151
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Hsieh KH. Evaluation of efficacy of traditional Chinese medicines in the treatment of childhood bronchial asthma: clinical trial, immunological tests and animal study. Taiwan Asthma Study Group. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 1996; 7:130-40. [PMID: 9116877 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.1996.tb00120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) have been used to treat bronchial asthma for several centuries and a certain degree of clinical benefit has been observed; however, scientific substantiation is lacking. A multicenter, double-blind and placebo-controlled study was therefore conducted to evaluate the clinical efficacy in terms of symptom score, medication score, morning and evening PEFRs, and changes of immunoregulatory function, such as distribution of lymphocyte subsets and in vivo and in vitro production of lymphokines (IFN-gamma and IL-4) and inflammatory mediators (histamine, PGE2 and LTC4). Furthermore, the protective effect of TCM on the late asthmatic reaction (LAR) was evaluated by using asthmatic guinea pigs. Three hundred and three asthmatic children were classified by Chinese doctors, according to a standardized questionnaire designed on the basis of basic logic of Chinese medicine, into three groups of specific constitution (group A, B and C). Group A consisted of 32 herb A-treated patients and 34 placebo-treated; group B, 74 herb B-treated and 64 placebo-treated; and group C, 55 herb C-treated and 44 placebo-treated. The study period was six months. The results were: 1) Both treatment group and placebo group showed an improvement in all clinical parameters, thus demonstrating a placebo effect. However, the improvement was usually greater in the former than the latter, although only the difference in PEFR was significant; 2) Herb A could increase total T cell and decrease B cell; 3) Herb A and B enhanced production of PGE2 but not LTC4, IFN-gamma and IL-4; 4) There was a general tendency for in vivo and in vitro production of histamine to decrease at the end of study in both treatment group and placebo group; however, the decrease was significantly greater in the former than the latter; 5) In asthmatic guinea pigs, 10-day's pretreatment with Chinese herbs could reverse the decrease of sGaw, suppress eosinophilia in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), prevent the eosinophil infiltration of airways, increase PGE2 production and decrease LTC4 production in serum and BALF. Thus, traditional Chinese medicines did show a certain degree of clinical efficacy. The decreased production of histamine and LTC4, increased production of PGE2 that were found in both asthmatic children and asthmatic guinea pigs, and prevention of occurrence of LAR by suppressing eosinophil infiltration of airways and preserving airway conductance that were observed in asthmatic guinea pigs after allergen challenge might be used to account partly for the effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Hsieh
- Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Chang Gung Medical College, Taiwan, Republic of China
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152
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153
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154
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Ponath PD, Qin S, Post TW, Wang J, Wu L, Gerard NP, Newman W, Gerard C, Mackay CR. Molecular cloning and characterization of a human eotaxin receptor expressed selectively on eosinophils. J Exp Med 1996; 183:2437-48. [PMID: 8676064 PMCID: PMC2192612 DOI: 10.1084/jem.183.6.2437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 474] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemokine eotaxin is unusual in that it appears to be a highly specific chemoattractant for eosinophils. Ligand-binding studies with radiolabeled eotaxin demonstrated a receptor on eosinophils distinct from the known chemokine receptors CKR-1 and -2. The distinct eotaxin binding site on human eosinophils also bound RANTES (regulated on activation T expressed and secreted) and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)3. We have now isolated a cDNA from eosinophils, termed CKR-3, with significant sequence similarity to other well characterized chemokine receptors. Cells transfected with CKR-3 cDNA bound radiolabeled eotaxin specifically and with high affinity, comparable to the binding affinity observed with eosinophils. This receptor also bound RANTES and MCP-3 with high affinity, but not other CC or CXC chemokines. Furthermore, receptor transfectants generated in a murine B cell lymphoma cell line migrated in transwell chemotaxis assays to eotaxin, RANTES, and MCP-3, but not to any other chemokines. A monoclonal antibody recognizing CKR-3 was used to show that eosinophils, but not other leukocyte types, expressed this receptor. This pattern of expression was confirmed by Northern blot with RNA from highly purified leukocyte subsets. The restricted expression of CKR-3 on eosinophils and the fidelity of eotaxin binding to CKR-3, provides a potential mechanism for the selective recruitment and migration of eosinophils within tissues.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Base Sequence
- Chemokine CCL11
- Chemokine CCL4
- Chemokine CCL5/pharmacology
- Chemokine CCL7
- Chemokines, CC
- Chemotactic Factors, Eosinophil/metabolism
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte
- Cloning, Molecular
- Conserved Sequence
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Cytokines/pharmacology
- DNA Primers
- Eosinophils/immunology
- Humans
- Lymphoma, B-Cell
- Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Monocyte Chemoattractant Proteins/pharmacology
- Monokines/pharmacology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, CCR3
- Receptors, Chemokine
- Receptors, Cytokine/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cytokine/chemistry
- Receptors, Cytokine/physiology
- Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Ponath
- LeukoSite, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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155
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kita
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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156
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El-Shazly AE, Masuyama K, Eura M, Ishikawa T. Immunoregulatory effect of substance P in human eosinophil migratory function. Immunol Invest 1996; 25:191-201. [PMID: 9157054 DOI: 10.3109/08820139609059302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Substance P (SP) is a tachykinin involved in the regulation of inflammatory processes. To investigate a modulatory role of the neuropeptide SP in allergic inflammation, we studied its priming effect on human eosinophil chemotaxis and kinetic responses towards platelet activating factor (PAF) and recombinant human interleukin 5 (rhIL-5). Blood was obtained from normal subjects and eosinophils were separated by Percoll discontinuous density gradient centrifugation. High purification was obtained by negative selection procedure (CD16-beads) and the experiments were performed in a 48-well microchemotaxis Boyden chamber. In the present study we demonstrate a potent synergistic effect of 1OOnM dose of SP on the migratory function of human eosinophils stimulated by PAF and rhIL- 5. This synergism was chemotaxis specific and was abolished by NK-1 receptor antagonist (FK888). The results suggest that neurogenic stimuli may play a significant role in eosinophil infiltration via its priming effect on the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E El-Shazly
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medicine, Kumamoto University, Japan
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157
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FUSHIMI M, TOKURA Y, SACHI Y, HASHIZUME H, SUDO H, WAKITA H, FURUKAWA F, TAKIGAWA M. Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis effectively treated with recombinant interferon-γ: suppression of mRNA expression of interleukin 5 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Br J Dermatol 1996. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1996.tb06988.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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158
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Niwa A, Miyazato T. Enhancement of intestinal eosinophilia during Hymenolepis nana infection in mice. J Helminthol 1996; 70:33-41. [PMID: 8960197 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x00015108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The ability of Hymenolepis nana oncosphere extract to induce eosinophil chemotactic response was examined in vitro and in vivo. The extract showed a chemotactic activity specific for eosinophils but not for neutrophils. Partially purified eosinophil chemotactic factors (ECFs) from the oncosphere extract showed apparent molecular mass from 5.5 to 9.6kDa and 30 to 40kDa. These were resistant to heating and proteinase K digestion but sensitive to periodate oxidation. Peritoneal injection of the crude extract or partially purified ECFs to mice resulted in a preferential eosinophil infiltration. The chemotactic activity for eosinophils was not separable from the adhesion molecule expression or oxygen radical-inducing activity by means of chromatography or chemical treatments. Furthermore, histological examination demonstrated a marked tissue eosinophilia around H. nana larvae in the intestinal lamina propria of both humoral and cell-mediated immunodeficiency mice. The present findings suggest that H. nana oncosphere-derived molecules facilitate in vivo the intestinal eosinophilia during the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Niwa
- Department of Parasitology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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159
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Ponath PD, Qin S, Ringler DJ, Clark-Lewis I, Wang J, Kassam N, Smith H, Shi X, Gonzalo JA, Newman W, Gutierrez-Ramos JC, Mackay CR. Cloning of the human eosinophil chemoattractant, eotaxin. Expression, receptor binding, and functional properties suggest a mechanism for the selective recruitment of eosinophils. J Clin Invest 1996; 97:604-12. [PMID: 8609214 PMCID: PMC507095 DOI: 10.1172/jci118456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 540] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The CC chemokine eotaxin, identified in guinea pigs and also recently in mice, may be a key element for the selective recruitment of eosinophils to certain inflamed tissues. Using a partial mouse eotaxin CDNA probe, the human eotaxin gene was cloned and found to be 61.8 and 63.2% identical at the amino acid level to guinea pig and mouse eotaxin. Human eotaxin protein was a strong and specific eosinophil chemoattractant in vitro and was an effective eosinophil chemoattractant when injected into the skin of a rhesus monkey. Radiolabeled eotaxin was used to identify a high affinity receptor on eosinophils (0.52 nM Kd), expressed at 4.8 x 10(4) sites per cell. This receptor also bound RANTES and monocyte chemotactic protein-3 with lower affinity, but not macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha. Eotaxin could desensitize calcium responses of eosinophils to RANTES and monocyte chemotactic protein-3, although RANTES was able to only partially desensitize eosinophil calcium responses to eotaxin. Immunohistochemistry on human nasal polyp with antieotaxin mAbs showed that certain leukocytes as well as respiratory epithelium were intensely immunoreactive, and eosinophil infiltration occurred at sites of eotaxin upregulation. Thus eotaxin in humans is a potent and selective eosinophil chemoattractant that is expressed by a variety cell types in certain inflammatory conditions.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Base Sequence
- Binding, Competitive
- Calcium/metabolism
- Chemokine CCL11
- Chemokine CCL5/metabolism
- Chemokine CCL7
- Chemokines, CC
- Chemotactic Factors, Eosinophil/genetics
- Chemotactic Factors, Eosinophil/immunology
- Chemotactic Factors, Eosinophil/metabolism
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Eosinophils/physiology
- Humans
- Macaca mulatta
- Male
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Monocyte Chemoattractant Proteins/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, CCR3
- Receptors, Chemokine
- Receptors, Cytokine/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Ponath
- LeukoSite, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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160
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Silver R, Silverman AJ, Vitković L, Lederhendler II. Mast cells in the brain: evidence and functional significance. Trends Neurosci 1996; 19:25-31. [PMID: 8787137 DOI: 10.1016/0166-2236(96)81863-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
For the past two decades the brain has been considered to be an immune-privileged site that excludes circulating cells from the parenchyma. New evidence indicates that some hematocytes reside in the brain, while others traffic through it. Mast cells belong to both of these functional types. Moreover, the appearance of mast cells in the CNS can be triggered behaviorally. After a brief period of courtship, for example, there is a marked increase in mast cells in the medial habenula of sexually active doves compared with controls. Exposure to gonadal steroids that occur endogenously or that are administered exogenously increases both the number of mast cells and their state of activation in the brain. These results show that hematopoietic cells can provide targeted delivery of neuromodulators to specific regions of the brain, thereby influencing neural-endocrine interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Silver
- Psychology Dept, Barnard College and Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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161
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162
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163
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Kaneko T, Alvarez R, Ueki IF, Nadel JA. Elevated intracellular cyclic AMP inhibits chemotaxis in human eosinophils. Cell Signal 1995; 7:527-34. [PMID: 8562314 DOI: 10.1016/0898-6568(95)00023-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Elevated intracellular cyclic AMP is associated with the inhibition of many inflammatory cellular responses. In this study, we examined the effect of cyclic AMP on eosinophil chemotaxis. Eosinophils were isolated from healthy human volunteers using an immunomagnetic method. Eosinophils were treated with agents that elevate intracellular cyclic AMP and evaluated for chemotactic responses to platelet-activating factor (PAF; 10(-6) M) and to complement factor 5a (C5a; 10(-8) M) in microchemotaxis chambers. Forskolin, prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), and a phosphodiesterase (PDE) IV-selective inhibitor inhibited eosinophil chemotactic responses. The mean per cent inhibition of eosinophil chemotaxis in response to PAF by forskolin, PGE1, and the PDE IV-selective inhibitor (10(-5) M) was 16.8 +/- 5.3, 26.6 +/- 9.5, and 35.1 +/- 6.1%, respectively (n = 5). The corresponding values for C5a were 17.5 +/- 7.9, 20.8 +/- 10.7, and 39.5 +/- 5.0%. An exogenous cyclic AMP analogue (dibutyryl cyclic AMP, 10(-3) M) also inhibited eosinophil chemotaxis by 69.4 +/- 12.8 and 66.9 +/- 11.6% in response to PAF and C5a, respectively (n = 5). We conclude that elevated intracellular cyclic AMP inhibits eosinophil chemotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kaneko
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco 94143-0130, USA
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164
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Schwenk U, Schröder JM. 5-Oxo-eicosanoids are potent eosinophil chemotactic factors. Functional characterization and structural requirements. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:15029-36. [PMID: 7797484 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.25.15029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human eosinophils produce upon treatment with 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid or (5S,15S)-dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid a potent eosinophil-chemotactic eicosanoid, 5-oxo-15-hydroxy-(6E,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoi c acid (5-oxo-15-HETE). 5-Oxo-15-HETE induces human eosinophil (Eo) chemotaxis at nanomolar concentrations with an efficacy in vitro comparable to that seen for platelet activating factor. Comparison of Eo chemotactic activities of several structurally related eicosanoids with different substituents and/or double bound geometry led to the conclusion that maximal potency and efficacy of eosinophil-chemotactic and chemokinetic activity is present in 5-oxo-(6E,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE). The presence of a hydroxyl group at position C-15 is not necessary for potent chemotactic activity, whereas a geometric isomer having trans instead of cis double bond at C-atom 8, as well as esterified 5-oxo-ETE usually show a 5-10-fold lower potency. 5-Oxo-eicosanoids elicit a dose-dependent transient rise of intracellular Ca2+ levels in human Eos, however, in contrast to some other Eo chemotaxins do not induce degranulation. Cross-desensitization of Ca2+ mobilization and Eo chemotaxis revealed that the geometric isomers of 5-oxo-eicosanoids, 5(S)-HETE, and (5S,15S)-di-HETE cross-deactivate Eo responses to each other, whereas other, unrelated stimuli did not interfere with these lipids indicating that 5-oxo-eicosanoids activate Eos via a separate receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Schwenk
- Department of Dermatology, Klinische Forschergruppe, University of Kiel, Germany
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165
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Daffern PJ, Pfeifer PH, Ember JA, Hugli TE. C3a is a chemotaxin for human eosinophils but not for neutrophils. I. C3a stimulation of neutrophils is secondary to eosinophil activation. J Exp Med 1995; 181:2119-27. [PMID: 7760001 PMCID: PMC2192052 DOI: 10.1084/jem.181.6.2119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory action of the potent chemotaxin C5a has been well characterized on a variety of human cell types, including neutrophils, monocytes, basophils, and eosinophils. The cellular effects of C3a are less well defined. Contradictory reports have been published for C3a activation of neutrophils. Recent reports that C3a activates both basophils and eosinophils prompted us to reinvestigate the effects of C3a stimulation on eosinophils. We hypothesized that C3a activation of eosinophils, cells that are present in most neutrophil preparations, might lead to neutrophil activation. Using neutrophils of 98% purity, we observed no evidence of cellular activation after stimulation with either C3a, recombinant human C3a (rhC3a), or the synthetic C3a analogue C3a 57-77, Y57. Eosinophils purified to > 98% purity displayed concentration-dependent polarization, chemotaxis, and enzyme release by stimulation with C3a, rhC3a, and the synthetic C3a analogue. An inactive form of C3a, C3adesArg, failed to stimulate either eosinophils or neutrophils. Using neutrophil preparations containing 5-9% eosinophils, up to 20% of neutrophils became polarized after exposure to C3a. Likewise, we demonstrated that supernatant from C3a-stimulated eosinophils promotes neutrophil chemotaxis. Eosinophil polarization experiments were repeated in the presence of antibody to the C5a receptor (C5aR) to show that C3a and C5a interact with different receptors. C3a activates eosinophils in the presence of anti-C5aR antibody at concentrations that fully block C5a activation. We conclude that eosinophils are directly activated by either C3a or C5a, whereas C3a failed to activate neutrophils. C3a acts on eosinophils via a receptor that is distinct from C5aR. Since neutrophils are indirectly stimulated by C3a, eosinophils contaminating neutrophil preparations may explain earlier reports that C3a activates human neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Daffern
- Department of Immunology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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166
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Bignold LP. The eosinophil leukocyte: controversies of recruitment and function. EXPERIENTIA 1995; 51:317-27. [PMID: 7729496 DOI: 10.1007/bf01928887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophil leukocytes have been studied for over 100 years, with various theories being advanced of the mechanism of their recruitment and function, especially in relation to the lesions of allergy, asthma and parasitism. Early notions of recruitment and function depended on observations of the cells in inflammatory lesions, while later theories have used additional information from in vitro studies. Many issues are still unresolved. This review aims to cover the older and more recent literature of the mechanisms of accumulation of eosinophil leukocytes and their functions, with a view to illuminating the controversies and difficulties of research in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Bignold
- Department of Pathology, University of Adelaide, Australia
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167
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Silberstein
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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168
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McFadden RG, Bishop MA, Caveney AN, Fraher LJ. Effect of platelet activating factor (PAF) on the migration of human lymphocytes. Thorax 1995; 50:265-9. [PMID: 7660340 PMCID: PMC1021190 DOI: 10.1136/thx.50.3.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence to suggest the importance of the lymphocyte in the pathogenesis of asthma, particularly in the late phase reactions and ongoing bronchial hyperreactivity. Platelet activating factor (PAF) has also been identified as a potentially important mediator in asthma. METHODS The migration of human peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from normal volunteers in response to PAF and the effect of PAF antagonists was studied in a well standardised in vitro assay using nitrocellulose micropore filters in a microchemotaxis chamber. RESULTS PAF is a potent stimulus to in vitro human lymphocyte migration; at an optimal concentration of 1 nM it augmented lymphocyte chemokinesis to 310% (SE 33%) of control values. The response to PAF appears to be specific since lyso-PAF and other related membrane phospholipids had no effect. PAF-induced migration could be abrogated by specific PAF receptor antagonists such as WEB 2086 (100 nM), and was partially blocked by the cyclooxygenase inhibitor flurbiprofen at a concentration of 1 microM. CONCLUSIONS PAF stimulates the in vitro migration of human lymphocytes through a specific PAF receptor. Part of the response may be due to the generation of cyclooxygenase products. PAF may play a part in the recruitment of lymphocytes to asthmatic airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G McFadden
- Lawson Research Institute of St. Joseph's Health Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
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169
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Hirashima Y, Endo S, Hayashi N, Karasawa K, Nojima S, Takaku A. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) and the formation of chronic subdural haematoma. Measurement of plasma PAF levels and anti-PAF immunoglobulin titers. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1995; 137:15-8. [PMID: 8748861 DOI: 10.1007/bf02188773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In order to estimate the contribution of platelet-activating factor (PAF) to the formation of chronic subdural haematomas (CSH), we measured plasma PAF and anti-PAF antibody levels in head-injured patients with and without CSH and normal volunteers. Plasma PAF and anti-PAF IgG levels were higher in patients with CSH than in patients without CSH or in normal volunteers. Furthermore, plasma PAF and anti-PAF IgG levels increased in a time-dependent manner over the first 35 days following head injury. These data suggest that PAF may be involved in the generation of CSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hirashima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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170
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Broide DH. Alpha 4 integrin-induced cytokine production and eosinophil function. SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1995; 16:405-15. [PMID: 7570291 DOI: 10.1007/bf00196096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D H Broide
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego 92103, USA
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171
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Yamaya H, Basaki Y, Togawa M, Kojima M, Kiniwa M, Matsuura N. Down-regulation of Th2 cell-mediated murine peritoneal eosinophilia by antiallergic agents. Life Sci 1995; 56:1647-54. [PMID: 7723593 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(95)00132-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Local eosinophilia has been linked to the pathogenesis of the inflammatory aspect of allergic diseases. The present study found that co-injection of D10G4.1 (D10) cells, a murine Th2 clone, with conalbumin (CA) into the peritoneal cavity of AKR/J mice increased the number of peritoneal eosinophils. The accumulation of eosinophils reached a maximum level at 24 to 48 hr and was accompanied by a marked increase in the number of neutrophils and a minor increase in the number of mononuclear cells. D10-induced peritoneal eosinophilia was suppressed by administration of either anti-IL-4 and anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibodies in an additive manner or by cyclosporin A (CsA). Interestingly, suplatast tosilate (IPD-1151T), known to be antiallergic agent capable of suppressing IgE synthesis and chemical mediator release, but not disodium cromoglycate, selectively suppressed eosinophil accumulation. Taken together with the observation that CsA and IPD-1151T suppressed IL-4 and IL-5 production by CA-stimulated D10 cells in vitro, the present results strongly suggest that agents capable of down-regulating Th2 cell cytokine production may attenuate allergic inflammation by impairing the recruitment of eosinophils that is mediated by Th2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yamaya
- Immunological Research Laboratory, Hanno Research Center, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Saitama, Japan
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172
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Giri SN, Sharma AK, Hyde DM, Wild JS. Amelioration of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis by treatment with the platelet activating factor receptor antagonist WEB 2086 in hamsters. Exp Lung Res 1995; 21:287-307. [PMID: 7539741 DOI: 10.3109/01902149509068833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic use of bleomycin, an antineoplastic drug, is complicated by the development of a dose-dependent lung toxicity leading to fibrosis. This study tested the effectiveness of a platelet activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonist, WEB 2086, against bleomycin (BLEO)-induced lung fibrosis in hamsters. The animals were assigned to four groups: (1) saline (SA) + SA, (2) WEB 2086 (WEB) + SA, (3) SA + BLEO, and (4) WEB + BLEO. Sterile isotonic saline or WEB 2086 (10 mg/kg IP) was administered daily for the duration of the study starting 2 days prior to intratracheal (IT) instillation of saline or bleomycin (2.5, 2.0, and 1.5 units/kg 5 mL-1) in three consecutive doses at weekly intervals. The animals were killed at 21 days after the last IT instillation and their lungs were processed for various studies. The lung hydroxyproline levels in SA + SA, WEB + SA, SA + BLEO, and WEB + BLEO groups were 932 +/- 31, 943 +/- 48, 1302 +/- 72, and 964 +/- 63 micrograms/lung, respectively. The lung myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and malondialdehyde equivalent, an index of lipid peroxidation, in the corresponding groups were 10 +/- 2, 8 +/- 2, 14 +/- 3, and 5 +/- 1 units/lung and 93 +/- 7, 77 +/- 5, 102 +/- 8, and 75 +/- 6 nmol/lung, respectively. The lung prolyl hydroxylase activity in the WEB + SA, SA + BLEO, and WEB + BLEO groups was 130.1 +/- 7.7, 236.2 +/- 12.8, and 138.1 +/- 7.0% of the SA + SA control group (8.3 x 10(4) dpm/lung 30 min-1), respectively. Daily treatment with WEB 2086 caused significant (p < or = .05) reductions in the BLEO-induced increases in the lung hydroxyproline content, prolyl hydroxylase and MPO activities, lipid peroxidation, and acid phosphatase activity of the BALF supernatant. Although daily treatment with WEB 2086 reduced the bleomycin-induced increases in the BALF total and neutrophil cell counts, BALF supernatant protein, and morphometric estimates of the lesions, these parameters were not significantly different from those of the SA-BLEO group. Histopathologic studies revealed that there were no lesions of alveolar consolidation and fibrosis in the lungs of WEB + BLEO group as compared with the SA + BLEO group. The results suggest that PAF is involved in the BLEO-induced lung fibrosis and that PAF-receptor antagonist may therefore be potentially useful in the attenuation of lung fibrosis caused by bleomycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Giri
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
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173
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Furukawa M, Kubo N, Yamashita T. Biochemical evidence of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in human middle ear effusions. Laryngoscope 1995; 105:188-91. [PMID: 8544602 DOI: 10.1288/00005537-199502000-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is one of the most potent biological lipid mediators. This is especially true in relation to inflammation. In order to characterize the biochemical features of otitis media with effusion, the authors characterized and determined the concentration of the PAF present in human middle ear effusions obtained from 23 patients with otitis media with effusion. Each sample of middle ear effusion was divided into two groups: serous (n = 12) and mucoid effusions (n = 11). The platelet-activating factor activity was found mainly in mucoid middle ear effusions, and the amounts of PAF were higher in mucoid type (3.55 +/- 1.19 ng/g, mean +/- standard deviation [SD]) than in the serous type (0.44 +/- 0.19 ng/g). Phospholipids obtained from the middle ear effusions contained a large amount of lyso-platelet-activating factor, the biologically inactive precursor or breakdown product of platelet-activating factor. Based on these findings, it is suggested that platelet-activating factor may play an important role as a mediator of the inflammatory responses in the pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Furukawa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
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174
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Izumi T, Kishimoto S, Takano T, Nakamura M, Miyabe Y, Nakata M, Sakanaka C, Shimizu T. Expression of human platelet-activating factor receptor gene in EoL-1 cells following butyrate-induced differentiation. Biochem J 1995; 305 ( Pt 3):829-35. [PMID: 7848283 PMCID: PMC1136334 DOI: 10.1042/bj3050829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a potent lipid mediator of allergic inflammation through its interaction with eosinophils. Expression of the PAF receptor is modulated by many agents, including those responsible for cell differentiation. We report here that differentiation of a human eosinophilic leukaemia cell line, EoL-1, by sodium n-butyrate is associated with induction of PAF receptor gene expression, as indicated by: PAF receptor mRNA accumulation; increases in the binding of [3H]WEB 2086, a PAF antagonist; analysis of cell-surface expression of PAF receptor protein using a monoclonal anti-(PAF receptor) antibody; and augmentation of PAF-induced increase in the intracellular concentration of calcium. Using cDNA cloning, the receptor expressed in EoL-1 cells was identified as 'Transcript 1', one of two transcripts which was previously reported from human genomic analysis (Mutoh, Bito, Minami, Nakamura, Honda, Izumi, Nakata, Kurachi, Terano and Shimizu (1993) FEBS Lett. 322, 129-134). The PAF-induced calcium response and phosphoinositide turnover were decreased by pertussis toxin (PTX) treatment, suggesting that these signals are coupled largely with PTX-sensitive G-protein(s) in EoL-1 cells. These systems may provide a useful experimental model with which to investigate the relationship between eosinophilic differentiation and PAF receptor induction, and the role of eosinophils in allergic responses.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Azepines/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- Butyrates/pharmacology
- Butyric Acid
- CHO Cells
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cricetinae
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Gene Expression
- Guinea Pigs
- Humans
- Hypereosinophilic Syndrome/metabolism
- Hypereosinophilic Syndrome/pathology
- Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate/biosynthesis
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Pertussis Toxin
- Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins/chemistry
- Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cell Surface
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Triazoles/metabolism
- Tritium
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Virulence Factors, Bordetella/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- T Izumi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
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175
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Wymann MP, Kernen P, Von Tscharner V, Tai PC, Spry CJ, Baggiolini M. Activation of the respiratory burst in eosinophil leucocytes--a transduction sequence decoupled from cytosolic Ca2+ rise. Eur J Clin Invest 1995; 25:25-31. [PMID: 7705383 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.1995.tb01521.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The activation of the respiratory burst by complement factor 5a (C5a), platelet-activating factor (PAF), formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP) and neutrophil-activating peptide IL-8 was explored in eosinophils from patients with the hypereosinophilic syndrome. The amplitude of the response increased with increasing concentrations of C5a and PAF, but the time for its induction was unaffected by the amount of stimulus applied. Respiratory burst activity resulting from phorbol 12-myristate, 13-acetate (PMA)-mediated activation of protein kinase C (PKC) produced longer onset times, which shortened with increasing PMA concentrations. Total inhibition of the C5a- and PMA-mediated burst could be achieved with the PKC inhibitor staurosporine at concentrations of 100 and 5nM, respectively. Calcium depletion abolished agonist-induced rises in cytosolic free calcium ([Ca2+]i) and respiratory burst activity, but not PMA-mediated NADPH-oxidase activation. While PMA reduced elevations in [Ca2+]i, it restored the burst response to agonists in Ca(2+)-depleted eosinophils. These results agree with the agonist-induced activation of the NADPH-oxidase via PKC, but suggest a parallel, Ca(2+)-, phospholipase C- and PKC-independent signal transduction pathway. Data obtained with B. pertussis toxin showed that the respiratory burst in eosinophils is blocked by ADP-ribosylation of G(i)-proteins, but that in the presence of PMA portions of the agonist response could be recovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Wymann
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
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176
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Williams TJ, Griffiths-Johnson DA, Jose PJ, Collins PD. Eosinophil chemoattractants generated in vivo. AGENTS AND ACTIONS. SUPPLEMENTS 1995; 46:1-9. [PMID: 7610979 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-7276-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The eosinophil is the predominant inflammatory cell which accumulates in the asthmatic lung. There is considerable circumstantial evidence linking these cells to lung dysfunction, but the precise cause and effect relationship is controversial. The defensive role of the eosinophil appears to be concerned largely with eliminating helminth parasites which do not normally present a constant threat. Thus, unlike the neutrophil whose defensive role against microbes is essential, the eosinophil presents a target for therapeutic intervention which is potentially applicable to long-term treatment. Several approaches to suppressing eosinophil accumulation are possible, based on the multiple steps involved in their appearance and activation in the lung (for review see [1]). One approach is to block the receptor(s) to the important endogenous eosinophil chemoattractants generated in the asthmatic lung, offering the potential for selective leukocyte-type suppression. A first step in this pursuit is the identification of such chemoattractants. This article describes recent attempts in this direction, with the long-term goal of producing chemoattractant receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Williams
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, United Kingdom
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177
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Wardlaw
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Heart & Lung Institute, London, England, United Kingdom
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178
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Das AM, Williams TJ, Lobb R, Nourshargh S. Lung eosinophilia is dependent on IL-5 and the adhesion molecules CD18 and VLA-4, in a guinea-pig model. Immunology 1995; 84:41-6. [PMID: 7534262 PMCID: PMC1415177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood and tissue-eosinophilia is a characteristic feature of a number of disease states. In experimental animals, the intravenous injection of parasitic larvae induces a profound eosinophilia that can be mimicked by the intravenous injection of Sephadex particles. In the present study, this procedure was used to investigate the mechanisms involved in the development of lung eosinophilia in a guinea-pig model. Intravenous administration of Sephadex particles to guinea-pigs resulted in a significant increase in the influx of eosinophils in the airways and in lung tissue eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) activity (at t = 24 hr). An anti-interleukin-5 (IL-5) monoclonal antibody (mAb) totally inhibited the eosinophilia in the airways and significantly reduced the lung tissue EPO activity. The concomitant accumulation of neutrophils and mononuclear cells, however, was not affected by this treatment. Monoclonal antibodies to VLA-4 and CD18 caused 58% and 62% suppression of eosinophilia in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), respectively, whilst having no effect on lung tissue EPO activity. Co-administration of the two mAb resulted in total inhibition of eosinophil accumulation into BAL and significant suppression of lung tissue EPO activity (55% inhibition). This procedure also resulted in 72% inhibition of mononuclear cell influx and 68% inhibition of neutrophil influx in the BAL, the latter effect being entirely due to the actions of the anti-CD18 mAb. The results of this study indicate for the first time a requirement for IL-5 in the development of lung eosinophilia in this model. Further, it is clear that both the molecules VLA-4 and CD18 contribute to the development of this response and that maximal inhibition of lung eosinophilia is achieved only when the two adhesion pathways are simultaneously blocked.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Das
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, National Heart & Lung Institute, London, UK
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179
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Summers JB, Albert DH. Platelet activating factor antagonists. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 1995; 32:67-168. [PMID: 7748804 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)61012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J B Summers
- Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064, USA
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180
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Abstract
Considerable progress has been made in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in eosinophil and basophil migration into sites of allergic inflammation. It is clearly a staged process, each stage offering a level of control over the cell specificity and degree of migration. On the basis of current evidence, the various receptors and mediators involved are summarized in Table 4. Once in the tissues, eosinophils may persist for several days or weeks, surviving under the influence of locally generated cytokines, and this persistence may also partly explain the selective tissue accumulation of eosinophils and basophils. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in leukocyte migration may lead to the discovery of selective and effective antagonists to treat allergic disease by preventing cell migration. Results in a number of animal models already suggest that this approach may be successful. The development of drugs that can be tested in the clinic is awaited with much interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Wardlaw
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Leicester University School of Medicine, Glenfield Hospital, UK
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181
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Coëffier E, Joseph D, Vargaftig BB. Role of interleukin-5 in enhanced migration of eosinophils from airways of immunized guinea-pigs. Br J Pharmacol 1994; 113:749-56. [PMID: 7858864 PMCID: PMC1510407 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1994.tb17057.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Platelet activating factor (PAF), leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and interleukin-5 (IL-5) are potent chemoattractants for guinea-pig eosinophils, which may be involved in eosinophil recruitment and up-regulation in allergic diseases. Eosinophils from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of ovalbumin-sensitized guinea-pigs were collected 24 h after antigen provocation and migration induced by PAF, LTB4 and rhIL-5 was studied. 2. Total BALF content and distribution of eosinophils were greater in immunized, ovalbumin-challenged guinea-pigs (5.0 +/- 0.8 x 10(6)/guinea-pig; 12 +/- 1%) than in immunized, saline-challenged animals (3.0 +/- 0.7 x 10(6)/guinea-pig; 7 +/- 1%). 3. The chemoattraction of eosinophils isolated on a metrizamide gradient was studied in micro-Boyden chambers, results being expressed as the number of migrating cells (mean +/- s.e. mean). PAF and LTB4-induced migration of eosinophils from immunized and OA-challenged guinea-pigs were significantly enhanced, as compared to immunized and saline-challenged animals (170 +/- 36 vs 35 +/- 9 migrating eosinophils for 10 nM PAF; 271 +/- 60 vs 110 +/- 19 for 1 nM LTB4). 4. The IL-5 antibody TRFK-5, in vivo, reduced eosinophil recruitment in BALF of antigen-challenged immunized animals as well as the enhanced responsiveness of eosinophils from the challenged animals, suggesting a role for IL-5 in the priming of eosinophils in vivo. 5. In contrast to TRFK-5, nedocromil sodium reduced to a similar extent eosinophil, macrophage and lymphocyte recruitment into the BALF of antigen-challenged, but failed to down-regulate the enhanced responsiveness of eosinophils from the challenged animals. 6. The increased eosinophil content in lungs from antigen-challenged guinea-pigs is thus selectively reduced by the anti-IL-5 antibody, which also attenuates the concomitant enhancement of the eosinophil responsiveness, supporting the concept that IL-5 is essential for recruitment and priming of eosinophils in vivo. In contrast, nedocromil sodium reduced non-selectively the total cell recruitment to the airways,but failed to attenuate the enhanced responsiveness of those eosinophils which migrated, indicating that its effects involve a different target.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Coëffier
- Unité de Pharmacologie Cellulaire, Unité Associée Institut Pasteur-INSERM no. 285, Paris, France
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182
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Nieminen MM, Henson PM, Irvin CG. Bimodal effect of platelet-activating factor (PAF) on airways responsiveness in the rabbit. Exp Lung Res 1994; 20:559-77. [PMID: 7882906 DOI: 10.3109/01902149409031737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The role of platelet-activating factor (PAF) to increase airways responsiveness is unclear. Since PAF has unusual dose-response characteristics in vitro, this study investigated the effects of different doses or concentrations of PAF given by intravenous and aerosol administration in anesthetized rabbits. Aerosol PAF caused a dose-dependent decrease in SGL. Intravenous administration of PAF was associated with thrombocytopenia and neutropenia, whereas aerosol administration of PAF did not alter the numbers of circulatory cells. With either administration, no inflammatory cells were recovered by lavage nor was there evidence of a gross inflammatory process within the lung. Furthermore, there was no evidence of a late asthmatic response. Intravenous PAF caused a bimodal change in airways responsiveness with a significant increase in the effective concentration causing 50% of the maximal change in SGL (EC50SGL) at low doses (0.06-06 micrograms/kg h-1) and a significant decrease in EC50SGL (an increase in responsiveness) at higher doses (1.2-2.4 micrograms/kg/h-1). Aerosol PAF decreased EC50SGL significantly at the higher doses (100-250 micrograms). These changes in EC50SGL, after both administrations, were still apparent at 3 1/2 and 4 h. In conclusion PAF has a dose-dependent, biphasic, and persistent effect on airways responsiveness, which may be independent of circulating inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Nieminen
- National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver
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183
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhang
- Immunopharmacology Group, University Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, UK
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184
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Sanz MJ, Weg VB, Walsh DT, Williams TJ, Nourshargh S. Differential effects of the PAF receptor antagonist UK-74,505 on neutrophil and eosinophil accumulation in guinea-pig skin. Br J Pharmacol 1994; 113:513-21. [PMID: 7834203 PMCID: PMC1510109 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1994.tb17019.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The effect of the dihydropyridine, platelet activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonist, UK-74,505, on leucocyte accumulation and oedema formation in guinea-pig skin was investigated. The inflammatory reactions studied were elicited by exogenous mediators, a passive cutaneous anaphylactic (PCA) reaction and zymosan particles. 2. Leucocyte accumulation and oedema formation were measured as the local accumulation of i.v. administered 111In-labelled neutrophils or eosinophils together with 125I-labelled albumin. UK-74,505 was either administered i.v. or used to pretreat the radiolabelled leucocytes in vitro prior to their last wash and injection into recipient animals. 3. In vitro, UK-74,505 inhibited PAF-induced elevations in cytoplasmic levels of Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) in fura-2-loaded guinea-pig neutrophils and eosinophils with IC50 values of 10(-9) M and 7 x 10(-9) M respectively. Neutrophils and eosinophils pretreated with 10(-7) M and 10(-6) M UK-74,505 respectively, and maintained at 37 degrees C, were unresponsive to PAF for the 4 h period investigated. 4. In vivo, using 2 h test periods, i.v. UK-74,505 (0.5 and 2.5 mg kg-1) inhibited the accumulation of 111In-neutrophils, 111In-eosinophils and oedema formation induced by intradermal PAF, but had no effect on responses elicited by leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and zymosan-activated plasma (ZAP, used as a source of C5a des Arg). UK-74,505 (2.5 mg kg-1) was also without an effect on response induced by a PCA reaction but significantly suppressed the 111In-eosinophil accumulation following the intradermal administration of zymosan particles. The 111In-neutrophil accumulation induced by zymosan particles was not, however, affected by UK-74,505. 5. In a second series of in vivo experiments, "'In-leucocytes were pretreated in vitro with UK-74,505 prior to their last wash and injection into recipient animals. Radiolabelled neutrophils, and eosinophils were pretreated with 10-7 M and 10-6 M UK-74,505 respectively, concentrations previously shown to block the leucocyte responses to PAF in vitro for up to 4 h. The in vitro pretreatment of the cells with the PAF antagonist, whilst not affecting the responses to intradermally-injected PAF, suppressed the"'In-eosinophil accumulation response induced by zymosan particles.6. The results of this study indicate that PAF is not involved in neutrophil accumulation, eosinophil accumulation and oedema formation induced by LTB4, ZAP and a PCA reaction. Endogenous PAF does, however, appear to have a role in zymosan-induced eosinophil accumulation but not neutrophil accumulation, suggesting the existence of different inflammatory pathways in the induction of neutrophil and eosinophil accumulation in vivo. Furthermore, while leucocyte accumulation induced by exogenous PAF does not appear to involve leucocyte PAF receptors, the mechanism by which endogenous PAF mediates the zymosan-induced eosinophil accumulation appears dependent on the expression of PAF receptors on eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Sanz
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, National Heart & Lung Institute, London
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185
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Pettipher ER, Salter ED, Showell HJ. Effect of in vivo desensitization to leukotriene B4 on eosinophil infiltration in response to C5a in guinea-pig skin. Br J Pharmacol 1994; 113:117-20. [PMID: 7812600 PMCID: PMC1510040 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1994.tb16182.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The effect of in vivo desensitization to leukotriene B4 (LTB4) on eosinophil infiltration in response to recombinant C5a was examined in guinea-pig skin. 2. LTB4 (10-300 ng) and C5a (1-10 micrograms) caused a dose-dependent increase in the levels of eosinophil peroxidase activity (a measure of eosinophil infiltration) 4 h after injection into guinea-pig skin. Leukotriene B4 and C5a were approximately equipotent on a molar basis. Platelet activating factor (0.01-10 micrograms) also caused eosinophil accumulation but was much less active than LTB4 or C5a. 3. 20-Hydroxy-LTB4 caused a dose-dependent desensitization of eosinophil responses to LTB4 (ED50 = 1.6 micrograms kg-1, s.c.) and partially reduced responses to C5a. At a dose of 20-hydroxy-LTB4 (10 micrograms) which inhibited responses to LTB4 completely, responses to C5a were reduced by 56.5 +/- 1.8% (n = 5). The structurally related metabolite of 20-hydroxy-LTB4, 20-carboxy-LTB4, which does not cause desensitization to the effects of LTB4, did not inhibit eosinophil infiltration in response to C5a. 4. The LTB4 receptor antagonist, SC-41,930 (10 mg kg-1, p.o.), also inhibited eosinophil accumulation in response to C5a by 63.0 +/- 3.9% (n = 5) at a dose which inhibited responses to LTB4 by 86.5 +/- 1.9% (n = 5). 5. These data indicate that eosinophil infiltration in response to C5a may, in part, be mediated by the generation of secondary chemotactic factors such as LTB4.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Pettipher
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340
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186
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Weg VB, Watson ML, Faccioli LH, Williams TJ. Investigation of the endogenous chemoattractants involved in 111In-eosinophil accumulation in passive cutaneous anaphylactic reactions in the guinea-pig. Br J Pharmacol 1994; 113:35-42. [PMID: 7812629 PMCID: PMC1510071 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1994.tb16170.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Eosinophil accumulation and plasma extravasation are features of type I allergic responses. In an attempt to characterize the mediators of these responses, we have examined the local accumulation of 111In-eosinophils and leakage of 125I-human serum albumin (125I-HSA) during passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reactions and in response to defined inflammatory mediators in the guinea-pig. Animals were passively sensitized by intradermal injection of anti-bovine gamma globulin antibody (50 microliters, 1/50 dilution). After 20-24 h, animals were injected intravenously with 111In-eosinophils and 125I-HSA for the measurement of cell accumulation and plasma leakage, respectively. 2. When injected into sensitized sites, antigen caused a dose-related increase in the accumulation of 111In-eosinophils and plasma leakage in guinea-pig skin. Time course experiments over 24 h revealed that the maximal rate of 111In-eosinophil accumulation occurred over the first 90 min, with little accumulation at later time points. Plasma leakage was completed within the first 30 min after challenge. Responses to the mast cell degranulator, compound 48/80, exhibited very similar responses to the PCA reaction. 3. Co-injection of antigen with the PAF antagonist, WEB 2086 (10(-7) mol/site) or the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, PF 5901 (10(-7) mol/site) did not significantly alter the accumulation of 111In-eosinophils or plasma leakage, whereas these drug doses abolished responses to exogenous PAF (10(-9) mol/site) and arachidonic acid (AA, 3 x 10(-8) mol/site), respectively. The H1 receptor antagonist chlorpheniramine (2.5 x 10(-8) mol/site) did not reduce antigen-induced 111In-eosinophil accumulation. Drug combinations were also injected with antigen into sensitized sites, but were unable to reduce "'In-eosinophil accumulation.4. These results indicate that anaphylactic eosinophil accumulation in this model involves mediators other than histamine, PAF or lipoxygenase products. This is in contrast to plasma leakage in this reaction, which can be abolished by a combination of antagonists blocking these mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- V B Weg
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, National Heart & Lung Institute, London
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187
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Abstract
Eosinophils are characterized by their unique crystalloid granules that contain four basic proteins--MBP, ECP, EDN and EPO. The cell has many common features with neutrophils but, unlike that cell type, eosinophils utilize VLA-4/VCAM-1 as an adherence pathway and have a number of other receptors not shared by neutrophils. These include recognition units for IgE (distinct from CD23), and receptors for IL-5, IL-3 and RANTES. Following stimulation with a variety of agents, eosinophils preferentially elaborate LTC4 as the major 5-lipoxygenase product of arachidonic acid and produce substantial amounts of PAF. Of particular interest is the ability of eosinophils to synthesize a number of cytokines. Thus eosinophils have marked pro-inflammatory potential. There is now convincing evidence that eosinophilia is T-cell dependent. The Th2-type cell, which selectively secretes IL-5 and IL-4, seems particularly involved. IL-5, IL-3 and GM-CSF are required for eosinophil maturation, and cause activation and prolonged survival of the mature cell. IL-5 is unique in that it promotes terminal differentiation of the committed eosinophil precursor and in vivo in mice appears to be sufficient on its own for eosinophil growth from uncommited stem cells. IL-4 selectively upregulates VCAM-1 expression on endothelial cells thus augmenting VLA-4-dependent eosinophil adhesion. The role of eosinophils in disease is complex but in general their numbers are increased in helminthic parasitic disease and atopic allergy and asthma. Eosinophil products can produce many of the pathological features of asthma, and helminthic larvae coated with immunoglobulin or complement are particularly susceptible to eosinophil-mediated cytotoxicity. Eosinopenia is often related to acute inflammation or stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Wardlaw
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Leicester University Medical School, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
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188
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Montefort S, Gratziou C, Goulding D, Polosa R, Haskard DO, Howarth PH, Holgate ST, Carroll MP. Bronchial biopsy evidence for leukocyte infiltration and upregulation of leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion molecules 6 hours after local allergen challenge of sensitized asthmatic airways. J Clin Invest 1994; 93:1411-21. [PMID: 7512980 PMCID: PMC294154 DOI: 10.1172/jci117118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We have examined the mucosal changes occurring in bronchial biopsies from six atopic asthmatics 5-6 h after local endobronchial allergen challenge and compared them with biopsies from saline-challenged segments from the same subjects at the same time point. All the subjects developed localized bronchoconstriction in the allergen-challenged segment and had a decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) (P < 0.01) and a decrease in their methacholine provocative concentration of agonist required to reduce FEV1 from baseline by 20% (P < 0.05) 24 h postchallenge. At 6 h we observed an increase in neutrophils (P = 0.03), eosinophils (P = 0.025), mast cells (P = 0.03), and CD3+ lymphocytes (P = 0.025), but not in CD4+ or CD8+ lymphocyte counts. We also detected an increase in endothelial intercellular adhesion molecule type 1 (P < 0.05) and E-selectin (P < 0.005), but not vascular cell adhesion molecule type 1 expression with a correlative increase in submucosal and epithelial LFA+ leucocytes (P < 0.01). Thus, in sensitized asthmatics, local endobronchial allergen instillation leads to an increased inflammatory cell infiltrate of the airway mucosa that involves upregulation of specific adhesion molecules expressed on the microvasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Montefort
- Department of Immunopharmacology, University Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, United Kingdom
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189
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Teixeira MM, Hellewell PG. Effect of a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, ZM 230487, on cutaneous allergic inflammation in the guinea-pig. Br J Pharmacol 1994; 111:1205-11. [PMID: 8032607 PMCID: PMC1910165 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1994.tb14873.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Leukotrienes have potent biological effects in vitro and in vivo and are found in tissue and in biological fluids in various pathological conditions including allergic diseases. Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a potent stimulus for eosinophil accumulation and activation and there is much interest in determining its importance in mediating the accumulation of eosinophils at sites of allergic inflammation in vivo. In this study, we investigated the effects of a potent 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, ZM 230487, on the accumulation of eosinophils and on local oedema formation in cutaneous inflammation in the guinea-pig. 2. The i.d. injection of increasing concentrations of arachidonic acid (AA) led to a dose-dependent accumulation of 111In-eosinophils but oedema formation was only significant at the top dose of AA tested (3 x 10(-8) mol per site). Co-injection of ZM 230487 with AA inhibited 111In-eosinophil accumulation up to 99% but the small oedema response to AA was only partially inhibited. AA-induced oedema formation was only effectively inhibited when a combination of a PAF antagonist, an antihistamine and ZM 230487 was used. 3. Local administration of the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor, ibuprofen, partially inhibited AA-induced oedema formation suggesting that vasodilator prostaglandins may be released following i.d. injection of AA. AA-induced 111In-eosinophil accumulation was also partially inhibited by ibuprofen. 4. PAF-induced 111In-eosinophil accumulation was partially suppressed by local administration of ZM 230487. In contrast, LTB4-induced 111In-eosinophil accumulation was enhanced by ZM 230487. These data suggest that locally-released leukotrienes may modulate mediator-induced eosinophil accumulation. ZM 230487 had no effect on PAF- or LTB4-induced oedema formation. 5. ZM230487 significantly inhibited the accumulation of 111 In-eosinophils, but did not affect local oedema formation, in a passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction. However, the PAF antagonist WEB 2086 either alone or in combination with ZM 230487 had no effect on "'In-eosinophil accumulation or oedema formation in the PCA reaction.6. In conclusion, it appears that a product of 5-lipoxygenase, probably LTB4, is important for the accumulation of "'In-eosinophils, but not local oedema formation, in the PCA reaction in guinea-pigskin. These data support a major role for LTB4 in allergic inflammation in the guinea-pig and make this animal (and the PCA model) suitable for studying the effects of inhibitors of leukotriene synthesis or action in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Teixeira
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, London
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190
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Hirashima Y, Endo S, Kurimoto M, Tsukamoto E, Takaku A. Platelet-activating factor and antiphospholipid antibodies in subarachnoid haemorrhage. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1994; 128:144-9. [PMID: 7847132 DOI: 10.1007/bf01400665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to measure plasma platelet-activating factor (PAF) concentration, PAF-acetylhydrolase activities, anti-phospholipid antibody (aPLs) titers, and platelet function in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) and to assess the association of these variables with the development of cerebral vasospasm. Thirty-two patients with SAH due to ruptured cerebral aneurysm were studied. Plasma PAF concentration, PAF-acetylhydrolase activity, platelet count and aggregability, and plasma factor 4 (PF4) concentrations were measured regularly until approximately 2 weeks after SAH. aPLs, including lupus anticoagulant and anti-cardiolipin IgG and IgM were measured within 3 days after SAH. Plasma PAF concentration in patients with SAH showed the highest value on the occasion during 5 to 9 days after SAH. The concentrations were higher in patients with infarction due to vasospasm than in patients without cerebral infarction on any occasions after SAH. Plasma PAF-acetylhydrolase activities did not change in patients, regardless of the presence of cerebral infarction after SAH. Increased platelet consumption and aggregability and higher concentrations of PF 4 were detected in patients with cerebral infarction and not in patients without cerebral infarction. The patients with cerebral infarction due to cerebral vasospasm had aPLs more frequently than the control volunteers. Our findings indicate that increased plasma PAF and aPLs may contribute to the pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hirashima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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191
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Hirasima Y, Endo S, Kato R, Ohmori T, Nagahori T, Nishijima M, Karasawa K, Nojima S, Takaku A. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) and the development of chronic subdural haematoma. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1994; 129:20-5. [PMID: 7998491 DOI: 10.1007/bf01400868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Platelet activating factor (PAF) content and PAF-acetylhydrolase (PAFAH) activity were measured in the plasma and haematoma of 34 chronic subdural haematoma (CSH) patients. The plasma PAF level in patients with CSH was higher than that in healthy controls. Although there was no correlation between the plasma PAF levels and the interval between the onset of symptoms and the day of sampling, namely, the interval after bleeding, the haematoma PAF level gradually decreased according to the interval after the onset of symptoms. There was no difference between plasma PAFAH activity in patients with CSH and that in healthy controls, and haematoma enzyme activity gradually increased correlated with the interval between the onset of symptoms and surgery. In addition, the localization of PAF in haematoma capsules was histochemically determined. PAF was solely localized to the peri-sinusoidal vessels in the outer membrane of haematoma capsules. Based on these biochemical and histochemical studies, we speculated that PAF may play a role in the development of chronic subdural haematomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hirasima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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192
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Louis R, Bury T, Corhay JL, Radermecker MF. Potentiation of histamine release from human leucocytes by PAF. AGENTS AND ACTIONS 1994; 41:5-10. [PMID: 7521570 DOI: 10.1007/bf01986385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Studies on the effects of PAF on histamine release from human leucocytes have yielded conflicting results. We therefore investigated the effects of PAF on leucocytic histamine release (HR) focusing on direct as well as on modulating effects. Peripheral blood leucocytes of normal and atopic subjects were incubated with PAF, anti-IgE and FMP for 30 min at 37 degrees C, and histamine was measured fluorometrically. Unlike anti-IgE (1/2000) and FMP (10(-5) M) which caused histamine release (HR) of 34 +/- 7% and 31 +/- 8%, respectively, PAF by itself (10(-11)-10(-5) M) failed to induce any significant HR from human leucocytes (< 3%) in normal (n = 14) and atopic subjects (n = 6). Nevertheless, in normals as well as atopics, PAF, but not lyso-PAF, enhanced anti-IgE (1/2000) and FMP (10(-5) M)-induced HR in a concentration-related manner. Maximal potentiation of histamine release caused by FMP and anti-IgE was achieved with PAF (10(-7)) (mean +/- SEM: 26 +/- 5%, n = 5, p < 0.01) and PAF (10(-5)) (mean +/- SEM: 20 +/- 7%, n = 7, p < 0.05), respectively. This potentiation was suppressed by WEB2086 (10(-5) M), a specific PAF antagonist. The time course of the enhancing effect produced by PAF was dependent on the type of secretagogue. The enhancement was nearly maximal when PAF and FMP were added simultaneously to the leucocytes, whereas a preincubation of 20 min with PAF was required to get maximal enhancement with anti-IgE. The enhancing activity of PAF on HR induced by both anti-IgE and FMP was reversed by washing the cells after preincubation. While PAF enhancement of FMP-induced HR persisted on mononuclear cell fraction containing basophils, that of anti-IgE-induced HR was considerably reduced under these conditions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- R Louis
- Department of Pneumology C.H.U., University of Liège, Belgium
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193
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Tedeschi A, Palumbo G, Milazzo N, Miadonna A. Nasal neutrophilia and eosinophilia induced by challenge with platelet activating factor. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1994; 93:526-33. [PMID: 8120279 DOI: 10.1016/0091-6749(94)90363-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been demonstrated that in vitro platelet activating factor-acether (1-O-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine; PAF) has the capacity to attract eosinophils and neutrophils. We investigated whether the same applies when human nasal airways are stimulated with PAF. METHODS Symptom scores and cytologic changes in nasal lavage fluids were evaluated in 10 atopic and 10 nonatopic subjects after nasal challenge with PAF, its precursor and metabolite, 1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (lyso-PAF), or saline solution. RESULTS Nasal obstruction was reported by all the atopic subjects and seven of the 10 nonatopic subjects after nasal challenge with PAF; other symptoms such as rhinorrhea, itching, and sneezing were generally mild. PAF induced neutrophilia, which appeared after 30 minutes in atopic subjects and after 1 hour in nonatopic subjects, and peaked at 3 hours in both. Less neutrophilia was found 3 hours after stimulation with lyso-PAF in both groups of subjects. PAF also induced eosinophilia, which appeared after 30 minutes in atopic subjects and only after 3 hours in nonatopic subjects. An increase in eosinophil counts was observed 3 hours after lyso-PAF stimulation in atopic but not in nonatopic subjects. CONCLUSION PAF can attract neutrophils and eosinophils into human nasal airways; however, the recruitment of inflammatory cells is more rapid in atopic than in nonatopic subjects, suggesting a different degree of responsiveness to PAF challenge in the two groups of subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tedeschi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, University of Milan, Ospedale Policlinico, Italy
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194
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Rodriguez-Roisin R, Félez MA, Chung KF, Barberà JA, Wagner PD, Cobos A, Barnes PJ, Roca J. Platelet-activating factor causes ventilation-perfusion mismatch in humans. J Clin Invest 1994; 93:188-94. [PMID: 8282786 PMCID: PMC293752 DOI: 10.1172/jci116944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that platelet-activating factor (PAF), a potent inflammatory mediator, could induce gas exchange abnormalities in normal humans. To this end, the effect of aerosolized PAF (2 mg/ml solution; 24 micrograms) on ventilation-perfusion (VA/Q) relationships, hemodynamics, and resistance of the respiratory system was studied in 14 healthy, nonatopic, and nonsmoking individuals (23 +/- 1 [SEM]yr) before and at 2, 4, 6, 8, 15, and 45 min after inhalation, and compared to that of inhaled lyso-PAF in 10 other healthy individuals (24 +/- 2 yr). PAF induced, compared to lyso-PAF, immediate leukopenia (P < 0.001) followed by a rebound leukocytosis (P < 0.002), increased minute ventilation (P < 0.05) and resistance of the respiratory system (P < 0.01), and decreased systemic arterial pressure (P < 0.05). Similarly, compared to lyso-PAF, PaO2 showed a trend to fall (by 12.2 +/- 4.3 mmHg, mean +/- SEM maximum change from baseline), and arterial-alveolar O2 gradient increased (by 16.7 +/- 4.3 mmHg) (P < 0.02) after PAF, because of VA/Q mismatch: the dispersion of pulmonary blood flow and that of ventilation increased by 0.45 +/- 0.1 (P < 0.01) and 0.29 +/- 0.1 (P < 0.04), respectively. We conclude that in normal subjects, inhaled PAF results in considerable immediate VA/Q inequality and gas exchange impairment. These results reinforce the notion that PAF may play a major role as a mediator of inflammation in the human lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rodriguez-Roisin
- Servei de Pneumologia i Al.lèrgia Respiratòria, Hospital Clínic, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
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195
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Hirashima Y, Endo S, Ohmori T, Kato R, Takaku A. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) concentration and PAF acetylhydrolase activity in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 1994; 80:31-6. [PMID: 8271019 DOI: 10.3171/jns.1994.80.1.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The authors studied the sequential changes in platelet-activating factor (PAF) and PAF acetylhydrolase in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Levels of PAF in CSF showed a gradual increase after the onset of SAH, with a subsequent decrease. The PAF concentration between 5 and 9 days after SAH was greater in patients with cerebral infarction due to vasospasm than in patients without infarction. Conversely, PAF acetylhydrolase activity decreased gradually after SAH, then increased. The enzyme activity for the same period was smaller in patients with cerebral infarction than in patients without infarction. The distribution of the days of maximum PAF concentration and minimum PAF acetylhydrolase activity did not differ significantly between the two groups. The CSF as a source of PAF acetylhydrolase activity gave an apparent Michaelis constant value of 90.8 microM and a maximum velocity of 0.2 nmol/min/mg. The optimum pH level for the PAF acetylhydrolase activity obtained from CSF was 6.5. The enzyme activity of CSF increased, depending on the incubation temperature, ranging from 25 degrees to 45 degrees C. Ethylene-glycol tetra-acetic acid (1 mM) was found to inhibit PAF acetylhydrolase activity in CSF obtained from patients with SAH. Unaltered PAF acetylhydrolase activity was inhibited by adding an aliquot of CSF and minimum PAF acetylhydrolase activity decreased following SAH. Two peaks of inhibitory activity were detected on Sephacryl S-200 HR gel filtration: one was eluted in void volume and the other with an apparent molecular mass of 13 kD. The inhibitory activity was very labile and was lost completely within 3 days of incubation at 4 degrees C. The regulation of the PAF concentration in the CSF of SAH patients is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hirashima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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196
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Nourshargh S. Mechanisms of neutrophil and eosinophil accumulation in vivo. THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF RESPIRATORY DISEASE 1993; 148:S60-4. [PMID: 8256924 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm/148.6_pt_2.s60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of leukocytes into tissues is a characteristic feature of inflammatory reactions. This process is triggered by chemical signals generated in a tissue in response to an inflammatory stimulus e.g., invading microbes, other foreign organisms, allergens, or damaged tissue cells. The mechanisms involved in neutrophil and eosinophil accumulation in vivo are complex and dependent on an initial interaction between the leukocytes and the microvascular endothelial cells. This response is regulated by the coordinated expression and/or activation of leukocyte and endothelial cell adhesion molecules. The precise mechanisms that control the selective accumulation of eosinophils, as opposed to neutrophils, in certain inflammatory reactions (e.g., in IgE-mediated allergic reactions) remain unclear. This may be explained partly by the generation of eosinophil-specific inflammatory mediators and activation of selective adhesion pathways such as the VLA-4/VCAM-1 interaction. Although the neutrophil and eosinophil have distinct roles in host defense, they have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of inflammatory disorders. Thus, a better understanding of the events mediating and regulating neutrophil and eosinophil accumulation in vivo will be of considerable value in the development of therapeutic strategies for inflammatory disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nourshargh
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, National Heart & Lung Institute, London, United Kingdom
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197
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Archer CB. Platelet activating factor--a mediator of inflammation in the skin--medical implications. Clin Exp Dermatol 1993; 18:489-95. [PMID: 8252783 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.1993.tb01015.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C B Archer
- University of Bristol, Department of Dermatology, Bristol Royal Infirmary, UK
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198
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Lassalle P, Gosset P, Delneste Y, Tsicopoulos A, Capron A, Joseph M, Tonnel AB. Modulation of adhesion molecule expression on endothelial cells during the late asthmatic reaction: role of macrophage-derived tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Clin Exp Immunol 1993; 94:105-10. [PMID: 7691450 PMCID: PMC1534382 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1993.tb05985.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In a previous work we have demonstrated that in patients exhibiting a late allergic reaction (LAR), alveolar macrophages (AM) collected 18 h after bronchial allergen challenge produced high levels of IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) which is known to up-regulate the endothelial cell expression of adhesion molecules participating in the development of the inflammatory reaction in bronchial asthma. For these reasons, we evaluated the effect of AM supernatants from asthmatic patients developing an LAR on intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and endothelial leucocyte adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1) expression by human endothelial cells. The expression of adhesion molecules was assessed by an ELISA method and compared with the effect of an optimal dose of human recombinant (hr) TNF. Results showed that AM supernatants, from challenged asthmatics developing an LAR, increased significantly the ICAM-1 and ELAM-1 expression on endothelial cells to a level similar to that obtained in the presence of hrTNF (500 U/ml) (P < 0.001 in both cases, respectively 90.4% and 75.2% of the level obtained with hrTNF). In contrast, AM supernatants from asthmatics at baseline or exhibiting, after challenge, a single early reaction had no significant effect on these parameters (P = NS in both cases, respectively 23.5% and 24.7% of the ICAM-1 expression, 22.7% and 15.3% of the ELAM-1 expression obtained with hrTNF). AM-derived TNF present in these supernatants was thought to play a key role in endothelial cell stimulation, since: (i) TNF concentration in AM supernatants correlated with its effect on ICAM-1 (r = 0.80, P < 10(-4)) and ELAM-1 expression (r = 0.88, P < 10(-5)); and (ii) a neutralizing anti-TNF antibody decreased their effect (68% and 80% respectively on ICAM-1 and ELAM-1 expression). Moreover, the role of IL-6 was excluded on the basis both of the hrIL-6 inefficiency to induce ICAM-1 and ELAM-1 synthesis, even in costimulation with hrTNF, and of anti-IL-6 antibody to neutralize the effect of AM supernatants. Our results suggest that, beside mast cells and lymphocytes, macrophages might participate in the induction of the local inflammatory reaction observed in bronchial asthma. During the LAR, cytokines and especially TNF are able, through an enhanced adhesion molecule expression on endothelial cells, to facilitate the bronchial cellular influx.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lassalle
- INSERM CJF no. 90-06, Institut Pasteur, Lille, France
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199
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Hartnell A, Robinson DS, Kay AB, Wardlaw AJ. CD69 is expressed by human eosinophils activated in vivo in asthma and in vitro by cytokines. Immunol Suppl 1993; 80:281-6. [PMID: 8262555 PMCID: PMC1422202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
CD69 is an early activation marker for T cells and cross-linking of CD69 on platelets triggers aggregation and mediator release. Expression of a number of membrane receptors is induced on eosinophils after culture with certain cytokines. Therefore, we investigated whether cytokine-activated eosinophils expressed CD69. Unstimulated, peripheral blood eosinophils did not express CD69, as determined by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry (n = 15). CD69 expression was induced on eosinophils by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in a time- and dose-dependent manner. After 1 day in culture, expression was significant at concentrations of 10(-11) M and above. CD69 expression could be detected after stimulation with GM-CSF for only 1 hr, was significant after 2 hr and was sustained over 1-2 days in culture. CD69 expression was also induced by interleukin-3 (IL-3), IL-5 and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), but stimulation of eosinophils with platelet-activating factor (PAF) (10(-6) M) for up to 2 hr did not induce CD69 expression. Cycloheximide (10(-6) M) significantly inhibited GM-CSF-induced CD69 expression, suggesting a requirement for protein synthesis. However, unlike up-regulation of CR3 expression, GM-CSF-induced CD69 expression was not inhibited by dexamethasone. CD69 was present on eosinophils from the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of patients with mild asthma (5/5), suggesting that the in vitro findings may have biological relevance in vivo. Therefore, CD69 can be used as a marker of eosinophil activation by cytokines and is a candidate receptor for triggering eosinophil mediator release in the airways in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hartnell
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, U.K
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200
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Louis R, Bury T, Corhay JL, Radermecker M. No increase in plasma histamine during PAF-induced airway obstruction in allergic asthmatics. Chest 1993; 104:806-10. [PMID: 8365293 DOI: 10.1378/chest.104.3.806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the possible role of mast cell or basophil histamine release in mediating platelet-activating factor (PAF) airway obstruction, we studied the effect of inhaled PAF (30 micrograms, single dose) on plasma histamine, bronchial caliber, and leukocyte and platelet counts in six patients with mild or moderate allergic asthma (mean age, 27 +/- 1.3 years; mean FEV1, 95 +/- 5 percent of predicted; mean PC20 methacholine, 1.46 +/- 0.36 mg/ml). Specific conductance (SGaw) FEV1, FEF25-75 percent, differential leukocyte and platelet counts, and plasma histamine (radioimmunoassay) were measured before and 5, 10, 15, and 20 min after PAF inhalation. Mean basal plasma histamine level was 0.28 +/- 0.04 ng/ml. Inhalation of PAF caused a fall in SGaw peaking at 5 min (43 +/- 9 percent) and a fall in FEV1 and FEF25-75 peaking at 10 min (19 +/- 10 percent and 30 +/- 13 percent, respectively). There was also a rapid and transient fall in circulating neutrophils at 5 min (from 3,096 +/- 204/mm3 to 2,551 +/- 158/mm3, p < 0.05) followed by a rebound neutrophilia. In contrast, plasma histamine level did not change significantly at any time measured. Conversely in the same asthmatics, a rapid rise in plasma histamine level (from 0.29 +/- 0.03 ng/ml at baseline to 0.53 +/- 0.06 ng/ml at 5 min; p < 0.01) was observed after an allergenic challenge (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) causing a fall in FEV1 peaking at 10 min (22 +/- 4 percent). Thus, inhaled PAF may induce airway obstruction and neutropenia in asthmatics without any significant change of plasma histamine level. These results indicate that it is unlikely that lung mast cells or basophils degranulate during PAF-induced bronchoconstriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Louis
- Department of Pneumology C.H.U., University of Liege, Sart-Tilman, Belgium
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