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Daskalopoulou SS, Cooke AB, Gomez YH, Mutter AF, Filippaios A, Mesfum ET, Mantzoros CS. Plasma irisin levels progressively increase in response to increasing exercise workloads in young, healthy, active subjects. Eur J Endocrinol 2014; 171:343-52. [PMID: 24920292 DOI: 10.1530/eje-14-0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irisin, a recently discovered myokine, has been shown to induce browning of white adipose tissue, enhancing energy expenditure and mediating some of the beneficial effects of exercise. We aimed to estimate the time frame of changes in irisin levels after acute exercise and the effect of different exercise workloads and intensities on circulating irisin levels immediately post-exercise. METHODS In a pilot study, four healthy subjects (22.5±1.7 years) underwent maximal workload exercise (maximal oxygen consumption, VO2 max) and blood was drawn at prespecified intervals to define the time frame of pre- and post-exercise irisin changes over a 24-h period. In the main study, 35 healthy, non-smoking (23.0±3.3 years) men and women (n=20/15) underwent three exercise protocols ≥48-h apart, in random order: i) maximal workload (VO2 max); ii) relative workload (70% of VO2 max/10 min); and iii) absolute workload (75 W/10 min). Blood was drawn immediately pre-exercise and 3 min post-exercise. RESULTS In the pilot study, irisin levels increased by 35% 3 min post-exercise, then dropped and remained relatively constant. In the main study, irisin levels post-exercise were significantly higher than those of pre-exercise after all workloads (all, P<0.001). Post-to-pre-exercise differences in irisin levels were significantly different between workloads (P=0.001), with the greatest increase by 34% following maximal workload (P=0.004 vs relative and absolute). CONCLUSIONS Circulating irisin levels were acutely elevated in response to exercise, with a greater increase after maximal workload. These findings suggest that irisin release could be a function of muscle energy demand. Future studies need to determine the underlying mechanisms of irisin release and explore irisin's therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella S Daskalopoulou
- Division of Experimental MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaDivision of Internal MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaEndocrinology SectionVA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USADivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USADivision of Experimental MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaDivision of Internal MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaEndocrinology SectionVA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USADivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexandra B Cooke
- Division of Experimental MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaDivision of Internal MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaEndocrinology SectionVA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USADivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yessica-Haydee Gomez
- Division of Experimental MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaDivision of Internal MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaEndocrinology SectionVA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USADivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew F Mutter
- Division of Experimental MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaDivision of Internal MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaEndocrinology SectionVA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USADivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andreas Filippaios
- Division of Experimental MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaDivision of Internal MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaEndocrinology SectionVA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USADivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ertirea T Mesfum
- Division of Experimental MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaDivision of Internal MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaEndocrinology SectionVA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USADivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Experimental MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaDivision of Internal MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaEndocrinology SectionVA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USADivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USADivision of Experimental MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaDivision of Internal MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaEndocrinology SectionVA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USADivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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152
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Pfeifer A, Hoffmann LS. Brown, beige, and white: the new color code of fat and its pharmacological implications. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 55:207-27. [PMID: 25149919 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010814-124346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) was previously regarded as a special type of fat relevant only for defending hibernating animals and newborns against a cold environment. Recently, BAT has received considerable attention following its (re)discovery in humans. Using glucose tracers, multiple laboratories independently found metabolically active BAT in adults. The enormous metabolic powers of BAT in animal models could make it an attractive target for antiobesity therapies in humans. Here, we review the present knowledge on the role of BAT in energy homeostasis and metabolism, focusing on signaling pathways and potential targets for novel therapeutics. We also shine light on ongoing debates, including those about the true color of brown fat in adults, as well as on the requirements for translation of basic research on BAT into clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pfeifer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Biomedical Center, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany;
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153
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Abstract
The discovery of irisin as an exercise-regulated myokine inducing browning of WAT has gained interest as a potential new strategy to combat obesity and its associated disorders, such as type 2 diabetes. However, there are inconsistencies regarding the relevance of irisin in humans. The regulation of FNDC5 mRNA expression by exercise and contraction could not be reproduced by a number of human studies using several exercise protocols and in vitro approaches. Furthermore, the nature of FNDC5 fragments and the presence of irisin in humans are questionable and probably contribute to conflicting data obtained with commercially available ELISA kits. Most importantly, the information regarding the concentration of circulating irisin in humans is not clear, as different studies using different kits measure irisin levels in a wide range. Data about the role of irisin in states of human obesity and metabolic diseases are conflicting and, in some cases, changes in irisin levels have been observed; they were only moderate in 10-20%. Independent of the presence and regulation of FNDC5/irisin in humans, the application of recombinant irisin could still represent a therapeutic strategy to fight obesity. However, the current data obtained from human cell models reveal that FNDC5/irisin has no effect on browning of the major WAT depots in humans and is likely to selectively target a small subpopulation of adipocytes, which are located in classical BAT regions, such as the supraclavicular adipose tissue. Thus, other candidates, such as BMP7 or CNPs, seem to be more prominent candidates as inducers of browning in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Elsen
- Paul-Langerhans-Group for Integrative PhysiologyGerman Diabetes Center, Auf'm Hennekamp 65, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Silja Raschke
- Paul-Langerhans-Group for Integrative PhysiologyGerman Diabetes Center, Auf'm Hennekamp 65, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Eckel
- Paul-Langerhans-Group for Integrative PhysiologyGerman Diabetes Center, Auf'm Hennekamp 65, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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154
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Huh JY, Mougios V, Skraparlis A, Kabasakalis A, Mantzoros CS. Irisin in response to acute and chronic whole-body vibration exercise in humans. Metabolism 2014; 63:918-21. [PMID: 24814685 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Irisin is a recently identified myokine, suggested to mediate the beneficial effects of exercise by inducing browning of white adipocytes and thus increasing energy expenditure. In humans, the regulation of irisin by exercise is not completely understood. We investigated the effect of acute and chronic whole-body vibration exercise, a moderate-intensity exercise that resembles shivering, on circulating irisin levels in young healthy subjects. MATERIALS/METHODS Healthy untrained females participated in a 6-week program of whole-body vibration exercise training. Blood was drawn before and immediately after an acute bout of exercise at baseline (week 0) and after 6 weeks of training. RESULTS The resting irisin levels were not different at baseline (week 0) and after 6 weeks of training. At both 0 and 6 weeks of training, an acute bout of vibration exercise significantly elevated circulating irisin levels by 9.5% and 18.1%, respectively (p=0.05 for the percent change of irisin levels). CONCLUSIONS Acute bouts of whole-body vibration exercise are effective in increasing circulating irisin levels but chronic training does not change levels of baseline irisin levels in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Young Huh
- Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
| | - Vassilis Mougios
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasios Skraparlis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasios Kabasakalis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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155
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Singhal V, Lawson EA, Ackerman KE, Fazeli PK, Clarke H, Lee H, Eddy K, Marengi DA, Derrico NP, Bouxsein ML, Misra M. Irisin levels are lower in young amenorrheic athletes compared with eumenorrheic athletes and non-athletes and are associated with bone density and strength estimates. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100218. [PMID: 24926783 PMCID: PMC4057451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Irisin and FGF21 are novel hormones implicated in the “browning” of white fat, thermogenesis, and energy homeostasis. However, there are no data regarding these hormones in amenorrheic athletes (AA) (a chronic energy deficit state) compared with eumenorrheic athletes (EA) and non-athletes. We hypothesized that irisin and FGF21 would be low in AA, an adaptive response to low energy stores. Furthermore, because (i) brown fat has positive effects on bone, and (ii) irisin and FGF21 may directly impact bone, we hypothesized that bone density, structure and strength would be positively associated with these hormones in athletes and non-athletes. To test our hypotheses, we studied 85 females, 14–21 years [38 AA, 24 EA and 23 non-athletes (NA)]. Fasting serum irisin and FGF21 were measured. Body composition and bone density were assessed using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, bone microarchitecture using high resolution peripheral quantitative CT, strength estimates using finite element analysis, resting energy expenditure (REE) using indirect calorimetry and time spent exercising/week by history. Subjects did not differ for pubertal stage. Fat mass was lowest in AA. AA had lower irisin and FGF21 than EA and NA, even after controlling for fat and lean mass. Across subjects, irisin was positively associated with REE and bone density Z-scores, volumetric bone mineral density (total and trabecular), stiffness and failure load. FGF21 was negatively associated with hours/week of exercise and cortical porosity, and positively with fat mass and cortical volumetric bone density. Associations of irisin (but not FGF21) with bone parameters persisted after controlling for potential confounders. In conclusion, irisin and FGF21 are low in AA, and irisin (but not FGF21) is independently associated with bone density and strength in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibha Singhal
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Pediatric Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Lawson
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kathryn E. Ackerman
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Pouneh K. Fazeli
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hannah Clarke
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hang Lee
- Department of Biostatistics, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kamryn Eddy
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harris Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dean A. Marengi
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nicholas P. Derrico
- Endocrine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mary L. Bouxsein
- Endocrine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Madhusmita Misra
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Pediatric Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MM)
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156
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Irisin and FNDC5: effects of 12-week strength training, and relations to muscle phenotype and body mass composition in untrained women. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114:1875-88. [PMID: 24906447 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2922-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of strength training on abundances of irisin-related biomarkers in skeletal muscle and blood of untrained young women, and their associations with body mass composition, muscle phenotype and levels of thyroid hormones. METHODS Eighteen untrained women performed 12 weeks of progressive whole-body heavy strength training, with measurement of strength, body composition, expression of irisin-related genes (FNDC5 and PGC1α) in two different skeletal muscles, and levels of serum-irisin and -thyroid hormones, before and after the training intervention. RESULTS The strength training intervention did not result in changes in serum-irisin or muscle FNDC5 expression, despite considerable effects on strength, lean body mass (LBM) and skeletal muscle phenotype. Our data indicate that training affects irisin biology in a LBM-dependent manner. However, no association was found between steady-state serum-irisin or training-associated changes in serum-irisin and alterations in body composition. FNDC5 expression was higher in m.Biceps brachii than in m.Vastus lateralis, with individual expression levels being closely correlated, suggesting a systemic mode of transcriptional regulation. In pre-biopsies, FNDC5 expression was correlated with proportions of aerobic muscle fibers, a relationship that disappeared in post-biopsies. No association was found between serum-thyroid hormones and FNDC5 expression or serum-irisin. CONCLUSION No evidence was found for an effect of strength training on irisin biology in untrained women, though indications were found for a complex interrelationship between irisin, body mass composition and muscle phenotype. FNDC5 expression was closely associated with muscle fiber composition in untrained muscle.
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157
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Aydin S. Three new players in energy regulation: preptin, adropin and irisin. Peptides 2014; 56:94-110. [PMID: 24721335 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Homeostasis of energy is regulated by genetic factors, food intake, and energy expenditure. When energy input is greater than expenditure, the balance is positive, which can lead to weight gain and obesity. When the balance is negative, weight is lost. Regulation of this homeostasis is multi-factorial, involving many orexigenic (appetite-stimulating) and anorexigenic (appetite-suppressing) peptide hormones. Peripheral tissues are now known to be involved in weight regulation and research on its endocrine characteristics proceeds apace. Preptin with 34 amino acids (MW 3948 Da), adropin with 43 amino acids and a molecular weight of (4999 Da), and irisin with 112 amino acids (12587 Da), are three newly discovered peptides critical for regulating energy metabolism. Preptin is synthesized primarily in pancreatic beta cells, and adropin mainly in the liver and brain, and many peripheral tissues. Irisin, however, is synthesized principally in the heart muscle, along with peripheral tissues, including salivary glands, kidney and liver. The prime functions of preptin and adropin include regulating carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolisms by moderating glucose-mediated insulin release. Irisin is an anti-obesitic and anti-diabetic hormone regulating adipose tissue metabolism and glucose homeostasis by converting white to brown adipose tissue. This review offers a historical account of these discovery and function of these peptides, including their structure, and physiological and biochemical properties. Their roles in energy regulation will be discussed. Their measurement in biological fluids will be considered, which will lead to further discussion of their possible clinical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleyman Aydin
- Firat University, School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry (Firat Hormones Research Group), Elazig 23119, Turkey.
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158
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Tanisawa K, Taniguchi H, Sun X, Ito T, Cao ZB, Sakamoto S, Higuchi M. Common single nucleotide polymorphisms in the FNDC5 gene are associated with glucose metabolism but do not affect serum irisin levels in Japanese men with low fitness levels. Metabolism 2014; 63:574-83. [PMID: 24559842 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This cross-sectional study analyzed the association of serum irisin concentrations with cardiorespiratory fitness levels and common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the FNDC5 gene and examined the relationships between cardiorespiratory fitness levels, common SNPs in FNDC5, and glucose metabolism. MATERIALS/METHODS Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by measuring peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and serum irisin levels by ELISA in 163 Japanese men (age, 21-79years). Subjects were divided into low- and high-fitness groups within each age group according to the median VO2peak value. Common SNPs (rs3480 and rs16835198) of the FNDC5 gene were genotyped with the TaqMan assay. Glucose metabolism was evaluated by measuring HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), insulin levels, and HOMA-IR. RESULTS Serum irisin levels were negatively correlated with age (p<0.001) and not associated with the VO2peak or HOMA-IR. In the low-fitness group, SNP analysis revealed that subjects with the rs3480 AG and GG genotypes had higher levels of insulin and HOMA-IR than those with the AA genotype (p<0.01; no significant difference was observed in the high-fitness group). The GG genotypes of rs16835198 were associated with increased HbA1c and FPG in the low-fitness group only (p<0.05). SNPs and both fitness groups were not associated with serum irisin levels. CONCLUSIONS In Japanese men, cardiorespiratory fitness levels and common SNPs in FNDC5 are not associated with circulating irisin levels, whereas high cardiorespiratory fitness abolishes the association between the rs3480 and rs16835198 SNPs and glucose metabolism independent of serum irisin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumpei Tanisawa
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Taniguchi
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Xiaomin Sun
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ito
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Zhen-Bo Cao
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shizuo Sakamoto
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan; Institute of Advanced Active Aging Research, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Higuchi
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan; Institute of Advanced Active Aging Research, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan.
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159
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Hofmann T, Elbelt U, Stengel A. Irisin as a muscle-derived hormone stimulating thermogenesis--a critical update. Peptides 2014; 54:89-100. [PMID: 24472856 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The recently described myokine, irisin is cleaved from fibronectin type III domain containing protein 5 (FNDC5) and has been proposed to be secreted upon exercise to promote the browning of beige fat cells in white adipose tissue that results in enhanced thermogenesis and increased energy expenditure. The initial studies suggested irisin as a treatment option for obesity and associated diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and stimulated further research. However, the results of subsequent studies investigating the regulation of irisin by different types of exercise are partly conflicting and effects were only shown in highly selective patient populations so far. Moreover, other parameters like body weight or fat free mass were shown to influence irisin adding more complexity to the mechanisms regulating this hormone. The present review will describe the discovery of irisin, its potential role in adipose tissue-mediated thermogenesis, its regulation by exercise and lastly, discuss current controversies and highlight gaps of knowledge to be filled by future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Hofmann
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Division of General Internal and Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulf Elbelt
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Division of General Internal and Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany; Charité Center for Internal Medicine with Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Stengel
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Division of General Internal and Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany.
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160
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Regulators of human white adipose browning: evidence for sympathetic control and sexual dimorphic responses to sprint interval training. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90696. [PMID: 24603718 PMCID: PMC3946216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The conversion of white adipose to the highly thermogenic beige adipose tissue has been proposed as a potential strategy to counter the unfavorable consequences of obesity. Three regulators of this conversion have recently emerged but information regarding their control is limited, and contradictory. We present two studies examining the control of these regulators. Study 1: In 10 young men, the plasma concentrations of irisin and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) were determined prior to and during activation of the sympathetic nervous system via hypoxic gas breathing (FIO2 = 0.11). The measurements were performed twice, once with and once without prior/concurrent sympathetic inhibition via transdermal clonidine administration. FGF21 was unaffected by basal sympathetic inhibition (338±113 vs. 295±80 pg/mL; P = 0.43; mean±SE), but was increased during hypoxia mediated sympathetic activation (368±135); this response was abrogated (P = 0.035) with clonidine (269±93). Irisin was unaffected by sympathetic inhibition and/or hypoxia (P>0.21). Study 2: The plasma concentration of irisin and FGF21, and the skeletal muscle protein content of fibronectin type III domain containing 5 (FNDC5) was determined in 19 young adults prior to and following three weeks of sprint interval training (SIT). SIT decreased FGF21 (338±78 vs. 251±36; P = 0.046) but did not affect FNDC5 (P = 0.79). Irisin was decreased in males (127±18 vs. 90±23 ng/mL; P = 0.045) and increased in females (139±14 vs. 170±18). Collectively, these data suggest a potential regulatory role of acute sympathetic activation pertaining to the browning of white adipose; further, there appears to be a sexual dimorphic response of irisin to SIT.
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161
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Abstract
The epidemic of obesity has contributed to the rapid rise in comorbid conditions such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, sleep apnea, and hypertension among others. Therefore, there is a critical need to develop therapeutic strategies to reduce the prevalence of the disease. Skeletal muscle cells secrete signaling cytokines/peptides (referred to as myokines) that act in autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine fashion. Myokines have been hypothesized to contribute to the immediate and chronic benefits of exercise and may thus serve as attractive therapeutic agents for the treatment of obesity. The recent discovery of the irisin, a proposed myokine, has gained much attention over the last two years as a potential therapeutic agent. Preliminary studies demonstrated that irisin has the potential to induce "browning" of white adipocytes in mice. If these findings in mice could be translated to humans, irisin could be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of obesity. Limitations with the available antibodies, however, have raised concerns regarding the detectability of irisin in circulation. Moreover, the gene encoding irisin, FNDC5, is expressed robustly not only in muscle but also in various white adipose tissues (WAT) in humans, raising the possibility for increased thermogenesis through autocrine mechanisms. Here we will discuss the browning of WAT, the discovery of irisin, and its potential role in improving metabolic health in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A. Irving
- Department of Gastroenterology, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA USA
- Geisinger Obesity Institute, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA USA
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA USA
- Geisinger Obesity Institute, Geisinger Health System, 100 N. Academy Ave, Danville, PA 17868 USA
| | - Christopher D. Still
- Department of Gastroenterology, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA USA
- Geisinger Obesity Institute, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA USA
| | - George Argyropoulos
- Department of Gastroenterology, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA USA
- Geisinger Obesity Institute, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA USA
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA USA
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162
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Aydin S, Kuloglu T, Aydin S, Eren MN, Celik A, Yilmaz M, Kalayci M, Sahin İ, Gungor O, Gurel A, Ogeturk M, Dabak O. Cardiac, skeletal muscle and serum irisin responses to with or without water exercise in young and old male rats: cardiac muscle produces more irisin than skeletal muscle. Peptides 2014; 52:68-73. [PMID: 24345335 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Irisin converts white adipose tissue (WAT) into brown adipose tissue (BAT), as regulated by energy expenditure. The relationship between irisin concentrations after exercise in rats compared humans after exercise remains controversial. We therefore: (1) measured irisin expression in cardiac and skeletal muscle, liver, kidney, peripheral nerve sheath and skin tissues, as also serum irisin level in 10 week-old rats without exercise, and (2) measured tissue supernatant irisin levels in cardiac and skeletal muscle, and in response to exercise in young and old rats to establishing which tissues produced most irisin. Young (12 months) and old rats (24 months) with or without 10min exercise (water floating) and healthy 10 week-old Sprague-Dawley rats without exercise were used. Irisin was absent from sections of skeletal muscle of unexercised rats, the only part being stained being the perimysium. In contrast, cardiac muscle tissue, peripheral myelin sheath, liver, kidneys, and skin dermis and hypodermis were strongly immunoreactivity. No irisin was seen in skeletal muscle of unexercised young and old rats, but a slight amount was detected after exercise. Strong immunoreactivity occurred in cardiac muscle of young and old rats with or without exercise, notably in pericardial connective tissue. Serum irisin increased after exercise, being higher in younger than older rats. Irisin in tissue supernatants (cardiac and skeletal muscle) was high with or without exercise. High supernatant irisin could come from connective tissues around skeletal muscle, especially nerve sheaths located within it. Skeletal muscle is probably not a main irisin source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suna Aydin
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Elazig Research and Education Hospital, Elazig 23100, Turkey; Firat University, School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Elazig 23119, Turkey
| | - Tuncay Kuloglu
- Firat University, School of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Elazig 23119, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Aydin
- Firat University, School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry (Firat Hormone Research Groups), Elazig 23119, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Nesimi Eren
- Dicle University, School of Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Diyarbakir 21280, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Celik
- Mersin University, School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Mersin 33070, Turkey
| | - Musa Yilmaz
- Firat University, School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry (Firat Hormone Research Groups), Elazig 23119, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Kalayci
- Firat University, School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry (Firat Hormone Research Groups), Elazig 23119, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Sahin
- Firat University, School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry (Firat Hormone Research Groups), Elazig 23119, Turkey; Erzincan University, School of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Erzincan 24030, Turkey
| | - Orhan Gungor
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Elazig Research and Education Hospital, Elazig 23100, Turkey
| | - Ali Gurel
- Firat University, School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Elazig 23119, Turkey
| | - Murat Ogeturk
- Firat University, School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Elazig 23119, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Dabak
- Firat University, School of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Elazig 23119, Turkey
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Pardo M, Crujeiras AB, Amil M, Aguera Z, Jiménez-Murcia S, Baños R, Botella C, de la Torre R, Estivill X, Fagundo AB, Fernández-Real JM, Fernández-García JC, Fruhbeck G, Gómez-Ambrosi J, Rodríguez R, Tinahones FJ, Fernández-Aranda F, Casanueva FF. Association of irisin with fat mass, resting energy expenditure, and daily activity in conditions of extreme body mass index. Int J Endocrinol 2014; 2014:857270. [PMID: 24864142 PMCID: PMC4016898 DOI: 10.1155/2014/857270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
FNDC5/irisin has been recently postulated as beneficial in the treatment of obesity and diabetes because it is induced in muscle by exercise, increasing energy expenditure. However, recent reports have shown that WAT also secretes irisin and that circulating irisin is elevated in obese subjects. The aim of this study was to evaluate irisin levels in conditions of extreme BMI and its correlation with basal metabolism and daily activity. The study involved 145 female patients, including 96 with extreme BMIs (30 anorexic (AN) and 66 obese (OB)) and 49 healthy normal weight (NW). The plasma irisin levels were significantly elevated in the OB patients compared with the AN and NW patients. Irisin also correlated positively with body weight, BMI, and fat mass. The OB patients exhibited the highest REE and higher daily physical activity compared with the AN patients but lower activity compared with the NW patients. The irisin levels were inversely correlated with daily physical activity and directly correlated with REE. Fat mass contributed to most of the variability of the irisin plasma levels independently of the other studied parameters. Conclusion. Irisin levels are influenced by energy expenditure independently of daily physical activity but fat mass is the main contributing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Pardo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), University Hospital of Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS) and Santiago de Compostela University (USC), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Obesidómica Group, Laboratory 3, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), University Hospital of Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- *María Pardo:
| | - Ana B. Crujeiras
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), University Hospital of Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS) and Santiago de Compostela University (USC), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Amil
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), University Hospital of Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS) and Santiago de Compostela University (USC), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Zaida Aguera
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Baños
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Psychological, Personality, Evaluation and Treatment of the University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Botella
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Basic Psychology, Clinic and Psychobiology of the Jaume I University, Castelló, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Neuroscience Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Estivill
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana B. Fagundo
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose M. Fernández-Real
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdlBGi),Hospital Dr Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - José C. Fernández-García
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Cliínico Universitario Virgen de Victoria, 29010 Maálaga, Spain
| | - Gema Fruhbeck
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Clinic de Navarra, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Javier Gómez-Ambrosi
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Clinic de Navarra, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Roser Rodríguez
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdlBGi),Hospital Dr Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Tinahones
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Cliínico Universitario Virgen de Victoria, 29010 Maálaga, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felipe F. Casanueva
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), University Hospital of Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS) and Santiago de Compostela University (USC), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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