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Gubarkova EV, Dudenkova VV, Feldchtein FI, Timofeeva LB, Kiseleva EB, Kuznetsov SS, Shakhov BE, Moiseev AA, Gelikonov VM, Gelikonov GV, Vitkin A, Gladkova ND. Multi-modal optical imaging characterization of atherosclerotic plaques. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2016; 9:1009-1020. [PMID: 26604168 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201500223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We combined cross-polarization optical coherence tomography (CP OCT) and non-linear microscopy based on second harmonic generation (SHG) and two-photon-excited fluorescence (2PEF) to assess collagen and elastin fibers and other vascular structures in the development of atherosclerosis, including identification of vulnerable plaques, which remains an important clinical problem and imaging application. CP OCT's ability to visualize tissue birefringence and cross-scattering adds new information about the microstructure and composition of the plaque. However its interpretation can be ambiguous, because backscattering contrast may have a similar appearance to the birefringence related fringes. Our results represent a step towards minimally invasive characterization and monitoring of different stages of atherosclerosis, including vulnerable plaques. CP OCT image of intimal thickening in the human coronary artery. The dark stripe in the cross-polarization channel (arrow) is a polarization fringe related to the phase retardation between two eigen polarization states. It is histologically located in the area of the lipid pool, however this stripe is a polarization artifact, rather than direct visualization of the lipid pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina V Gubarkova
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, 603005 Minin and Pozharsky Sq., 10/1, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.
| | - Varvara V Dudenkova
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, 603005 Minin and Pozharsky Sq., 10/1, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, 23 Gagarin St., Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Felix I Feldchtein
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, 603005 Minin and Pozharsky Sq., 10/1, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Lidia B Timofeeva
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, 603005 Minin and Pozharsky Sq., 10/1, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Elena B Kiseleva
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, 603005 Minin and Pozharsky Sq., 10/1, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Sergei S Kuznetsov
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, 603005 Minin and Pozharsky Sq., 10/1, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Boris E Shakhov
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, 603005 Minin and Pozharsky Sq., 10/1, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Alexander A Moiseev
- Institute of Applied Physics RAS, 603950 Ulyanov St., 46, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Valentin M Gelikonov
- Institute of Applied Physics RAS, 603950 Ulyanov St., 46, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Gregory V Gelikonov
- Institute of Applied Physics RAS, 603950 Ulyanov St., 46, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Alex Vitkin
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, 603005 Minin and Pozharsky Sq., 10/1, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Departments of Medical Biophysics and Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
- Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Natalia D Gladkova
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, 603005 Minin and Pozharsky Sq., 10/1, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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152
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Degendorfer G, Chuang CY, Kawasaki H, Hammer A, Malle E, Yamakura F, Davies MJ. Peroxynitrite-mediated oxidation of plasma fibronectin. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 97:602-615. [PMID: 27396946 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Fibronectin is a large dimeric glycoprotein present in both human plasma and in basement membranes. The latter are specialized extracellular matrices underlying endothelial cells in the artery wall. Peroxynitrous acid (ONOOH) a potent oxidizing and nitrating agent, is formed in vivo from superoxide and nitric oxide radicals by stimulated macrophages and other cells. Considerable evidence supports ONOOH involvement in human atherosclerotic lesion development and rupture, possibly via extracellular matrix damage. Here we demonstrate that Tyr and Trp residues on human plasma fibronectin are highly sensitive to ONOOH with this resulting in the formation of 3-nitrotyrosine, 6-nitrotryptophan and dityrosine as well as protein aggregation and fragmentation. This occurs with equimolar or greater levels of oxidant, and in a dose-dependent manner. Modification of Tyr was quantitatively more significant than Trp (9.1% versus 1.5% conversion with 500μM ONOOH) after accounting for parent amino acid abundance, but only accounts for a small percentage of the total oxidant added. LC-MS studies identified 28 nitration sites (24 Tyr, 4 Trp) with many of these present within domains critical to protein function, including the cell-binding and anastellin domains. Human coronary artery endothelial cells showed decreased adherence and cell-spreading on ONOOH-modified fibronectin compared to control, consistent with cellular dysfunction induced by the modified matrix. Studies on human atherosclerotic lesions have provided evidence for co-localization of 3-nitrotyrosine and fibronectin. ONOOH-mediated fibronectin modification and compromised cell-matrix interactions, may contribute to endothelial cell dysfunction, a weakening of the fibrous cap of atherosclerotic lesions, and an increased propensity to rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Degendorfer
- The Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christine Y Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hiroaki Kawasaki
- Department of Chemistry, Juntendo University School of Health Care and Nursing, 1-1 Hiragagakuendai, Inzai, Chiba 270-1606, Japan
| | - Astrid Hammer
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ernst Malle
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Fumiyuki Yamakura
- Department of Chemistry, Juntendo University School of Health Care and Nursing, 1-1 Hiragagakuendai, Inzai, Chiba 270-1606, Japan
| | - Michael J Davies
- The Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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153
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Matrix Metalloproteinases in Non-Neoplastic Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071178. [PMID: 27455234 PMCID: PMC4964549 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zinc-dependent endopeptidases belonging to the metzincin superfamily. There are at least 23 members of MMPs ever reported in human, and they and their substrates are widely expressed in many tissues. Recent growing evidence has established that MMP not only can degrade a variety of components of extracellular matrix, but also can cleave and activate various non-matrix proteins, including cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, contributing to both physiological and pathological processes. In normal conditions, MMP expression and activity are tightly regulated via interactions between their activators and inhibitors. Imbalance among these factors, however, results in dysregulated MMP activity, which causes tissue destruction and functional alteration or local inflammation, leading to the development of diverse diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, arthritis, neurodegenerative disease, as well as cancer. This article focuses on the accumulated evidence supporting a wide range of roles of MMPs in various non-neoplastic diseases and provides an outlook on the therapeutic potential of inhibiting MMP action.
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154
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Achard V, Sanchez C, Tassistro V, Verdier M, Alessi MC, Grino M. Immediate Postnatal Overfeeding in Rats Programs Aortic Wall Structure Alterations and Metalloproteinases Dysregulation in Adulthood. Am J Hypertens 2016; 29:719-26. [PMID: 26547079 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpv183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations in the nutritional perinatal environment, such as intrauterine growth retardation with subsequent postnatal catch-up growth, program cardiovascular disease in adulthood, possibly through alterations in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9. However, experimental evidences demonstrating that changes in the nutritional perinatal environment can program MMP-2 and -9 with subsequent alterations of vessel wall are lacking. AIM The current study evaluated whether immediate postnatal overfeeding is able to alter vascular morphological indexes and circulating and/or vascular MMP2-2 and -9 status. METHODS Aortic morphology (wall thickness and percentage of incomplete elastin lamellae) and circulating and aortic MMP-2 and -9 activity (measured by gelatin zymography) and aortic MMP-2 and -9 mRNA (measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)) were studied in adult male rats overfed (OF) or normofed (NF) during the immediate postnatal period. RESULTS Postnatal overfeeding induced early onset obesity. Adult OF rats presented with increased blood pressure and circulating MMP-2 and -9 activity. In the thoracic aorta, postnatal overfeeding increased wall thickness and decreased elastin integrity (as demonstrated by an increased percentage of incomplete elastin lamellae). OF rats showed enhanced aortic MMP-2 activity and MMP-9 mRNA levels. Circulating and aortic MMP-2 activity correlated positively with the percentage of incomplete elastin lamellae and aortic wall thickness, respectively. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate for the first time that immediate postnatal nutritional programming induces increases in circulating and aortic MMP-2 activity with parallel aortic wall alterations, such as decreased elastin integrity and enhanced thickening, showing that this experimental model is suitable for the study of perinatal nutritional programming of vascular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Achard
- Inserm, UMR1062, Marseille, France; INRA, UMR 1260, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Caroline Sanchez
- Inserm, UMR1062, Marseille, France; INRA, UMR 1260, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Virginie Tassistro
- Inserm, UMR1062, Marseille, France; INRA, UMR 1260, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Monique Verdier
- Inserm, UMR1062, Marseille, France; INRA, UMR 1260, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Christine Alessi
- Inserm, UMR1062, Marseille, France; INRA, UMR 1260, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Michel Grino
- Inserm, UMR1062, Marseille, France; INRA, UMR 1260, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.
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155
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Newby AC. Metalloproteinase production from macrophages - a perfect storm leading to atherosclerotic plaque rupture and myocardial infarction. Exp Physiol 2016; 101:1327-1337. [PMID: 26969796 DOI: 10.1113/ep085567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
What is the topic of this review? The review discusses how in atherosclerotic plaques, a combination of inflammatory mediators together with loss of anti inflammatory factors is most likely to be responsible for the excess of MMP over TIMP expression that causes plaque rupture and myocardial infarction. What advances does it highlight? Regulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of MMP (TIMPs) is divergent between human and mouse macrophages. There is prostaglandin E2 -dependent and -independent regulation. Inflammatory cytokines act through distinct (albeit overlapping) signalling pathways to elicit different patterns of MMP and TIMP expression. Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation occurs. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) produced from macrophages contribute to plaque rupture, atherothrombosis and myocardial infarction. New treatments could emerge from defining the mediators and underlying mechanisms. In human monocytes, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) stimulates MMP production, and inflammatory mediators such as tumour necrosis factor α, interleukin-1 and Toll-like receptor ligands can act either through or independently of PGE2 . Differentiation of human monocytes to non-foamy macrophages increases constitutive expression of MMP-7, -8, -9, -14 and -19 and tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP)-1 to -3 through unknown, PGE2 -independent mechanisms. Human macrophages express more MMP-1, -7 and -9 and TIMP-3 and less MMP-12 and -13 than mouse macrophages. Inflammatory mediators working through activator protein-1 and nuclear factor-κB transcription factor pathways upregulate MMP-1, -3, -10, -12 and -14 in human macrophages (MMP-9, -12 and -13 in mice), and studies with plaque tissue sections and isolated foam cells confirm this conclusion in vivo. Classical activation with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor upregulates MMP-12, whereas interferon-γ upregulates MMP-12, -14 and -25 and downregulates TIMP-3 in human but not mouse macrophages. Alternative activation with interleukin-4 markedly stimulates the expression of only MMP-12 in humans and MMP-19 in mice. The anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-β decrease production of several MMPs. Epigenetic upregulation of MMP-14 during foam cell formation or by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor occurs by decreasing miRNA-24. A 'perfect storm' caused by a combination of these mechanisms is most likely to promote MMP-mediated macrophage invasion, tissue destruction and atherosclerotic plaque rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Newby
- University of Bristol, School of Clinical Sciences and Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol, UK.
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156
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Wang XL, Zhou YL, Sun W, Li L. Rosuvastatin Attenuates CD40L-Induced Downregulation of Extracellular Matrix Production in Human Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells via TRAF6-JNK-NF-κB Pathway. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153919. [PMID: 27120457 PMCID: PMC4847831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CD40L and statins exhibit pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects, respectively. They are both pleiotropic and can regulate extracellular matrix (ECM) degeneration in an atherosclerotic plaque. Statins can decrease both the CD40 expression and the resulting inflammation. However, the effects of CD40L and stains on atherosclerotic plaque ECM production and the underlying mechanisms are not well established. Moreover, prolyl-4-hydroxylase α1 (P4Hα1) is involved in collagen synthesis but its correlations with CD40L and statins are unknown. In the present study, CD40L suppressed P4Hα1 expression in human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) in a dose- and time-dependent manner, with insignificant changes in MMP2 expression and negative enzymatic activity of MMP9. CD40L increased TRAF6 expression, JNK phosphorylation, NF-κB nuclear translocation as well as DNA binding. Furthermore, silencing TRAF6, JNK or NF-κB genes abolished CD40L-induced suppression of P4Hα1. Lower NF-κB nuclear import rates were observed when JNK or TRAF6 silenced HASMCs were stimulated with CD40L compared to HASMCs with active JNK or TRAF6. Together, these results indicate that CD40L suppresses P4Hα1 expression in HASMCs by activating the TRAF6-JNK- NF-κB pathway. We also found that rosuvastatin inhibits CD40L-induced activation of the TRAF6-JNK- NF-κB pathway, thereby significantly rescuing the CD40L stimulated P4Hα1 inhibition. The results from this study will help find potential targets for stabilizing vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Jinan Central Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250013, P.R. China
| | - Yuan-Li Zhou
- Department of Health, Jinan Central Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250013, P.R. China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250062, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Cardiology, Jinan Central Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250013, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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157
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Gogas BD, Bourantas CV, Garcia-Garcia HM, Onuma Y, Muramatsu T, Farooq V, Diletti R, van Geuns RJM, De Bruyne B, Chevalier B, Thuesen L, Smits PC, Dudek D, Koolen J, Windecker S, Whitbourn R, McClean D, Dorange C, Miquel-Hebert K, Veldhof S, Rapoza R, Ormiston JA, Serruys PW. The edge vascular response following implantation of the Absorb everolimus-eluting bioresorbable vascular scaffold and the XIENCE V metallic everolimus-eluting stent. First serial follow-up assessment at six months and two years: insights from the first-in-man ABSORB Cohort B and SPIRIT II trials. EUROINTERVENTION 2016; 9:709-20. [PMID: 23628499 DOI: 10.4244/eijv9i6a115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To assess serially the edge vascular response (EVR) of a bioresorbable vascular scaffold (BVS) compared to a metallic everolimus-eluting stent (EES). METHODS AND RESULTS Non-serial evaluations of the Absorb BVS at one year have previously demonstrated proximal edge constrictive remodelling and distal edge changes in plaque composition with increase of the percent fibro-fatty (FF) tissue component. The 5 mm proximal and distal segments adjacent to the implanted devices were investigated serially with intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), post procedure, at six months and at two years, from the ABSORB Cohort B1 (n=45) and the SPIRIT II (n=113) trials. Twenty-two proximal and twenty-four distal edge segments were available for analysis in the ABSORB Cohort B1 trial. In the SPIRIT II trial, thirty-three proximal and forty-six distal edge segments were analysed. At the 5-mm proximal edge, the vessels treated with an Absorb BVS from post procedure to two years demonstrated a lumen loss (LL) of 6.68% (-17.33; 2.08) (p=0.027) with a trend toward plaque area increase of 7.55% (-4.68; 27.11) (p=0.06). At the 5-mm distal edge no major changes were evident at either time point. At the 5-mm proximal edge the vessels treated with a XIENCE V EES from post procedure to two years did not show any signs of LL, only plaque area decrease of 6.90% (-17.86; 4.23) (p=0.035). At the distal edge no major changes were evident with regard to either lumen area or vessel remodelling at the same time point. CONCLUSIONS The IVUS-based serial evaluation of the EVR up to two years following implantation of a bioresorbable everolimus-eluting scaffold shows a statistically significant proximal edge LL; however, this finding did not seem to have any clinical implications in the serial assessment. The upcoming imaging follow-up of the Absorb BVS at three years is anticipated to provide further information regarding the vessel wall behaviour at the edges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill D Gogas
- Thoraxcenter, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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158
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Harvey A, Montezano AC, Lopes RA, Rios F, Touyz RM. Vascular Fibrosis in Aging and Hypertension: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Implications. Can J Cardiol 2016; 32:659-68. [PMID: 27118293 PMCID: PMC4906153 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2016.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is the primary risk factor underlying hypertension and incident cardiovascular disease. With aging, the vasculature undergoes structural and functional changes characterized by endothelial dysfunction, wall thickening, reduced distensibility, and arterial stiffening. Vascular stiffness results from fibrosis and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling, processes that are associated with aging and are amplified by hypertension. Some recently characterized molecular mechanisms underlying these processes include increased expression and activation of matrix metalloproteinases, activation of transforming growth factor-β1/SMAD signalling, upregulation of galectin-3, and activation of proinflammatory and profibrotic signalling pathways. These events can be induced by vasoactive agents, such as angiotensin II, endothelin-1, and aldosterone, which are increased in the vasculature during aging and hypertension. Complex interplay between the “aging process” and prohypertensive factors results in accelerated vascular remodelling and fibrosis and increased arterial stiffness, which is typically observed in hypertension. Because the vascular phenotype in a young hypertensive individual resembles that of an elderly otherwise healthy individual, the notion of “early” or “premature” vascular aging is now often used to describe hypertension-associated vascular disease. We review the vascular phenotype in aging and hypertension, focusing on arterial stiffness and vascular remodelling. We also highlight the clinical implications of these processes and discuss some novel molecular mechanisms of fibrosis and ECM reorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Harvey
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Augusto C Montezano
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Rheure Alves Lopes
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Francisco Rios
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland.
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159
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Matrix Metalloproteinases and Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review. Int J Nephrol 2016; 2016:9498013. [PMID: 27042350 PMCID: PMC4793143 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9498013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a significant problem in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). Subclinical atherosclerosis identified by noninvasive methods could improve CVD risk prediction in CKD but these methods are often unavailable. We therefore systematically reviewed whether circulating levels of Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) are associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in CKD, as this would support their use as biomarkers or pharmacologic targets. Methods. All major electronic databases were systematically searched from inception until May 2015 using appropriate terms. Studies involving CKD patients with data on circulating MMPs levels and atherosclerosis were considered and subjected to quality assessment. Results. Overall, 16 studies were identified for qualitative synthesis and 9 studies were included in quantitative synthesis. MMP-2 and TIMP-1 were most frequently studied while most studies assessed carotid Intima-Media Thickness (cIMT) as a measure of subclinical atherosclerosis. Only MMP-2 demonstrated a consistent positive association with cIMT. Considerable variability in cIMT measurement methodology and poor plaque assessment was found. Conclusions. Although MMPs demonstrate great potential as biomarkers of subclinical atherosclerosis, they are understudied in CKD and not enough data existed for meta-analysis. Larger studies involving several MMPs, with more homogenized approaches in determining the atherosclerotic burden in CKD, are needed.
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160
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Sigala F, Savvari P, Liontos M, Sigalas P, Pateras IS, Papalampros A, Basdra EK, Kolettas E, Papavassiliou AG, Gorgoulis VG. Increased expression of bFGF is associated with carotid atherosclerotic plaques instability engaging the NF-κB pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 14:2273-80. [PMID: 20455997 PMCID: PMC3822568 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01082.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Unstable atherosclerotic plaques of the carotid arteries are at great risk for the development of ischemic cerebrovascular events. The degradation of the extracellular matrix by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and NO-induced apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) contribute to the vulnerability of the atherosclerotic plaques. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) through its mitogenic and angiogenic properties has already been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. However, its role in plaque stability remains elusive. To address this issue, a panel of human carotid atherosclerotic plaques was analyzed for bFGF, FGF-receptors-1 and -2 (FGFR-1/-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and MMP-9 expression. Our data revealed increased expression of bFGF and FGFR-1 in VSMCs of unstable plaques, implying the existence of an autocrine loop, which significantly correlated with high iNOS and MMP-9 levels. These results were recapitulated in vitro by treatment of VSMCs with bFGF. bFGF administration led to up-regulation of both iNOS and MMP-9 that was specifically mediated by nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation. Collectively, our data demonstrate a novel NF-kappaB-mediated pathway linking bFGF with iNOS and MMP-9 expression that is associated with carotid plaque vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fragiska Sigala
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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161
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Han RI, Wheeler TM, Lumsden AB, Reardon MJ, Lawrie GM, Grande-Allen KJ, Morrisett JD, Brunner G. Morphometric analysis of calcification and fibrous layer thickness in carotid endarterectomy tissues. Comput Biol Med 2016; 70:210-219. [PMID: 26851729 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2016.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advanced atherosclerotic lesions are commonly characterized by the presence of calcification. Several studies indicate that extensive calcification is associated with plaque stability, yet recent studies suggest that calcification morphology and location may adversely affect the mechanical stability of atherosclerotic plaques. The underlying cause of atherosclerotic calcification and the importance of intra-plaque calcium distribution remains poorly understood. METHOD The goal of this study was the characterization of calcification morphology based on histological features in 20 human carotid endarterectomy (CEA) specimens. Representative frozen sections (10μm thick) were cut from the common, bulb, internal and external segments of CEA tissues and stained with von Kossa׳s reagent for calcium phosphate. The morphology of calcification (calcified patches) and fibrous layer thickness were quantified in 135 histological sections. RESULTS Intra-plaque calcification was distributed heterogeneously (calcification %-area: bulb segment: 14.2±2.1%; internal segment: 12.9±2.8%; common segment: 4.6±1.1%; p=0.001). Calcified patches were found in 20 CEAs (patch size: <0.1mm(2) to >1.0mm(2)). Calcified patches were most abundant in the bulb and least in the common segment (bulb n=7.30±1.08; internal n=4.81±1.17; common n=2.56±0.56; p=0.0007). Calcified patch circularity decreased with increasing size (<0.1mm(2): 0.77±0.01, 0.1-1mm(2): 0.62±0.01, >1.0mm(2): 0.51±0.02; p=0.0001). A reduced fibrous layer thickness was associated with increased calcium patch size (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS In advanced carotid atherosclerosis, calcification appears to be a heterogeneous and dynamic atherosclerotic plaque component, as indicated by the simultaneous presence of few large stabilizing calcified patches and numerous small calcific patches. Future studies are needed to elucidate the associations of intra-plaque calcification size and distribution with atherothrombotic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard I Han
- Division of Atherosclerosis and Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Thomas M Wheeler
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Alan B Lumsden
- Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Michael J Reardon
- Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Gerald M Lawrie
- Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | - Joel D Morrisett
- Division of Atherosclerosis and Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Gerd Brunner
- Division of Atherosclerosis and Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States.
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Bumdelger B, Kokubo H, Kamata R, Fujii M, Yoshimura K, Aoki H, Orita Y, Ishida T, Ohtaki M, Nagao M, Ishida M, Yoshizumi M. Osteoprotegerin Prevents Development of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147088. [PMID: 26783750 PMCID: PMC4718675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs), which commonly occur among elderly individuals, are accompanied by a risk of rupture and subsequent high mortality. Establishment of medical therapies for the prevention of AAAs requires further understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of this condition. This report details the possible involvement of Osteoprotegerin (OPG) in the prevention of AAAs through inhibition of Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). In CaCl2-induced AAA models, both internal and external diameters were significantly increased with destruction of elastic fibers in the media in Opg knockout (KO) mice, as compared to wild-type mice. Moreover, up-regulation of TRAIL expression was observed in the media by immunohistochemical analyses. Using a culture system, both the TRAIL-induced expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and the chemoattractive effect of TRAIL on SMCs were inhibited by OPG. These data suggest that Opg may play a preventive role in the development of AAA through its antagonistic effect on Trail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batmunkh Bumdelger
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kokubo
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ryo Kamata
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujii
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Koichi Yoshimura
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Japan
| | - Hiroki Aoki
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Yuichi Orita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ishida
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Megu Ohtaki
- Department of Environmetrics and Biometrics, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masataka Nagao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mari Ishida
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masao Yoshizumi
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- * E-mail:
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163
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Lin SA, Suresch DL, Connolly B, Mesfin G, Gonzalez RJ, Patel MR, Shevell D, Johnson T, Bednar B. Optical imaging biomarkers of drug-induced vascular injury. Mol Imaging 2016; 14. [PMID: 25773788 DOI: 10.2310/7290.2014.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced vascular injury (DIVI), defined as arterial medial degeneration/necrosis usually associated with perivascular inflammation, is frequently observed in the mesenteric arteries of rats but the relevance to humans remains a hurdle for drug development. Here, we describe the evaluation of commercially available optical imaging biomarkers using a rat DIVI model. Male Sprague Dawley rats were administered 10 mg/kg/day of a proprietary soluble guanylate cyclase activator (sGCa). Optical agents, AngioSense for the detection of vessel permeability, MMPSense for the detection of activated matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and IntegriSense for the detection of αvβ3 integrin, were injected via tail vein 24 hours before fluorescence (FL) ex vivo imaging. Imaging found a statistically significant difference in FL from all optical agents between treated and vehicle groups (p < .05). Mesenteric arteries were further analyzed by histopathology, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry. Histopathology confirmed perivascular inflammation and/or arterial medial degeneration in the sGCa-treated animals. Flow cytometry of digested arteries revealed myeloid cells as a main source of MMPSense signal. Immunohistochemical analysis further identified elevated MMP-9 expression within arterial walls and surrounding tissue of treated animals. Together, these data demonstrate that MMPSense and AngioSense are sensitive optical imaging biomarkers for the quantification of DIVI in rat mesenteric arteries.
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165
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Arun MZ, Üstünes L, Sevin G, Özer E. Effects of vitamin C treatment on collar-induced intimal thickening. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2016; 9:6461-73. [PMID: 26719672 PMCID: PMC4687616 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s97020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin C has efficient antioxidant properties and is involved in important physiological processes such as collagen synthesis. As such, vitamin C deficiency leads to serious complications, including vascular diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of vitamin C treatment on collar-induced intimal thickening. Rabbits were fed a normocholesterolemic diet and a non-occlusive silicon collar was placed around the left carotid artery for 3, 7, and 14 days. The rabbits were treated with or without vitamin C (150 mg/kg/day). Collar-induced intimal thickening became apparent at day 7. The effect of the collar on intimal thickening was more prominent at day 14. Vitamin C treatment significantly inhibited collar-induced intimal thickening at day 14. The placement of the collar around the carotid artery decreased maximum contractile responses against contractile agents (KCl, phenylephrine, 5-hydroxytryptamine). The effect of the collar on contractile responses was enhanced as days elapsed. Decreased contractile responses of collared carotid arteries normalized at day 14 in the vitamin C treatment group. Vitamin C treatment also restored sensitivity to phenylephrine. The collar also significantly decreased acetylcholine-induced relaxations at day 3 and day 7. Acetylcholine-induced relaxations normalized in collared-arteries in the placebo group at day 14. Vitamin C treatment significantly increased acetylcholine-induced relaxations of both normal and collared carotid arteries at day 14. MMP-9 expression increased in collared arteries at day 3 and day 7 but did not change at day 14. MMP-2 expression increased in collared arteries at day 14. However, vitamin C treatment reduced collar-stimulated expression of MMP-2 at day 14. These findings indicate that vitamin C may have potentially beneficial effects on the early stages of atherosclerosis. Furthermore these results, for the first time, may indicate that vitamin C can also normalize decreased contractile response through perivascular collar placement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Zuhuri Arun
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Levent Üstünes
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gülnur Sevin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Erdener Özer
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
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166
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Ogita M, Miyauchi K, Kasai T, Tsuboi S, Wada H, Naito R, Konishi H, Dohi T, Tamura H, Okazaki S, Yanagisawa N, Shimada K, Suwa S, Jiang M, Bujo H, Daida H. Prognostic impact of circulating soluble LR11 on long-term clinical outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 2015; 244:216-21. [PMID: 26687467 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND LR11, a member of LDL receptor family, is a novel marker of the proliferation of intimal smooth muscle cells (SMCs). LR11 is released in soluble form (sLR11) by proteolytic shedding and has biological activity toward SMC migration. We previously showed that circulating sLR11 positively correlates with carotid intima-medial thickness (IMT) independently of classical atherosclerotic risk factors and that it significantly associates with the severity of CAD. However, the association between sLR11 and long-term clinical outcomes remain uncertain. METHODS AND RESULTS This study included 438 consecutive patients (mean age, 65.8 ± 9.6 y; male, 82.4%) who underwent coronary intervention between March 2003 and December 2004 at our institution. The patients were assigned to quartiles according to pre-procedural sLR11 values. The primary endpoints were composite cardiovascular disease (CVD) endpoints including cardiovascular death, non-fatal acute coronary syndrome and non-fatal stroke. During median follow-up of 2876 days, composite CVD endpoints occurred 97 (22.1%) patients including 41 (9.4%) with cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related death, 36 (8.2%) non-fatal ACS and 20 (4.6%) non-fatal strokes. The hazard ratio (HR) for composite CVD endpoints significantly and dose-dependently increased with sLR11 levels (p for trend = 0.0077). A higher logarithm-transformed sLR11 value was associated with a greater risk of composite CVD endpoints, and the increased number of adverse long-term clinical outcomes persisted even after adjustment for other independent variables (HR 1.87 95%CI 1.02-3.31, p = 0.0435). CONCLUSIONS Elevated sLR11 levels were significantly associated with higher long-term adverse cardiac events in patients with CAD. Further extensive studies are expected to elucidate the mechanistic role of sLR11 and its clinical value as a prognostic marker in the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Ogita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University Shizuoka Hospital, Japan.
| | - Katsumi Miyauchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Kasai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Shuta Tsuboi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University Shizuoka Hospital, Japan
| | - Hideki Wada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University Shizuoka Hospital, Japan
| | - Ryo Naito
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Konishi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Dohi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tamura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Shinya Okazaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Naotake Yanagisawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kazunori Shimada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Satoru Suwa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University Shizuoka Hospital, Japan
| | - Meizi Jiang
- Department of Clinical-laboratory and Experimental-Research Medicine, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Japan
| | - Hideaki Bujo
- Department of Clinical-laboratory and Experimental-Research Medicine, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Daida
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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167
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Islam MS, Mohanto NC, Karim MR, Aktar S, Hoque MM, Rahman A, Jahan M, Khatun R, Aziz A, Salam KA, Saud ZA, Hossain M, Rahman A, Mandal A, Haque A, Miyataka H, Himeno S, Hossain K. Elevated concentrations of serum matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 and their associations with circulating markers of cardiovascular diseases in chronic arsenic-exposed individuals. Environ Health 2015; 14:92. [PMID: 26637202 PMCID: PMC4670511 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-015-0079-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and cancers are the major causes of chronic arsenic exposure-related morbidity and mortality. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and -9 (MMP-9) are deeply involved in the pathogenesis of CVDs and cancers. This study has been designed to evaluate the interactions of arsenic exposure with serum MMP-2 and MMP-9 concentrations especially in relation to the circulating biomarkers of CVDs. METHODS A total of 373 human subjects, 265 from arsenic-endemic and 108 from non-endemic areas in Bangladesh were recruited for this study. Arsenic concentrations in the specimens were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) and serum MMPs were quantified by immunoassay kits. RESULTS Serum MMP-2 and MMP-9 concentrations in arsenic-endemic population were significantly (p < 0.001) higher than those in non-endemic population. Both MMPs showed significant positive interactions with drinking water (r s = 0.208, p < 0.001 for MMP-2; r s = 0.163, p < 0.01 for MMP-9), hair (r s = 0.163, p < 0.01 for MMP-2; r s = 0.173, p < 0.01 for MMP-9) and nail (r s = 0.160, p < 0.01 for MMP-2; r s = 0.182, p < 0.001 for MMP-9) arsenic of the study subjects. MMP-2 concentrations were 1.02, 1.03 and 1.05 times, and MMP-9 concentrations were 1.03, 1.06 and 1.07 times greater for 1 unit increase in log-transformed water, hair and nail arsenic concentrations, respectively, after adjusting for covariates (age, sex, BMI, smoking habit and hypertension). Furthermore, both MMPs were increased dose-dependently when the study subjects were split into three (≤10, 10.1-50 and > 50 μg/L) groups based on the regulatory upper limit of water arsenic concentration set by WHO and Bangladesh Government. MMPs were also found to be significantly (p < 0.05) associated with each other. Finally, the concentrations of both MMPs were correlated with several circulating markers related to CVDs. CONCLUSIONS This study showed the significant positive associations and dose-response relationships of arsenic exposure with serum MMP-2 and MMP-9 concentrations. This study also showed the interactions of MMP-2 and MMP-9 concentrations with the circulating markers of CVDs suggesting the MMP-2 and MMP-9 -mediated mechanism of arsenic-induced CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shofikul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh
- Department of Applied Nutrition and Food Technology, Islamic University, Kushtia-7003, Bangladesh
| | - Nayan Chandra Mohanto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rezaul Karim
- Department of Applied Nutrition and Food Technology, Islamic University, Kushtia-7003, Bangladesh
| | - Sharmin Aktar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mominul Hoque
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh
| | - Atiqur Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh
| | - Momotaj Jahan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh
| | - Rabeya Khatun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh
| | - Abdul Aziz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh
| | - Kazi Abdus Salam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Zahangir Alam Saud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh
| | | | - Aminur Rahman
- Systems Biology Research Centre, School of Bioscience, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Abul Mandal
- Systems Biology Research Centre, School of Bioscience, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Azizul Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Hideki Miyataka
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Himeno
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Khaled Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh.
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168
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Genetics meets epigenetics: Genetic variants that modulate noncoding RNA in cardiovascular diseases. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 89:27-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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169
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Gwon WG, Lee B, Joung EJ, Choi MW, Yoon N, Shin T, Oh CW, Kim HR. Sargaquinoic Acid Inhibits TNF-α-Induced NF-κB Signaling, Thereby Contributing to Decreased Monocyte Adhesion to Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:9053-61. [PMID: 26437568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Sargaquinoic acid (SQA) has been known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study investigated the effects of SQA isolated from Sargassum serratifolium on the inhibition of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced monocyte adhesion to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). SQA decreased the expression of cell adhesion molecules such as intracellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 as well as chemotactic cytokines such as interleukin-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in TNF-α-treated HUVECs. As a result, SQA prevented monocyte adhesion to TNF-α-induced adhesion. SQA also inhibited TNF-α-induced nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) translocation into the nucleus by preventing proteolytic degradation of inhibitor κB-α. Overall, SQA protects against TNF-α-induced vascular inflammation through inhibition of the NF-κB pathway in HUVECs. These data suggest that SQA may be used as a therapeutic agent for vascular inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wi-Gyeong Gwon
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University , Busan 608-737, South Korea
| | - Bonggi Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University , Busan 608-737, South Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Joung
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University , Busan 608-737, South Korea
| | - Min-Woo Choi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University , Busan 608-737, South Korea
| | - Nayoung Yoon
- Food and Safety Research Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute , Gijang-gun, Busan 619-705, South Korea
| | - Taisun Shin
- Division of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University , Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | - Chul-Woong Oh
- Department of Marine Biology, Pukyong National University , Busan 608-737, South Korea
| | - Hyeung-Rak Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University , Busan 608-737, South Korea
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170
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Li X, de Boer OJ, Ploegmaker H, Teeling P, Daemen MJ, de Winter RJ, van der Wal AC. Granulocytes in coronary thrombus evolution after myocardial infarction--time-dependent changes in expression of matrix metalloproteinases. Cardiovasc Pathol 2015; 25:40-6. [PMID: 26490693 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Remodeling of extracellular matrix is a key process during wound healing, which is strictly regulated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors [tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs)]. In this study, we evaluated intrathrombotic MMPs and TIMPs and their cellular origin during thrombus evolution after disruption of coronary atherosclerotic plaque. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thrombectomy materials (N=120) obtained from patients with acute myocardial infarction were histologically classified in three groups based on thrombus age: fresh (<1day), lytic (1-5days), or organized (>5days) thrombi; materials showing a heterogeneous composition were classified according to oldest part. Presence and cellular origin of MMPs (MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-8, MMP-9, and MMP-14) and TIMPs (TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and TIMP-3) was evaluated with immunostains (double) and with polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION MMPs and TIMPs were present in all the thrombectomy samples. A distinct temporal change in extent and cellular origin of MMPs and TIMPs during thrombus evolution was observed. In the early (fresh and lytic) stages of thrombus, high numbers of neutrophilic granulocytes occupy the thrombus mass and produce large amounts of MMPs and TIMPs. However, with progression of thrombus evolution (organizing stage) and diminishment of neutrophil granulocytes, there is disappearance of MMP-8 and MMP-9, steep decline of MMP-1 and TIMP-2, and progressive decrease of TIMP-3. In contrast, intrathrombotic MMP-2 and MMP-14 are present at a constant high level during the entire process of thrombus evolution. These temporal changes indicate a complex time-dependent function of MMPs, which are largely granulocyte derived, in the healing process of thrombus after plaque disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Li
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1012WX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Onno J de Boer
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1012WX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke Ploegmaker
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1012WX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Teeling
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1012WX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mat Jap Daemen
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1012WX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robbert J de Winter
- Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1012WX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Allard C van der Wal
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1012WX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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171
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Friends or Foes: Matrix Metalloproteinases and Their Multifaceted Roles in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:620581. [PMID: 26538832 PMCID: PMC4619970 DOI: 10.1155/2015/620581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is a chronic progressive loss of neuronal cells leading to deterioration of central nervous system (CNS) functionality. It has been shown that neuroinflammation precedes neurodegeneration in various neurodegenerative diseases. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a protein family of zinc-containing endopeptidases, are essential in (neuro)inflammation and might be involved in neurodegeneration. Although MMPs are indispensable for physiological development and functioning of the organism, they are often referred to as double-edged swords due to their ability to also inflict substantial damage in various pathological conditions. MMP activity is strictly controlled, and its dysregulation leads to a variety of pathologies. Investigation of their potential use as therapeutic targets requires a better understanding of their contributions to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we review MMPs and their roles in neurodegenerative diseases: Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's disease (HD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). We also discuss MMP inhibition as a possible therapeutic strategy to treat neurodegenerative diseases.
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172
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Toromanov G, Gugutkov D, Gustavsson J, Planell J, Salmerón-Sánchez M, Altankov G. Dynamic Behavior of Vitronectin at the Cell–Material Interface. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2015; 1:927-934. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5b00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgi Toromanov
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Dencho Gugutkov
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Johan Gustavsson
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Josep Planell
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza 50018, Spain
| | - Manuel Salmerón-Sánchez
- School
of Engineering/Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - George Altankov
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza 50018, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain
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173
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Tanios F, Pelisek J, Lutz B, Reutersberg B, Matevossian E, Schwamborn K, Hösel V, Eckstein HH, Reeps C. CXCR4: A Potential Marker for Inflammatory Activity in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Wall. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2015; 50:745-53. [PMID: 26346005 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2015.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to evaluate the potential role of chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its ligand CXCL12 in the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). METHODS AAA tissue specimens were obtained from the anterior or lateral aneurysm sac of patients (n = 32, 26 males, 6 females; 66.8 ± 11.2 years, diameter 64.4 ± 17.0 mm), who underwent elective open surgical repair. Twelve non-aneurysmal aortic specimens from transplant donors served as controls. Expression analysis of CXCR4 and CXCL12 at mRNA and protein level was determined by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot. Immunohistochemical staining of corresponding histological sections for CD3 (T-cells), CD20 (B-cells), and CD68 (macrophages) was performed to determine the cellular localization of CXCR4 and CXCL12. Data were analyzed with SPSS 20.0 using Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. RESULTS Gene expression of CXCR4 and CXCL12 was 9.6 and 4.6 fold higher in AAA than in non-aneurysmal aorta (p = .0004 and p < .0001, respectively). Likewise, the protein level of CXCR4 was increased 3.2 fold in AAA wall compared with non-aneurysmal aortic tissue (p < .0001), although CXCL12 could not be detected. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that CXCR4 was expressed in B and T lymphocytes and macrophages, and CXCL12 was observed only in plasma cells. CONCLUSIONS This study confirmed the over expression of CXCR4 in human AAA tissue. CXCR4 was detected both at the mRNA and the protein level and by immunohistochemistry, especially in inflammatory cells. In contrast, CXCL12 expression was observed only at the mRNA level, with the exception of plasma cells. The exact role of CXCR4/CXCL12 in AAA has to be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Tanios
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - J Pelisek
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany.
| | - B Lutz
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - B Reutersberg
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - E Matevossian
- Department of Surgery, Munich Transplant Centre, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - K Schwamborn
- Institute of Pathology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - V Hösel
- Department of Mathematical Modeling of Biological Systems, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - H-H Eckstein
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - C Reeps
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
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174
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Bchir S, Nasr HB, Hakim IR, Anes AB, Yacoub S, Garrouch A, Benzarti M, Bauvois B, Tabka Z, Chahed K. Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (279R/Q) Polymorphism is Associated with Clinical Severity and Airflow Limitation in Tunisian Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Mol Diagn Ther 2015; 19:375-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s40291-015-0163-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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175
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Wang SS, Hu SW, Zhang QH, Xia AX, Jiang ZX, Chen XM. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Stabilize Atherosclerotic Vulnerable Plaque by Anti-Inflammatory Properties. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136026. [PMID: 26288013 PMCID: PMC4546153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives Formation and progression of atherosclerotic vulnerable plaque (VP) is the primary cause of many cardio-cerebrovascular diseases such as acute coronary syndrome and stroke. It has been reported that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) exhibit protective effects against many kinds of diseases including myocardial infarction. Here, we examined the effects of intravenous MSC infusion on a VP model and provide novel evidence of its influence as a therapy in this animal disease model. Subjects and methods Thirty healthy male New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into a MSC, VP or stable plaque (SP) group (n = 10/group) and received high fat diet and cold-induced common carotid artery intimal injury with liquid nitrogen to form atherosclerotic plaques. Serum hs-CRP, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 levels were measured by ELISA at 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after MSC transplantation. The animals were sacrificed at 4 weeks after MSC transplantation. Lesions in the right common carotid were observed using H&E and Masson staining, and the fibrous cap/lipid core ratio of atherosclerotic plaques were calculated. The expression of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and matrix metalloproteinase 1, 2, 9 (MMP-1,2,9) in the plaque were detected using immunohistochemistry, and apoptotic cells in the plaques were detected by TUNEL. In addition, the level of TNF-α stimulated gene/protein 6 (TSG-6) mRNA and protein were measured by quantitative Real-Time PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Results Two rabbits in the VP group died of lung infection and cerebral infarction respectively at 1 week after plaque injury by liquid nitrogen. Both H&E and Masson staining revealed that the plaques from the SP and MSC groups had more stable morphological structure and a larger fibrous cap/lipid core ratio than the VP group. Serum hs-CRP, TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly down-regulated, whereas IL-10 was significantly up-regulated in the MSC group compared with the VP group. .Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that NF-κB and MMP expression was reduced in the MSC and SP groups compared to the VP group. Cell apoptosis decreased significantly in both the MSC and SP groups in comparison to the VP group. TSG-6 mRNA and protein expression were higher in the plaques of the MSC group compared to the VP and SP groups. Conclusions Our study results suggest that MSC transplantation can effectively stabilize vulnerable plaques in atherosclerotic rabbits. This may potentially offer a new clinical application of MSC in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-shuang Wang
- College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
- Department of Cardiology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, 315000, China
| | - Si-wang Hu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, China
| | | | | | - Zhi-xin Jiang
- Chinese PLA 305 hospital, Beijing 100017, China
- * E-mail: (XMC); (ZXJ)
| | - Xiao-min Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, 315000, China
- * E-mail: (XMC); (ZXJ)
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176
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Qintao C, Yan L, Changhong D, Xiaoliang G, Xiaochen L. Genetic polymorphism of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and coronary artery disease susceptibility: a case-control study in a Han Chinese population. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2015; 18:826-31. [PMID: 25372932 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2014.0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) receives intensive research due to its high incidence and severe impact on the quality of life. One member of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), MMP-1, has been reported to be associated with CAD. To identify the markers contributing to the genetic susceptibility to CAD, nine single-nucleotide polymorphisms (rs1799750, rs498186, rs475007, rs514921, rs494379, rs996999, rs2071232, rs1938901, and rs2239008) throughout the MMP-1 gene were genotyped using MALDI-TOF within the MassARRAY system, and the allele and genotype distributions were compared between 438 healthy controls and 411 patients with CAD from a Chinese Han population. The analysis revealed a weak association between the rs1799750 (in the promoter region) genotype distribution and CAD (p=0.022). An increased risk of CAD was significantly associated with the 2G allele of rs1799750 (p=0.005, odds ratio=1.329, 95% confidence interval=1.090-1.620, after Bonferroni corrections). Strong linkage disequilibrium was observed in three blocks (D'>0.9). Significantly more C-2G (rs498186-rs1799750) haplotypes (p=0.001 after Bonferroni corrections) were found in CAD subjects. These findings point to a role for the polymorphism in the MMP-1 promoter in CAD among a Han Chinese population and may be informative for future genetic or biological studies on CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Qintao
- 1 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University , Weihui, People's Republic of China
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177
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Alper M, Aydemir AT, Köçkar F. Induction of human ADAMTS-2 gene expression by IL-1α is mediated by a multiple crosstalk of MEK/JNK and PI3K pathways in osteoblast like cells. Gene 2015; 573:321-7. [PMID: 26232334 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Up-regulation of ADAMTS genes with proinflammatory cytokines is important for some pathological conditions such as osteoarthritis (OA) that is a disease based on ECM degradation in cartilage. IL-1α is a proinflammatory cytokine and important both to normal and pathophysiologic conditions in cartilage and bone. Effects of some proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β on the some members of ADAMTS family have been investigated in some chondrocyte tissues or cell lines. However the effect of the IL-1α on the expression of ADAMTS-2 and ADAMTS-3 gene expression in osteoblast like cell lines, remains unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of IL-1α on ADAMTS-2 and ADAMTS-3 gene expression in osteoblast like cells, Saos-2 and MG-63. The present study, for the first time, demonstrated that IL-1α increases ADAMTS-2 and ADAMTS-3 gene expressions in both Saos-2 and MG-63 cells. Having correlation to mRNA induction, the upregulation of ADAMTS-2,-3 protein levels by IL-1α stimulation is also observed. The inhibition studies showed that this upregulation occurred at the level of transcription, and there was no effect of IL-1α on ADAMTS-2 mRNA half-life in Saos-2 cells. Transactivation potential of IL-1α on ADAMTS-2 promoter was investigated by transient transfection assay. Specifically, IL-1α strongly increased -658/+112 and -530/+112 ADAMTS-2 promoter constructs. Further, we analyzed signaling pathways involved in ADAMTS-2 induction. Pathway inhibition studies revealed that this upregulation depends on the activation of MEK, JNK and PI3K pathways. These findings suggested that IL-1α is a strong positive regulator of ADAMTS-2 and ADAMTS-3 expression. These findings would provide novel insight into the pathophysiology of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Alper
- Aksaray University, Aksaray Vocational School of Technical Sciences,68100 Aksaray, Turkey
| | - A Tuğşen Aydemir
- Balikesir University, Faculty of Science and Literature, Department of Biology, Balikesir, Turkey
| | - Feray Köçkar
- Balikesir University, Faculty of Science and Literature, Department of Biology, Balikesir, Turkey.
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178
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Shi Y, Zhang J, Tan C, Xu W, Sun Q, Li J. Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 Polymorphisms and Incident Coronary Artery Disease: A Meta-Analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e824. [PMID: 26166126 PMCID: PMC4504545 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have yielded controversial results related to the contribution of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) -1306 C/T and -735 C/T polymorphisms in the progression of coronary artery disease (CAD). This study aimed to provide strong evidence for the role of the 2 polymorphisms in genetic risk of CAD.The human case-control studies regarding the association of MMP-2 polymorphisms with CAD risk were systematically identified through online databases (PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and CNKI) and manual search. Inclusion criteria were defined for the eligible studies. The fixed-effects meta-analysis was performed to combine the values when homogeneity was indicated. Alternatively, the random-effects meta-analysis was utilized.A total of 2118 samples were analyzed in the meta-analysis of -1306 C/T. The odds ratio for the initially tested genetic model was 0.93 (95% confidence interval: 0.78-1.10 under TT + CT vs CC). The remaining comparisons similarly showed -1306 C/T genotypes were not significantly associated with the risk of CAD. We noted the same trend when data were retrained to myocardial infarction studies. Meta-analysis of -735 C/T suggested no clear association with the development of CAD.The results of the current work fail to support a significant involvement of MMP-2 -1306 C/T and -735 C/T polymorphisms in the risk of developing CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Shi
- From the Cardiovascular Diseases Institute, General Hospital of Beijing Military Command of PLA, Beijing, China
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179
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Zhang XJ, Zhang P, Li H. Interferon regulatory factor signalings in cardiometabolic diseases. Hypertension 2015; 66:222-47. [PMID: 26077571 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.04898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Zhang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital (X.-J.Z., P.Z., H.L.) and Cardiovascular Research Institute (X.-J.Z., P.Z., H.L.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, PR China (X.-J.Z.)
| | - Peng Zhang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital (X.-J.Z., P.Z., H.L.) and Cardiovascular Research Institute (X.-J.Z., P.Z., H.L.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, PR China (X.-J.Z.)
| | - Hongliang Li
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital (X.-J.Z., P.Z., H.L.) and Cardiovascular Research Institute (X.-J.Z., P.Z., H.L.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, PR China (X.-J.Z.).
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180
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Manjunathan R, Ragunathan M. In ovo administration of human recombinant leptin shows dose dependent angiogenic effect on chicken chorioallantoic membrane. Biol Res 2015; 48:29. [PMID: 26060038 PMCID: PMC4470073 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-015-0021-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leptin, the cytokine produced by white adipose tissue is known to regulate food energy homeostasis through its hypothalamic receptor. In vitro studies have demonstrated that leptin plays a major role in angiogenesis through binding to the receptor Ob-R present on ECs by stimulating and initiating new capillary like structures from ECs. Various in vivo studies indicate that leptin has diverse effect on angiogenesis. A few reports have showed that leptin exerts pro angiogenic effects while some suggested that it has antiangiogenic potential. It is theoretically highly important to understand the effect of leptin on angiogenesis to use as a therapeutic molecule in various angiogenesis related pathological conditions. Chicken chorio allantoic membrane (CAM) on 9th day of incubation was incubated with 1, 3 and 5 μg concentration of HRL for 72 h using gelatin sponge. Images where taken after every 24 h of incubation and analysed with Angioguant software. The treated area was observed under microscope and histological evaluation was performed for the same. Tissue thickness was calculated morphometrically from haematoxylin and eosin stained cross sections. Reverse transcriptase PCR and immunohistochemistry were also performed to study the gene and protein level expression of angiogenic molecules. Results HRL has the ability to induce new vessel formation at the treated area and growth of the newly formed vessels and cellular morphological changes occur in a dose dependent manner. Increase in the tissue thickness at the treated area is suggestive of initiation of new capillary like structures. Elevated mRNA and protein level expression of VEGF165 and MMP2 along with the activation of ECs as demonstrated by the presence of CD34 expression supports the neovascularization potential of HRL. Conclusion Angiogenic potential of HRL depends on the concentration and time of incubation and is involved in the activation of ECs along with the major interaction of VEGF 165 and MMP2. It is also observed that 3 μg of HRL exhibits maximum angiogenic potential at 72 h of incubation. Thus our data suggest that dose dependent angiogenic potential HRL could provide a novel role in angiogenic dependent therapeutics such as ischemia and wound healing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reji Manjunathan
- Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG IBMS, Taramani Campus, University of Madras, Chennai 600 113, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Malathi Ragunathan
- Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG IBMS, Taramani Campus, University of Madras, Chennai 600 113, Tamilnadu, India.
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181
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Le Gallic C, Phalente Y, Manens L, Dublineau I, Benderitter M, Gueguen Y, Lehoux S, Ebrahimian TG. Chronic Internal Exposure to Low Dose 137Cs Induces Positive Impact on the Stability of Atherosclerotic Plaques by Reducing Inflammation in ApoE-/- Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128539. [PMID: 26046630 PMCID: PMC4457796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
After Chernobyl and Fukushima Daï Chi, two major nuclear accidents, large amounts of radionuclides were released in the environment, mostly caesium 137 (137Cs). Populations living in contaminated territories are chronically exposed to radionuclides by ingestion of contaminated food. However, questions still remain regarding the effects of low dose ionizing radiation exposure on the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases. We therefore investigated the effects of a chronic internal exposure to 137Cs on atherosclerosis in predisposed ApoE-/- mice. Mice were exposed daily to 0, 4, 20 or 100 kBq/l 137Cs in drinking water, corresponding to range of concentrations found in contaminated territories, for 6 or 9 months. We evaluated plaque size and phenotype, inflammatory profile, and oxidative stress status in different experimental groups. Results did not show any differences in atherosclerosis progression between mice exposed to 137Cs and unexposed controls. However, 137Cs exposed mice developed more stable plaques with decreased macrophage content, associated with reduced aortic expression of pro-inflammatory factors (CRP, TNFα, MCP-1, IFNγ) and adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin). Lesions of mice exposed to 137Cs were also characterized by enhanced collagen and smooth muscle cell content, concurrent with reduced matrix metalloproteinase MMP8 and MMP13 expression. These results suggest that low dose chronic exposure of 137Cs in ApoE-/- mice enhances atherosclerotic lesion stability by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine and MMP production, resulting in collagen-rich plaques with greater smooth muscle cell and less macrophage content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clélia Le Gallic
- IRSN, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Laboratoire de RadioToxicologie Experimentale, 92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Yohann Phalente
- IRSN, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Laboratoire de RadioToxicologie Experimentale, 92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Line Manens
- IRSN, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Laboratoire de RadioToxicologie Experimentale, 92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Isabelle Dublineau
- IRSN, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Laboratoire de RadioToxicologie Experimentale, 92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Marc Benderitter
- IRSN, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Laboratoire de RadioToxicologie Experimentale, 92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Yann Gueguen
- IRSN, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Laboratoire de RadioToxicologie Experimentale, 92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | | | - Teni G. Ebrahimian
- IRSN, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Laboratoire de RadioToxicologie Experimentale, 92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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182
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Youn SW, Park KK. Small-nucleic-acid-based therapeutic strategy targeting the transcription factors regulating the vascular inflammation, remodeling and fibrosis in atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:11804-33. [PMID: 26006249 PMCID: PMC4463731 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160511804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis arises when injury to the arterial wall induces an inflammatory cascade that is sustained by a complex network of cytokines, together with accumulation of lipids and fibrous material. Inflammatory cascades involve leukocyte adherence and chemotaxis, which are coordinated by the local secretion of adhesion molecules, chemotactic factors, and cytokines. Transcription factors are critical to the integration of the various steps of the cascade response to mediators of vascular injury, and are induced in a stimulus-dependent and cell-type-specific manner. Several small-nucleic-acid-based therapeutic strategies have recently been developed to target transcription factors: antisense oligodeoxynucleotides, RNA interference, microRNA, and decoy oligodeoxynucleotides. The aim of this review was to provide an overview of these particular targeted therapeutic strategies, toward regulation of the vascular inflammation, remodeling and fibrosis associated with atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Won Youn
- Department of Radiology, Catholic University of Daegu Medical Center, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 705-718, Korea.
| | - Kwan-Kyu Park
- Department of Pathology, Catholic University of Daegu Medical Center, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu 705-718, Korea.
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183
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Kumar S, Ratnikov BI, Kazanov MD, Smith JW, Cieplak P. CleavPredict: A Platform for Reasoning about Matrix Metalloproteinases Proteolytic Events. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127877. [PMID: 25996941 PMCID: PMC4440711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CleavPredict (http://cleavpredict.sanfordburnham.org) is a Web server for substrate cleavage prediction for matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). It is intended as a computational platform aiding the scientific community in reasoning about proteolytic events. CleavPredict offers in silico prediction of cleavage sites specific for 11 human MMPs. The prediction method employs the MMP specific position weight matrices (PWMs) derived from statistical analysis of high-throughput phage display experimental results. To augment the substrate cleavage prediction process, CleavPredict provides information about the structural features of potential cleavage sites that influence proteolysis. These include: secondary structure, disordered regions, transmembrane domains, and solvent accessibility. The server also provides information about subcellular location, co-localization, and co-expression of proteinase and potential substrates, along with experimentally determined positions of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), and posttranslational modification (PTM) sites in substrates. All this information will provide the user with perspectives in reasoning about proteolytic events. CleavPredict is freely accessible, and there is no login required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonu Kumar
- Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Boris I. Ratnikov
- Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Marat D. Kazanov
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jeffrey W. Smith
- Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Piotr Cieplak
- Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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184
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Duque JC, Martinez L, Mesa A, Wei Y, Tabbara M, Salman LH, Vazquez-Padron RI. CD4(+) lymphocytes improve venous blood flow in experimental arteriovenous fistulae. Surgery 2015; 158:529-36. [PMID: 25999254 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2015.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of immune cells in arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) maturation is poorly understood and has received, until quite recently, little attention. This study examines the function of T lymphocytes in AVF vascular remodeling. METHODS Experimental fistulae were created in athymic rnu nude rats lacking mature T lymphocytes and euthymic control animals by anastomosing the left superior epigastric vein to the nearby femoral artery. Blood flow rates, wall morphology, and histologic changes were assessed in AVF 21 days after creation. The effect of CD4(+) lymphocytes on AVF maturation in athymic animals was analyzed by adoptive transfer of cells after fistula creation. RESULTS The absence of T lymphocytes compromised blood flow in experimental fistulae. Histopathologic inspection of AVF from athymic rats revealed that T-cell immunodeficiency negatively affected venous vascular remodeling, as evidenced by a reduced lumen, a thick muscular layer, and a low number of inflammatory cells compared with control animals. Adoptive transfer of CD4(+) lymphocytes from euthymic rats into athymic animals after fistula creation improved blood flow and reduced intima-media thickness. CONCLUSION These results point at the protective role of CD4(+) lymphocytes in the remodeling of the AVF vascular wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Duque
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Laisel Martinez
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Annia Mesa
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Yuntao Wei
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Marwan Tabbara
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Loay H Salman
- Section of Interventional Nephrology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Roberto I Vazquez-Padron
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL.
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185
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Kurogi R, Kikkawa Y, Matsuo S, Nakamizo A, Mizoguchi M, Sasaki T. Upregulation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 contributes to restoration of the extracellular matrix in the rabbit basilar artery during cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Brain Res 2015; 1616:26-36. [PMID: 25940763 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Vascular remodeling caused by extracellular matrix (ECM) metabolism contributes to the development of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The balance between tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) plays an important role in ECM remodeling. We investigated the mechanism of vascular remodeling following cerebral vasospasm in a rabbit double hemorrhage model. Rabbit basilar arteries were harvested on days 3, 5, and 7 after initial hemorrhage. TIMP-1, TIMP-2, MMP-2, and MMP-9 mRNA and protein expression were investigated with microarray analysis, quantitative real-time PCR, immunoblot analysis, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression and localization of TIMP-1, TIMP-2, MMP-2, MMP-9, elastin, fibronectin, laminin, and collagens I, III, and IV were investigated with immuohistochemical staining. After SAH, TIMP-1 mRNA and protein expression were significantly increased on day 3 and then decreased to the control level on days 5 and 7. MMP-9 protein expression was significantly increased on day 7. TIMP-2 and MMP-2 mRNA and protein expression were significantly increased on day 7. Elastin, fibronectin, laminin, and collagens I, III, and IV protein expression was decreased on day 3 and then restored to control levels on day 7. Upregulation of TIMP-1 during the early phase of cerebral vasospasm may contribute to the recovery of the ECM during the late phase of cerebral vasospasm, resulting in a protective role of TIMP-1 from cerebral vasospasm. Moreover, the increase in arterial compliance by the decrease in ECM during the early phase of cerebral vasospasm may facilitate vasoconstriction of the cerebral artery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Kurogi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka City 812-8582, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Kikkawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka City 812-8582, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, 1397-1 Yamane, Hidaka City 350-1298, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Matsuo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka City 812-8582, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akira Nakamizo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka City 812-8582, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Steel Memorial Yawata Hospital, 1-1-1 Harunomachi, Yahatahigashi-ku, Kitakyusyu City 805-8508, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Mizoguchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka City 812-8582, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomio Sasaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka City 812-8582, Fukuoka, Japan
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Kraljevic D, Vukojevic K, Karan D, Rajic B, Todorovic J, Miskovic J, Tomic V, Kordic M, Soljic V. Proliferation, apoptosis and expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in human fetal lung. Acta Histochem 2015; 117:444-50. [PMID: 25722035 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Expression pattern of the Ki-67, caspase-3 and matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9) factors were immunohistochemically analyzed in 48 human fetal lungs from 12 to 40 weeks of gestation. The number of Ki-67 positive cells in the epithelium of canaliculare (88cells/mm(2)) and sacculare stage (93cells/mm(2)) were significantly higher than in the epithelium of pseudoglandular stage (12cells/mm(2)) (p=0.0008 vs. p=0.003). The number of Ki-67 positive cells in the mesenchyme of canaliculare stage (132cells/mm(2)) was significantly higher than in the mesenchyme of pseudoglandular stage (37cells/mm(2)) (p=0.001). The proliferation of mesenchymal cells was higher than the epithelial cells in all developmental stages, especially in the canaliculare stage (p=0.007). Similarly, the number of caspase-3 positive cells in the epithelium of canalicular stage (13cells/mm(2)) was significantly higher than in the epithelium of pseudoglandular stage (6cells/mm(2)) (p=0.002) with peaks in the conductive epithelium of canalicular stage. The number of caspase-3 positive cells in the mesenchyme of canaliculare stage (3cells/mm(2)) was significantly higher than in the mesenchyme of saccular stage (0cells/mm(2)) (p=0.05). There were no caspase-3 positive cells in the mesenchyme of pseudoglandular stage. However, unlike the Ki-67 expression, mesenchymal cells in comparison to epithelial cells express substantially less caspase-3 in all developmental stages. Up to the saccular stage, the expression of MMP-9 in mesenchymal cells showed a linear increase with most pronounced expression in that stage. The number of MMP-9 positive cells in the mesenchyme of canaliculare (20cells/mm(2)) and sacculare (39cells/mm(2)) stage were significantly higher than in the mesenchyme of pseudoglandular stage (12cells/mm(2)) (p=0.04 vs. p=0.004). The first epithelial cells that express MMP-9 were present only at the alveolar stage. Increased proliferation and apoptosis of the mesenchymal cells of canalicular stage is important for formation of definite structures within the stroma of the lung parenchyma. Although apoptosis in the epithelium is not pronounced as proliferation, it is important for thinning of the epithelium and consequent spread of respiratory tract. However in the saccular stage when mesenchyme disappears, MMP-9 expression is more important for primitive alveoli differentiation.
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187
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Ho WM, Chen CM, Lee YS, Chang KH, Chen HW, Chen ST, Chen YC. Association of MMP-9 Haplotypes and TIMP-1 Polymorphism with Spontaneous Deep Intracerebral Hemorrhage in the Taiwan Population. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125397. [PMID: 25932641 PMCID: PMC4416754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spontaneous deep intracerebral hemorrhage (SDICH) is a devastating stroke subtype. The causes of SDICH are heterogeneous. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9, Gelantinase B) has been shown to relate to stroke and the development of aneurysm and may increase risks of intracerebral hemorrhage. MMP activities are modulated by their endogenous inhibitors, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). We analyzed the genetic variants of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 and SDICH susceptibility. METHODS Associations were tested by logistic regression or general linear models with adjusting for multiple covariables. Multiplicative terms between genes were applied to detect the interaction effects on SDICH. Permutation testing of 1,000 replicates was performed for empirical estimates. RESULTS In the group of ≥65 years old (y/o), we found associations of SDICH with rs3787268 (Odds ratio [OR] = 0.48, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.27 to 0.86, P = 0.01) and haplotype1 (Hap1) (OR = 0.48, 95% CI 0.26 to 0.86, P = 0.014). For TIMP1 gene, rs4898 was associated with SDICH in the elder male group (OR = 0.35, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.81, P = 0.015). In contrast, in the younger male group, there were associations of SDICH with rs2250889 (OR = 0.48, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.84, P = 0.01) and Hap3 (OR = 0.61, 95% CI 0.38 to 0.97, P = 0.04). We found significant genetic interaction between TIMP-1 and MMP-9 in SDICH susceptibility among younger male subjects (P = 0.004). In subjects carrying rs4898 minor allele, carriers with Hap3 had lower SDICH risk than non-carriers (OR = 0.19, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.51, P = 0.001). In addition, this study showed that when young males were exposed to alcohol, Hap3 was a protective factor of SDICH (OR = 0.06, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.27, P = 0.0002). In contrast, when they were exposed to smoke, Hap2 carriers had increased risk of SDICH (OR = 2.45, 95% CI 1.05 to 5.73, P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS This study showed modest to moderate effects of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 polymorphisms on SDICH risks with significant age differences. MMP-9 may interact with alcohol to play a role in the SDICH risk in young men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Min Ho
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung and College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Mei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center and College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Shien Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Ming Chuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Genomic Medicine Research Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsuan Chang
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center and College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Wen Chen
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center and College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Sien-Tsong Chen
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center and College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center and College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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188
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Kim YM, Huh JS, Lim Y, Cho M. Soy Isoflavone Glycitin (4'-Hydroxy-6-Methoxyisoflavone-7-D-Glucoside) Promotes Human Dermal Fibroblast Cell Proliferation and Migration via TGF-β Signaling. Phytother Res 2015; 29:757-69. [PMID: 25758427 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glycitin is a soy isoflavone that exhibits antioxidant, antiallergic, and anti-osteoporosis activities. We investigated the effects of glycitin on dermal fibroblast proliferation and migration. Treatment of primary dermal fibroblasts with glycitin increased cell proliferation and migration. In addition, treatment with 20 μM glycitin for 24 h induced the synthesis of collagen type I and type III at both the mRNA and protein levels. Fibronectin was also increased by 20% after treatment. Matrix metalloproteinase-1 collagenase was decreased in the media after 24-h incubation with glycitin, and the synthesis of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) mRNA increased approximately twofold in cells following glycitin treatment. Phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3 increased after 1 h of glycitin treatment, and phosphorylation continued for 24 h. Furthermore, the phosphorylated form of AKT was increased in glycitin-treated cells after 3 h and remained higher for 24 h. Thus, glycitin treatment produces anti-aging effects including increased total collagen in the culture media, decreased elastase, and decreased β-galactosidase. Together, these results indicate that glycitin stimulates TGF-β secretion, and the subsequent autocrine actions of TGF-β induce proliferation of fibroblasts, ultimately protecting skin cells from aging and wrinkling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Mee Kim
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea, 690-756
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189
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Konradi J, Mollenhauer M, Baldus S, Klinke A. Redox-sensitive mechanisms underlying vascular dysfunction in heart failure. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:721-42. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1027200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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190
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Dolcino M, Puccetti A, Barbieri A, Bason C, Tinazzi E, Ottria A, Patuzzo G, Martinelli N, Lunardi C. Infections and autoimmunity: role of human cytomegalovirus in autoimmune endothelial cell damage. Lupus 2015; 24:419-432. [DOI: 10.1177/0961203314558677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Molecular mimicry between infectious agents and normal human host cell proteins represents one of the possible mechanisms responsible for autoimmunity. Among infectious agents, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an ideal candidate for involvement in autoimmune disorders because of its lifelong persistence through periods of reactivation and latency and because of the extensive manipulation of innate and adaptive immunity. HCMV has been implicated in the pathogenesis of vascular damage in systemic sclerosis (SSc) and atherosclerosis. Based on our data, which demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between HCMV and endothelial cell aggression in SSc and atherosclerosis, we propose that immune responses to particular HCMV proteins may result in autoaggression through a mechanism of molecular mimicry of normally expressed endothelial cell surface molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dolcino
- Institute Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - A Puccetti
- Institute Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
- University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - A Barbieri
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - C Bason
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - E Tinazzi
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - A Ottria
- University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - G Patuzzo
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - N Martinelli
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - C Lunardi
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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191
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The serum protein fetuin-B is involved in the development of acute myocardial infarction. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 129:27-38. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20140462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fetuin-B was one of highly expressed serum proteins in AMI compared with stable angina. This protein affected vascular plaque-stabilizing components in monocytes, macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells. Fetuin-B may be a possible contributor to AMI.
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192
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Suxiaojiuxin pill enhances atherosclerotic plaque stability by modulating the MMPs/TIMPs balance in ApoE-deficient mice. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2015; 64:120-6. [PMID: 24621651 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
: Suxiaojiuxin pill (SX) is a famous Chinese formulated product, which has been used to treat coronary heart disease and angina pectoris in China. This study was carried out to investigate the effect and possible mechanism of SX on the stability of atherosclerotic plaque in ApoE-deficient mice. ApoE-/- mice of 6-8 weeks old were fed with high-fat diet for developing artherosclerosis. After oral administration of SX for 8 weeks, histopathology of aortic plaque was performed by Sudan III and hematoxylin-eosin staining, and muscle protein was detected by Western blotting (WB). The mRNA and proteins associated with aortic plaque stability were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and WB, respectively. SX treatment could not only reduce serum triglyceride level and plaque area but also increase fibrous cap thickness and collagen content compared with the model group. WB results showed that SX could increase α-smooth muscle actin, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1), and TIMP-2 protein expression, whereas decrease matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 protein expression. Moreover, SX could upregulate the expression of α-smooth muscle actin mRNA and downregulate the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA. These results showed that SX could enhance atherosclerotic plaque stability in ApoE-deficient mice. The mechanism may be associated with modulating the MMPs/TIMPs balance.
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194
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Shirai T, Hilhorst M, Harrison DG, Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM. Macrophages in vascular inflammation--From atherosclerosis to vasculitis. Autoimmunity 2015; 48:139-51. [PMID: 25811915 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2015.1027815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The spectrum of vascular inflammatory disease ranges from atherosclerosis and hypertension, widespread conditions affecting large proportions of the population, to the vasculitides, rare syndromes leading to fast and irreversible organ failure. Atherosclerosis progresses over decades, inevitably proceeding through multiple phases of disease and causes its major complications when the vessel wall lesion ruptures, giving rise to lumen-occlusive atherothrombosis. Vasculitides of medium and large arteries progress rapidly, causing tissue ischemia through lumen-occlusive intimal hyperplasia. In both disease entities, macrophages play a decisive role in pathogenesis, but function in the context of other immune cells that direct their differentiation and their functional commitments. In atherosclerosis, macrophages are involved in the removal of lipids and tissue debris and make a critical contribution to tissue damage and wall remodeling. In several of the vasculitides, macrophages contribute to granuloma formation, a microstructural platform optimizing macrophage-T-cell interactions, antigen containment and inflammatory amplification. By virtue of their versatility and plasticity, macrophages are able to promote a series of pathogenic functions, ranging from the release of cytokines and enzymes, the production of reactive oxygen species, presentation of antigen and secretion of tissue remodeling factors. However, as short-lived cells that lack memory, macrophages are also amendable to reprogramming, making them promising targets for anti-inflammatory interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Shirai
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA , USA and
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195
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Erbel C, Wolf A, Lasitschka F, Linden F, Domschke G, Akhavanpoor M, Doesch AO, Katus HA, Gleissner CA. Prevalence of M4 macrophages within human coronary atherosclerotic plaques is associated with features of plaque instability. Int J Cardiol 2015; 186:219-25. [PMID: 25828120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.03.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The platelet chemokine CXCL4 induces monocyte differentiation resulting in a macrophage phenotype called "M4", which co-expresses CD68, MMP7, and S100A8. We hypothesized that M4 macrophages are associated with plaque destabilization. METHODS Atherosclerotic arteries were obtained from explanted hearts of patients with severe coronary artery disease (CAD, n = 32) and of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and no or mild CAD (controls, n = 19). Coronary arteries were stained with H&E, and immuno-fluorescence was performed against CD68, MMP7, and S100A8. RESULTS Both CD68(+) macrophages representing the entire macrophage population and MMP7(+)S100A8(+)CD68(+) M4 macrophages could be reproducibly identified within all arterial layers. The average proportion of the M4 macrophage phenotype amongst all CD68(+) macrophages was 31.7 ± 16.2%. The highest number of M4 macrophages was found in the adventitia, followed by the intima. CD68(+) and M4 macrophage numbers were significantly higher in patients with severe CAD. The presence of M4 macrophages within the intima and the media was significantly associated with plaque instability as determined by Stary class. Multivariate analysis showed a highly significant contribution of cardiovascular risk factors (P = 0.008) to plaque instability, while only trends were observed for age (P = 0.060) and intimal prevalence of M4 macrophages (P = 0.098). CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate for the first time that M4 macrophages can be reproducibly found in coronary artery plaques. The prevalence of M4 macrophages is associated with indexes of plaque instability, most likely representing a surrogate marker of inflammatory activity. These findings suggest a pathogenetic role of M4 macrophages in vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Erbel
- Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Antonia Wolf
- Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Lasitschka
- Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fabian Linden
- Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Domschke
- Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Andreas O Doesch
- Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hugo A Katus
- Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian A Gleissner
- Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg, Germany.
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196
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Ma L, Zhang L, Wang B, Wei J, Liu J, Zhang L. Berberine inhibits Chlamydia pneumoniae infection-induced vascular smooth muscle cell migration through downregulating MMP3 and MMP9 via PI3K. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 755:102-9. [PMID: 25746423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which Chlamydia pneumoniae infection promote vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration required in the development of atherosclerosis have not yet been fully clarified. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have important roles in VSMC migration. However, it is still unknown whether MMPs are involved in C. pneumoniae infection-induced VSMC migration. In addition, whether berberine can exert its inhibitory effects on the infection-induced VSMC migration also remains unclear. Accordingly, we investigated the effects of berberine on C. pneumoniae infection-induced VSMC migration and explored the possible mechanisms involved in this process. Herein, we found that C. pneumoniae infection could induce VSMC migration through Matrigel-coated membrane (P<0.05), which can be significantly inhibited by the broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor GM6001 (P<0.05). Our results also showed that C. pneumoniae infection upregulated both mRNA and protein expressions of MMP3 and MMP9 (P<0.05). The specific phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002 significantly suppressed the increases in MMP3 and MMP9 protein expressions induced by C. pneumoniae infection (P<0.05). Further experiments showed that berberine significantly attenuated C. pneumoniae infection-induced VSMC migration (P<0.05). Moreover, berberine suppressed the protein expressions of MMP3 and MMP9 caused by C. pneumoniae infection in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). C. pneumoniae infection-induced increase in the phosphorylation level of Akt at Ser473 was inhibited by the treatment with berberine (P<0.05). Taken together, our data suggest that berberine inhibits C. pneumoniae infection-induced VSMC migration by downregulating the expressions of MMP3 and MMP9 via PI3K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ma
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Junyan Wei
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Jingya Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
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197
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Ye S. Putative targeting of matrix metalloproteinase-8 in atherosclerosis. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 147:111-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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198
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Xie SL, Chen YY, Zhang HF, Deng BQ, Shu XR, Su ZZ, Lin YQ, Nie RQ, Wang JF. Interleukin 18 and extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer cross-regulation: implications in acute myocardial infarction. Transl Res 2015; 165:387-95. [PMID: 25267095 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Circulating interleukin-18 (IL-18) is thought to promote atherosclerosis and cardiovascular complications such as plaque rupture. Atherosclerosis is also characterized by smooth muscle cell migration, a consequence of extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation regulated by metalloproteinases (MMPs). Because extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) has been shown to promote plaque instability by inducing ECM degradation and MMP synthesis, we investigated whether a cross-regulatory interaction exists between IL-18 and EMMPRIN in human monocytes. EMMPRIN levels in monocytes were markedly greater in 20 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) compared with 20 patients with stable angina pectoris or 20 healthy volunteers (control group). The levels of IL-18 and MMP-9 in serum were also significantly greater in the AMI group in comparison with the other 2 groups. IL-18 levels positively correlated with increased levels of EMMPRIN in monocytes. In vitro, the expression of EMMPRIN was increased in monocytes cultured with IL-18, and IL-18 secretion was augmented in monocytes cultured with EMMPRIN. Gene silencing of EMMPRIN by small interfering RNA reduced monocyte secretion of both IL-18 and MMP-9. In the present study, cross-regulation between IL-18 and EMMPRIN in monocytes was demonstrated. This interaction may amplify the inflammatory cascade and be responsible for increased monocytic MMP-9 serum levels in atherosclerosis, contributing to atherosclerotic plaque destabilization and subsequent AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Lun Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Yang Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Feng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing-Qing Deng
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Rong Shu
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Zhuo Su
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Qing Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ru-Qiong Nie
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Feng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, China.
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199
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Study on the deformation of endothelial cells using a bio-inspired in vitro disease model. Microvasc Res 2015; 98:172-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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200
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Kataoka H. Molecular mechanisms of the formation and progression of intracranial aneurysms. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2015; 55:214-29. [PMID: 25761423 PMCID: PMC4533330 DOI: 10.2176/nmc.ra.2014-0337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Until recently, only a little was understood about molecular mechanisms of the development of an intracranial aneurysm (IA). Recent advancements over the last decade in the field of genetics and molecular biology have provided us a wide variety of evidences supporting the notion that chronic inflammation is closely associated with the pathogenesis of IA development. In the field of genetics, large-scale Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) has identified some IA susceptible loci and genes related to cell cycle and endothelial function. Researches in molecular biology using human samples and animal models have revealed the common pathway of the initiation, progression, and rupture of IAs. IA formation begins with endothelial dysfunction followed by pathological remodeling with degenerative changes of vascular walls. Medical treatments inhibiting inflammatory cascades in IA development are likely to prevent IA progression and rupture. Statins and aspirin are expected to suppress IA progression by their anti-inflammatory effects. Decoy oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) inhibiting inflammatory transcription factors such as nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and Ets-1 are the other promising choice of the prevention of IA development. Further clarification of molecular mechanisms of the formation and progression of IAs will shed light to the pathogenesis of IA development and provide insight into novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for IAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroharu Kataoka
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
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