151
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Fluschnik N, Ojeda F, Zeller T, Jørgensen T, Kuulasmaa K, Becher PM, Sinning C, Blankenberg S, Westermann D. Predictive value of long-term changes of growth differentiation factor-15 over a 27-year-period for heart failure and death due to coronary heart disease. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197497. [PMID: 29771963 PMCID: PMC5957420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), Cystatin C and C-reactive protein (CRP) have been discussed as biomarkers for prediction of cardiac diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the predictive value of single and repeated measurements of GDF-15 compared to Cystatin C and CRP for incidence of heart failure (HF) and death due to coronary heart disease (CHD) in the general population. METHODS AND RESULTS Levels of GDF-15, CRP and Cystatin C were determined in three repeated measurements collected 5 years apart in the DAN-MONICA (Danish-Multinational MONitoring of trends and determinants in Cardiovascular disease) cohort (participants at baseline n = 3785). Cox regression models adjusted for cardiovascular risk factors revealed significantly increased hazard ratios (HR) for GDF-15 for incident HF 1.36 (HR per interquartile range (IQR) increase, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.16; 1.59) and for death from CHD 1.51 (HR per IQR increase, 95% CI: 1.31, 1.75) (both with p<0.001). Joint modeling of time-to-event and longitudinal GDF-15 over a median 27-year follow-up period showed that the marker evolution was positively associated with death of CHD (HR per IQR increase 3.02 95% CI: (2.26, 4.04), p < 0.001) and HF (HR per IQR increase 2.12 95% CI: (1.54, 2.92), p<0.001). However using Cox models with follow-up time starting at the time of the third examination, serial measurement of GDF-15, modeled as changes between the measurements, did not improve prediction over that of the most recent measurement. CONCLUSIONS GDF-15 is a promising biomarker for prediction of HF and death due to CHD in the general population, which may provide prognostic information to already established clinical biomarkers. Repeated measurements of GDF-15 displayed only a slight improvement in the prediction of these endpoints compared to a single measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Fluschnik
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK Affiliation, partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Francisco Ojeda
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Zeller
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK Affiliation, partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
| | - Torben Jørgensen
- Research Center for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Kari Kuulasmaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peter Moritz Becher
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Sinning
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK Affiliation, partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
| | - Stefan Blankenberg
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK Affiliation, partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
| | - Dirk Westermann
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK Affiliation, partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
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152
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Jung SB, Choi MJ, Ryu D, Yi HS, Lee SE, Chang JY, Chung HK, Kim YK, Kang SG, Lee JH, Kim KS, Kim HJ, Kim CS, Lee CH, Williams RW, Kim H, Lee HK, Auwerx J, Shong M. Reduced oxidative capacity in macrophages results in systemic insulin resistance. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1551. [PMID: 29674655 PMCID: PMC5908799 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03998-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative functions of adipose tissue macrophages control the polarization of M1-like and M2-like phenotypes, but whether reduced macrophage oxidative function causes systemic insulin resistance in vivo is not clear. Here, we show that mice with reduced mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) due to myeloid-specific deletion of CR6-interacting factor 1 (Crif1), an essential mitoribosomal factor involved in biogenesis of OxPhos subunits, have M1-like polarization of macrophages and systemic insulin resistance with adipose inflammation. Macrophage GDF15 expression is reduced in mice with impaired oxidative function, but induced upon stimulation with rosiglitazone and IL-4. GDF15 upregulates the oxidative function of macrophages, leading to M2-like polarization, and reverses insulin resistance in ob/ob mice and HFD-fed mice with myeloid-specific deletion of Crif1. Thus, reduced macrophage oxidative function controls systemic insulin resistance and adipose inflammation, which can be reversed with GDF15 and leads to improved oxidative function of macrophages. M1-like polarization of macrophages is thought to control adipose inflammation and associated insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. Here the authors show that macrophage-specific deletion of the OxPhos-related gene Crif1 results in an M1-like phenotype in mice, and that the effects can be reversed by recombinant GDF15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saet-Byel Jung
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Korea
| | - Min Jeong Choi
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Korea
| | - Dongryeol Ryu
- Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Molecular and Integrative Biology, Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Korea
| | - Hyon-Seung Yi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, 35015, Korea
| | - Seong Eun Lee
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Korea
| | - Joon Young Chang
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Korea
| | - Hyo Kyun Chung
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Korea
| | - Yong Kyung Kim
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Korea
| | - Seul Gi Kang
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Korea
| | - Ju Hee Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, 35015, Korea
| | - Koon Soon Kim
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, 35015, Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, 35015, Korea
| | - Cuk-Seong Kim
- Department of Physiology, Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Lee
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Robert W Williams
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Hail Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34051, Korea
| | - Heung Kyu Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34051, Korea
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Minho Shong
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Korea. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, 35015, Korea.
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153
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Piek A, Du W, de Boer RA, Silljé HHW. Novel heart failure biomarkers: why do we fail to exploit their potential? Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2018; 55:246-263. [PMID: 29663841 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2018.1460576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plasma biomarkers are useful tools in the diagnosis and prognosis of heart failure (HF). In the last decade, numerous studies have aimed to identify novel HF biomarkers that would provide superior and/or additional diagnostic, prognostic, or stratification utility. Although numerous biomarkers have been identified, their implementation in clinical practice has so far remained largely unsuccessful. Whereas cardiac-specific biomarkers, including natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP) and high sensitivity troponins (hsTn), are widely used in clinical practice, other biomarkers have not yet proven their utility. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) and soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (sST2) are the only novel HF biomarkers that are included in the ACC/AHA HF guidelines, but their clinical utility still needs to be demonstrated. In this review, we will describe natriuretic peptides, hsTn, and novel HF biomarkers, including Gal-3, sST2, human epididymis protein 4 (HE4), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 (IGFBP-7), heart fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP), soluble CD146 (sCD146), interleukin-6 (IL-6), growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), procalcitonin (PCT), adrenomedullin (ADM), microRNAs (miRNAs), and metabolites like 5-oxoproline. We will discuss the biology of these HF biomarkers and conclude that most of them are markers of general pathological processes like fibrosis, cell death, and inflammation, and are not cardiac- or HF-specific. These characteristics explain to a large degree why it has been difficult to relate these biomarkers to a single disease. We propose that, in addition to clinical investigations, it will be pivotal to perform comprehensive preclinical biomarker investigations in animal models of HF in order to fully reveal the potential of these novel HF biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Piek
- a Department of Cardiology , University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Weijie Du
- a Department of Cardiology , University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands.,b Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy , Harbin Medical University , Harbin , China
| | - Rudolf A de Boer
- a Department of Cardiology , University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Herman H W Silljé
- a Department of Cardiology , University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
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154
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Wang T, Liu J, McDonald C, Lupino K, Zhai X, Wilkins BJ, Hakonarson H, Pei L. GDF15 is a heart-derived hormone that regulates body growth. EMBO Mol Med 2018; 9:1150-1164. [PMID: 28572090 PMCID: PMC5538424 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201707604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocrine system is crucial for maintaining whole-body homeostasis. Little is known regarding endocrine hormones secreted by the heart other than atrial/brain natriuretic peptides discovered over 30 years ago. Here, we identify growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) as a heart-derived hormone that regulates body growth. We show that pediatric heart disease induces GDF15 synthesis and secretion by cardiomyocytes. Circulating GDF15 in turn acts on the liver to inhibit growth hormone (GH) signaling and body growth. We demonstrate that blocking cardiomyocyte production of GDF15 normalizes circulating GDF15 level and restores liver GH signaling, establishing GDF15 as a bona fide heart-derived hormone that regulates pediatric body growth. Importantly, plasma GDF15 is further increased in children with concomitant heart disease and failure to thrive (FTT). Together these studies reveal a new endocrine mechanism by which the heart coordinates cardiac function and body growth. Our results also provide a potential mechanism for the well-established clinical observation that children with heart diseases often develop FTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Caitlin McDonald
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katherine Lupino
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xiandun Zhai
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Institute of Forensic Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang Henan, China
| | - Benjamin J Wilkins
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Liming Pei
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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155
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Growth differentiation factor-15 is a new biomarker for survival and renal outcomes in light chain amyloidosis. Blood 2018; 131:1568-1575. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-12-819904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
GDF-15 level is a new prognostic factor for survival in AL amyloidosis, and its reduction after therapy is associated with better outcome. GDF-15 level is probably the strongest predictor for renal outcomes in patients with AL amyloidosis.
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156
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Wu J, Jackson-Weaver O, Xu J. The TGFβ superfamily in cardiac dysfunction. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2018; 50:323-335. [PMID: 29462261 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmy007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
TGFβ superfamily includes the transforming growth factor βs (TGFβs), bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), growth and differentiation factors (GDFs) and Activin/Inhibin families of ligands. Among the 33 members of TGFβ superfamily ligands, many act on multiple types of cells within the heart, including cardiomyocytes, cardiac fibroblasts/myofibroblasts, coronary endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and immune cells (e.g. monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils). In this review, we highlight recent discoveries on TGFβs, BMPs, and GDFs in different cardiac residential cellular components, in association with functional impacts in heart development, injury repair, and dysfunction. Specifically, we will review the roles of TGFβs, BMPs, and GDFs in cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, contractility, metabolism, angiogenesis, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wu
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Olan Jackson-Weaver
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jian Xu
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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157
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Over-expression of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) preventing cold ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury in heart transplantation through Foxo3a signaling. Oncotarget 2018; 8:36531-36544. [PMID: 28388574 PMCID: PMC5482674 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury which inevitably occurs during heart transplantation is the major factor leading to organ failure and graft rejection. In order to develop new therapies to prevent I/R injury, we used both a murine heart transplantation model with 24 hour cold I/R and an in vitro cell culture system to determine whether growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a protective factor in preventing I/R injury in heart transplantation and to further investigate underlying mechanisms of I/R injury. We found that cold I/R caused severe damage to the endocardium, epicardium and myocardium of heart grafts from wild type C57BL/6 mice, whereas grafts from GDF15 transgenic (TG) mice showed less damage as demonstrated by decreased cell apoptosis/death, decreased neutrophils infiltration and the preservation of the normal structure of the heart. Over-expression of GDF15 reduced expression of phosphorylated RelA p65, pre-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic genes while it enhanced Foxo3a phosphorylation in vitro and in vivo. Over-expression of GDF15 inhibited cell apoptosis/death and reduced neutrophil infiltration. In conclusion, this study, for the first time, demonstrates that GDF15 is a promising target for preventing cold I/R injury in heart transplantation. This study also shows that the resultant protective effects are mediated by the Foxo3 and NFκB signaling pathways.
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158
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Plasma Growth Differentiation Factor-15 is a Potential Biomarker for Pediatric Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Associated with Congenital Heart Disease. Pediatr Cardiol 2017; 38:1620-1626. [PMID: 28819713 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-017-1705-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate plasma growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) levels in pediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension secondary to congenital heart disease (PAH-CHD), and assess the association with hemodynamic parameters. Plasma GDF-15 levels were measured in children with PAH-CHD (n = 46) and compared to children with CHD without PAH (n = 39). Normal individuals (n = 30) served as health control group. Plasma GDF-15 levels were significantly elevated in patients with PAH-CHD compared with those with CHD without PAH (median 1415 ng/L, interquartile range [IQR] 926.7-2111.7 ng/L vs. 890.6 ng/L, IQR 394.7-1094.3 ng/L, p < 0.01). Elevated plasma GDF-15 levels were positively related to Functional Class, uric acid, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), pulmonary artery systolic pressure, mean pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary blood flow/systemic blood flow and pulmonary vascular resistance, and a lower mixed venous oxygen saturation (Svo2). The area under the curve (AUC) for adding GDF-15 to NT-proBNP was not superior to the AUC of NT-pro BNP alone (AUC difference 0.0295, p = 0.324) (NT-proBNP, AUC 0.823, 95% CI 0.725-0.897; GDF-15 plus NT-proBNP, AUC 0.852, 95% CI 0.759-0.92), whereas it revealed a slightly greater specificity and positive predictive value. The diagnostic power of NT-pro BNP was not inferior to GDF-15 (AUC difference 0.0443, p = 0.43). Plasma GDF-15 levels might be a surrogate marker for pediatric PAH-CHD.
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159
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Olsen OE, Skjærvik A, Størdal BF, Sundan A, Holien T. TGF-β contamination of purified recombinant GDF15. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187349. [PMID: 29161287 PMCID: PMC5697882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purified recombinant proteins for use in biomedical research are invaluable to investigate protein function. However, purity varies in protein batches made in mammalian expression systems, such as CHO-cells or HEK293-cells. This study points to caution while investigating effects of proteins related to the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β superfamily. TGF-β itself is a very potent cytokine and has effects on cells in the femtomolar range. Thus, even very small amounts of contaminating TGF-β in purified protein batches may influence the experimental results given that receptors for TGF-β are present. When we attempted to characterize possible receptors for the TGF-β superfamily ligand GDF15, striking similarities between GDF15-induced activities and known TGF-β activities were found. However, differences between batches of GDF15 were a concern and finally led us to the conclusion that the measured effects were caused by TGF-β and not by GDF15. Our results emphasize that purified recombinant proteins must be used with caution and warrant proper controls. Notably, some conclusions made about GDF15 in already published papers may not be supported by the results shown. Awareness about this issue in the scientific community may prevent spreading of false positive results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oddrun Elise Olsen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU–Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anette Skjærvik
- Department of Biotechnology, NTNU–Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Berit Fladvad Størdal
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU–Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anders Sundan
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU–Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- CEMIR (Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research), Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU–Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Toril Holien
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU–Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- * E-mail:
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160
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Kou H, Jin X, Gao D, Ma R, Dong X, Wei J, Wang X. Association between growth differentiation factor 15 and left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive patients and healthy adults. Clin Exp Hypertens 2017; 40:8-15. [PMID: 29035099 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2016.1273948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) as an independent biomarker of cardiovascular diseases merits further evaluation. We studied the association between plasma GDF-15 levels and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in hypertensive patients and healthy adults. Hypertensive LVH measurements were performed via echocardiography and analyzed using the cube formula, and human GDF-15 together with interleukin-6 (IL-6) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) concentrations were determined via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All data were analyzed using SPSS 13.0 software. A total of 302 participants were recruited for this clinical study. Circulating GDF-15, IL-6 and MMP-9 levels were significantly higher in LVH patients (n = 67) than in non-LVH patients (n = 172) and healthy controls (n = 63) (p < 0.001). After adjustment for confounders via multivariate logistic regression, elevated plasma GDF-15 concentrations remained independently associated with LVH in hypertensive patients. In addition, GDF-15 was positively correlated with IL-6 and MMP-9 levels in human plasma, respectively, suggesting that a link exists between GDF-15 expression and inflammation. We also calculated an optimal GDF-15 cut-off point with which LVH severity can be predicted in the current study. In conclusion, GDF-15 is associated with hypertensive LVH and may be a powerful biomarker with which LVH risk can be predicted in patients with hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Kou
- a Department of Cardiology , The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , P. R. China
| | - Xin Jin
- b Department of Ultrasonography , The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , P. R. China
| | - Dengfeng Gao
- a Department of Cardiology , The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , P. R. China
| | - Rui Ma
- a Department of Cardiology , The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , P. R. China
| | - Xin Dong
- a Department of Cardiology , The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , P. R. China
| | - Jin Wei
- a Department of Cardiology , The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , P. R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- c Department of Neurosurgery , Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , P. R. China
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161
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Growth differentiation factor 15 mediates epithelial mesenchymal transition and invasion of breast cancers through IGF-1R-FoxM1 signaling. Oncotarget 2017; 8:94393-94406. [PMID: 29212236 PMCID: PMC5706882 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of the inflammatory cytokine growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is significantly elevated in many tumor types in association with epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), drug resistance, and progressive disease. However, few studies have examined GDF15 expression, signaling, or function in breast cancer. In the current study, we demonstrate that GDF15 is associated with high tumor grade, ER-negativity, and HER2 overexpression in patients with breast cancer. Stable overexpression of GDF15 upregulates expression of mesenchymal markers and transcription factors, including FoxM1, and increases cellular invasion. GDF15 stable clones and breast cancer cells stimulated with recombinant human GDF15 (rhGDF15) demonstrate activation of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), EMT, and invasion. Pharmacologic inhibition of IGF-1R reduces GDF15-mediated EMT and invasion in stable clones, and FoxM1 knockdown rescues invasion and EMT in GDF15 stable clones and rhGDF15-stimulated cells. These data suggest that IGF-1R-FoxM1 signaling is a potential mechanism through which GDF15 drives EMT and invasion of breast cancers. Further, GDF15 knockdown significantly inhibits invasion of HER2-overexpressing and triple-negative breast cancer cells, supporting further preclinical investigation of GDF15-targeted therapies.
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162
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Wei J, Joshi S, Speransky S, Crowley C, Jayathilaka N, Lei X, Wu Y, Gai D, Jain S, Hoosien M, Gao Y, Chen L, Bishopric NH. Reversal of pathological cardiac hypertrophy via the MEF2-coregulator interface. JCI Insight 2017; 2:91068. [PMID: 28878124 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.91068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy, as a response to hemodynamic stress, is associated with cardiac dysfunction and death, but whether hypertrophy itself represents a pathological process remains unclear. Hypertrophy is driven by changes in myocardial gene expression that require the MEF2 family of DNA-binding transcription factors, as well as the nuclear lysine acetyltransferase p300. Here we used genetic and small-molecule probes to determine the effects of preventing MEF2 acetylation on cardiac adaptation to stress. Both nonacetylatable MEF2 mutants and 8MI, a molecule designed to interfere with MEF2-coregulator binding, prevented hypertrophy in cultured cardiac myocytes. 8MI prevented cardiac hypertrophy in 3 distinct stress models, and reversed established hypertrophy in vivo, associated with normalization of myocardial structure and function. The effects of 8MI were reversible, and did not prevent training effects of swimming. Mechanistically, 8MI blocked stress-induced MEF2 acetylation, nuclear export of class II histone deacetylases HDAC4 and -5, and p300 induction, without impeding HDAC4 phosphorylation. Correspondingly, 8MI transformed the transcriptional response to pressure overload, normalizing almost all 232 genes dysregulated by hemodynamic stress. We conclude that MEF2 acetylation is required for development and maintenance of pathological cardiac hypertrophy, and that blocking MEF2 acetylation can permit recovery from hypertrophy without impairing physiologic adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shaurya Joshi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, and
| | | | | | - Nimanthi Jayathilaka
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Xiao Lei
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yongqing Wu
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David Gai
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sumit Jain
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, and
| | | | | | - Lin Chen
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Nanette H Bishopric
- Department of Medicine.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, and.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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Tentzeris I, Farhan S, Freynhofer MK, Rohla M, Jarai R, Vogel B, Baumgartner-Parzer S, Nürnberg M, Geppert A, Wessely E, Wojta J, Huber K, Kautzky-Willer A. Usefulness of Elevated Levels of Growth Differentiation Factor-15 to Classify Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome Having Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Who Would Benefit from High-Dose Statin Therapy. Am J Cardiol 2017; 120:747-752. [PMID: 28734463 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2017.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate whether growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) plasma concentration at the time of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) might help identify those patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), who benefit most from high-dose statin treatment. Two hundred eighty-four consecutive patients, who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for ACS, were included in a prospective registry. The combined end point at 3 months after PCI consisted of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and unstable angina. Patients were divided into those with elevated levels of GDF-15 and those with lower levels in relation to the median plasma concentration. Results were compared between patients receiving high-dose, highly efficient statins and patients receiving low-dose statins or no statins. The median GDF-15 plasma concentration was 3.31 ng/ml. One hundred six patients (74.6%) of the high GDF-15 group and 122 patients (85.9%) of the low GDF-15 group received high-dose statins. The combined end point was statistically lower in patients with high levels of GDF-15 treated with high-dose statins compared with patients treated with low-dose statins or without statin treatment (3.8% vs 22.2%, hazard ratio [HR] = 0.156; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.047 to 0.519; p = 0.002). After propensity score adjustment, the results remained significant (adjusted HR for high-dose statins = 0.148; 95% CI, 0.045 to 0.494; p = 0.002). In contrast, in patients with lower levels of GDF-15, there was no significant reduction in combined end point rates associated with high-dose statin treatment (1.6% vs 5.0%, HR = 0.320; 95% CI 0.029 to 3.534; p = 0.353). In conclusion, increased GDF-15 plasma concentrations at the time of PCI and stent implantation might classify high-risk patients with ACS who benefit from high-dose, highly efficient statins.
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164
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Tzikas S, Palapies L, Bakogiannis C, Zeller T, Sinning C, Baldus S, Bickel C, Vassilikos V, Lackner KJ, Zeiher A, Münzel T, Blankenberg S, Keller T. GDF-15 predicts cardiovascular events in acute chest pain patients. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182314. [PMID: 28771550 PMCID: PMC5542604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment of patients presenting with possible acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is based on timely diagnosis and proper risk stratification aided by biomarkers. We aimed at evaluating the predictive value of GDF-15 in patients presenting with symptoms suggestive of AMI. Methods Consecutive patients presenting with suspected AMI were enrolled in three study centers. Cardiovascular events were assessed during a follow-up period of 6 months with a combined endpoint of death or MI. Results From the 1818 enrolled patients (m/f = 1208/610), 413 (22.7%) had an acute MI and 63 patients reached the combined endpoint. Patients with MI and patients with adverse outcome had higher GDF-15 levels compared with non-MI patients (967.1pg/mL vs. 692.2 pg/L, p<0.001) and with event-free patients (1660 pg/mL vs. 756.6 pg/L, p<0.001). GDF-15 levels were lower in patients with SYNTAX score ≤ 22 (797.3 pg/mL vs. 947.2 pg/L, p = 0.036). Increased GDF-15 levels on admission were associated with a hazard ratio of 2.1 for death or MI (95%CI: 1.67–2.65, p<0.001) in a model adjusted for age and sex and of 1.57 (1.13–2.19, p = 0.008) adjusted for the GRACE score variables. GDF-15 showed a relevant reclassification with regards to the GRACE score with an overall net reclassification index (NRI) of 12.5% and an integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) of 14.56% (p = 0.006). Conclusion GDF-15 is an independent predictor of future cardiovascular events in patients presenting with suspected MI. GDF-15 levels correlate with the severity of CAD and can identify and risk-stratify patients who need coronary revascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stergios Tzikas
- 3rd Department of Cardiology, Ippokrateio Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Lars Palapies
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine III, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Constantinos Bakogiannis
- 3rd Department of Cardiology, Ippokrateio Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Tanja Zeller
- Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Sinning
- Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Baldus
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christoph Bickel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Armed Forces Hospital, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Vassilios Vassilikos
- 3rd Department of Cardiology, Ippokrateio Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Karl J. Lackner
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Zeiher
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine III, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Münzel
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Blankenberg
- Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany
| | - Till Keller
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine III, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany
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165
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Growth Differentiation Factor 15 May Predict Mortality of Peripheral and Coronary Artery Diseases and Correlate with Their Risk Factors. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:9398401. [PMID: 28798540 PMCID: PMC5535745 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9398401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma GDF15 concentrations were measured in 612 Taiwanese individuals without overt systemic disease. Clinical parameters, GDF15 genetic variants, and 22 biomarker levels were analyzed. We further enrolled 86 patients with PAD and 481 patients with CAD, who received endovascular intervention and coronary angiography, respectively, to examine the role of GDF15 level in predicting all-cause mortality. Significant associations were found between GDF15 genotypes/haplotypes and GDF15 levels. The circulating GDF15 level was positively associated with age, smoking, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus as well as circulating levels of lipocalin 2 and various biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that baseline GDF15 levels of above 3096 pg/mL and 1123 pg/mL were strong predictors of death for patients with PAD and CAD, respectively (P = 0.011 and P < 0.001). GDF15 more accurately reclassified 17.3% and 29.2% of patients with PAD and CAD, respectively (P = 0.0046 and P = 0.0197), compared to C-reactive protein. Both genetic and nongenetic factors, including cardiometabolic and inflammatory markers and adipokines, were significantly associated with GDF15 level. A high level of GDF15 was significantly associated with an increase of all-cause mortality in patients with high-risk PAD and in patients with angiographically documented CAD.
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166
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Muralidharan AR, Maddala R, Skiba NP, Rao PV. Growth Differentiation Factor-15-Induced Contractile Activity and Extracellular Matrix Production in Human Trabecular Meshwork Cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 57:6482-6495. [PMID: 27918822 PMCID: PMC5152563 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-20671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the role and regulation of growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), a TGF-β-related cytokine in human trabecular meshwork (TM) cells in the context of aqueous humor (AH) outflow and IOP. Methods Regulation of expression by external cues, and the distribution and secretion of GDF-15 by human TM primary cell cultures, and the effects of recombinant (r) GDF-15 on TM cell contractile characteristics, actin cytoskeleton, cell adhesion, extracellular matrix (ECM), α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA), SMAD signaling, and gene expression were determined by immunoblot, immunofluorescence, mass spectrometry, cDNA microarray, and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analyses. Results Growth differentiation factor-15, a common constituent of ECM derived from the human TM cells, was confirmed to be distributed throughout the conventional aqueous humor outflow pathway of the human eye. Growth differentiation factor-15 protein levels were significantly increased in human TM cells in response to TGF-β2, dexamethasone, endothelin-1, lysophosphatidic acid, TNF-α, IL-1β treatment, and by cyclic mechanical stretch. Stimulation of human TM cells with rGDF-15 caused a significant increase in the formation of actin stress fibers and focal adhesions, myosin light chain phosphorylation, SMAD signaling, gene expression, and the levels of αSMA and ECM proteins. Conclusions The results of this study, including a robust induction of GDF-15 expression by several external factors known to elevate IOP, and rGDF-15-induced increase in contractility, cell adhesion, and the levels of ECM proteins and αSMA in TM cells, collectively suggest a potential role for GDF-15 in homeostasis and dysregulation of AH outflow and IOP in normal and glaucomatous eyes, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rupalatha Maddala
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Nikolai P Skiba
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Ponugoti Vasantha Rao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States 2Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States
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167
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Zeng X, Li L, Wen H, Bi Q. Growth-differentiation factor 15 as a predictor of mortality in patients with heart failure: a meta-analysis. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2017; 18:53-59. [PMID: 27454651 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0000000000000412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Measurement of the biomarker growth-differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) in patients with heart failure may help in risk stratification. We assessed the relationship between GDF-15 and mortality in patients with heart failure by conducting a meta-analysis. METHODS PubMed, Embase, ISI Web of Science, SCOPUS, and Cochrane Library databases were searched for studies that reported data on the baseline GDF-15 levels and all-cause or cardiovascular mortality. Pooled hazard ratios for mortality were calculated and presented with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Potential sources of heterogeneity were assessed by meta-regression, subgroup, and sensitivity analyses. RESULTS Eight studies with a total of 4126 heart failure patients were included. Pooled results showed that overexpression of GDF-15 was associated with poor survival in heart failure patients (log unit GDF-15: hazard ratio = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.37-2.52). Subgroup analyses revealed similar results. However, there was evidence of heterogeneity and publication bias. The association disappeared after correction using the trim-and-fill method (log unit GDF-15: hazard ratio 1.07, 95% CI 0.80-1.42). CONCLUSION The results of this meta-analysis indicate an association of elevated GDF-15 levels with increased risk of mortality in patients with heart failure. However, the results should be interpreted with caution due to substantial heterogeneity and publication bias among the studies included in the meta-analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocong Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
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168
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Planavila A, Fernández-Solà J, Villarroya F. Cardiokines as Modulators of Stress-Induced Cardiac Disorders. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2017; 108:227-256. [PMID: 28427562 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Almost 30 years ago, the protein, atrial natriuretic peptide, was identified as a heart-secreted hormone that provides a peripheral signal from the myocardium that communicates to the rest of the organism to modify blood pressure and volume under conditions of heart failure. Since then, additional peripheral factors secreted by the heart, termed cardiokines, have been identified and shown to coordinate this interorgan cross talk. In addition to this interorgan communication, cardiokines also act in an autocrine/paracrine manner to play a role in intercellular communication within the myocardium. This review focuses on the roles of newly emerging cardiokines that are mainly increased in stress-induced cardiac diseases. The potential of these cardiokines as clinical biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of cardiac disorders is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Planavila
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Joaquim Fernández-Solà
- Hospital Clínic, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Barcelona, Spain
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169
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Dhingra R, Vasan RS. Biomarkers in cardiovascular disease: Statistical assessment and section on key novel heart failure biomarkers. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2017; 27:123-133. [PMID: 27576060 PMCID: PMC5253084 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of death worldwide and continues to increase in prevalence compared to previous decades, in part because of the aging of the world population. Atherosclerotic CVD starts at a very young age and progresses over time allowing sufficient time for screening and early detection of the condition. Advances in biomarker research and developments related to CVD over the past 30 years have led to more sensitive screening methods, a greater emphasis on its early detection and diagnosis, and improved treatments resulting in more favorable clinical outcomes in the community. However, the use of biomarkers for different purposes in CVD remains an important area of research that has been explored by scientists over the years and many new developments are still underway. Therefore, a detailed description of all CVD biomarkers that are currently been used or investigated for future use in the field of cardiovascular medicine is out of scope for any review article. In the present review, we do not intend to replicate the information from previous exhaustive review on biomarkers, but highlight key statistical and clinical issues with an emphasis on methods to evaluate the incremental yield of biomarkers, including their clinical utility, a prerequisite before any putative novel biomarker is utilized in clinical practice. In addition, we will summarize information regarding recent novel heart failure biomarkers in current practice, which are undergoing scrutiny before they can be available for clinical use, and their impact on clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Dhingra
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, E5/582C, MC 5710, Madison, WI 53792.
| | - Ramachandran S Vasan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, E5/582C, MC 5710, Madison, WI 53792
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170
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Zankov DP, Shimizu A, Tanaka-Okamoto M, Miyoshi J, Ogita H. Protective effects of intercalated disk protein afadin on chronic pressure overload-induced myocardial damage. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39335. [PMID: 28045017 PMCID: PMC5206728 DOI: 10.1038/srep39335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesive intercellular connections at cardiomyocyte intercalated disks (IDs) support contractile force and maintain structural integrity of the heart muscle. Disturbances of the proteins at IDs deteriorate cardiac function and morphology. An adaptor protein afadin, one of the components of adherens junctions, is expressed ubiquitously including IDs. At present, the precise role of afadin in cardiac physiology or disease is unknown. To explore this, we generated conditional knockout (cKO) mice with cardiomyocyte-targeted deletion of afadin. Afadin cKO mice were born according to the expected Mendelian ratio and have no detectable changes in cardiac phenotype. On the other hand, chronic pressure overload induced by transverse aortic constriction (TAC) caused systolic dysfunction, enhanced fibrogenesis and apoptosis in afadin cKO mice. Afadin deletion increased macrophage infiltration and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression, and suppressed transforming growth factor (TGF) β receptor signaling early after TAC procedure. Afadin also associated with TGFβ receptor I at IDs. Pharmacological antagonist of TGFβ receptor I (SB431542) augmented mononuclear infiltration and fibrosis in the hearts of TAC-operated control mice. In conclusion, afadin is a critical molecule for cardiac protection against chronic pressure overload. The beneficial effects are likely to be a result from modulation of TGFβ receptor signaling pathways by afadin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitar P Zankov
- Division of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Akio Shimizu
- Division of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Miki Tanaka-Okamoto
- Department of Molecular Biology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease, 1-3-3 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-8511, Japan
| | - Jun Miyoshi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease, 1-3-3 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-8511, Japan
| | - Hisakazu Ogita
- Division of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
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171
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Li YL, Chang JT, Lee LY, Fan KH, Lu YC, Li YC, Chiang CH, You GR, Chen HY, Cheng AJ. GDF15 contributes to radioresistance and cancer stemness of head and neck cancer by regulating cellular reactive oxygen species via a SMAD-associated signaling pathway. Oncotarget 2017; 8:1508-1528. [PMID: 27903972 PMCID: PMC5352073 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is an integral part for the treatment of head and neck cancer (HNC), while radioresistance is a major cause leads to treatment failure. GDF15, a member of the TGF-β superfamily, is hypothesized to participate in various types of homeostasis. However, the potential role of this molecule in regulation of radiosensitivity remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that GDF15 contributed to radioresistance of HNC, as determined by both gain- and lost-of-functional experiments. These results were achieved by the induction of mitochondrial membrane potential and suppression of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). We further showed that GDF15 facilitated the conversion of cancer stemness, as assessed by the promotion of CD44+ and ALDH1+ cell populations and spheroid cell formation. At molecular level, GDF15 conferred to these cellular functions was through phosphorylated SMAD1 proteins to elite downstream signaling molecules. These cellular results were further confirmed in a tumor xenograft mouse study. Taken together, our results demonstrated that GDF15 contributed to radioresistance and cancer stemness by regulating cellular ROS levels via a SMAD-associated signaling pathway. GDF15 may serve as a prediction marker of radioresistance and a therapeutic target for the development of radio-sensitizing agents for the treatment of refractory HNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Liang Li
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Joseph T. Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yu Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Hsing Fan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ching Lu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Li
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Hsu Chiang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Guo-Rung You
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ying Chen
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ann-Joy Cheng
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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172
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Chung HK, Ryu D, Kim KS, Chang JY, Kim YK, Yi HS, Kang SG, Choi MJ, Lee SE, Jung SB, Ryu MJ, Kim SJ, Kweon GR, Kim H, Hwang JH, Lee CH, Lee SJ, Wall CE, Downes M, Evans RM, Auwerx J, Shong M. Growth differentiation factor 15 is a myomitokine governing systemic energy homeostasis. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:149-165. [PMID: 27986797 PMCID: PMC5223607 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201607110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduced mitochondrial electron transport chain activity promotes longevity and improves energy homeostasis via cell-autonomous and -non-autonomous factors in multiple model systems. This mitohormetic effect is thought to involve the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt), an adaptive stress-response pathway activated by mitochondrial proteotoxic stress. Using mice with skeletal muscle-specific deficiency of Crif1 (muscle-specific knockout [MKO]), an integral protein of the large mitoribosomal subunit (39S), we identified growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) as a UPRmt-associated cell-non-autonomous myomitokine that regulates systemic energy homeostasis. MKO mice were protected against obesity and sensitized to insulin, an effect associated with elevated GDF15 secretion after UPRmt activation. In ob/ob mice, administration of recombinant GDF15 decreased body weight and improved insulin sensitivity, which was attributed to elevated oxidative metabolism and lipid mobilization in the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue. Thus, GDF15 is a potent mitohormetic signal that safeguards against the onset of obesity and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Kyun Chung
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-721, South Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
| | - Dongryeol Ryu
- Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Koon Soon Kim
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-721, South Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
| | - Joon Young Chang
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-721, South Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
| | - Yong Kyung Kim
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-721, South Korea
| | - Hyon-Seung Yi
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-721, South Korea
| | - Seul Gi Kang
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-721, South Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
| | - Min Jeong Choi
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-721, South Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
| | - Seong Eun Lee
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-721, South Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
| | - Saet-Byel Jung
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-721, South Korea
| | - Min Jeong Ryu
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-721, South Korea
| | - Soung Jung Kim
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-721, South Korea
| | - Gi Ryang Kweon
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
| | - Hail Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-338, South Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Hwang
- Animal Model Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Lee
- Animal Model Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
| | - Se-Jin Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | | | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Minho Shong
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-721, South Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
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173
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Hagström E, Held C, Stewart RAH, Aylward PE, Budaj A, Cannon CP, Koenig W, Krug-Gourley S, Mohler ER, Steg PG, Tarka E, Östlund O, White HD, Siegbahn A, Wallentin L. Growth Differentiation Factor 15 Predicts All-Cause Morbidity and Mortality in Stable Coronary Heart Disease. Clin Chem 2017; 63:325-333. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2016.260570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Higher growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) concentrations are associated with cardiovascular (CV) and non-CV morbidity and mortality. However, information on associations between GDF-15 and the risk of specific CV and non-CV events in stable coronary heart disease (CHD) patients is limited.
METHODS
In 14 577 patients with stable CHD participating in the Stabilization of Atherosclerotic Plaque by Initiation of Darapladib Therapy Trial (STABILITY), GDF-15 and other prognostic biomarkers (N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide, high-sensitivity troponin T, cystatin C, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein) were measured. In adjusted Cox regression models, the associations between GDF-15 and the composite CV end point [CV death, myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke], as well as other CV and non-CV events, were assessed.
RESULTS
The median concentration (interquartile range) of GDF-15 at baseline was 1253 (915–1827) ng/L. The hazard ratio for the composite end point for the highest compared to the lowest quartile of GDF-15 was 1.8 (95% CI, 1.5–2.2); for CV death, 2.63 (1.9–3.6); for sudden death, 3.06 (1.9–4.8); for heart failure (HF) death, 4.3 (1.3–14); for cancer death, 2.5 (1.3–4.7); for hospitalization for HF, 5.8 (3.2–10); for MI 1.4 (95% CI, 1.1–1.9); and for stroke, 1.8 (95% CI, 1.1–2.8). After adjustment for other prognostic biomarkers, GDF-15 remained significantly associated with all outcomes except for MI.
CONCLUSIONS
In stable CHD, GDF-15 was independently associated with CV, non-CV, and cancer mortality, as well as with MI and stroke. When also adjusting for other prognostic biomarkers, the associations to all fatal and nonfatal events were maintained except for MI. Information on GDF-15, therefore, might be helpful when assessing the risk of adverse outcomes in patients with stable CHD. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00799903
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Hagström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Uppsala Clinical Research Center (UCR), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Claes Held
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Uppsala Clinical Research Center (UCR), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ralph A H Stewart
- Green Lane Cardiovascular Service, Auckland City Hospital, and University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Philip E Aylward
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University and Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andrzej Budaj
- Postgraduate Medical School, Grochowski Hospital, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Christopher P Cannon
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Clinical Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- Department of Internal Medicine II–Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Sue Krug-Gourley
- Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - Emile R Mohler
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Philippe Gabriel Steg
- Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
- Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- NHLI Imperial College, ICMS, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
- FACT (French Alliance for Cardiovascular Trials), an F-CRIN network, INSERM U1148, Paris, France
| | - Elizabeth Tarka
- former employee of Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - Ollie Östlund
- Uppsala Clinical Research Center (UCR), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Harvey D White
- Green Lane Cardiovascular Service, Auckland City Hospital, and University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Agneta Siegbahn
- Uppsala Clinical Research Center (UCR), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Wallentin
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Uppsala Clinical Research Center (UCR), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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174
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Abstract
Although substantial improvements have been made in majority of cardiac disorders, heart failure (HF) remains a major health problem, with both increasing incidence and prevalence over the past decades. For that reason, the number of potential biomarkers that could contribute to diagnosis and treatment of HF patients is, almost exponentially, increasing over the recent years. The biomarkers that are, at the moment, more or less ready for use in everyday clinical practice, reflect different pathophysiological processes present in HF. In this review, seven groups of biomarkers associated to myocardial stretch (mid-regional proatrial natriuretic peptide, MR-proANP), myocyte injury (high-sensitive troponins, hs-cTn; heart-type fatty acid-binding protein, H-FABP; glutathione transferase P1, GSTP1), matrix remodeling (galectin-3; soluble isoform of suppression of tumorigenicity 2, sST2), inflammation (growth differentiation factor-15, GDF-15), renal dysfunction (neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, NGAL; kidney injury molecule-1, KIM-1), neurohumoral activation (adrenomedullin, MR-proADM; copeptin), and oxidative stress (ceruloplasmin; myeloperoxidase, MPO; 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, 8-OHdG; thioredoxin 1, Trx1) in HF will be overviewed. It is important to note that clinical value of individual biomarkers within the single time points in both diagnosis and outcome prediction in HF is limited. Hence, the future of biomarker application in HF lies in the multimarker panel strategy, which would include specific combination of biomarkers that reflect different pathophysiological processes underlying HF.
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175
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Biomarkers in pediatric heart failure. PROGRESS IN PEDIATRIC CARDIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ppedcard.2016.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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176
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Glenn DJ, Cardema MC, Gardner DG. Amplification of lipotoxic cardiomyopathy in the VDR gene knockout mouse. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 164:292-298. [PMID: 26429397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that the liganded vitamin D receptor (VDR) plays an important role in controlling cardiovascular homeostasis. Both the whole animal VDR gene knockout (VDR-/-) and the myocyte-specific VDR gene deletion result in changes in cardiac structure and function. Clinical states associated with cardiac steatosis (obesity and diabetes mellitus) are also associated with low circulating 25 OH vitamin D levels. We, therefore, examined the effects of VDR deficiency (VDR-/- mouse) in a murine model of cardiac steatosis that expresses the terminal enzyme involved in triglyceride synthesis, diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1), selectively in the cardiac myocyte. These mice display early cardiac dysfunction and late cardiomyopathy and heart failure. In the present study, we demonstrate that mice harboring both genetic modifications (i.e., MHC-DGAT1 Tg and VDR-/-) exhibit an increase in myocyte size, heart weight/body weight ratio and natriuretic peptide gene expression, all markers of cardiac hypertrophy, that exceed that seen in either VDR-/- or the MHC-DGAT1 Tg mice alone. This was accompanied by a dramatic increase in interstitial fibrosis and increased expression of collagen 1a1 and collagen 3a1, as well as the osteopontin and matrix metalloproteinase 2, genes. At a functional level, this resulted in a 37% reduction in ejection fraction and 55% reduction in fractional shortening in the DGAT1; VDR-/- mice relative to the controls. Collectively, these data demonstrate that deficiency in the vitamin D signaling system enhances the pathological phenotype in this experimental cardiomyopathy and suggest an important role for vitamin D in modulating disease severity in common cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis J Glenn
- Diabetes Center, 1109 HSW, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0540, United States.
| | - Michelle C Cardema
- Diabetes Center, 1109 HSW, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0540, United States
| | - David G Gardner
- Diabetes Center, 1109 HSW, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0540, United States
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177
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Wollert KC, Kempf T, Wallentin L. Growth Differentiation Factor 15 as a Biomarker in Cardiovascular Disease. Clin Chem 2016; 63:140-151. [PMID: 28062617 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2016.255174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) is expressed and secreted in response to inflammation, oxidative stress, hypoxia, telomere erosion, and oncogene activation. Cardiovascular (CV) disease is a major driver of GDF-15 production. GDF-15 has favorable preanalytic characteristics and can be measured in serum and plasma by immunoassay. CONTENT In community-dwelling individuals higher concentrations of GDF-15 are associated with increased risks of developing CV disease, chronic kidney disease, and cancer, independent of traditional CV risk factors, renal function, and other biomarkers (C-reactive protein, B-type natriuretic peptide, cardiac troponin). Low concentrations of GDF-15 are closely associated with longevity. GDF-15 is as an independent marker of all-cause mortality and CV events in patients with coronary artery disease, and may help select patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome for early revascularization and more intensive medical therapies. GDF-15 is independently associated with mortality and nonfatal events in atrial fibrillation and heart failure (HF) with preserved or reduced ejection fraction. GDF-15 reflects chronic disease burden and acute perturbations in HF and responds to improvements in hemodynamic status. GDF-15 is independently associated with major bleeding in patients receiving antithrombotic therapies and has been included in a new bleeding risk score, which may become useful for decision support. SUMMARY GDF-15 captures distinct aspects of CV disease development, progression, and prognosis, which are not represented by clinical risk predictors and other biomarkers. The usefulness of GDF-15 to guide management decisions and discover new treatment targets should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai C Wollert
- Division of Molecular and Translational Cardiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany;
| | - Tibor Kempf
- Division of Molecular and Translational Cardiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lars Wallentin
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, and Uppsala Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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178
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Chai YL, Hilal S, Chong JP, Ng YX, Liew OW, Xu X, Ikram MK, Venketasubramanian N, Richards AM, Lai MK, Chen CP. Growth differentiation factor-15 and white matter hyperintensities in cognitive impairment and dementia. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e4566. [PMID: 27537582 PMCID: PMC5370808 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000004566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular pathology plays an important role in the development of cognitive decline and dementia. In this context, growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) has been suggested to be a biomarker due to its regulatory roles in inflammatory and trophic responses during tissue injury. However, limited data exist on the associations of GDF-15 with either cerebrovascular disease (CeVD) burden or the spectrum of cognitive impairment. Therefore, we aimed to study peripheral levels of GDF-15 incognitive impairment no dementia (CIND) or Alzheimer disease (AD) subjects assessed for CeVD using a case-control cohort design, with cases recruited from memory clinics and controls from memory clinics and the community. All subjects underwent detailed neuropsychological assessment, 3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging, and venous blood draw. Subjects were classified as CIND or AD based on clinical criteria, while significant CeVD was defined as the presence of cortical infarcts and/or 2 lacunes or more, and/or confluent white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) in 2 or more brain regions. A total of 324 subjects were included in the study, of whom 80 had no cognitive impairment, 144 CIND and 100with AD. Higher GDF-15 levels were significantly associated with disease groups, especially in the presence of CeVD, namely, CIND with CeVD (odds ratios [OR]: 7.21; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.14-24.27) and AD with CeVD (OR: 21.87; 95% CI: 2.01-237.43). Among the different CeVD markers, only WMH was associated with higher GDF-15 levels (OR: 3.97; 95% CI: 1.79-8.83). The associations between GDF-15 and cognitive impairment as well as with WMH remained significant after excluding subjects with cardiovascular diseases. In conclusion, we showed that increased GDF-15 may be a biomarker for CIND and AD in subjects with WMH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuek Ling Chai
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System
| | - Saima Hilal
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System
| | - Jenny P.C. Chong
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Heart Centre, Singapore
| | - Yan Xia Ng
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Heart Centre, Singapore
| | - Oi Wah Liew
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Heart Centre, Singapore
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System
| | - Mohammad Kamran Ikram
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System
- Departments of Neurology and Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - A. Mark Richards
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Heart Centre, Singapore
| | - Mitchell K.P. Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System
- Correspondence: Mitchell K.P. Lai, Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Unit 09–01, 14 Medical Drive, 117599 Singapore (e-mail: )
| | - Christopher P. Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System
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179
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George M, Jena A, Srivatsan V, Muthukumar R, Dhandapani VE. GDF 15--A Novel Biomarker in the Offing for Heart Failure. Curr Cardiol Rev 2016; 12:37-46. [PMID: 26750722 PMCID: PMC4807717 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x12666160111125304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Several diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers are being explored in heart failure.
GDF-15 belongs to the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) cytokine family that is highly up
regulated in inflammatory conditions. We undertook this systematic review to summarize the current
evidence on the utility of GDF-15 as a biomarker in heart failure. Design and Methods: Multiple electronic databases for studies that reported the association between
GDF- 15 and heart failure were searched using different electronic databases such as MEDLINE, Science
Direct, Springer Link, Scopus, Cochrane Reviews, and Google Scholar using pre-defined inclusion-
exclusion criteria. Results: Twenty one original studies were identified that included data from 20,920 study participants. GDF 15 was found
to be a strong prognosticator of all-cause mortality in heart failure patients. Several studies found the benefit of using
GDF-15 as a component of a multi-biomarker strategy in prognosticating patients with heart failure. Conclusion: More studies are warranted to elucidate the molecular pathways involving GDF-15 and to see how knowledge
about GDF-15 can be used to make therapeutic decisions in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin George
- SRM Medical College Hospital & Research Centre-Cardiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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180
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Serum levels of GDF15 are reduced in preeclampsia and the reduction is more profound in late-onset than early-onset cases. Cytokine 2016; 83:226-230. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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181
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Dallmeier D, Brenner H, Mons U, Rottbauer W, Koenig W, Rothenbacher D. Growth Differentiation Factor 15, Its 12-Month Relative Change, and Risk of Cardiovascular Events and Total Mortality in Patients with Stable Coronary Heart Disease: 10-Year Follow-up of the KAROLA Study. Clin Chem 2016; 62:982-92. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2016.254755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
This study considered whether baseline concentrations and 12-month changes of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) are associated with subsequent cardiovascular events (CVEs) and total mortality in patients with stable coronary heart disease.
METHODS
Baseline GDF-15 serum concentrations were measured in 1073 participants in a cardiac rehabilitation program (median follow-up 10 years). GDF-15 associations with subsequent CVE and total mortality were evaluated by Cox-proportional hazards models adjusting for well-established cardiovascular risk factors (Model 2), plus N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide, high-sensitivity (hs) CRP, and hs cardiac troponin T (Model 3).
RESULTS
In our study population [84.7% men, mean age 59 years, median baseline GDF-15 1232 ng/L (interquartile range, 916, 1674)] we observed 190 CVE and 162 deaths. Compared to participants with GDF-15 <1200 ng/L, increased risk for death was found in participants with GDF-15 ≥1200 and ≤1800 ng/L [hazard ratio (HR) 1.68 (95% CI, 1.08–2.62)] and with GDF-15 >1800 ng/L [HR 1.73 (1.02–2.94)], even in Model 3. The 12-month relative median change was −16.7%. As compared to participants with 12-month relative changes between −20% and 20%, GDF-15 increments >20% were associated with: a) an HR of 1.84 (1.04–3.26) for CVE in Model 2, but found nonsignificant in Model 3; (b) an HR of 2.26 (1.32–3.86) for death even in Model 3.
CONCLUSIONS
GDF-15 at baseline is independently associated with subsequent CVE and 10-year total mortality. Twelve-month relative changes remained associated with subsequent CVE when adjusting for well-established cardiovascular risk factors, and with total mortality even after further adjustment for established cardiac biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhayana Dallmeier
- Dept. of Internal Medicine II-Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
- Agaplesion Bethesda Hospital, Geriatric Research Unit, Ulm University and Geriatric Center Ulm/Alb-Donau, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ute Mons
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Rottbauer
- Dept. of Internal Medicine II-Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- Dept. of Internal Medicine II-Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Dietrich Rothenbacher
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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182
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Wang X, Zhu L, Wu Y, Sun K, Su M, Yu L, Chen J, Li W, Yang J, Yuan Z, Hui R. Plasma growth differentiation factor 15 predicts first-ever stroke in hypertensive patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e4342. [PMID: 27472718 PMCID: PMC5265855 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000004342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) is a relatively new biomarker that predicts adverse stroke outcomes. However, the association of GDF-15 with first-ever stroke in hypertensive patients has not yet been evaluated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical implications of plasma GDF-15 on the development of first-ever stroke in patients with hypertension.In total, 254 patients with hypertension without a history of stroke were included from March 2010 to August 2010 and followed up until June 2013. The baseline circulating GDF-15 was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.During a follow-up of 3.0 ± 0.6 years, 22 (8.7%) first-ever strokes were identified, including 12 ischemic strokes and 10 intracerebral hemorrhages (ICH). According to tertiles of GDF-15, survival free of first-ever stroke was lower in the highest tertile of GDF-15 (log-rank P = 0.001). By backward stepwise Cox-regression analysis, adjusted for age, gender, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, hypertension stage, body mass index, cigarette smoking, anti-hypertensive drugs, and uric acid, every 100 pg/mL-increase in plasma of GDF-15 predicted an 11% greater risk of first-ever stroke (hazard ratios [HR]: 1.11, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03-1.20, P = 0.010) and an 18% increase in ischemic stroke risk (HR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.07-1.30, P = 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic analysis indicated that GDF-15 had reasonable accuracy to predict first-ever stroke (area under curve = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.62-0.83, P < 0.001).This study identifies that GDF-15 is an independent predictor of first-ever stroke, especially for ischemic stroke in the patients with hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| | - Ling Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shanxi
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
| | - Kai Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| | - Ming Su
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| | - Liping Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| | - Jingzhou Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| | - Weiju Li
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuyi Yuan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shanxi
- Correspondence: Rutai Hui, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China (e-mail: ); Zuyi Yuan, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shanxi, People's Republic of China (e-mail: )
| | - Rutai Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
- Correspondence: Rutai Hui, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China (e-mail: ); Zuyi Yuan, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shanxi, People's Republic of China (e-mail: )
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183
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Dewey CM, Spitler KM, Ponce JM, Hall DD, Grueter CE. Cardiac-Secreted Factors as Peripheral Metabolic Regulators and Potential Disease Biomarkers. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:e003101. [PMID: 27247337 PMCID: PMC4937259 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.115.003101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M Dewey
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Kathryn M Spitler
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Jessica M Ponce
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Duane D Hall
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Chad E Grueter
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Papajohn Biomedical Institute, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
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184
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A New Transgenic Mouse Model of Heart Failure and Cardiac Cachexia Raised by Sustained Activation of Met Tyrosine Kinase in the Heart. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:9549036. [PMID: 27298830 PMCID: PMC4889800 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9549036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Among other diseases characterized by the onset of cachexia, congestive heart failure takes a place of relevance, considering the high prevalence of this pathology in most European countries and in the United States, and is undergoing a rapid increase in developing countries. Actually, only few models of cardiac cachexia exist. Difficulties in the recruitment and follow-up of clinical trials implicate that new reproducible and well-characterized animal models are pivotal in developing therapeutic strategies for cachexia. We generated a new model of cardiac cachexia: a transgenic mouse expressing Tpr-Met receptor, the activated form of c-Met receptor of hepatocyte growth factor, specifically in the heart. We showed that the cardiac-specific induction of Tpr-Met raises a cardiac hypertrophic remodelling, which progresses into concentric hypertrophy with concomitant increase in Gdf15 mRNA levels. Hypertrophy progresses to congestive heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, characterized by reduced body weight gain and food intake and skeletal muscle wasting. Prevention trial by suppressing Tpr-Met showed that loss of body weight could be prevented. Skeletal muscle wasting was also associated with altered gene expression profiling. We propose transgenic Tpr-Met mice as a new model of cardiac cachexia, which will constitute a powerful tool to understand such complex pathology and test new drugs/approaches at the preclinical level.
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185
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Wang X, Chen LL, Zhang Q. Increased Serum Level of Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF-15) is Associated with Coronary Artery Disease. Cardiovasc Ther 2016; 34:138-43. [PMID: 26996787 DOI: 10.1111/1755-5922.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- Department of Clinical laboratory; Huai'an First People's Hospital; Nanjing Medical University; Huai'an China
| | - Lei-Lei Chen
- Department of Cardiology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology; Huai'an First People's Hospital; Nanjing Medical University; Huai'an China
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186
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Wehman B, Sharma S, Pietris N, Mishra R, Siddiqui OT, Bigham G, Li T, Aiello E, Murthi S, Pittenger M, Griffith B, Kaushal S. Mesenchymal stem cells preserve neonatal right ventricular function in a porcine model of pressure overload. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 310:H1816-26. [PMID: 27106046 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00955.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Limited therapies exist for patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) who develop right ventricular (RV) dysfunction. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have not been evaluated in a preclinical model of pressure overload, which simulates the pathophysiology relevant to many forms of CHD. A neonatal swine model of RV pressure overload was utilized to test the hypothesis that MSCs preserve RV function and attenuate ventricular remodeling. Immunosuppressed Yorkshire swine underwent pulmonary artery banding to induce RV dysfunction. After 30 min, human MSCs (1 million cells, n = 5) or placebo (n = 5) were injected intramyocardially into the RV free wall. Serial transthoracic echocardiography monitored RV functional indices including 2D myocardial strain analysis. Four weeks postinjection, the MSC-treated myocardium had a smaller increase in RV end-diastolic area, end-systolic area, and tricuspid vena contracta width (P < 0.01), increased RV fractional area of change, and improved myocardial strain mechanics relative to placebo (P < 0.01). The MSC-treated myocardium demonstrated enhanced neovessel formation (P < 0.0001), superior recruitment of endogenous c-kit+ cardiac stem cells to the RV (P < 0.0001) and increased proliferation of cardiomyocytes (P = 0.0009) and endothelial cells (P < 0.0001). Hypertrophic changes in the RV were more pronounced in the placebo group, as evidenced by greater wall thickness by echocardiography (P = 0.008), increased cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area (P = 0.001), and increased expression of hypertrophy-related genes, including brain natriuretic peptide, β-myosin heavy chain and myosin light chain. Additionally, MSC-treated myocardium demonstrated increased expression of the antihypertrophy secreted factor, growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), and its downstream effector, SMAD 2/3, in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes and in the porcine RV myocardium. This is the first report of the use of MSCs as a therapeutic strategy to preserve RV function and attenuate remodeling in the setting of pressure overload. Mechanistically, transplanted MSCs possibly stimulated GDF15 and its downstream SMAD proteins to antagonize the hypertrophy response of pressure overload. These encouraging results have implications in congenital cardiac pressure overload lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brody Wehman
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Sudhish Sharma
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Nicholas Pietris
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rachana Mishra
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Osama T Siddiqui
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Grace Bigham
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Tieluo Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Emily Aiello
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Sarah Murthi
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Mark Pittenger
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Bartley Griffith
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Sunjay Kaushal
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
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187
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Fujita Y, Taniguchi Y, Shinkai S, Tanaka M, Ito M. Secreted growth differentiation factor 15 as a potential biomarker for mitochondrial dysfunctions in aging and age-related disorders. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2016; 16 Suppl 1:17-29. [DOI: 10.1111/ggi.12724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Fujita
- Research Teams for; Mechanism of Aging; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology; Tokyo Japan
| | - Yu Taniguchi
- Social Participation and Community Health; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology; Tokyo Japan
| | - Shoji Shinkai
- Social Participation and Community Health; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology; Tokyo Japan
| | - Masashi Tanaka
- Department of Genomics for Longevity and Health; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology; Tokyo Japan
| | - Masafumi Ito
- Research Teams for; Mechanism of Aging; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology; Tokyo Japan
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188
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Kuttippurathu L, Juskeviciute E, Dippold RP, Hoek JB, Vadigepalli R. A novel comparative pattern analysis approach identifies chronic alcohol mediated dysregulation of transcriptomic dynamics during liver regeneration. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:260. [PMID: 27012785 PMCID: PMC4807561 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2492-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver regeneration is inhibited by chronic ethanol consumption and this impaired repair response may contribute to the risk for alcoholic liver disease. We developed and applied a novel data analysis approach to assess the effect of chronic ethanol intake in the mechanisms responsible for liver regeneration. We performed a time series transcriptomic profiling study of the regeneration response after 2/3rd partial hepatectomy (PHx) in ethanol-fed and isocaloric control rats. RESULTS We developed a novel data analysis approach focusing on comparative pattern counts (COMPACT) to exhaustively identify the dominant and subtle differential expression patterns. Approximately 6500 genes were differentially regulated in Ethanol or Control groups within 24 h after PHx. Adaptation to chronic ethanol intake significantly altered the immediate early gene expression patterns and nearly completely abrogated the cell cycle induction in hepatocytes post PHx. The patterns highlighted by COMPACT analysis contained several non-parenchymal cell specific markers indicating their aberrant transcriptional response as a novel mechanism through which chronic ethanol intake deregulates the integrated liver tissue response. CONCLUSIONS Our novel comparative pattern analysis revealed new insights into ethanol-mediated molecular changes in non-parenchymal liver cells as a possible contribution to the defective liver regeneration phenotype. The results revealed for the first time an ethanol-induced shift of hepatic stellate cells from a pro-regenerative phenotype to that of an anti-regenerative state after PHx. Our results can form the basis for novel interventions targeting the non-parenchymal cells in normalizing the dysfunctional repair response process in alcoholic liver disease. Our approach is illustrated online at http://compact.jefferson.edu .
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Kuttippurathu
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Egle Juskeviciute
- MitoCare Center for Mitochondrial Research, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Rachael P Dippold
- MitoCare Center for Mitochondrial Research, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Jan B Hoek
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.,MitoCare Center for Mitochondrial Research, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Rajanikanth Vadigepalli
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA. .,MitoCare Center for Mitochondrial Research, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
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189
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Correlation between growth differentiation factor-15 and collagen metabolism indicators in patients with myocardial infarction and heart failure. JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC CARDIOLOGY : JGC 2016; 13:88-93. [PMID: 26918019 PMCID: PMC4753018 DOI: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Growth differentiation factor (GDF)-15, a divergent member of the transforming growth factor beta super-family does appear to be up-regulated in response to experimental pressure overload and progression of heart failure (HF). HF frequently develops after myocardial infarction (MI), contributing to worse outcome. The aim of this study is to assess the correlation between GDF-15 levels and markers related to collagen turnover in different stages of HF. Methods The study consists of a cohort of 179 patients, including stable angina pectoris patients (AP group, n = 50), old MI patients without HF (OMI group, n = 56), old MI patients with HF (OMI-HF group, n = 38) and normal Control group (n = 35). Both indicators reflecting the synthesis and degradation rates of collagen including precollagen I N-terminal peptide (PINP), type I collagen carboxy-terminal peptide (ICTP), precollagen III N-terminal peptide (PIIINP) and GDF-15 were measured using an enzyme-linked inmunosorbent assay. Results The plasma GDF-15 level was higher in OMI-HF group (1373.4 ± 275.4 ng/L) than OMI group (1036.1 ± 248.6 ng/L), AP group (784.6 ± 222.4 ng/L) and Control group (483.8 ± 186.4 ng/L) (P < 0.001). The indicators of collagen turnover (ICTP, PINP, PIIINP) all increased in the OMI-HF group compared with Control group (3.03 ± 1.02 µg/L vs. 2.08 ± 0.95 µg/L, 22.2 ± 6.6 µg/L vs. 16.7 ± 5.1 µg/L and 13.2 ± 7.9 µg/L vs. 6.4 ± 2.1 µg/L, respectively; P < 0.01). GDF-15 positively correlated with ICTP and PIIINP (r = 0.302, P < 0.001 and r = 0.206, P = 0.006, respectively). GDF-15 positively correlated to the echocardiographic diastolic indicators E/Em and left atrial pressure (r = 0.349 and r = 0.358, respectively; P < 0.01), and inversely correlated to the systolic indicators left ventricular ejection fraction and the average of peak systolic myocardial velocities (Sm) (r = −0.623 and r = −0.365, respectively; P < 0.01). Conclusion Plasma GDF-15 is associated with the indicators of type I and III collagen turnover.
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190
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Elevated growth differentiation factor 15 expression predicts poor prognosis in epithelial ovarian cancer patients. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:9423-31. [PMID: 26781874 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4699-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the expression of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) and explore its clinical significance in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) patients. The expression of GDF15 in EOC tissues and serum samples was evaluated using immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. The association of GDF15 expression with clinicopathologic parameters was analyzed. Survival time was assessed using the Kaplan-Meier technique and Cox regression model. Both in EOC tissues and serum, high GDF15 levels were obviously related with advanced International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage, lymph node metastasis, ascites, and chemoresistance. Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that EOC patients with high GDF15 expression showed poorer progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that GDF15 expression was an independent predictor of PFS in EOC patients. Our study shows that elevated GDF15 expression was associated with poor prognosis in EOC patients. We suggest that GDF15 is a novel biomarker for the early detection of EOC, prediction of the response to chemotherapy, and screening for recurrence in EOC patients.
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191
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Sari K, Gencer ZK, Ede H, Gocmen AY, Kantekin Y. Ischemia-modified albumin, brain natriuretic peptide, and growth differentiation factor-15 levels in patients with nasal polyps. Auris Nasus Larynx 2016; 43:529-36. [PMID: 26795264 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nasal polyps (NP) are a chronic inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa; their etiology is suspected to involve oxidative stress. Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) are biomarkers used especially in the early diagnosis and follow-up of cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to assess levels of serum GDF-15, BNP, and IMA in patients with NP and to compare them with those of healthy subjects. METHODS This was a prospective study enrolling 41 patients with NP and 48 healthy controls, all aged 18-65 years and referred to the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, between January 2014 and February 2015. After a 12-h fast, venous blood (3mL) was drawn and centrifuged (3000rpm, 10min) to collect serum. Blood samples were drawn before endoscopic sinus surgery in the NP group. Serum GDF-15, BNP, and IMA levels were measured. RESULTS GDF-15, BNP, and IMA levels of patients with NP were statistically significantly higher than in controls and GDF-15 values were higher than the normal upper limit. GDF-15, BNP, and IMA levels were significantly correlated in both groups. CONCLUSIONS As GDF-15 is a marker of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, our finding of increased serum GDF-15 in patients with NP supports the hypothesis that its pathogenesis involves chronic inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Sari
- Bozok University School of Medicine, Ear Nose & Throat Department, Yozgat, Turkey.
| | | | - Huseyin Ede
- Bozok University School of Medicine, Cardiology Department, Yozgat, Turkey.
| | - Ayse Yesim Gocmen
- Bozok University School of Medicine, Biochemistry Department, Yozgat, Turkey.
| | - Yunus Kantekin
- Bozok University School of Medicine, Ear Nose & Throat Department, Yozgat, Turkey.
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192
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Ikeda Y, Kumagai H, Motozawa Y, Suzuki JI. Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15) as a Reliable Biomarker for Cardiovascular Risk Assessment. Int Heart J 2016; 57:1-2. [DOI: 10.1536/ihj.15-324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Ikeda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - Hidetoshi Kumagai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
- Department of Advanced Clinical Science and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - Yoshihiro Motozawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - Jun-ichi Suzuki
- Department of Advanced Clinical Science and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
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193
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Release of growth-differentiation factor 15 and associations with cardiac function in adult patients with congenital heart disease. Int J Cardiol 2016; 202:246-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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194
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El factor de diferenciación de crecimiento 15, un nuevo marcador pronóstico en la miocardiopatía diabética. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.recesp.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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195
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Domínguez-Rodríguez A, Avanzas P, González-González J, Belleyo-Belkasem C, Abreu-González P. Growth Differentiation Factor 15, a New Prognostic Marker in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 69:81-3. [PMID: 26699098 DOI: 10.1016/j.rec.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Domínguez-Rodríguez
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Sta. Cruz de Tenerife, Spain; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Europea de Canarias, La Orotava, Sta. Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Pablo Avanzas
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Julia González-González
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Sta. Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Carima Belleyo-Belkasem
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Sta. Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Pedro Abreu-González
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas (Unidad de Fisiología), Universidad de La Laguna, Sta. Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
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196
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Hagström E, James SK, Bertilsson M, Becker RC, Himmelmann A, Husted S, Katus HA, Steg PG, Storey RF, Siegbahn A, Wallentin L. Growth differentiation factor-15 level predicts major bleeding and cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndromes: results from the PLATO study. Eur Heart J 2015; 37:1325-33. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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197
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Roggero S, Vullo S, Volpe G, Piga A, Albera C. Management of pulmonary arterial hypertension associated to thalassemia: when pulmonary endarterectomy is the best therapeutical option? A case report. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2015; 39:139-43. [PMID: 24788071 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-014-1073-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) has been reported with nearly all forms of the inherited as well as the acquired hemolytic anemias. Although screening studies suggested that PAH has emerged as major complication of thalassemia patients, its impact on survival is unknown; the pathophysiology of the PAH in these patients is multifactorial, and a thorough diagnostic evaluation is essential. Understanding the PAH pathogenesis, diagnostic options, prevention is critical for clinicians who care for the thalassemic patients; there are virtually no high-quality data on the safety/efficacy of PAH treatment strategy in this patient population. We are reporting the case of a thalassemic patient suffering from progressive severe PAH, not responding to medical treatment and related to chronic thromboembolic disease. After carefully considering all the options, we decided to proceed with vascular disobliteration by pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA), the first line choice in these cases. This intervention led to a significant improvement in the clinical status and in the functional parameters. Therefore, even if haemolytic anemia-associated-PAH is included in the group I of the Dana-point classification, an individualized approach is recommended as well as a particular management with disease-specific measures and a comprehensive evaluation of other causes of PAH; this current report supports the feasibility and effectiveness of PEA also in the thalassemic patients with surgically accessible chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Roggero
- Hemoglobinopathies Centre, San Luigi Hospital-Orbassano, University of Torino, Turin, Italy,
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198
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Mythili S, Malathi N. Diagnostic markers of acute myocardial infarction. Biomed Rep 2015; 3:743-748. [PMID: 26623010 DOI: 10.3892/br.2015.500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The highest risk of fatality occurs within the initial hours of onset of AMI. Thus, early diagnosis of cardiac ischemia is critical for the effective management of patients with AMI. Improper diagnosis of patients with chest pain often leads to inappropriate admission of patients without AMI and vice versa. In addition to clinical history, physical examination, accurate electrocardiogram findings and assessment of cardiac biomarkers have an important role in the early diagnosis of acute ischemia. The present review discusses in detail the various cardiac biomarkers released during the event of an AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabesan Mythili
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600116, India
| | - Narasimhan Malathi
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600116, India
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199
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Kalinkovich A, Livshits G. Sarcopenia--The search for emerging biomarkers. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 22:58-71. [PMID: 25962896 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia, an age-related decline in skeletal muscle mass and function, dramatically affects the life quality of elder people. In view of increasing life expectancy, sarcopenia renders a heavy burden on the health care system. However, although there is a consensus that sarcopenia is a multifactorial syndrome, its etiology, underlying mechanisms, and even definition remain poorly delineated, thus, preventing development of a precise treatment strategy. The main aim of our review is to critically analyze potential sarcopenia biomarkers in light of the molecular mechanisms of their involvement in sarcopenia pathogenesis. Normal muscle mass and function maintenance are proposed to be dependent on the dynamic balance between the positive regulators of muscle growth such as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), follistatin (FST) and irisin, and negative regulators including TGFβ, myostatin, activins A and B, and growth and differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15). We hypothesize that the shift in this balance to muscle growth inhibitors, along with increased expression of the C- terminal agrin fragment (CAF) associated with age-dependent neuromuscular junction (NMJ) dysfunction, as well as skeletal muscle-specific troponin T (sTnT), a key component of contractile machinery, is a main mechanism underlying sarcopenia pathogenesis. Thus, this review proposes and emphasizes that these molecules are the emerging sarcopenia biomarkers.
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200
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McGlinchey N, Johnson MK. Novel serum biomarkers in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Biomark Med 2015; 8:1001-11. [PMID: 25343672 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.14.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) remains a difficult-to-treat condition with high mortality. Biomarkers are utilized to aid with diagnosis, prognostication and response to treatment. A clinically useful and PAH-specific single biomarker that is easy to measure remains elusive. This is in part due to the heterogeneity of PAH and its complex etiology. Brain natriuretic peptide and its N-terminal fragment are currently the most widely used serum markers; however, several novel serum biomarkers have been investigated recently. Taken individually, the evidence for each of these seems provisionally promising though currently weak overall. It is likely that a multibiomarker panel will be recommended in the future, with the optimal combination yet to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil McGlinchey
- Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Agamemnon Street, Glasgow, UK
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