusion chromatography, analytical ultracentrifuge sedimentation, circular dichroism, transmission electron microscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The nanoparticles functioned in vitro (human and mouse plasma) and in vivo (mice) to rapidly remodel large native HDLs into small lipid-poor HDL particles, which are key acceptors of cholesterol in reverse cholesterol transport. Fluorescent labeling studies showed that the constituents of the nanoparticles readily distributed into native HDLs, such that the peptide constructs coexisted with apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), the main structural protein in HDLs. Importantly, nanolipid particles containing multivalent peptides promoted efficient cellular cholesterol efflux and were functionally superior to those derived from monomeric apoA-I mimetic peptides. The multivalent peptide-lipid nanoparticles were also remarkably stable toward enzymatic digestion in vitro and displayed long half-lives and desirable pharmacokinetic profiles in mice, providing a real practical advantage over previously studied linear or tandem helical peptides. Encouragingly, a two-week exploratory efficacy study in a widely used animal model for atherosclerosis research (LDLr-null mice) using nanoparticles constructed from a trimeric peptide demonstrated an exceptional 50% reduction in the plasma total cholesterol levels compared to the control group. Altogether, the studies reported here point to an attractive avenue for designing synthetic, HDL-like nanoparticles, with potential for treating atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, and §The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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176
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Chu HL, Cheng TM, Chen HW, Chou FH, Chang YC, Lin HY, Liu SY, Liang YC, Hsu MH, Wu DS, Li HY, Ho LP, Wu PC, Chen FR, Chen GS, Shieh DB, Chang CS, Su CH, Yao Z, Chang CC. Synthesis of apolipoprotein B lipoparticles to deliver hydrophobic/amphiphilic materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:7509-16. [PMID: 23834261 PMCID: PMC3744920 DOI: 10.1021/am401808e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
To develop a drug delivery system (DDS), it is critical to address challenging tasks such as the delivery of hydrophobic and amphiphilic compounds, cell uptake, and the metabolic fate of the drug delivery carrier. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) has been acknowledged as the human serum transporter of natively abundant lipoparticles such as cholesterol, triacylglycerides, and lipids. Apolipoprotein B (apo B) is the only protein contained in LDL, and possesses a binding moiety for the LDL receptor that can be internalized and degraded naturally by the cell. Therefore, synthetic/reconstituting apoB lipoparticle (rABL) could be an excellent delivery carrier for hydrophobic or amphiphilic materials. Here, we synthesized rABL in vitro, using full-length apoB through a five-step solvent exchange method, and addressed its potential as a DDS. Our rABL exhibited good biocompatibility when evaluated with cytotoxicity and cell metabolic response assays, and was stable during storage in phosphate-buffered saline at 4 °C for several months. Furthermore, hydrophobic superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONPs) and the anticancer drug M4N (tetra-O-methyl nordihydroguaiaretic acid), used as an imaging enhancer and lipophilic drug model, respectively, were incorporated into the rABL, leading to the formation of SPIONPs- and M4N- containing rABL (SPIO@rABL and M4N@rABL, respectively). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy suggested that rABL has a similar composition to that of LDL, and successfully incorporated SPIONPs or M4N. SPIO@rABL presented significant hepatic contrast enhancement in T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in BALB/c mice, suggesting its potential application as a medical imaging contrast agent. M4N@rABL could reduce the viability of the cancer cell line A549. Interestingly, we developed solution-phase high-resolution transmission electron microscopy to observe both LDL and SPIO@rABL in the liquid state. In summary, our LDL-based DDS, rABL, has significant potential as a novel DDS for hydrophobic and amphiphilic materials, with good cell internalization properties and metabolicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsueh-Liang Chu
- Department
of Biological Science
and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30050, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Mu Cheng
- Department
of Biological Science
and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30050, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Translational
Medicine, College of Medicine and Technology, Taipei
Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Wei Chen
- Department
of Biological Science
and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30050, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Hsuan Chou
- Department
of Biological Science
and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30050, Taiwan
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chuan Chang
- Department
of Biological Science
and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30050, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yu Lin
- Department
of Engineering and System Science and Nuclear Science and Technology Development
Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yi Liu
- Department
of Engineering and System Science and Nuclear Science and Technology Development
Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chuan Liang
- Agricultural
Biotechnology Research Center and Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hua Hsu
- Department
of Engineering and System Science and Nuclear Science and Technology Development
Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Dian-Shyeu Wu
- Department
of Biological Science
and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30050, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Yuan Li
- Department
of Biological Science
and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30050, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ping Ho
- Department
of Biological Science
and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30050, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Ching Wu
- Institute of Oral Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Rong Chen
- Department
of Engineering and System Science and Nuclear Science and Technology Development
Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Gong-Shen Chen
- Department of Hematology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan
| | - Dar-Bin Shieh
- Institute of Oral Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Seng Chang
- Agricultural
Biotechnology Research Center and Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hao Su
- Center for Translational Research
in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial
Hospital, Kaohsiung 83342, Taiwan
| | - Zemin Yao
- Department of Biochemistry,
Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
| | - Chia-Ching Chang
- Department
of Biological Science
and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30050, Taiwan
- Agricultural
Biotechnology Research Center and Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- E-mail: . Tel: 886-3-5731633. Fax: 886-3-5733259
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177
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Nishi T, Kobayashi N, Hisano Y, Kawahara A, Yamaguchi A. Molecular and physiological functions of sphingosine 1-phosphate transporters. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:759-65. [PMID: 23921254 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a lipid mediator that plays important roles in diverse cellular functions such as cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. S1P is synthesized inside the cells and subsequently released to the extracellular space, where it binds to specific receptors that are located on the plasma membranes of target cells. Accumulating recent evidence suggests that S1P transporters including SPNS2 mediate S1P release from the cells and are involved in the physiological functions of S1P. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the mechanism and physiological functions of S1P transporters. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled New Frontiers in Sphingolipid Biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Nishi
- Department of Cell Membrane Biology, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Naoki Kobayashi
- Department of Cell Membrane Biology, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Yu Hisano
- Department of Cell Membrane Biology, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan; Laboratory for Cardiovascular Molecular Dynamics, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center (QBiC), Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| | - Atsuo Kawahara
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Molecular Dynamics, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center (QBiC), Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| | - Akihito Yamaguchi
- Department of Cell Membrane Biology, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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178
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Ontsouka EC, Huang X, Stieger B, Albrecht C. Characteristics and functional relevance of apolipoprotein-A1 and cholesterol binding in mammary gland tissues and epithelial cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70407. [PMID: 23936200 PMCID: PMC3729845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol in milk is derived from the circulating blood through a complex transport process involving the mammary alveolar epithelium. Details of the mechanisms involved in this transfer are unclear. Apolipoprotein-AI (apoA-I) is an acceptor of cellular cholesterol effluxed by the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter A1 (ABCA1). We aimed to 1) determine the binding characteristics of (125)I-apoA-I and (3)H-cholesterol to enriched plasma membrane vesicles (EPM) isolated from lactating and non-lactating bovine mammary glands (MG), 2) optimize the components of an in vitro model describing cellular (3)H-cholesterol efflux in primary bovine mammary epithelial cells (MeBo), and 3) assess the vectorial cholesterol transport in MeBo using Transwell(®) plates. The amounts of isolated EPM and the maximal binding capacity of (125)I-apoA-I to EPM differed depending on the MG's physiological state, while the kinetics of (3)H-cholesterol and (125)I-apoA-I binding were similar. (3)H-cholesterol incorporated maximally to EPM after 25±9 min. The time to achieve the half-maximum binding of (125)I-apoA-I at equilibrium was 3.3±0.6 min. The dissociation constant (KD) of (125)I-apoA-I ranged between 40-74 nmol/L. Cholesterol loading to EPM increased both cholesterol content and (125)I-apoA-I binding. The ABCA1 inhibitor Probucol displaced (125)I-apoA-I binding to EPM and reduced (3)H-cholesterol efflux in MeBo. Time-dependent (3)H-cholesterol uptake and efflux showed inverse patterns. The defined binding characteristics of cholesterol and apoA-I served to establish an efficient and significantly shorter cholesterol efflux protocol that had been used in MeBo. The application of this protocol in Transwell(®) plates with the upper chamber mimicking the apical (milk-facing) and the bottom chamber corresponding to the basolateral (blood-facing) side of cells showed that the degree of (3)H-cholesterol efflux in MeBo differed significantly between the apical and basolateral aspects. Our findings support the importance of the apoA-I/ABCA1 pathway in MG cholesterol transport and suggest its role in influencing milk composition and directing cholesterol back into the bloodstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Corneille Ontsouka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Swiss National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Xiao Huang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Swiss National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Stieger
- Swiss National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christiane Albrecht
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Swiss National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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179
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Hu Y, Yang Y, Yu Y, Wen G, Shang N, Zhuang W, Lu D, Zhou B, Liang B, Yue X, Li F, Du J, Bu X. Synthesis and identification of new flavonoids targeting liver X receptor β involved pathway as potential facilitators of Aβ clearance with reduced lipid accumulation. J Med Chem 2013; 56:6033-53. [PMID: 23844653 DOI: 10.1021/jm301913k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with impaired Aβ degradation in the brain. Enhancing the process of Aβ clearance is an attractive potential AD therapy. Treatment with LXR agonists may reduce Aβ levels in vivo. However, the clinical potential of many LXR agonists is limited because of their nonselective actions on LXRα/β, which lead to undesired hepatic lipogenesis via LXRα-dependent pathways. In this study, ABCA1 up-regulators were identified from a series of flavonoids and were found to preferentially activate LXRβ and up-regulate expression of ABCA1 and apoE in different cell lines. Further investigations confirmed that these compounds facilitate intracellular Aβ clearance in Aβ-loaded BV2 cells. Administration of compound 19 reduced total brain Aβ and plaque burden in APP/PS1 double transgenic mice, associated with elevated ABCA1 and apoE expression. Compared with the nonselective LXR agonists, the active compounds reported here induced less accumulation of undesired lipids and triglycerides in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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180
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Song Y, Zhang LJ, Li H, Gu Y, Li FF, Jiang LN, Liu F, Ye J, Li Q. Polyunsaturated fatty acid relatively decreases cholesterol content in THP-1 macrophage-derived foam cell: partly correlates with expression profile of CIDE and PAT members. Lipids Health Dis 2013; 12:111. [PMID: 23879935 PMCID: PMC3751560 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-12-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have positive effect on the regulation of plasma lipids. But the mechanism for them to modulate lipid homeostasis in macrophage is still unclear. In this study, we employed PUFA to pretreat macrophages and evaluated the variations of lipid droplet (LD) content, lipid composition, and expressions of LD-associated genes in macrophage-derived foam cells. METHOD THP-1-derived macrophages or human peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages were pre-treated with four non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) separately: saturated fatty acid (SFA)-palmitic acid (PA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs)-oleic acid (OA), PUFAs-linoleic acid (LA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Intracellular lipid content and cholesterol efflux were analyzed in THP-1 macrophage-derived foam cells. Related gene expressions were detected by quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS PUFA pre-treatment reduced cholesterol content in foam cells and increased cholesterol efflux to lipid-free apoAI in conditioned medium compared with PA or OA group. Cell death-inducing DFF45 like effector (CIDE) and Perilipin-Adipophilin-TIP47 (PAT) family members, as LD-associated proteins, showed specific gene expression profiles after PUFA pre-treatment. These results may help to explain the process of lipid metabolism within foam cells. CONCLUSION PUFA (LA or EPA) had a potential protective effect against cholesterol accumulation. The specific expressions of CIDE and PAT genes may provide clues to explore the protective mechanism of PUFA in foam cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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181
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Li XY, Wang C, Xiang XR, Chen FC, Yang CM, Wu J. Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide increases lipid accumulation by affecting CD36 and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 in macrophages. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:1329-36. [PMID: 23835648 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (P. gingivalis LPS) promotes macrophage-derived foam cell formation, however, the mechanisms are not well established. In macrophages, lipid uptake is mediated by scavenger receptors including SR-A and CD36, while the cholesterol efflux is mediated by ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1), ABCA1 and SR-BI. We further investigated the mechanisms underlying the dysregulation by P. gingivalis LPS of these regulators resulting in the promotion of lipid accumulation in THP-1-derived macrophages. Our results showed that P. gingivalis LPS exacerbated lipid accumulation in oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-treated macrophages. However, cholesterol efflux was inhibited by P. gingivalis LPS in THP-1-derived macrophages. In oxLDL-untreated macrophages, P. gingivalis LPS treatment caused an increase in CD36 mRNA and protein levels, and a decrease in ABCA1 mRNA and protein levels, while having no effect on SR-A, SR-BI or ABCG1 expression. Upregulation of CD36 by P. gingivalis LPS resulted from activation of c-Jun/AP-1, and this was confirmed by the inhibition of increased CD36 expression after AP-1 inhibition using SP600125. However, the decreased protein stability of ABCA1 by P. gingivalis LPS was a result of increased calpain activity. Moreover, small hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) augmented the P. gingivalis LPS-induced atherogenic effects on the expression of c-Jun/AP-1, CD36, ABCA1 and calpain activity. Accordingly, P. gingivalis LPS-regulated promotion of lipid accumulation in foam cells was also exacerbated by HO-1 shRNA. These results indicate that P. gingivalis LPS confers a exacerbation effect on the formation of foam cells by a novel HO-1-dependent mediation of cholesterol efflux and lipid accumulation in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Ying Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
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182
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Lv YC, Yin K, Fu YC, Zhang DW, Chen WJ, Tang CK. Posttranscriptional Regulation ofATP-Binding Cassette Transporter A1in Lipid Metabolism. DNA Cell Biol 2013; 32:348-58. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2012.1940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-cheng Lv
- Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Life Science Research Center, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Laboratory of Clinical Anatomy, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Kai Yin
- Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Life Science Research Center, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yu-chang Fu
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Da-wei Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Wu-jun Chen
- Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Life Science Research Center, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Chao-ke Tang
- Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Life Science Research Center, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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183
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Bi X, Zhu X, Duong M, Boudyguina EY, Wilson MD, Gebre AK, Parks JS. Liver ABCA1 deletion in LDLrKO mice does not impair macrophage reverse cholesterol transport or exacerbate atherogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:2288-96. [PMID: 23814116 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.301110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hepatic ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) expression is critical for maintaining plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentrations, but its role in macrophage reverse cholesterol transport and atherosclerosis is not fully understood. We investigated atherosclerosis development and reverse cholesterol transport in hepatocyte-specific ABCA1 knockout (HSKO) mice in the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor KO (LDLrKO) C57BL/6 background. APPROACH AND RESULTS Male and female LDLrKO and HSKO/LDLrKO mice were switched from chow at 8 weeks of age to an atherogenic diet (10% palm oil, 0.2% cholesterol) for 16 weeks. Chow-fed HSKO/LDLrKO mice had HDL concentrations 10% to 20% of LDLrKO mice, but similar very low-density lipoprotein and LDL concentrations. Surprisingly, HSKO/LDLrKO mice fed the atherogenic diet had significantly lower (40% to 60%) very low-density lipoprotein, LDL, and HDL concentrations (50%) compared with LDLrKO mice. Aortic surface lesion area and cholesterol content were similar for both genotypes of mice, but aortic root intimal area was significantly lower (20% to 40%) in HSKO/LDLrKO mice. Although macrophage (3)H-cholesterol efflux to apoB lipoprotein-depleted plasma was 24% lower for atherogenic diet-fed HSKO/LDLrKO versus LDLrKO mice, variation in percentage efflux among individual mice was <2-fold compared with a 10-fold variation in plasma HDL concentrations, suggesting that HDL levels, per se, were not the primary determinant of plasma efflux capacity. In vivo reverse cholesterol transport, resident peritoneal macrophage sterol content, biliary lipid composition, and fecal cholesterol mass were similar between both genotypes of mice. CONCLUSIONS The markedly reduced plasma HDL pool in HSKO/LDLrKO mice is sufficient to maintain macrophage reverse cholesterol transport, which, along with reduced plasma very low-density lipoprotein and LDL concentrations, prevented the expected increase in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Bi
- From the Section on Lipid Sciences, Department of Pathology (X.B., X.Z., M.D., E.Y.B., M.D.W., A.K.G., J.S.P.), and Department of Biochemistry (J.S.P.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
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184
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Karasinska JM, de Haan W, Franciosi S, Ruddle P, Fan J, Kruit JK, Stukas S, Lütjohann D, Gutmann DH, Wellington CL, Hayden MR. ABCA1 influences neuroinflammation and neuronal death. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 54:445-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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185
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Chai JT, Digby JE, Ruparelia N, Jefferson A, Handa A, Choudhury RP. Nicotinic acid receptor GPR109A is down-regulated in human macrophage-derived foam cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62934. [PMID: 23658787 PMCID: PMC3642175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotinic acid (NA) regresses atherosclerosis in human imaging studies and reduces atherosclerosis in mice, mediated by myeloid cells, independent of lipoproteins. Since GPR109A is expressed by human monocytes, we hypothesized that NA may drive cholesterol efflux from foam cells. In THP-1 cells NA suppressed LPS-induced mRNA transcription of MCP-1 by 76.6±12.2% (P<0.01) and TNFα by 56.1±11.5% (P<0.01), yet restored LPS-induced suppression of PPARγ transcription by 536.5±46.4% (P<0.001) and its downstream effector CD36 by 116.8±19.8% (P<0.01). Whilst direct PPARγ-agonism promoted cholesterol efflux from THP-1 derived foam cells by 37.7±3.1% (P<0.01) and stimulated transcription of LXRα by 87.9±9.5% (P<0.001) and ABCG1 by 101.2±15.5% (P<0.01), NA showed no effect in foam cells on either cholesterol efflux or key RCT genes transcription. Upon foam cell induction, NA lost its effect on PPARγ and cAMP pathways, since its receptor, GPR109A, was down-regulated by foam cell transformation. This observation was confirmed in explanted human carotid plaques. In conclusion, despite NA's anti-inflammatory effect on human macrophages, it has no effect on foam cells in reverse cholesterol transport; due to GPR109A down-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T. Chai
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Janet E. Digby
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Ruparelia
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Jefferson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ashok Handa
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Robin P. Choudhury
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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186
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Aguilar-Salinas CA, Muñoz-Hernandez LL, Cobos-Bonilla M, Ramírez-Márquez MR, Ordoñez-Sanchez ML, Mehta R, Medina-Santillan R, Tusie-Luna MT. The R230C variant of the ATP binding cassette protein A1 (ABCA1) gene is associated with a decreased response to glyburide therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 2013; 62:638-41. [PMID: 23273975 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that persons with the R230C allele of ABCA1 show a decreased glycemic response to glyburide. This polymorphism is exclusively found in Ameri-indian populations and is associated with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This is a single blind controlled study including participants with type 2 diabetes (fasting glucose levels 126-250 mg/dl and HbA1c 7%-10%) managed with metformin and a lifestyle program. Each person with the risk allele (R230C) was matched by age, gender and BMI to three others with the wild type variant (R230R). Following a four week stabilization period, only participants with a greater than 70% adherence to metformin and a stable body weight were prescribed glyburide therapy for a further 16 weeks. The main outcome variable was the glyburide dose required to achieve treatment goals. RESULTS No significant difference was observed in the glucose lowering effect of glyburide between subjects with the R230C and R230R alleles. However, the dose of sulfonylurea was significantly higher in the R230C participants compared with the R230R subjects (3.3±2.1 vs 6.3±5 mg/day, p<0.001). A higher percentage of R230C participants required at least 5mg of glyburide per day to achieve treatment goals. The glyburide dose was determined by the presence of the risk allele, among other factors. CONCLUSIONS Patients with type 2 diabetes who have the R230C allele of ABCA1 needed a higher dose of glyburide in order to achieve the same glucose lowering effect as that in persons with the wild type variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Aguilar-Salinas
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism. Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición. México City, México.
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187
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Chang YC, Sheu WHH, Chien YS, Tseng PC, Lee WJ, Chiang AN. Hyperglycemia accelerates ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 degradation via an ERK-dependent pathway in macrophages. J Cell Biochem 2013; 114:1364-73. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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188
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Pannu PS, Allahverdian S, Francis GA. Oxysterol generation and liver X receptor-dependent reverse cholesterol transport: not all roads lead to Rome. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 368:99-107. [PMID: 22884520 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cell cholesterol metabolism is a tightly regulated process, dependent in part on activation of nuclear liver X receptors (LXRs) to increase expression of genes mediating removal of excess cholesterol from cells in the reverse cholesterol transport pathway. LXRs are thought to be activated predominantly by oxysterols generated enzymatically from cholesterol in different cell organelles. Defects resulting in slowed release of cholesterol from late endosomes and lysosomes or reduction in sterol-27-hydroxylase activity lead to specific blocks in oxysterol production and impaired LXR-dependent gene activation. This block does not appear to be compensated by oxysterol production in other cell compartments. The purpose of this review is to summarize current knowledge about oxysterol-dependent activation by LXR of genes involved in reverse cholesterol transport, and what these defects of cell cholesterol homeostasis can teach us about the critical pathways of oxysterol generation for expression of LXR-dependent genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveer S Pannu
- Department of Medicine, UBC James Hogg Research Centre, Institute of Heart and Lung Health at St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6Z 1Y6.
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189
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Ma G, Zhou J, Tian C, Jiang D, Fang D, Chen H. Luminol electrochemiluminescence for the analysis of active cholesterol at the plasma membrane in single mammalian cells. Anal Chem 2013; 85:3912-7. [PMID: 23527944 DOI: 10.1021/ac303304r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A luminol electrochemiluminescence assay was reported to analyze active cholesterol at the plasma membrane in single mammalian cells. The cellular membrane cholesterol was activated by the exposure of the cells to low ionic strength buffer or the inhibition of intracellular acyl-coA/cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT). The active membrane cholesterol was reacted with cholesterol oxidase in the solution to generate a peak concentration of hydrogen peroxide on the electrode surface, which induced a measurable luminol electrochemiluminescence. Further treatment of the active cells with mevastatin decreased the active membrane cholesterol resulting in a drop in luminance. No change in the intracellular calcium was observed in the presence of luminol and voltage, which indicated that our analysis process might not interrupt the intracellular cholesterol trafficking. Single cell analysis was performed by placing a pinhole below the electrode so that only one cell was exposed to the photomultiplier tube (PMT). Twelve single cells were analyzed individually, and a large deviation on luminance ratio observed exhibited the cell heterogeneity on the active membrane cholesterol. The smaller deviation on ACAT/HMGCoA inhibited cells than ACAT inhibited cells suggested different inhibition efficiency for sandoz 58035 and mevastatin. The new information obtained from single cell analysis might provide a new insight on the study of intracellular cholesterol trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzhong Ma
- Key State Labortorary of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, 210093, China
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190
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Liang Y, Yang X, Ma L, Cai X, Wang L, Yang C, Li G, Zhang M, Sun W, Jiang Y. Homocysteine-mediated cholesterol efflux via ABCA1 and ACAT1 DNA methylation in THP-1 monocyte-derived foam cells. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2013; 45:220-8. [PMID: 23305686 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gms119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine (Hcy) has been recognized as a prevalent risk factor for cardiovascular events. Cholesterol-loaded foam cells are a central component of atherosclerotic lesions. ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), which mediates the efflux of cellular cholesterol and phospholipids, is the rate-limiting step in lipid metabolism. Acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase-1 (ACAT1) promotes accumulation of cholesterol ester in macrophages, thereby resulting in the foam cell formation, a hallmark of early stage in atherosclerosis. In this study, cultured monocyte-derived foam cells were incubated with clinical relevant concentrations of Hcy for 24 h. Both increased number of foam cells and accumulation of cholesterol were found, and the mRNA and protein expression levels of ABCA1 were decreased, while ACAT1 expression was increased in the presence of Hcy. Furthermore, the DNA methylation level of ABCA1 gene was increased whereas ACAT1 DNA methylation was decreased by using different concentrations of Hcy. Moreover, our results showed that DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) activity and DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) mRNA expression were increased by Hcy. It is indicated that DNA methylation has the function to regulate the expression of ABCA1 and ACAT1 via DNMT. In conclusion, these results suggest that ABCA1 and ACAT1 DNA methylation induced by Hcy may play a potential role in ABCA1 and ACAT1 expression and the accumulation of cholesterol in monocyte-derived foam cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
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191
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Di Ciaula A, Wang DQH, Bonfrate L, Portincasa P. Current views on genetics and epigenetics of cholesterol gallstone disease. CHOLESTEROL 2013; 2013:298421. [PMID: 23691293 PMCID: PMC3649201 DOI: 10.1155/2013/298421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol gallstone disease, one of the commonest digestive diseases in western countries, is induced by an imbalance in cholesterol metabolism, which involves intestinal absorption, hepatic biosynthesis, and biliary output of cholesterol, and its conversion to bile acids. Several components of the metabolic syndrome (e.g., obesity, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hyperinsulinemia) are also well-known risk factors for gallstones, suggesting the existence of interplay between common pathophysiological pathways influenced by insulin resistance, genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. Cholesterol gallstones may be enhanced, at least in part, by the abnormal expression of a set of the genes that affect cholesterol homeostasis and lead to insulin resistance. Additionally, epigenetic mechanisms (mainly DNA methylation, histone acetylation/deacetylation, and noncoding microRNAs) may modify gene expression in the absence of an altered DNA sequence, in response to different lithogenic environmental stimuli, such as diet, lifestyle, pollutants, also occurring in utero before birth. In this review, we will comment on various steps of the pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstones and interaction between environmental and genetic factors. The epigenomic approach may offer new options for therapy of gallstones and better possibilities for primary prevention in subjects at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostino Di Ciaula
- 1Division of Internal Medicine Hospital of Bisceglie, 76011 Bisceglie, Italy
| | - David Q.-H. Wang
- 2Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Edward Doisy Research Center, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Leonilde Bonfrate
- 3Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University “Aldo Moro“ of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Piero Portincasa
- 3Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University “Aldo Moro“ of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
- 4European Society for Clinical Investigation (ESCI), 3584 CJ Utrecht, The Netherlands
- *Piero Portincasa:
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192
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Sorci-Thomas MG, Thomas MJ. High density lipoprotein biogenesis, cholesterol efflux, and immune cell function. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:2561-5. [PMID: 23077142 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This review provides a summary of recent research on the role of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)/apolipoprotein A-I cholesterol efflux and immune cell function. Plasma concentrations of HDL have been known to inversely correlate with risk for coronary vascular disease. Bulk transport of HDL cholesterol from the peripheral tissues to the liver is a major pathway, termed reverse cholesterol transport, responsible for maintaining whole body cholesterol homeostasis. In addition to participating in this pathway, HDL and apolipoprotein A-I exert anti-inflammatory effects through different pathways. One pathway that seems to be important in atherosclerosis and autoimmunity is its role in modulation of T cell activation. HDL/apolipoprotein A-I helps regulate cell signaling by accepting membrane cholesterol from ATP binding cassette transporter A1 on immune cells and, thereby, fine tuning the amount of cholesterol present in plasma membrane lipid rafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary G Sorci-Thomas
- Section on Lipid Sciences, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1016, USA.
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193
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194
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Allen AM, Graham A. Mitochondrial function is involved in regulation of cholesterol efflux to apolipoprotein (apo)A-I from murine RAW 264.7 macrophages. Lipids Health Dis 2012; 11:169. [PMID: 23227865 PMCID: PMC3543277 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-11-169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial DNA damage, increased production of reactive oxygen species and progressive respiratory chain dysfunction, together with increased deposition of cholesterol and cholesteryl esters, are hallmarks of atherosclerosis. This study investigated the role of mitochondrial function in regulation of macrophage cholesterol efflux to apolipoprotein A-I, by the addition of established pharmacological modulators of mitochondrial function. METHODS Murine RAW 264.7 macrophages were treated with a range of concentrations of resveratrol, antimycin, dinitrophenol, nigericin and oligomycin, and changes in viability, cytotoxicity, membrane potential and ATP, compared with efflux of [3H]cholesterol to apolipoprotein (apo) A-I. The effect of oligomycin treatment on expression of genes implicated in macrophage cholesterol homeostasis were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and immunoblotting, relative to the housekeeping enzyme, Gapdh, and combined with studies of this molecule on cholesterol esterification, de novo lipid biosynthesis, and induction of apoptosis. Significant differences were determined using analysis of variance, and Dunnett's or Bonferroni post t-tests, as appropriate. RESULTS The positive control, resveratrol (24 h), significantly enhanced cholesterol efflux to apoA-I at concentrations ≥30 μM. By contrast, cholesterol efflux to apoA-I was significantly inhibited by nigericin (45%; p<0.01) and oligomycin (55%; p<0.01), under conditions (10 μM, 3 h) which did not induce cellular toxicity or deplete total cellular ATP content. Levels of ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) protein were repressed by oligomycin under optimal efflux conditions, despite paradoxical increases in Abca1 mRNA. Oligomycin treatment did not affect cholesterol biosynthesis, but significantly inhibited cholesterol esterification following exposure to acetylated LDL, and induced apoptosis at ≥30 μM. Finally, oligomycin induced the expression of genes implicated in both cholesterol efflux (Abca1, Abcg4, Stard1) and cholesterol biosynthesis (Hmgr, Mvk, Scap, Srebf2), indicating profound dysregulation of cholesterol homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS Acute loss of mitochondrial function, and in particular Δψm, reduces cholesterol efflux to apoA-I and dysregulates macrophage cholesterol homeostasis mechanisms. Bioavailable antioxidants, targeted to mitochondria and capable of sustaining effective mitochondrial function, may therefore prove effective in maintenance of arterial health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie Allen
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences and the Diabetes Research Group, Institute for Applied Health Research, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow, G4 0BA, UK
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195
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Phillips MC. New insights into the determination of HDL structure by apolipoproteins: Thematic review series: high density lipoprotein structure, function, and metabolism. J Lipid Res 2012; 54:2034-2048. [PMID: 23230082 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r034025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein (apo)A-I is the principal protein component of HDL, and because of its conformational adaptability, it can stabilize all HDL subclasses. The amphipathic α-helix is the structural motif that enables apoA-I to achieve this functionality. In the lipid-free state, the helical segments unfold and refold in seconds and are located in the N-terminal two thirds of the molecule where they are loosely packed as a dynamic, four-helix bundle. The C-terminal third of the protein forms an intrinsically disordered domain that mediates initial binding to phospholipid surfaces, which occurs with coupled α-helix formation. The lipid affinity of apoA-I confers detergent-like properties; it can solubilize vesicular phospholipids to create discoidal HDL particles with diameters of approximately 10 nm. Such particles contain a segment of phospholipid bilayer and are stabilized by two apoA-I molecules that are arranged in an anti-parallel, double-belt conformation around the edge of the disc, shielding the hydrophobic phospholipid acyl chains from exposure to water. The apoA-I molecules are in a highly dynamic state, and they stabilize discoidal particles of different sizes by certain segments forming loops that detach reversibly from the particle surface. The flexible apoA-I molecule adapts to the surface of spherical HDL particles by bending and forming a stabilizing trefoil scaffold structure. The above characteristics of apoA-I enable it to partner with ABCA1 in mediating efflux of cellular phospholipid and cholesterol and formation of a heterogeneous population of nascent HDL particles. Novel insights into the structure-function relationships of apoA-I should help reveal mechanisms by which HDL subclass distribution can be manipulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Phillips
- Lipid Research Group, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.
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196
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Digoxin and ouabain induce the efflux of cholesterol via liver X receptor signalling and the synthesis of ATP in cardiomyocytes. Biochem J 2012; 447:301-11. [PMID: 22845468 DOI: 10.1042/bj20120200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardioactive glycosides exert positive inotropic effects on cardiomyocytes through the inhibition of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase. We showed previously that in human hepatoma cells, digoxin and ouabain increase the rate of the mevalonate cascade and therefore have Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase-independent effects. In the present study we found that they increase the expression and activity of 3-hydroxy-3 methylglutaryl-CoA reductase and the synthesis of cholesterol in cardiomyocytes, their main target cells. Surprisingly this did not promote intracellular cholesterol accumulation. The glycosides activated the liver X receptor transcription factor and increased the expression of ABCA1 (ATP-binding cassette protein A1) transporter, which mediates the efflux of cholesterol and its delivery to apolipoprotein A-I. By increasing the synthesis of ubiquinone, another derivative of the mevalonate cascade, digoxin and ouabain simultaneously enhanced the rate of electron transport in the mitochondrial respiratory chain and the synthesis of ATP. Mice treated with digoxin showed lower cholesterol and higher ubiquinone content in their hearts, and a small increase in their serum HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol. The results of the present study suggest that cardioactive glycosides may have a role in the reverse transport of cholesterol and in the energy metabolism of cardiomyocytes.
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197
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Suzuki M, Becker L, Pritchard DK, Gharib SA, Wijsman EM, Bammler TK, Beyer RP, Vaisar T, Oram JF, Heinecke JW. Cholesterol accumulation regulates expression of macrophage proteins implicated in proteolysis and complement activation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:2910-8. [PMID: 23042816 PMCID: PMC3501207 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cholesterol accumulation by macrophages plays a key role in atherogenesis. To begin to develop a global picture of this process, we used proteomics and transcriptomics to analyze foam cells generated with acetyl-low-density lipoprotein, a classic ligand for scavenger receptors. METHODS AND RESULTS Tandem mass spectrometry and stringent statistical analysis revealed that foam cells differentially expressed 15 of 542 proteins (2.8%) detected in macrophage-conditioned medium. Apolipoprotein E was one of the most upregulated proteins, confirming that proteins involved in lipid metabolism are important targets for regulation by sterol accumulation. However, levels of proteins linked to complement activation and lysosomal proteolysis also changed markedly. Transcriptional analysis demonstrated that 698 of 19,700 genes (3.5%) were regulated in foam cells, including many genes important in sterol metabolism. We also found that cholesterol accumulation regulated genes implicated in complement activation but failed to affect genes linked to proteolysis and macrophage polarization. Changes in protein levels in macrophage-conditioned medium were largely independent of changes in mRNA levels. CONCLUSIONS Loading sterol into macrophages regulates levels of complement proteins and lysosomal proteases-key players in the immune system and plaque rupture. Posttranscriptional mechanisms are likely important for controlling levels of most of the proteins detected in macrophage medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Suzuki
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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198
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Villarreal-Molina T, Posadas-Romero C, Romero-Hidalgo S, Antúnez-Argüelles E, Bautista-Grande A, Vargas-Alarcón G, Kimura-Hayama E, Canizales-Quinteros S, Juárez-Rojas JG, Posadas-Sánchez R, Cardoso-Saldaña G, Medina-Urrutia A, González-Salazar MDC, Martínez-Alvarado R, Jorge-Galarza E, Carnevale A. The ABCA1 gene R230C variant is associated with decreased risk of premature coronary artery disease: the genetics of atherosclerotic disease (GEA) study. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49285. [PMID: 23152888 PMCID: PMC3494680 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ABCA1 genetic variation is known to play a role in HDL-C levels and various studies have also implicated ABCA1 variation in cardiovascular risk. The functional ABCA1/R230C variant is frequent in the Mexican population and has been consistently associated with low HDL-C concentrations. Although it has been associated with other cardiovascular risk factors such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, it is not known whether it is associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). AIM The purpose of the study was to analyze whether the ABCA1/R230C variant is associated with premature CAD in a case-control association study (GEA or Genetics of Atherosclerotic Disease), and to explore whether BMI modulates the effect of the C230 allele on other metabolic traits using a population-based design. RESULTS The C230 allele was significantly associated with both lower HDL-C levels and a lower risk of premature CAD as compared to controls (OR = 0.566; P(add) = 1.499×10(-5)). In addition, BMI modulated the effect of R230C on body fat distribution, as the correlation between BMI and visceral to subcutaneous adipose tissue (a metric of the propensity to store fat viscerally as compared to subcutaneously) was negative in RR homozygous individuals, but positive in premenopausal women bearing the C230 allele, with a statistically significant interaction (P = 0.005). BMI-R230C interaction was also significant for triglyceride levels in women regardless of their menopausal status (P = 0.036). CONCLUSION This is the first study assessing the effect of the R230C/ABCA1 variant in remature CAD. C230 was associated with both decreased HDL-C levels and a lower risk of premature CAD, and gender-specific BMI-R230C interactions were observed for different metabolic traits. These interactions may help explain inconsistencies in associations, and underscore the need to further analyze interactions of this functional and frequent variant with diet, exercise and other environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Villarreal-Molina
- Laboratorio de Genómica de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico.
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Dietary β-carotene regulates interleukin-1β-induced expression of apolipoprotein E in astrocytes isolated from stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Neurochem Int 2012; 62:43-9. [PMID: 23147682 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) have an abnormality in cholesterol synthesis, but the pathological relevance of this to stroke and related neuronal disorders is not yet clear. The induction of astrocyte-derived cholesterol transportation to neurons by apolipoprotein E (apoE) promotes neuronal repair after brain injuries such as stroke. Such repair is reduced by interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and stroke conditions. Furthermore, fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) regulates the production of apoE-cholesterol-rich high density lipoproteins (HDL) and induces gliosis of astrocytes. On the other hand, high levels of plasma carotenoids reduce the risk of ischemic stroke. Thus, we investigated the expression of apoE in primary astrocytes that had been treated with IL-1β or β-carotene. In addition, we compared the expression levels of Apoe genes in astrocytes from SHRSP/Izm and normal control rats, Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY/Izm) following hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R). The expression levels of genes and proteins were investigated by RT-PCR, Western blotting (WB), and immunofluorescence analysis. IL-1β decreased the expression levels of the Apoe gene. Conversely, β-carotene significantly enhanced the expression levels of genes related to cholesterol regulation, including Abca1, Abcg1, Hmgcr as well as Apoe. During H/R, the gene expression levels of Apoe were decreased in the SHRSP/Izm rats in comparison with the WKY/Izm rats. These results suggest that IL-1β decreases Apoe expression levels, whereas β-carotene strongly elevates Apoe levels and inhibits FGF1-mediated gliosis of astrocytes. Furthermore, under hypoxic stress, astrocytes isolated from SHRSP/Izm rats displayed altered regulation of Apoe compared with those from WKY/Izm rats.
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200
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Fasano T, Zanoni P, Rabacchi C, Pisciotta L, Favari E, Adorni MP, Deegan PB, Park A, Hlaing T, Feher MD, Jones B, Uzak AS, Kardas F, Dardis A, Sechi A, Bembi B, Minuz P, Bertolini S, Bernini F, Calandra S. Novel mutations of ABCA1 transporter in patients with Tangier disease and familial HDL deficiency. Mol Genet Metab 2012; 107:534-41. [PMID: 22959828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was the characterization of ABCA1 gene mutations in 10 patients with extremely low HDL-cholesterol. Five patients (aged 6 months to 76 years) presented with splenomegaly and thrombocytopenia suggesting the diagnosis of Tangier disease (TD). Three of them were homozygous for novel mutations either in intron (c.4465-34A>G) or in exons (c.4376delT and c.5449C>T), predicted to encode truncated proteins. One patient was compound heterozygous for a nucleotide insertion (c.1758_1759insG), resulting in a truncated protein and for a nucleotide substitution c.4799A>G, resulting in a missense mutation (p.H1600R). The last TD patient, found to be heterozygous for a known mutation (p.D1009Y), had a complete defect in ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux in fibroblasts, suggesting the presence of a second undetected mutant allele. Among the other patients, four were asymptomatic, but one, with multiple risk factors, had severe peripheral artery disease. Three of these patients were heterozygous for known mutations (p.R130K+p.N1800H, p.R1068C, p.N1800H), while two were carriers of novel mutations (c.1195-27G>A and c.396_397insA), predicted to encode truncated proteins. The pathogenic effect of the two intronic mutations (c. 1195-27G>A and c.4465-34A>G) was demonstrated by the analysis of the transcripts of splicing reporter mutant minigenes expressed in COS-1 cells. Both mutations activated an intronic acceptor splice site which resulted in a partial intron retention in mature mRNA with the production of truncated proteins. This study confirms the allelic heterogeneity of TD and suggests that the diagnosis of TD must be considered in patients with an unexplained splenomegaly, associated with thrombocytopenia and hypocholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Fasano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, Modena, Italy
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