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Elsayh KI, Mohammed WS, Zahran AM, Saad K. Leukocytes apoptosis and adipocytokines in children with beta thalassemia major. Clin Exp Med 2016; 16:345-50. [PMID: 26052040 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-015-0361-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
β-Thalassemia is a significant public health problem in Egypt. Infectious complications represent the second most common cause of mortality and the major cause of morbidity in β-thalassemia major (BTM). The increased susceptibility of these patients to infectious diseases has been attributed to the abnormalities of the immune system, which is evident by systemic inflammation and immune deficiency. In a case control study, 35 patients with BTM were compared with 30 sex- and age-matched children who served as controls. Serum ferritin, high-sensitive CRP (hsCRP), leptin and adiponectin levels were determined in all subjects. Apoptosis of neutrophils and lymphocytes was measured by the Annexin V-fluoroisothiocyanate binding assay. Serum leptin was significantly lower in patients when compared to controls. In contrast, adiponectin and hsCRP levels were significantly higher in the patients than the controls. Positive correlation was found between adiponectin and hsCRP. BTM patients had significantly higher total leukocytes, neutrophils and lymphocytes compared with controls. BTM children exhibited a significantly increased apoptosis in T-lymphocytes; however, there was no significant difference in the percentage of apoptosis of B-lymphocytes and neutrophils between the patients and the controls. There was a significant negative correlation between serum leptin and the percentage of apoptotic T-lymphocytes. Our BTM patients had a high percentage of apoptotic T-lymphocyte in comparison with controls. In addition, they had disturbed serum levels of adipocytokines and inflammatory markers. These derangements could have a role in the immunological disturbance observed in thalassemic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid I Elsayh
- Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt
| | - Wafaa S Mohammed
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Asmaa M Zahran
- Clinical Pathology Department, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Khaled Saad
- Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt.
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Influence of exogenous leptin on redox homeostasis in neutrophils and lymphocytes cultured in synovial fluid isolated from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Reumatologia 2016; 54:103-7. [PMID: 27504019 PMCID: PMC4967976 DOI: 10.5114/reum.2016.61209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Leptin is an adipose cells derived hormone that regulates energy homeostasis within the body. Energy metabolism of immune cells influences their activity within numerous pathological states, but the effect of leptin on these cells in unclear. On the one hand, it was observed that leptin induces neutrophils chemotaxis and modulates phagocytosis. On the other hand, neutrophils exposed to leptin did not display detectable Ca2+ ions mobilization or β2-integrin upregulation. In this study, we investigated the effect of leptin on the redox homeostasis in lymphocytes and neutrophils. Material and methods Neutrophils and lymphocytes were isolated by density-gradient centrifugation of blood from healthy volunteers. Cells were cultured with or without leptin (100 ng/ml for lymphocytes and 500 ng/ml for neutrophils) or with or without synovial fluid (85%) for 0–72 h. Culture media were not changed during incubation. Cells were homogenized and homogenate was frozen until laboratory measurements. Redox homeostasis was assessed by the reduced glutathione (GSH) vs. oxidized glutathione (GSSG) ratio and membrane lipid peroxidation evaluation. Results Lymphocytes cultured with leptin and synovial fluid showed a significant increase of the GSSG level. The GSSG/GSH ratio increased by 184 ±37%. In neutrophils incubated in a similar environment, the GSSG/GSH ratio increased by just 21 ±7%, and the effect was observed irrespectively of whether they were exposed to leptin or synovial fluid or both together. Neither leptin nor synovial fluid influenced lipid peroxidation in neutrophils, but in lymphocytes leptin intensified lipid peroxidation. Conclusions Leptin altered the lymphocytes, but not neutrophils redox state. Because firstly neutrophils are anaerobic cells and have just a few mitochondria and secondly lymphocytes have typical aerobic metabolism, the divergence of our data supports the hypothesis that leptin induces oxidative stress by modulation of mitochondria.
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153
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Sato A, Kamekura R, Kawata K, Kawada M, Jitsukawa S, Yamashita K, Sato N, Himi T, Ichimiya S. Novel Mechanisms of Compromised Lymphatic Endothelial Cell Homeostasis in Obesity: The Role of Leptin in Lymphatic Endothelial Cell Tube Formation and Proliferation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158408. [PMID: 27366905 PMCID: PMC4930203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is a hormone produced by adipose tissue that regulates various physiological processes. Recent studies have shown that the level of circulating leptin is elevated in obese patients and have suggested a relationship between obesity and postoperative lymphedema. However, the mechanisms by which postoperative lymphedema develops in obese patients and the mechanisms by which leptin regulates lymphatic endothelial cell homeostasis such as tube formation and cell proliferation remain unknown. Here we report that leptin regulates tube formation and cell proliferation in human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells (HDLECs) by activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 pathway, which is downstream signaling of the leptin receptor. Additionally, we found that upregulation of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 underlies the mechanisms by which a high dose of leptin inhibits cell proliferation and tube formation. Leptin also enhanced expression of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 in HDLECs. Interestingly, IL-6 rescues the compromised cell proliferation and tube formation caused by treatment with a high dose of leptin in an autocrine or paracrine manner. Taken together, our findings reveal a novel mechanism by which compromised HDLECs maintain their homeostasis during inflammation mediated by leptin and IL-6. Thus, regulating the level of leptin or IL-6 may be a viable strategy to reduce the incidence of postoperative lymphedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Sato
- Department of Human Immunology, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Breast Surgery, KKR Sapporo Medical Center Tonan Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryuta Kamekura
- Department of Human Immunology, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Koji Kawata
- Department of Human Immunology, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaya Kawada
- Division of Breast Surgery, KKR Sapporo Medical Center Tonan Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sumito Jitsukawa
- Department of Human Immunology, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Keiji Yamashita
- Department of Human Immunology, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Sato
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Himi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shingo Ichimiya
- Department of Human Immunology, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Chiricozzi A, Raimondo A, Lembo S, Fausti F, Dini V, Costanzo A, Monfrecola G, Balato N, Ayala F, Romanelli M, Balato A. Crosstalk between skin inflammation and adipose tissue-derived products: pathogenic evidence linking psoriasis to increased adiposity. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2016; 12:1299-1308. [PMID: 27322922 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2016.1201423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Psoriasis is a chronic skin disorder associated with several comorbid conditions. In psoriasis pathogenesis, the role of some cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-17, has been elucidated. Beside their pro-inflammatory activity, they may also affect glucose and lipid metabolism, possibly promoting insulin resistance and obesity. On the other hand, adipose tissue, secreting adipokines such as chemerin, visfatin, leptin, and adiponectin, not only regulates glucose and lipid metabolism, and endothelial cell function regulation, but it may contribute to inflammation. Areas covered: This review provides an updated 'state-of-the-art' about the reciprocal contribution of a small subset of conventional cytokines and adipokines involved in chronic inflammatory pathways, upregulated in both psoriasis and increased adiposity. A systematic search was conducted using the PubMed Medline database for primary articles. Expert commentary: Because psoriasis is associated with increased adiposity, it would be important to define the contribution of chronic skin inflammation to the onset of obesity and vice versa. Clarifying the pathogenic mechanism underlying this association, a therapeutic strategy having favorable effects on both psoriasis and increased adiposity could be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annunziata Raimondo
- b Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Section of Dermatology , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Serena Lembo
- c Department of Medicine and Surgery , University of Salerno , Salerno , Italy
| | - Francesca Fausti
- d Skin Biology Laboratory , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Rome , Italy
| | - Valentina Dini
- a Department of Dermatology , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Antonio Costanzo
- e Dermatology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Monfrecola
- b Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Section of Dermatology , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Nicola Balato
- b Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Section of Dermatology , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Fabio Ayala
- b Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Section of Dermatology , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Marco Romanelli
- a Department of Dermatology , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Anna Balato
- f Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
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155
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Differences between perivascular adipose tissue surrounding the heart and the internal mammary artery: possible role for the leptin-inflammation-fibrosis-hypoxia axis. Clin Res Cardiol 2016; 105:887-900. [DOI: 10.1007/s00392-016-0996-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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156
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De Matteis G, Grandoni F, Scatà MC, Catizone A, Reale A, Crisà A, Moioli B. Evaluation of leptin receptor expression on buffalo leukocytes. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 177:16-23. [PMID: 27436440 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Experimental evidences support a direct role for leptin in immunity. Besides controlling food intake and energy expenditure, leptin was reported to be involved in the regulation of the immune system in ruminants. The aim of this work was to highlight the expression of leptin receptor (LEPR) on Bubalus bubalis immune cells using a multi-approach assessment: flow cytometry, confocal microscopy and gene expression analysis. Flow cytometric analysis of LEPR expression showed that peripheral blood monocytes were the predominant cells expressing LEPR. This result was corroborated by confocal microscopy and RT-PCR analysis. Moreover, among lymphocytes, LEPR was mainly expressed by B lymphocytes and Natural Killer cells. Evidence of LEPR expression on buffalo blood leukocytes showed to be a good indicator of the responsivity of these cells to leptin, so confirming the involvement of leptin in buffalo immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna De Matteis
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA), Animal Production Research Centre, Monterotondo, Italy.
| | - Francesco Grandoni
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA), Animal Production Research Centre, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Maria Carmela Scatà
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA), Animal Production Research Centre, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Angela Catizone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Anatomiche, Istologiche, Medico Legali e dell'Apparato Locomotore-Section of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Reale
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Cellulari ed Ematologia-Section of Clinical Biochemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Crisà
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA), Animal Production Research Centre, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Bianca Moioli
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA), Animal Production Research Centre, Monterotondo, Italy
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157
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Rodrigues MC, Cooke RF, Marques RS, Cappellozza BI, Arispe SA, Keisler DH, Bohnert DW. Effects of vaccination against respiratory pathogens on feed intake, metabolic, and inflammatory responses in beef heifers. J Anim Sci 2016; 93:4443-52. [PMID: 26440344 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate intake, metabolic, inflammatory, and acute-phase responses in beef heifers vaccinated against pathogens that cause bovine respiratory disease (BRD). Eighteen weaned Angus heifers (initial BW 257 ± 3 kg; initial age 245 ± 2 d) were ranked by BW and allocated to 2 groups, which were assigned to 2 experiments of 7 d and the following treatments on d 1 of each experiment: 1) revaccinated against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, parainfluenza-3 virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine viral diarrhea Types 1 and 2 viruses, and (VAC; 2 mL [s.c.]) and 2) receiving a 2-mL s.c. injection of 0.9% sterile saline (CON). The group receiving VAC in Exp. 1 was assigned to CON in Exp. 2 and vice versa. Heifers were weaned 21 d before Exp. 1, when they all received the first dose of the aforementioned vaccine. Heifers were maintained in individual pens and offered free-choice mixed alfalfa-grass hay and 3.5 kg/d (DM basis) of a corn-based supplement throughout the study. During Exp. 1, hay and concentrate intake were evaluated daily. During Exp. 2, blood samples were collected before (-2 and 0 h) and at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 96, 120, 144, and 168 h after treatment administration. In Exp. 1, treatment × day interactions were detected ( < 0.01) for forage intake and total DMI; these parameters were reduced ( ≤ 0.05) in VAC heifers compared with CON heifers on d 1 and 2 by an average of 1.7 and 0.8 kg (DM basis), respectively. In Exp. 2, mean serum tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) concentration was greater ( = 0.05) in VAC heifers compared with CON heifers and treatment × hour interactions were detected for all plasma variables ( ≤ 0.02), whereas a similar tendency was detected ( = 0.09) for blood α mRNA expression. Haptoglobin concentrations were greater ( ≤ 0.05) in VAC heifers compared with CON heifers from 16 to 120 h. Blood α mRNA expression was greater ( = 0.05) in VAC heifers compared with CON heifers at 12 h. Cortisol concentrations were greater ( ≤ 0.05) in VAC heifers compared with CON heifers from 2 to 16 h. Insulin concentration was greater ( = 0.02) in VAC heifers compared with CON heifers at 2 h. Leptin concentrations were greater ( ≤ 0.05) in VAC heifers compared with CON heifers from 6 to 16 h. In conclusion, vaccinating beef heifers against BRD pathogens decreased forage intake and total DMI during the 2 d following vaccination in Exp. 1, which can be associated with transient metabolic, inflammatory, and acute-phase responses elicited by vaccination in Exp. 2.
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158
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Maurya R, Bhattacharya P, Ismail N, Dagur PK, Joshi AB, Razdan K, McCoy JP, Ascher J, Dey R, Nakhasi HL. Differential Role of Leptin as an Immunomodulator in Controlling Visceral Leishmaniasis in Normal and Leptin-Deficient Mice. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95:109-119. [PMID: 27114296 PMCID: PMC4944674 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani. There are no vaccines and available drugs against leishmaniasis are toxic. Immunomodulators that specifically boost the anti-microbial activities of the immune cells could alleviate several of these limitations. Therefore, finding novel immunomodulators for VL therapy is a pressing need. This study is aimed to evaluate the immunomodulatory role of leptin, an adipocyte-derived hormone capable of regulating the immune response, in L. donovani-infected mice. We observed that recombinant leptin treatment reduced splenic parasite burden compared with non-treated infected normal mice. Decrease in parasite burden correlated with an induction of innate immune response in antigen-presenting cells that showed an increase in nitric oxide, enhanced pro-inflammatory cytokine (interferon gamma [IFNγ], interleukin12 [IL]12, and IL1β) response in the splenocytes, indicating host-protecting Th1 response mediated by leptin. Moreover, in infected normal mice, leptin treatment induced IFNγ production from both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, compared with non-treated infected mice. Alternatively, leptin-deficient (Ob/Ob) mice had higher splenic and liver parasite burden compared with the infected normal mice. However, leptin treatment failed to reduce the splenic parasite burden and improve a host-protective cytokine response in these mice. In addition, in contrast to dendritic cells (DCs) from a normal mouse, Ob/Ob mouse–derived DCs showed a defect in the induction of innate immune response on Leishmania infection that could not be reversed by leptin treatment. Therefore, our findings reveal that leptin has a differential immunomodulatory effect in controlling VL in normal and Ob/Ob mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radheshyam Maurya
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Science, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India.,Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Parna Bhattacharya
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Nevien Ismail
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Pradeep K Dagur
- Flow Cytometry Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Amritanshu B Joshi
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Kundan Razdan
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - J Philip McCoy
- Flow Cytometry Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jill Ascher
- Division of Veterinary Services, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Ranadhir Dey
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Hira L Nakhasi
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
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Collin A, Noacco A, Talvas J, Caldefie-Chézet F, Vasson MP, Farges MC. Enhancement of Lytic Activity by Leptin Is Independent From Lipid Rafts in Murine Primary Splenocytes. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:101-9. [PMID: 27028718 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Leptin, a pleiotropic adipokine, is known as a regulator of food intake, but it is also involved in inflammation, immunity, cell proliferation, and survival. Leptin receptor is integrated inside cholesterol-rich microdomains called lipid rafts, which, if disrupted or destroyed, could lead to a perturbation of lytic mechanism. Previous studies also reported that leptin could induce membrane remodeling. In this context, we studied the effect of membrane remodeling in lytic activity modulation induced by leptin. Thus, primary mouse splenocytes were incubated with methyl-β-cyclodextrin (β-MCD), a lipid rafts disrupting agent, cholesterol, a major component of cell membranes, or ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), a membrane stabilizer agent for 1 h. These treatments were followed by splenocyte incubation with leptin (absence, 10 and 100 ng/ml). Unlike β-MCD or cholesterol, UDCA was able to block leptin lytic induction. This result suggests that leptin increased the lytic activity of primary spleen cells against syngenic EO771 mammary cancer cells independently from lipid rafts but may involve membrane fluidity. Furthermore, natural killer cells were shown to be involved in the splenocyte lytic activity. To our knowledge it is the first publication in primary culture that provides the link between leptin lytic modulation and membrane remodeling. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 101-109, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Collin
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, UFR Pharmacie, UMR 1019, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Equipe ECREIN, CLARA, Clermont-Ferrand, France. .,INRA, UMR 1019, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Audrey Noacco
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, UFR Pharmacie, UMR 1019, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Equipe ECREIN, CLARA, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,INRA, UMR 1019, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jérémie Talvas
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, UFR Pharmacie, UMR 1019, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Equipe ECREIN, CLARA, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,INRA, UMR 1019, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Florence Caldefie-Chézet
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, UFR Pharmacie, UMR 1019, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Equipe ECREIN, CLARA, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,INRA, UMR 1019, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marie-Paule Vasson
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, UFR Pharmacie, UMR 1019, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Equipe ECREIN, CLARA, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,INRA, UMR 1019, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Centre Jean-Perrin, CHU Gabriel-Montpied, Unité de Nutrition, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marie-Chantal Farges
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, UFR Pharmacie, UMR 1019, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Equipe ECREIN, CLARA, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,INRA, UMR 1019, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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160
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van Niekerk G, Davis T, Engelbrecht AM. Bone marrow fat: What is it good for? Semin Arthritis Rheum 2016; 45:e14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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161
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Leptin reduces apoptosis triggered by high temperature in human placental villous explants: The role of the p53 pathway. Placenta 2016; 42:106-13. [PMID: 27238720 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Maternal fever is common during pregnancy and has for many years been suspected to harm the developing fetus. Whether increased maternal temperature produces exaggerated apoptosis in trophoblast cells remains unclear. Since p53 is a critical regulator of apoptosis we hypothesized that increased temperature in placenta produces abnormal expression of proteins in the p53 pathway and finally caspase-3 activation. Moreover, leptin, produced by placenta, is known to promote the proliferation and survival of trophoblastic cells. Thus, we aimed to study the possible role of leptin preventing apoptosis triggered by high temperature, as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying this effect. Fresh placental tissue was collected from normal pregnancies. Explants of placental villi were exposed to 37 °C, 40 °C and 42 °C during 3 h in the presence or absence of 10 nM leptin in DMEM-F12 medium. Western blotting and qRT-PCR was performed to analyze the expression of p53 and downstream effector, P53AIP1, Mdm2, p21, BAX and BCL-2 as well as the activated cleaved form of caspase-3 and the fragment of cytokeratin-18 (CK-18) cleaved at Asp396 (neoepitope M30). Phosphorylation of the Ser 46 residue on p53, the expression of P53AIP1, Mdm2, p21, as well as caspase-3 and CK-18 were significantly increased in explants at 40 °C and 42 °C. Conversely, these effects were significantly attenuated by leptin 10 nM at both 40 °C and 42 °C. The BCL2/BAX ratio was also significantly decreased in explants at 40 °C and 42 °C compared with explants incubated at 37 °C, which was prevented by leptin stimulation. These data illustrate the potential role of leptin for reducing apoptosis in trophoblast explants, including trophoblastic cells, triggered by high temperature, by preventing the activation of p53 signaling.
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162
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Joseph D, Kumar S. Identifying clues to molecular etiology of multiple sclerosis in South Indian patients. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2016; 5:7-11. [PMID: 26856937 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental risk factors have a dominant role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Unhealthy lifestyle can predispose people to autoimmune diseases. MS was a rare disease in Kerala, but now, we notice frequent cases of MS at the city neurology clinic. Changing lifestyle and associated changes in the level of proinflammatory biomolecules like: leptin, soluble leptin receptor (SLR) and free fatty acids (FA) could be contributing to rise in MS incidence. OBJECTIVE To identify variations in the levels of bio-molecules: leptin, SLR and FA, between MS patients and matched healthy control. METHOD Leptin and SLR levels in the blood serum, were estimated using ELISA, while total FA levels, were estimated using an enzyme based calorimetric assay. RESULT Mean serum FA levels in MS patients (31.39 ± 4.83 nmole/100 μl) were 2.7 fold higher than controls (11.54 ± 2.66 nmoles/100 μl) at more than 99% CI. The differences in mean leptin and SLR levels were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION MS patients had high level of total FA in their blood. High FA in blood may have a role in MS pathogenesis. More in-depth study is required to understand the precise mechanism by which FA rise in MS blood sample can contribute to pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanya Joseph
- Centre for Nanoscience and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Edapally, Kochi 682041, India.
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Department of Neurology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Edapally, Kochi India.
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Lingohr P, Dohmen J, Matthaei H, Konieczny N, Hoffmann J, Bölke E, Wehner S, Kalff JC. Cytokine expression in the visceral adipose tissue after laparoscopic and conventional surgery in a rodent model. Eur J Med Res 2016; 21:4. [PMID: 26846568 PMCID: PMC4743175 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-016-0199-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Laparoscopic Surgery has become a worldwide standard procedure for a variety of indications. This has been attributed to a milder postoperative inflammatory response by the innate immune system potentially mediated through immune mediators released by the visceral adipose tissue (VAT). However, an in vivo experimental evidence is lacking and is the issue of our present study. Methods Male Wistar rats (N = 24) underwent standardized surgical procedures of conventional cecum resection (CCR), conventional sham operation, laparoscopic cecum resection (LCR), or laparoscopic sham operation. Cytokine expression of leptin, resistin, and IL-6 was analyzed in VAT before and after resection by quantitative RT-PCR. Results Postoperative leptin gene expression was reduced in the CCR and LCR groups, while expression was not significantly affected in both sham groups compared to the preoperative levels. In contrast, IL-6 expression was not affected in the LCR group, but was significantly elevated in the CCR cohort. The IL-6 expression was significantly higher in CCR compared to LCR. Resistin expression levels did not differ between all groups. Conclusions Our study underlines the role of immunological involvement of VAT in the postoperative phase. Low leptin levels seem to act as a stimulator for energy uptake in order to cope with postoperative stress. A lower IL-6 expression in the LCR compared to the CCR group may indicate a weaker inflammatory activity potentially adding to the clinical benefits observed in patients undergoing LS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Lingohr
- Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Jonas Dohmen
- Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Hanno Matthaei
- Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Nils Konieczny
- Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Juliane Hoffmann
- Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Edwin Bölke
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University of Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Sven Wehner
- Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Jörg C Kalff
- Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
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164
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Khorsand A, Bayani M, Yaghobee S, Torabi S, Kharrazifard MJ, Mohammadnejhad F. Evaluation of Salivary Leptin Levels in Healthy Subjects and Patients with Advanced Periodontitis. JOURNAL OF DENTISTRY (TEHRAN, IRAN) 2016; 13:1-9. [PMID: 27536322 PMCID: PMC4983559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Leptin is a hormone-like protein produced by the adipose tissue. It plays an important role in protection of host against inflammation and infection. Some studies have reported changes in leptin levels in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), saliva and blood serum of patients with periodontal disease compared to healthy individuals. The aim of the present study was to compare the salivary leptin levels in patients with advanced periodontitis and healthy individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this case-control study, the salivary samples of healthy individuals and patients with advanced periodontitis with clinical attachment loss >5mm were obtained using a standardized method and the leptin levels were measured in the salivary samples by means of ELISA. The effects of the periodontal status and sex on the salivary leptin levels of both groups were statistically analyzed by two-way ANOVA. RESULTS The means ± standard deviation (SD) of salivary leptin levels in healthy subjects and patients with advanced periodontitis were 34.27±6.88 and 17.87±5.89 pg/mL, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that the effect of sex on the salivary leptin levels was not significant (P=0.91), while the effect of advanced periodontitis on the salivary leptin levels was significant compared to healthy individuals (P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS In patients with advanced periodontitis, the salivary leptin levels were significantly lower compared to healthy individuals. Thus, assessment of salivary leptin can be done as a non-invasive and simple method to determine the susceptibility of patients to advanced periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Khorsand
- Assistant Professor, Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Bayani
- Assistant Professor, Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Siamak Yaghobee
- Associate Professor, Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author: S. Yaghobee, Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepehr Torabi
- Postgraduate Student, Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Kharrazifard
- Statistics Consultant, Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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165
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Wei R, Hu Y, Dong F, Xu X, Hu A, Gao G. Hepatoma cell-derived leptin downregulates the immunosuppressive function of regulatory T-cells to enhance the anti-tumor activity of CD8+ T-cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 94:388-99. [PMID: 26639061 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The adaptive immune response against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) could be a therapeutic target to restrain HCC initiation and growth. The interactions between hepatoma cells and immune cells modify the anti-tumor immunity to influence hepatoma cell survival. To explore the potential interplay between hepatoma cells and anti-HCC T-cells, we conducted a HCC induction mouse model to analyze the phenotypic and functional alterations of T-cell subsets. We found that both hepatoma tissues and hepatoma cell lines substantially produced higher leptin, which is an adipokine usually expressed in fat tissue, than normal liver tissue or hepatocytes. We also found that regulatory T-cells (Tregs), effector CD4(+) T-cells and CD8(+) T-cells upregulated expression of leptin receptor (LEPR) in spleens and livers after HCC induction. In vitro study showed that macrophages and dendritic cells isolated from HCC livers upregulated LEPR expression on T-cells. Leptin inhibited Treg activation and function in vitro, demonstrated by lower expression of TGF-β, IL-10, CTLA4 and GITR in Tregs, as wells weaker suppression of CD8(+) T-cell proliferation and production of cytotoxic mediators. In addition, silencing LEPR in Tregs favored tumor growth in a hepatoma cell line allograft model. Taken together, our study suggests that hepatoma cells could enhance anti-HCC immunity through secreting leptin to down-regulate Treg activity and subsequently promote CD8(+) T-cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renxiong Wei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Ningbo Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningbo City, China
| | - Yaoren Hu
- Liver Disease Branch, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo City, China
| | - Feibo Dong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo City, China
| | - Xiaozhen Xu
- Liver Disease Branch, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo City, China
| | - Airong Hu
- Liver Disease Branch, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo City, China
| | - Guosheng Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo City, China
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166
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Rosa TS, Amorim CEN, Barros CC, Haro AS, Wasinski F, Russo FJ, Bacurau RFP, Araujo RC. Role of leptin in body temperature regulation and lipid metabolism following splenectomy. Neuropeptides 2015; 54:67-72. [PMID: 26526226 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The physiological changes in serum triglycerides and body temperature that are induced by splenectomy are poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate parameters related to lipid and glucose metabolism, as well as thermoregulation, in splenectomized mice. DESIGN AND METHODS Splenectomized and sham-operated WT mice (C57Bl/6) and ob/ob mice were randomly divided and treated with a standard or high fat diet, and several metabolic parameters and the body temperature were investigated. RESULTS Splenectomy induced a significant increase in triglyceride levels regardless of the diet. It was found that the splenectomized WT mice showed greater serum leptin and insulin levels compared with the sham-operated mice. Additionally, the body temperatures of the splenectomized WT mice were greater than the body temperatures of the control animals regardless of diet; this result too was observed without any significant change in the temperature of the splenectomized ob/ob animals. CONCLUSION The results suggest that splenectomy interferes with serum triglyceride metabolism and body temperature regardless of the fat content in the diet and that leptin is involved in the regulation of body temperature related to splenectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Rosa
- Department of Biophysics, University Federal of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, Brazil; Graduate Program on Physical Education and Health, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - C E N Amorim
- Department of Biophysics, University Federal of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - C C Barros
- University Federal of Pelotas, UFPEL, Brazil
| | - A S Haro
- Department of Biophysics, University Federal of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - F Wasinski
- Department of Biophysics, University Federal of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - F J Russo
- Department of Biophysics, University Federal of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, Brazil
| | | | - R C Araujo
- Department of Biophysics, University Federal of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, Brazil.
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167
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Wensveen FM, Valentić S, Šestan M, Wensveen TT, Polić B. Interactions between adipose tissue and the immune system in health and malnutrition. Semin Immunol 2015; 27:322-33. [PMID: 26603491 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue provides the body with a storage depot of nutrients that is drained during times of starvation and replenished when food sources are abundant. As such, it is the primary sensor for nutrient availability in the milieu of an organism, which it communicates to the body through the excretion of hormones. Adipose tissue regulates a multitude of body functions associated with metabolism, such as gluconeogenesis, feeding and nutrient uptake. The immune system forms a vital layer of protection against micro-organisms that try to gain access to the nutrients contained in the body. Because infections need to be resolved as quickly as possible, speed is favored over energy-efficiency in an immune response. Especially when immune cells are activated, they switch to fast, but energy-inefficient anaerobic respiration to fulfill their energetic needs. Despite the necessity for an effective immune system, it is not given free rein in its energy expenditure. Signals derived from adipose tissue limit immune cell numbers and activity under conditions of nutrient shortage, whereas they allow proper immune cell activity when food sources are sufficiently available. When excessive fat accumulation occurs, such as in diet-induced obesity, adipose tissue becomes the site of pathological immune cell activation, causing chronic low-grade systemic inflammation. Obesity is therefore associated with a number of disorders in which the immune system plays a central role, such as atherosclerosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. In this review, we will discuss the way in which adipose tissue regulates activity of the immune system under healthy and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix M Wensveen
- Department of Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia; Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sonja Valentić
- Department of Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Marko Šestan
- Department of Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | - Bojan Polić
- Department of Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.
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168
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Polymorphisms at Locus 4p14 of Toll-Like Receptors TLR-1 and TLR-10 Confer Susceptibility to Gastric Carcinoma in Helicobacter pylori Infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141865. [PMID: 26559190 PMCID: PMC4641589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) -induced gastric inflammation impacts the functions of leptin- and ghrelin-producing cells in the gastroduodenum. Inflammation resulting from H. pylori sensing via Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the associated downstream signaling largely remain ambiguous. Here, we investigated the role of gut hormones, pro-inflammatory cytokines and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with TLR 4p14 in H. pylori disease in 30 subjects with non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD), 40 with peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and 15 with gastric cancer (GC) subjects positive and negative for H. pylori infection. The level of pro-inflammatory cytokines was directly proportional to the severity of gastritis, and disease status influenced the levels of gut hormones and pro-inflammatory cytokines. TLR-1 SNPs rs4833095 and TLR-10 SNPs rs10004195 and were directly associated with H. pylori disease, and were up-regulated in the presence of H. pylori in a genotype-independent manner. We concluded that TLR-1 rs4833095 and TLR10 rs10004195 confer susceptibility to development of gastroduodenal disease, especially GC in H.pylori disease.
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169
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Effect of Diet and Exercise on the Peripheral Immune System in Young Balb/c Mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:458470. [PMID: 26634209 PMCID: PMC4655039 DOI: 10.1155/2015/458470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Although diet and exercise clearly have an influence on immune function, studies are scarce on the effect caused by exercise and the consumption of a carbohydrate-rich or fat-rich diet on the peripheral immune system. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of exercise and the two aforementioned unbalanced diets on young Balb/c mice, especially in relation to BMI, the level of glucose, and the percentage of lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood. The changes found were then related to the synthesis of leptin and adiponectin as well as the production of oxidative stress. The increase in BMI found with the carbohydrate-rich and fat-rich diets showed correlation with the levels of leptin and adiponectin. An increase in leptin and a decrease in adiponectin directly correlated with an increase in total lymphocytes and CD4+ cells and with a decrease in B cells. The increase in leptin also correlated with an increase in CD8+ cells. Glycemia and oxidative stress increased with the two unbalanced diets, negatively affecting the proliferation of total lymphocytes and the percentage of B cells, apparently by causing alterations in proteins through carbonylation. These alterations caused by an unbalanced diet were not modified by moderate exercise.
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170
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Totsch SK, Waite ME, Tomkovich A, Quinn TL, Gower BA, Sorge RE. Total Western Diet Alters Mechanical and Thermal Sensitivity and Prolongs Hypersensitivity Following Complete Freund's Adjuvant in Mice. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2015; 17:119-25. [PMID: 26597348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Obesity and chronic pain are often comorbid and their rates are increasing. It is unknown whether increased pain is caused by greater weight or poor diet quality or both. Therefore, we utilized a Total Western Diet (TWD) to investigate the functional and physiologic consequences of nutritionally poor diet in mice. For 13 weeks on the commercially available TWD, based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, thresholds of TWD-fed mice significantly increased in both thermal and mechanical tests. Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging revealed a significant increase in fat mass with a concomitant decrease in lean mass in the TWD-fed mice. In addition, there were significant increases in levels of serum leptin and inflammatory cytokines. After chronic pain induction using complete Freund's adjuvant, hypersensitivity was more pronounced and significantly prolonged in the TWD-fed mice. Therefore, prolonged exposure to poor diet quality resulted in altered acute nociceptive sensitivity, systemic inflammation, and persistent pain after inflammatory pain induction. PERSPECTIVE These results highlight the negative effects of poor diet quality with respect to recovery from hypersensitivity and susceptibility to chronic pain. A complete understanding of the impact of diet can aid in treatment and recovery dynamics in human clinical patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacie K Totsch
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Megan E Waite
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Ashleigh Tomkovich
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Tammie L Quinn
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Barbara A Gower
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Robert E Sorge
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
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171
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Abstract
There has been a substantial increase in the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma over the past 40 years. Meta-analyses of large prospective cohorts and population-based case-control studies demonstrate consistent associations between obesity and the development of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and esophago-gastric junction, with an approximate doubling of risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma among patients who are obese, and an almost five-fold increased risk among those with BMI >40 kg/m2. The pathologic precursor, specialized intestinal metaplasia in Barrett's esophagus, is also associated with increased adiposity. Epidemiologic evidence suggests that this cancer risk is not solely due to increased gastro-esophageal reflux, and that adipose tissue itself, in particular visceral adipose, may fuel carcinogenesis through the production of adipokines, cytokines, growth factors, and increased inflammation. The robust epidemiologic evidence linking obesity with esophageal adenocarcinoma makes it an exemplar model for investigating the molecular mechanisms underpinning obesity-associated malignant progression, which are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie A Elliott
- a 1 Department of Surgery, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin & St. James' Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
- b 2 Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Claire L Donohoe
- a 1 Department of Surgery, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin & St. James' Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - John V Reynolds
- a 1 Department of Surgery, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin & St. James' Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
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172
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Treanor JJ, Geremia C, Ballou MA, Keisler DH, White PJ, Cox JJ, Crowley PH. Maintenance of brucellosis in Yellowstone bison: linking seasonal food resources, host-pathogen interaction, and life-history trade-offs. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:3783-99. [PMID: 26380705 PMCID: PMC4567880 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The seasonal availability of food resources is an important factor shaping the life-history strategies of organisms. During times of nutritional restriction, physiological trade-offs can induce periods of immune suppression, thereby increasing susceptibility to infectious disease. Our goal was to provide a conceptual framework describing how the endemic level bovine brucellosis (Brucella abortus) may be maintained in Yellowstone bison based on the seasonality of food resources and the life-history strategies of the host and pathogen. Our analysis was based on active B. abortus infection (measured via bacterial culture), nutritional indicators (measured as metabolites and hormones in plasma), and carcass measurements of 402 slaughtered bison. Data from Yellowstone bison were used to investigate (1) whether seasonal changes in diet quality affect nutritional condition and coincide with the reproductive needs of female bison; (2) whether active B. abortus infection and infection intensities vary with host nutrition and nutritional condition; and (3) the evidence for seasonal changes in immune responses, which may offer protection against B. abortus, in relation to nutritional condition. Female bison experienced a decline in nutritional condition during winter as reproductive demands of late gestation increased while forage quality and availability declined. Active B. abortus infection was negatively associated with bison age and nutritional condition, with the intensity of infection negatively associated with indicators of nutrition (e.g., dietary protein and energy) and body weight. Data suggest that protective cell-mediated immune responses may be reduced during the B. abortus transmission period, which coincides with nutritional insufficiencies and elevated reproductive demands during spring. Our results illustrate how seasonal food restriction can drive physiological trade-offs that suppress immune function and create infection and transmission opportunities for pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Treanor
- National Park Service, Yellowstone National Park P.O. 168, Mammoth Hot Springs, Wyoming, 82190
| | - Chris Geremia
- National Park Service, Yellowstone National Park P.O. 168, Mammoth Hot Springs, Wyoming, 82190
| | - Michael A Ballou
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University Lubbock, Texas, 79409
| | - Duane H Keisler
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri Columbia, Missouri, 65211
| | - Patrick J White
- National Park Service, Yellowstone National Park P.O. 168, Mammoth Hot Springs, Wyoming, 82190
| | - John J Cox
- Department of Forestry, University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky, 40546
| | - Philip H Crowley
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky, 40506
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173
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Sreenivasan J, Schlenner S, Franckaert D, Dooley J, Liston A. The thymoprotective function of leptin is indirectly mediated via suppression of obesity. Immunology 2015; 146:122-9. [PMID: 26059465 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is an adipokine that regulates metabolism and plays an important role as a neuroendocrine hormone. Leptin mediates these functions via the leptin receptor, and deficiency in either leptin or its receptor leads to obesity in humans and mice. Leptin has far reaching effects on the immune system, as observed in obese mice, which display decreased thymic function and increased inflammatory responses. With expression of the leptin receptor on T cells and supporting thymic epithelium, aberrant signalling through the leptin receptor has been thought to be the direct cause of thymic involution in obese mice. Here, we demonstrate that the absence of leptin receptor on either thymic epithelial cells or T cells does not lead to the loss of thymic function, demonstrating that the thymoprotective effect of leptin is mediated by obesity suppression rather than direct signalling to the cellular components of the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayasree Sreenivasan
- VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Susan Schlenner
- VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dean Franckaert
- VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - James Dooley
- VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adrian Liston
- VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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174
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Marietta E, Rishi A, Taneja V. Immunogenetic control of the intestinal microbiota. Immunology 2015; 145:313-22. [PMID: 25913295 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
All vertebrates contain a diverse collection of commensal, symbiotic and pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses and fungi, on their various body surfaces, and the ecological community of these microorganisms is referred to as the microbiota. Mucosal sites, such as the intestine, harbour the majority of microorganisms, and the human intestine contains the largest community of commensal and symbiotic bacteria. This intestinal community of bacteria is diverse, and there is a significant variability among individuals with respect to the composition of the intestinal microbiome. Both genetic and environmental factors can influence the diversity and composition of the intestinal bacteria with the predominant environmental factor being diet. So far, studies have shown that diet-dependent differences in the composition of intestinal bacteria can be classified into three groups, called enterotypes. Other environmental factors that can influence the composition include antibiotics, probiotics, smoking and drugs. Studies of monozygotic and dizygotic twins have proven that genetics plays a role. Recently, MHC II genes have been associated with specific microbial compositions in human infants and transgenic mice that express different HLA alleles. There is a growing list of genes/molecules that are involved with the sensing and monitoring of the intestinal lumen by the intestinal immune system that, when genetically altered, will significantly alter the composition of the intestinal microflora. The focus of this review will be on the genetic factors that influence the composition of the intestinal microflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Marietta
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Abdul Rishi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Veena Taneja
- Department of Immunology and Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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175
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Rodríguez TM, Saldías A, Irigo M, Zamora JV, Perone MJ, Dewey RA. Effect of TGF-β1 Stimulation on the Secretome of Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:894-8. [PMID: 26025982 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is an attractive source of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) owing to the relative ease of obtaining large volumes with more MSC abundance compared with other sources. Increasing evidence supports the fact that trophic factors secreted by MSCs play a pivotal therapeutic role. Several strategies in regenerative medicine use MSCs, mainly exploiting their immunosuppressive effect and homing capacity to sites of damage. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is a pleiotropic cytokine that, depending on the cell niche, can display either anti-inflammatory or proinflammatory effects. TGF-β1 expression increases in various tissues with damage, especially when accompanied by inflammation. Thus, we analyzed the effect of TGF-β1 on the secretion by adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (ASCs) of a panel of 80 cytokines/chemokines using an antibody array. To avoid a possible effect of fetal bovine serum (FBS) on ASCs secretion, we performed our analysis by culturing cells in FBS-free conditions, only supplemented with 0.1% of bovine serum albumin. We report the cytokine profile secreted by ASCs. We also found that TGF-β1 exposure modulates 8 chemokines and 18 cytokines, including TGF-β1 and -β2, and other important cytokines involved in immunosuppression, allergic responses, and bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania M Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Terapia Génica y Células Madre, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Chascomús, Argentina; Servicio de Cirugía Plástica, Estética y Reparadora, Hospital Italiano de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centro de Enfermedades Reumáticas/Fundación Articular, Quilmes, Argentina; Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Saldías
- Laboratorio de Terapia Génica y Células Madre, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Chascomús, Argentina; Servicio de Cirugía Plástica, Estética y Reparadora, Hospital Italiano de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centro de Enfermedades Reumáticas/Fundación Articular, Quilmes, Argentina; Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Irigo
- Laboratorio de Terapia Génica y Células Madre, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Chascomús, Argentina; Servicio de Cirugía Plástica, Estética y Reparadora, Hospital Italiano de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centro de Enfermedades Reumáticas/Fundación Articular, Quilmes, Argentina; Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge Velasco Zamora
- Laboratorio de Terapia Génica y Células Madre, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Chascomús, Argentina; Servicio de Cirugía Plástica, Estética y Reparadora, Hospital Italiano de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centro de Enfermedades Reumáticas/Fundación Articular, Quilmes, Argentina; Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo J Perone
- Laboratorio de Terapia Génica y Células Madre, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Chascomús, Argentina; Servicio de Cirugía Plástica, Estética y Reparadora, Hospital Italiano de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centro de Enfermedades Reumáticas/Fundación Articular, Quilmes, Argentina; Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ricardo A Dewey
- Laboratorio de Terapia Génica y Células Madre, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Chascomús, Argentina; Servicio de Cirugía Plástica, Estética y Reparadora, Hospital Italiano de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centro de Enfermedades Reumáticas/Fundación Articular, Quilmes, Argentina; Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Toussirot É, Michel F, Binda D, Dumoulin G. The role of leptin in the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis. Life Sci 2015; 140:29-36. [PMID: 26025594 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The past 20 years of research on leptin has provided important insights into its role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Leptin is one of the different adipokines produced by the adipose tissue that influences the endocrine system, energy homeostasis and the immune response in several ways. Leptin is known to have predominantly pro-inflammatory effects, especially in the setting of chronic inflammation. Animal models of arthritis have illustrated well the participation of leptin in the inflammatory response within the joints. In patients with RA, numerous studies have evaluated the concentrations of leptin in the bloodstream and/or the joint cavity, showing higher levels compared to control populations. Leptin has also been found to correlate with clinical or biological measurements of disease activity of RA. Conversely, the relationship between serum leptin and joint structural damage is less evident. Leptin may also promote the development of atherosclerosis in RA and may contribute to the cardiovascular consequences of the metabolic syndrome that coexists with RA. Indeed, leptin could be a link between inflammation, metabolic risk factors and cardiovascular diseases in RA. Finally, due to abnormal body composition phenotypes with an increased prevalence of obesity in RA, the therapeutic response to traditional DMARDs and/or biological agents may be attenuated. This review discusses the multiple interplays that have been described between leptin and the clinical, radiographic and therapeutic aspects of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éric Toussirot
- University Hospital of Besançon, Clinical Investigation Center for Biotherapy, INSERM CIC-1431, FHU INCREASE, Place St Jacques, 25000 Besançon, France; University Hospital of Besançon, Department of Rheumatology, Besançon, France; University of Franche Comté, Department of Therapeutics, Besançon France; University of Franche Comté, UPRES EA 4266 "Pathogens and Inflammation", SFR FED 4234, Besançon, France; LabEX LipSTIC, ANR-11-LABX-0021, F25020 Besançon cedex, France.
| | - Fabrice Michel
- University Hospital of Besançon, Department of Neuromuscular Examinations and Diseases, Besançon, France
| | - Delphine Binda
- University Hospital of Besançon, Clinical Investigation Center for Biotherapy, INSERM CIC-1431, FHU INCREASE, Place St Jacques, 25000 Besançon, France; INSERM UMR1098, Etablissement Français du Sang, University of Franche Comté, 25000 Besançon France
| | - Gilles Dumoulin
- University Hospital of Besançon, Endocrine and Metabolic Biochemistry, 25000 Besançon, France; University of Franche Comté, UPRES EA 3920 "Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Prevention", SFR FED 4234, Besançon, France
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177
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The effect of leptin on the respiratory burst of human neutrophils cultured in synovial fluid. Reumatologia 2015; 53:21-5. [PMID: 27407221 PMCID: PMC4847311 DOI: 10.5114/reum.2015.50553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Leptin is a hormone responsible for nutritional status and immune competence coordination. In rheumatoid arthritis (RA) increased leptin levels were observed in both serum and synovial fluid. Its influence on development of the disease still remains unclear. So far, research on leptin's influence on the emission of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) measured with chemiluminescence (CL) has provided unclear and contradictory results. In this study, we evaluated the influence of leptin on oxidative activity of neutrophils isolated from blood of healthy volunteers and cultured in different amounts of synovial fluid (SF) from patients with RA. Material and methods Neutrophils’ oxidative metabolism was measured by two types of CL. The first one, luminol-dependent CL (CL-lum), allows one to determine phagocytic activity and the level of ROI generated in a myeloperoxidase-dependent manner. The second method used was lucigenin-dependent CL (CL-luc), which monitors ROI production dependent on the NADPH oxidase enzyme complex located in the cell membranes of neutrophils and enables one to determine the scope of extracellular ROI emission. Results Neutrophils stimulated by opsonized zymosan show a decrease in the level of CL-lum, proportional to the increasing concentration of both SF and serum collected from healthy donors. The observed effect of decreased CL-lum may, therefore, be dependent on the physical conditions (viscosity of fluids used). None of these experiments showed any effect of leptin on the level of CL-lum. Conclusions The present study showed that leptin does not affect the level of any of the CL types in inactive neutrophils incubated in normal serum, and it does not affect the level of oxidative activity in resting neutrophils incubated with SF. However, leptin influences extracellular ROI emission (measured by CL-luc). Leptin reduces extracellular emission of ROI, and this effect is dependent on concentration and duration of exposure to leptin.
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Abstract
Kidney cancer incidence in the USA has been steadily increasing over the past several decades. The reasons for this are not completely clear, but an increased prevalence of known predisposing factors may be promoting this trend. Several major risk factors for kidney cancer have been identified. Among these, obesity is notable because its incidence has risen dramatically during this same period of time. Here, we will review the relationship between obesity and kidney cancer, and will explore the idea that obesity-mediated alterations in immune function may render immunotherapies for renal tumors ineffective. To support this idea, we will summarize characteristics of endogenous immune responses to renal tumors, as well as existing and developing immune-based therapies for kidney cancer patients. In doing so, we will highlight the ways in which altered immune function in obese individuals may render these therapies ineffective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Chehval
- Department of Urology, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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179
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Briend A, Khara T, Dolan C. Wasting and Stunting—Similarities and Differences: Policy and Programmatic Implications. Food Nutr Bull 2015; 36:S15-23. [DOI: 10.1177/15648265150361s103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Wasting and stunting are often presented as two separate forms of malnutrition requiring different interventions for prevention and/or treatment. These two forms of malnutrition, however, are closely related and often occur together in the same populations and often in the same children. Wasting and stunting are both associated with increased mortality, especially when both are present in the same child. A better understanding of the pathophysiology of these two different forms of malnutrition is needed to design efficient programs. A greatly reduced muscle mass is characteristic of severe wasting, but there is indirect evidence that it also occurs in stunting. A reduced muscle mass increases the risk of death during infections and also in many other different pathological situations. Reduced muscle mass may represent a common mechanism linking wasting and stunting with increased mortality. This suggests that to decrease malnutrition-related mortality, interventions should aim at preventing both wasting and stunting, which often share common causes. Also, this suggests that treatment interventions should focus on children who are both wasted and stunted and therefore have the greatest deficits in muscle mass, instead of focusing on one or the other form of malnutrition. Interventions should also focus on young infants and children, who have a low muscle mass in relation to body weight to start with. Using mid-upper-arm circumference (MUAC) to select children in need of treatment may represent a simple way to target young wasted and stunted children efficiently in situations where these two conditions are present. Wasting is also associated with decreased fat mass. A decreased fat mass is frequent but inconsistent in stunting. Fat secretes multiple hormones, including leptin, which may have a stimulating effect on the immune system. Depressed immunity resulting from low fat stores may also contribute to the increased mortality observed in wasting. This may represent another common mechanism linking wasting and stunting with increased mortality in situations where stunting is associated with reduced fat mass. Leptin may also have an effect on bone growth. This may explain why wasted children with low fat stores have reduced linear growth when their weight-for-height remains low. It may also explain the frequent association of stunting with previous episodes of wasting. Stunting, however, can occur in the absence of wasting and even in overweight children. Thus, food supplementation should be used with caution in populations where stunting is not associated with wasting and low fat stores.
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180
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The role of adipocytokines in the pathogenesis of knee joint osteoarthritis. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2015; 39:1211-7. [PMID: 25716111 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-015-2707-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common causes of musculoskeletal disability in the world. Traditionally, it has been thought that obesity contributes to the development and progression of OA by increased mechanical load of the joint structures. Nevertheless, studies have shown that adipose tissue-derived cytokines (adipocytokines) are a possible link between obesity and OA. Furthermore, according to recent findings, not only articular cartilage may be the main target of these cytokines but also the synovial membrane, subchondral bone and infrapatellar fat pad may be encompassed in the process of degradation. This review presents the most recent reports on the contribution of adipocytokines to the knee joint cartilage degradation, osteophyte formation, infrapatellar fat pad alterations and synovitis.
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181
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Barnes MA, Carson MJ, Nair MG. Non-traditional cytokines: How catecholamines and adipokines influence macrophages in immunity, metabolism and the central nervous system. Cytokine 2015; 72:210-9. [PMID: 25703786 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Catecholamines and adipokines function as hormones; catecholamines as neurotransmitters in the sympathetic nervous system, and adipokines as mediators of metabolic processes. It has become increasingly clear, however, that both also function as immunomodulators of innate and adaptive immune cells, including macrophages. Macrophages can respond to, as well as produce their own catecholamines. Dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline are the most abundant catecholamines in the body, and can induce both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory immune responses in macrophages, as well as non-immune processes such as thermogenesis. Though they are responsive to adipokines, particularly lipoproteins, leptin, and adiponectin, macrophages generally do not synthesize their own adipokines, with the exception being resistin-like molecules. Adipokines contribute to adverse metabolic and immune responses by stimulating lipid accumulation, foam cell formation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in macrophages. Adipokines can also promote balance or resolution during metabolic and immune processes by promoting reverse lipid transport and expression of Th2 cytokines. This review will explore the mechanisms by which catecholamines and adipokines influence macrophage function in neural pathways, immunity and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Barnes
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Monica J Carson
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Meera G Nair
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States.
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Safai N, Eising S, Hougaard DM, Mortensen HB, Skogstrand K, Pociot F, Johannesen J, Svensson J. Levels of adiponectin and leptin at onset of type 1 diabetes have changed over time in children and adolescents. Acta Diabetol 2015; 52:167-74. [PMID: 25059225 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-014-0630-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adiponectin and leptin are proteins secreted by the adipose tissue and have an influence on insulin sensitivity and on inflammatory markers. Altered levels could play a part in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus. We determined adiponectin and leptin levels over a nine-year period in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) in relation to the increasing incidence of T1D, and studied the impact of patient status, age, gender and body mass index (BMI). Data were derived from a population-based registry of diabetic children (DanDiabKids) from 1997 to 2005. Children with newly diagnosed T1D (n = 482) were included, and healthy siblings (n = 479) were chosen as a control group. Leptin levels were significantly higher in recent years (in both patients and siblings), whereas for adiponectin, the levels were lower in recent years in the patient group. Leptin levels were lower in children with T1D (RR 0.74, p = 0.003) and in males (RR 0.52, p < 0.001) and increasing with age in both groups. For adiponectin, there was a negative association between level and age in patients. Both adipokines showed a significant correlation with BMI and lower levels in children with blood samples taken within the first 2 days after initiation of insulin treatment. There has been a change in leptin and adiponectin levels in children with or without T1D from 1997 to 2005. This is not explained by changes in BMI and may reflect changes in other factors like diet or physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Safai
- Steno Diabetes Center, Niels Steensens Vej 2, 2820, Gentofte, Denmark,
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183
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Barrientos G, Toro A, Moschansky P, Cohen M, Garcia MG, Rose M, Maskin B, Sánchez-Margalet V, Blois SM, Varone CL. Leptin promotes HLA-G expression on placental trophoblasts via the MEK/Erk and PI3K signaling pathways. Placenta 2015; 36:419-26. [PMID: 25649687 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The development of the human haemochorial placenta requires complex regulatory mechanisms to protect invasive trophoblast cells from cytotoxic responses elicited by maternal immune cells. Leptin, the adipocyte derived hormone encoded by the Lep gene, is synthesized by placental trophoblasts and exerts pleiotropic effects on the immune system, including the promotion of inflammation and the activation of T cell responses. METHODS To address its possible involvement in the modulation of maternal immune responses during pregnancy, we investigated the effect of leptin on the expression of the class Ib histocompatibility antigen HLA-G as one of the chief immunosuppressive strategies used by trophoblast cells. RESULTS In vitro incubation of the trophoblast derived Swan 71 and JEG-3 cell lines with 25-50 ng/ml recombinant leptin significantly boosted HLA-G mRNA and protein expression, and this effect was abrogated upon pharmacological inhibition of the PI3K-Akt and MEK-Erk signaling pathways. A similar stimulatory effect of leptin was observed in term placental tissue explants, though 10-fold higher doses were required for stimulation. Further, JEG-3 cells treated with a leptin antisense oligodeoxynucleotide displayed decreased HLA-G expression levels, which were partially recovered by addition of stimulating doses of exogenous hormone. Immunofluorescence and qPCR analysis confirmed leptin biosynthesis in placental tissue, further showing that invasive extravillous trophoblast cells were a main source of this hormone during the first trimester of normal pregnancies. DISCUSSION Taken together, our results show that leptin acts as an autocrine/paracrine signal promoting HLA-G expression in placental trophoblasts suggesting an important role in the regulation of immune evasion mechanisms at the fetal maternal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Barrientos
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Toro
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P Moschansky
- Charité Center 12 Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Reproductive Medicine Research Group, Medicine University Berlin, Germany
| | - M Cohen
- Laboratoire d'Hormonologie, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M G Garcia
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Derqui-Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Rose
- Charité Center 12 Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Reproductive Medicine Research Group, Medicine University Berlin, Germany
| | - B Maskin
- Hospital Nacional Profesor Alejandro Posadas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - V Sánchez-Margalet
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - S M Blois
- Charité Center 12 Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Reproductive Medicine Research Group, Medicine University Berlin, Germany.
| | - C L Varone
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Hoeijmakers L, Lucassen PJ, Korosi A. The interplay of early-life stress, nutrition, and immune activation programs adult hippocampal structure and function. Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 7:103. [PMID: 25620909 PMCID: PMC4288131 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2014.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Early-life adversity increases the vulnerability to develop psychopathologies and cognitive decline later in life. This association is supported by clinical and preclinical studies. Remarkably, experiences of stress during this sensitive period, in the form of abuse or neglect but also early malnutrition or an early immune challenge elicit very similar long-term effects on brain structure and function. During early-life, both exogenous factors like nutrition and maternal care, as well as endogenous modulators, including stress hormones and mediator of immunological activity affect brain development. The interplay of these key elements and their underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. We discuss here the hypothesis that exposure to early-life adversity (specifically stress, under/malnutrition and infection) leads to life-long alterations in hippocampal-related cognitive functions, at least partly via changes in hippocampal neurogenesis. We further discuss how these different key elements of the early-life environment interact and affect one another and suggest that it is a synergistic action of these elements that shapes cognition throughout life. Finally, we consider different intervention studies aiming to prevent these early-life adversity induced consequences. The emerging evidence for the intriguing interplay of stress, nutrition, and immune activity in the early-life programming calls for a more in depth understanding of the interaction of these elements and the underlying mechanisms. This knowledge will help to develop intervention strategies that will converge on a more complete set of changes induced by early-life adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne Hoeijmakers
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paul J Lucassen
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Aniko Korosi
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
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185
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Ghantous CM, Azrak Z, Hanache S, Abou-Kheir W, Zeidan A. Differential Role of Leptin and Adiponectin in Cardiovascular System. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:534320. [PMID: 26064110 PMCID: PMC4433709 DOI: 10.1155/2015/534320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin and adiponectin are differentially expressed adipokines in obesity and cardiovascular diseases. Leptin levels are directly associated with adipose tissue mass, while adiponectin levels are downregulated in obesity. Although significantly produced by adipocytes, leptin is also produced by vascular smooth muscle cells and cardiomyocytes. Plasma leptin concentrations are elevated in cases of cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension, congestive heart failure, and myocardial infarction. As for the event of left ventricular hypertrophy, researchers have been stirring controversy about the role of leptin in this form of cardiac remodeling. In this review, we discuss how leptin has been shown to play an antihypertrophic role in the development of left ventricular hypertrophy through in vitro experiments, population-based cross-sectional studies, and longitudinal cohort studies. Conversely, we also examine how leptin may actually promote left ventricular hypertrophy using in vitro analysis and human-based univariate and multiple linear stepwise regression analysis. On the other hand, as opposed to leptin's generally detrimental effects on the cardiovascular system, adiponectin is a cardioprotective hormone that reduces left ventricular and vascular hypertrophy, oxidative stress, and inflammation. In this review, we also highlight adiponectin signaling and its protective actions on the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. M. Ghantous
- Department of Anatomy, Cell biology and Physiology, American University of Beirut, DTS-255, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Z. Azrak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut, DTS-255, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - S. Hanache
- Department of Anatomy, Cell biology and Physiology, American University of Beirut, DTS-255, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - W. Abou-Kheir
- Department of Anatomy, Cell biology and Physiology, American University of Beirut, DTS-255, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - A. Zeidan
- Department of Anatomy, Cell biology and Physiology, American University of Beirut, DTS-255, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
- *A. Zeidan:
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186
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Dietary Influence on Pain via the Immune System. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 131:435-69. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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187
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Ozias MK, Li S, Hull HR, Brooks WM, Carlson SE. Relationship of circulating adipokines to body composition in pregnant women. Adipocyte 2015; 4:44-9. [PMID: 26167401 DOI: 10.4161/adip.29805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating adipokines are associated with physiological and pathophysiological processes in both obesity and pregnancy. Obesity in pregnancy increases the risk of pregnancy complications and the majority of research uses body mass index (BMI) to assess fatness. Specific fat compartments are associated with obesity-induced health risks yet it is not known how abdominal fat mass in pregnancy is related to circulating adipokines. Plasma leptin, resistin, visfatin, and adiponectin were measured by immunoassay in healthy pregnant women of normal weight (BMI 18.5-24.9; n = 17) and overweight/obese pregnant women (BMI 25.0-40, n = 21) in the third trimester. Total body and abdominal subcutaneous and visceral fat mass were measured at 1-3 weeks postpartum. Overweight/obese women had greater total body fat (t = -6.210, P < 0.001) and abdominal subcutaneous fat (t = -5.072, P < 0.001) than normal-weight women while there was no difference in abdominal visceral fat. Overweight/obese women had higher leptin (66.3 ± 34.2 vs. 35.7 ± 19.3 ng/mL, P < 0.001) compared to normal-weight women. Leptin was associated with total body fat (r = 0.782, P < 0.001) and resistin was associated with abdominal visceral fat (r = 0.452, P = 0.045). No significant correlations were observed between adiponectin or visfatin and any measure of body composition. In pregnant women, resistin has the potential to be a circulating biomarker for visceral fat, an ectopic fat compartment. These observational data may provide insight for the pathophysiological roles of adipokines and the impact of visceral fat in pregnant women.
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188
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Leptin receptor mutation results in defective neutrophil recruitment to the colon during Entamoeba histolytica infection. mBio 2014; 5:mBio.02046-14. [PMID: 25516614 PMCID: PMC4271549 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02046-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Amebiasis is an enteric infection caused by Entamoeba histolytica, with symptoms ranging in severity from asymptomatic colonization to dysentery. Humans with the Q223R leptin receptor mutation have increased susceptibility to amebiasis, but the mechanism has been unclear. Using a mouse model expressing the mutation, we tested the impact of the Q223R mutation on the innate immune response to E. histolytica infection. The 223R mutation resulted in delayed clearance of amebae from the cecum, as had been previously observed. We found that neutrophil influx to the site of the infection was reduced 12 h after infection in 223R mice. Depletion of neutrophils with anti-Ly6G monoclonal antibody increased susceptibility of wild-type mice to infection, supporting the importance of neutrophils in innate defense. Leptin expression was increased in the cecum by E. histolytica infection, suggesting that leptin could serve as a homing signal for neutrophils to the gut. Interestingly, neutrophils from mice with the 223R mutation had diminished chemotaxis toward leptin. This impaired chemotaxis likely explained the reduced gut infiltration of neutrophils. The newly recognized effect of the leptin receptor Q223R mutation on neutrophil chemotaxis and the impact of this mutation on multiple infectious diseases suggest a broader impact of this mutation on susceptibility to disease. The Q223R leptin receptor mutation results in increased susceptibility of children and adults to E. histolytica, one of the leading causes of diarrhea morbidity and mortality in children of the developing world. Here we show that the mutation results in reduced neutrophil infiltration to the site of infection. This decreased infiltration is likely due to the mutation’s impact on neutrophil chemotaxis toward leptin, an inflammatory agent upregulated in the cecum after infection. The significance of this work thus extends beyond understanding E. histolytica susceptibility by also providing insight into the potential impact of leptin on neutrophil function in other states of altered leptin signaling, which include both malnutrition and obesity.
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189
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The effects of dexketoprofen on endogenous leptin and lipid peroxidation during liver ischemia reperfusion injury. Int Surg 2014; 99:757-63. [PMID: 25437584 DOI: 10.9738/intsurg-d-14-00121.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury has complex mechanisms. We investigated the effect of dexketoprofen on endogenous leptin and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Wistar albino rats were divided into 4 equal groups and were subjected to 1-hour ischemia and different subsequent reperfusion intervals. Dexketoprofen was administered in a dose of 25 mg/kg 15 minutes before ischemia induction and 1-hour reperfusion to the Dexketoprofen one-hour reperfusion group, n = 6 (DIR1) group and 6-hour reperfusion to the Dexketoprofen six-hour reperfusion group, n = 6 (DIR6) group. In the control groups, 0.9% physiologic serum (SF) was administered 15 minutes before ischemia induction and 1-hour reperfusion to the one-hour reperfusion group, n = 6 (IR1) group and 6-hour reperfusion to the six-hour reperfusion group, n = 6 (IR6) group. Although serum leptin (P = 0.044) and hepatic tissue MDA levels (P = 0.004) were significantly higher in the IR6 group than in the IR1 group, there were no significant differences in dexketoprofen pretreatment between the DIR1 and DIR6 groups. There were no differences in serum MDA levels among the 4 groups, and serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities were significantly higher in the IR1 (P = 0.026 and P = 0.018, respectively) and IR6 (P = 0.000 and P = 0.002, respectively) groups than in the DIR1 and DIR6 groups. Dexketoprofen pretreatment can protect the liver from IR injury by decreasing inflammation and lipid peroxidation. Our study shows that dexketoprofen has no effects on endogenous leptin during IR injury.
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190
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Inzaugarat ME, Billordo LA, Vodánovich F, Cervini GM, Casavalle PL, Vedire C, Cherñavsky AC. Alterations in innate and adaptive immune leukocytes are involved in paediatric obesity. Pediatr Obes 2014; 9:381-90. [PMID: 23852831 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2013.00179.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipose tissue is the main source of the cytokines and adipokines that are increased in the context of obesity. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cytokines by circulating immune cells can be regulated by these pro-inflammatory factors even before infiltration into adipose tissue. OBJECTIVE To investigate the alterations that can occur in circulating monocytes and lymphocytes in paediatric obesity. METHODS In this study, 54 paediatric obese patients and 30 age-matched metabolically healthy individuals were enrolled. Intracellular cytokines were analyzed after phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) or leptin plus PMA stimulation of lymphocytes and monocytes by flow cytometry. ROS generation was measured using dichlorofluorescein-diacetate. Both a 'stimulation index' and a 'fold of increase' were calculated for statistical purposes. RESULTS Both interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production by circulating CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes and ROS production by monocytes following PMA stimulation were increased in obese patients. Leptin induced an increased production of IFN-γ in both subsets of T cells and tumour necrosis factor alpha in monocytes, and linoleic acid induced a higher ROS production in monocytes. CONCLUSIONS The distinct functional responses of circulating cells suggest that alterations in both innate and adaptive immune cells are involved in the maintenance of low-grade inflammation in paediatric obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Inzaugarat
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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191
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Effects of pregnancy on obesity-induced inflammation in a mouse model of fetal programming. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014; 38:1282-9. [PMID: 24785102 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Maternal obesity is associated with increased risk of metabolic dysfunction in the offspring. It is not clear whether it is the metabolic changes or chronic low-grade inflammation in the obese state that causes this metabolic programming. We therefore investigated whether low-grade inflammation was present in obese dams compared with controls dams at gestation day 18 (GD18). METHODS Female mice were fed either a standard chow diet or a highly palatable obesogenic diet for 6 weeks before conception. Mice were either kileed before mating (n=12 in each group) or on GD18 (n=8 in each group). Blood and tissues were collected for analysis. RESULTS The obesogenic diet increased body weight and decreased insulin sensitivity before conception, while there was no difference between the groups at GD18. Local inflammation was assayed by macrophage count in adipose tissue (AT) and liver. Macrophage count in the AT was increased significantly by the obesogenic diet, and the hepatic count also showed a tendency to increased macrophage infiltration before gestation. This was further supported by a decreased population of monocytes in the blood of the obese animals, which suggested that monocytes are being recruited from the blood to the liver and AT in the obese animals. Gestation reversed macrophage infiltration, such that obese dams showed a lower AT macrophage count at the end of gestation compared with pre-pregnancy obese mice, and there were no longer a tendency toward increased hepatic macrophage count. Placental macrophage count was also similar in the two groups. CONCLUSION At GD18, obese dams were found to have similar macrophage infiltration in placenta, AT and liver as lean dams, despite an incipient infiltration before gestation. Thus, the obesity-induced inflammation was reversed during gestation.
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192
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Tian G, Liang JN, Wang ZY, Zhou D. Emerging role of leptin in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 177:557-70. [PMID: 24802245 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have suggested the importance of leptin against autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis (MS) and psoriasis. To summarize our current understanding of the role of leptin in inflammatory responses and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a systematic review was conducted to assess the discrepancy of leptin in RA and its effect on immunity according to different studies. Recently, emerging data have indicated that leptin is involved in the pathological function of RA, which is common in autoimmune disorders. This review discusses the possible consequences of leptin levels in RA. Blocking the key signal pathways of leptin and inhibiting the leptin activity-like leptin antagonist may be a promising way for potential therapeutic treatment of RA at risk of detrimental effects. However, leptin was increased in patients with RA and may also regulate joint damage. Thus, more understanding of the mechanism of leptin in RA would be advantageous in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tian
- School of Health Management, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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193
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Khan M, Joseph F. Adipose tissue and adipokines: the association with and application of adipokines in obesity. SCIENTIFICA 2014; 2014:328592. [PMID: 25309775 PMCID: PMC4182896 DOI: 10.1155/2014/328592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
2014 marks the 20th anniversary of adipokines. Through the identification of leptin, our perceived understanding of adipose tissue was changed instantaneously. From a simple dormant site of energy storage, adipose tissue is now recognized as an integral hub of various hormones known as adipokines. Although great strides have been made in characterizing these hormones in health, research also shows they are significantly implicated in a series of pathologies. One such condition is obesity. Defined as an excess of adipose tissue, obesity remains one of the greatest healthcare epidemics of the 21st century. With no definitive treatment, attention has shifted to understanding the role of adipokines in obesity. This review provides an introduction to the salient obesity-related adipokines and their possible application as a treatment for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Khan
- Countess of Chester Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Countess of Chester Health Park, Liverpool Road, Chester CH2 1UL, UK
| | - Frank Joseph
- Countess of Chester Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Countess of Chester Health Park, Liverpool Road, Chester CH2 1UL, UK
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Mancuso P, O′Brien E, Prano J, Goel D, Aronoff DM. No Impairment in host defense against Streptococcus pneumoniae in obese CPEfat/fat mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106420. [PMID: 25203099 PMCID: PMC4159279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the US and globally, dramatic increases in the prevalence of adult and childhood obesity have been reported during the last 30 years. In addition to cardiovascular disease, type II diabetes, and liver disease, obesity has recently been recognized as an important risk factor for influenza pneumonia. During the influenza pandemic of 2009, obese individuals experienced a greater severity of illness from the H1N1 virus. In addition, obese mice have also been shown to exhibit increased lethality and aberrant pulmonary inflammatory responses following influenza infection. In contrast to influenza, the impact of obesity on bacterial pneumonia in human patients is controversial. In this report, we compared the responses of lean WT and obese CPEfat/fat mice following an intratracheal infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae, the leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia. At 16 weeks of age, CPEfat/fat mice develop severe obesity, hyperglycemia, elevated serum triglycerides and leptin, and increased blood neutrophil counts. There were no differences between lean WT and obese CPEfat/fat mice in survival or lung and spleen bacterial burdens following intratracheal infection with S. pneumoniae. Besides a modest increase in TNF-α levels and increased peripheral blood neutrophil counts in CPEfat/fat mice, there were not differences in lung or serum cytokines after infection. These results suggest that obesity, accompanied by hyperglycemia and modestly elevated triglycerides, at least in the case of CPEfat/fat mice, does not impair innate immunity against pneumococcal pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mancuso
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Edmund O′Brien
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Joseph Prano
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Deepti Goel
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - David M. Aronoff
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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195
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Al-Fadhli MA, Saraya MA, Qasem JA. Evaluation of leptin, interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha in serum of malaria patients as prognostic markers of treatment outcome. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4:441-5. [PMID: 25182944 DOI: 10.12980/apjtb.4.201414b11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze serum leptin levels in patients with malaria falciparum and compare them with healthy controls and correlate with development and outcome of malaria infection. METHODS Sixty cases of malaria falciparum were included in this study as patients. Thirty healthy individuals of comparable age, racial and body mass index were taken as controls. All patients were diagnosed by clinical picture and the presence of malaria parasites in blood film. Estimation of liver function test, kidney function test, complete blood count, fasting blood sugar, fasting serum insulin, pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin 1 (IL1), estimation of morning serum leptin and calculation of body mass index (kg/m(2)) were done in both groups on the day of admission, on discharge and 7 d after discharge. RESULTS At admission, leptin levels were significantly higher in patients group than in control while fasting serum insulin levels were not significantly different between the two groups. There were significant increases as regard to TNFα and IL1 in malaria patients. Significant differences were observed between the control and the patient group for leptin, TNFα and IL1 at the time of admission and discharge. After discharge for 7 d, a significant decline in serum leptin levels, TNFα and IL1 in the patients group was observed as compared with time of admission and time of discharge, a positive correlation between serum leptin levels and TNFα and IL1. CONCLUSIONS Leptin hormone level might play an important role in development and outcome of malaria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Ahmed Saraya
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait ; Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Jafar Abdulrida Qasem
- Department of Applied Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Public authority for Applied Education and Training, Kuwait
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Placental miR-1301 is dysregulated in early-onset preeclampsia and inversely correlated with maternal circulating leptin. Placenta 2014; 35:709-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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197
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Koga S, Kojima A, Ishikawa C, Kuwabara S, Arai K, Yoshiyama Y. Effects of diet-induced obesity and voluntary exercise in a tauopathy mouse model: implications of persistent hyperleptinemia and enhanced astrocytic leptin receptor expression. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 71:180-92. [PMID: 25132556 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is increasing worldwide, and available drugs have shown limited efficacy. Hence, preventive interventions and treatments for presymptomatic AD are currently considered very important. Obesity rates have also been increasing dramatically and it is an independent risk factor of AD. Therefore, for the prevention of AD, it is important to elucidate the pathomechanism between obesity and AD. We generated high calorie diet (HCD)-induced obese tauopathy model mice (PS19), which showed hyperleptinemia but limited insulin resistance. HCD enhanced tau pathology and glial activation. Conversely, voluntary exercise with a running wheel normalized the serum leptin concentration without reducing body weight, and restored the pathological changes induced by HCD. Thus, we speculated that persistent hyperleptinemia played an important role in accelerating pathological changes in PS19 mice. Leptin primarily regulates food intake and body weight via leptin receptor b (LepRb). Interestingly, the nuclear staining for p-STAT3, which was activated by LepRb, was decreased in hippocampal neurons in HCD PS19 mice, indicating leptin resistance. Meanwhile, astroglial activation and the astrocytic expression of a short LepR isoform, LepRa, were enhanced in the hippocampus of HCD PS19 mice. Real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that leptin increased mRNA levels for pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β and TNF-α in primary cultured astrocytes from wild type and LepRb-deficient mice. These observations suggest that persistent hyperleptinemia caused by obesity induces astrocytic activation, astrocytic leptin hypersensitivity with enhanced LepRa expression, and enhanced inflammation, consequently accelerating tau pathology in PS19 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Koga
- Department of Neurology, School of Graduate Medicine, Chiba University, Japan
| | - Ayako Kojima
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorder Research, Clinical Research Center, Chiba-East National Hospital, Japan
| | - Chieko Ishikawa
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorder Research, Clinical Research Center, Chiba-East National Hospital, Japan; Department of Neurology, Chiba-East National Hospital, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kuwabara
- Department of Neurology, School of Graduate Medicine, Chiba University, Japan
| | - Kimihito Arai
- Department of Neurology, Chiba-East National Hospital, Japan; Department of Neurology, School of Graduate Medicine, Chiba University, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Yoshiyama
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorder Research, Clinical Research Center, Chiba-East National Hospital, Japan; Department of Neurology, Chiba-East National Hospital, Japan; Department of Neurology, School of Graduate Medicine, Chiba University, Japan.
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Mendham AE, Duffield R, Marino F, Coutts AJ. Small-sided games training reduces CRP, IL-6 and leptin in sedentary, middle-aged men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114:2289-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2953-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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199
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Serum leptin levels in pemphigus: a case control study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:853705. [PMID: 24900992 PMCID: PMC4036746 DOI: 10.1155/2014/853705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pemphigus is an autoimmune blistering disease mediated by autoantibodies directed against keratinocyte adhesion molecules. Leptin, an adipocyte-derived hormone, plays a role in immune responses and promotes autoimmunity. OBJECTIVES This study was conducted to determine whether serum leptin levels are altered in pemphigus patients and whether there is any correlation between leptin levels and the severity of disease. METHODS This study included 47 newly diagnosed patients with pemphigus and 43 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Clinical characteristics and pemphigus area and activity score (PAAS) were assessed. Serum leptin levels (ng/mL) were measured by a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Patients did not differ significantly in serum leptin levels from healthy controls (median (range): 10.8 (0.1-110) ng/mL versus 12 (0.5-69.9) ng/mL and P = 0.53). There was no significant association between serum leptin concentrations and severity of disease measured by PAAS (r s = 0.06, P = 0.70). CONCLUSION The results suggest that pemphigus does not have a direct influence on serum leptin levels and the pathogenesis of pemphigus seems to be not dependent on the connection with adipose tissue.
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200
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Mehta R, Birerdinc A, Wang L, Younoszai Z, Moazzez A, Elariny H, Goodman Z, Chandhoke V, Baranova A, Younossi ZM. Expression of energy metabolism related genes in the gastric tissue of obese individuals with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. BMC Gastroenterol 2014; 14:72. [PMID: 24716593 PMCID: PMC4021272 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-14-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stomach is an integral part of the energy balance regulating circuit. Studies exploring the effects of cross-system changes in the energy homeostasis in stomach tissue are scarce. The proximity of the stomach to liver - the most common secondary target affected by obesity – suggests that these two organs are exposed to each other’s local secretion. Therefore, we aimed at expression profiling of energy metabolism associated genes in the gastric tissue of obese non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients. Methods A total of 24 patients with histologically-proven NAFLD were included. In the gastric tissue, gene expression profiling of 84 energy metabolism associated genes was carried out. Results The accumulation of the fat in the liver parenchyma is accompanied by downregulation of genes encoding for carboxypeptidase E (CPE) and Interleukin 1B (IL1B) in the gastric mucosa of same patient. In patients with high grade hepatic steatosis, Interleukin 1 beta encoding gene with anorexigenic function, IL1B was downregulated. The levels expression of 21 genes, including ADRA2B, CNR1 and LEP were significantly altered in the gastric tissue of NAFLD patients with hepatic inflammation. There were also indications of an increase in the opioid signaling within gastric mucosa that may results in a shift to proinflammatory environment within this organ and contribute to systemic inflammation and the pathogenic processes in hepatic parenchyma. Conclusions We have shown differential expression of energy metabolism associated genes in the gastric tissue of obese NAFLD patients. Importantly, these gene expression profiles are associated with changes in the hepatic parenchyma as reflected in increased scores for hepatic steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis and NASH. This study suggests the complex interplay of multiple organs in the pathogenesis of obesity-related complications such as NAFLD and provides further evidence supporting an important role for gastric tissue in promoting obesity-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ancha Baranova
- Betty and Guy Beatty Obesity and Liver Program, Inova Health System, Falls Church, VA, USA.
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