Effect of exosomal miRNA on cancer biology and clinical applications

Therapeutic potential of small extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells for spinal cord and nerve injury

Neural diseases such as compressive, congenital, and traumatic injuries have diverse consequences, from benign mild sequelae to severe life-threatening conditions with associated losses of motor, sensory, and autonomic functions. Several approaches have been adopted to control neuroinflammatory cascades. Traditionally, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been regarded as therapeutic agents, as they possess growth factors and cytokines with potential anti-inflammatory and regenerative effects. However, several animal model studies have reported conflicting outcomes, and therefore, the role of MSCs as a regenerative source for the treatment of neural pathologies remains debatable. In addition, issues such as heterogeneity and ethical issues limited their use as therapeutic agents. To overcome the obstacles associated with the use of traditional agents, we explored the therapeutic potentials of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which contain nucleic acids, functional proteins, and bioactive lipids, and play crucial roles in immune response regulation, inflammation reduction, and cell-to-cell communication. EVs may surpass MSCs in size issue, immunogenicity, and response to the host environment. However, a comprehensive review is required on the therapeutic potential of EVs for the treatment of neural pathologies. In this review, we discuss the action mechanism of EVs, their potential for treating neural pathologies, and future perspectives regarding their clinical applications.

The Emerging Role of Exosomal miRNAs as Biomarkers for Early Cancer Detection: A Comprehensive Literature Review

A significant number of cancer-related deaths are recorded globally each year, despite attempts to cure this illness. Medical science is working to develop new medication therapies as well as to find ways to identify this illness as early as possible, even using noninvasive techniques. Early detection of cancer can greatly aid its treatment. Studies into cancer diagnosis and therapy have recently shifted their focus to exosome (EXO) biomarkers, which comprise numerous RNA and proteins. EXOs are minuscule goblet vesicles that have a width of 30 to 140 nm and are released by a variety of cells, including immune, stem, and tumor cells, as well as bodily fluids. According to a growing body of research, EXOs, and cancer appear to be related. EXOs from tumors play a role in the genetic information transfer between tumor and basal cells, which controls angiogenesis and fosters tumor development and spread. To identify malignant activities early on, microRNAs (miRNAs) from cancers can be extracted from circulatory system EXOs. Specific markers can be used to identify cancer-derived EXOs containing miRNAs, which may be more reliable and precise for early detection. Conventional solid biopsy has become increasingly limited as precision and personalized medicine has advanced, while liquid biopsy offers a viable platform for noninvasive diagnosis and prognosis. Therefore, the use of body fluids such as serum, plasma, urine, and salivary secretions can help find cancer biomarkers using technologies related to EXOs.

Exosomal MicroRNA Profiling

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles, which have the ability to convey various types of cargo between cells. Lately, a great amount of interest has been paid to exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs), since much evidence has suggested that the sorting of miRNAs into exosomes is not an accidental process. It has been shown that exosomal miRNAs (exo-miRNAs) are implicated in a variety of cellular processes including (but not limited to) cell migration, apoptosis, proliferation, and autophagy. Exosomes can play a role in cardiovascular diseases and can be used as diagnostic biomarkers for several diseases, especially cancer. Tremendous advances in technology have led to the development of various platforms for miRNA profiling. Each platform has its own limitations and strengths that need to be understood in order to use them properly. In the current review, we summarize some exo-miRNAs that are relevant to exo-miRNA profiling studies and describe new methods used for the measurement of miRNA profiles in different human bodily fluids.

Correlation Between Endoglin and Malignant Phenotype in Human Melanoma Cells: Analysis of hsa-mir-214 and hsa-mir-370 in Cells and Their Extracellular Vesicles

Endoglin (CD105) is an auxiliary receptor of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β family members that is expressed in human melanomas. It is heterogeneously expressed by primary and metastatic melanoma cells, and endoglin targeting as a therapeutic strategy for melanoma tumors is currently been explored. However, its involvement in tumor development and malignancy is not fully understood. Here, we find that endoglin expression correlates with malignancy of primary melanomas and cultured melanoma cell lines. Next, we have analyzed the effect of ectopic endoglin expression on two miRNAs (hsa-mir-214 and hsa-mir-370), both involved in melanoma tumor progression and endoglin regulation. We show that compared with control cells, overexpression of endoglin in the WM-164 melanoma cell line induces; (i) a significant increase of hsa-mir-214 levels in small extracellular vesicles (EVs) as well as an increased trend in cells; and (ii) significantly lower levels of hsa-mir-370 in the EVs fractions, whereas no significant differences were found in cells. As hsa-mir-214 and hsa-mir-370 are not just involved in melanoma tumor progression, but they can also target endoglin-expressing endothelial cells in the tumor vasculature, these results suggest a complex and differential regulatory mechanism involving the intracellular and extracellular signaling of hsa-mir-214 and hsa-mir-370 in melanoma development and progression.

miRNAs and Multiple Myeloma: Focus on the Pathogenesis, Prognosis, and Drug Resistance

Multiple myeloma (MM) produces clonal plasma cells and aberrant monoclonal antibody accumulation in patients' bone marrow (BM). Around 1% of all cancers and 13% of hematological malignancies are caused by MM, making it one of the most common types of cancer. Diagnostic and therapeutic methods for managing MM are currently undergoing extensive research. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short noncoding RNAs that reduce or inhibit the translation of their target mRNA after transcription. Because miRNAs play an influential role in how myeloma develops, resources, and becomes resistant to drugs, miRNA signatures may be used to diagnose, do prognosis, and treat the myeloma response. Consequently, researchers have investigated the levels of miRNA in plasma cells from MM patients and developed tools to test whether they directly impacted tumor growth. This review discusses the latest discoveries in miRNA science and their role in the development of MM. We also emphasize the potential applications of miRNAs to diagnose, prognosticate, and treat MM in the future.

SERS Resolving of the Significance of Acetate on the Enhanced Catalytic Activity of Nanozymes

Understanding the structure-activity correlation and reaction mechanism of the catalytic process in an acetic acid-sodium acetate (HAc-NaAc) buffer environment is crucial for the design of efficient nanozymes. Here, we first reported a lattice restructuration of Au-LaNiO_3-δ nanofibers (NFs) after acidification with the HAc-NaAc buffer to show a significantly enhanced oxidase-like property. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculation confirm the direct evidence for the formation of specific enhanced intermediate O-O species after acidification, indicating that the insertion of the carboxyl group in the A-Au/LaNiO_3-δ NFs plays crucial roles in both producing vacancies in HAc-NaAc solution from its dissociation during the catalytic process and the protection of the vacancies, which can be directly interacted with oxygen in the environment to produce O-O species, realizing the enhanced oxidation of substrate molecules. The insertion of the carboxyl group increased the oxidase-like catalytic activity by 2.38 times and the SERS activity by 5.27 times. This strategy offers a way to construct an efficient nanozyme-linked immunosorbent assay system for the diagnosis of cancer through the highly sensitive SERS identification of exosomes.

Exosomal miRNAs-a diagnostic biomarker acting as a guiding light in the diagnosis of prostate cancer

Prostate cancer, one of the major causes of mortality globally is regarded as the second leading cause of mortality among men. It is known to affect the stromal cells surrounding it. Through the use of exosomes, the affected stromal cells can promote the growth and spread of the cancer. Exosomes are known to play a role not only in the development and progression of cancer but also contribute to the drug-resistance character of cancer cells. Recently, the discovery of the small non-coding RNAs or miRNA has attracted attention of cancer researchers as they can regulate the expression of different genes. Therefore, exosomal miRNA can be used as a novel and reliable biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer. In addition, exosomal miRNAs can also be used as a potential treatment for prostate cancer. The goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the current knowledge about the role of exosomal miRNAs in the treatment of patients with prostate cancer and their potential role in monitoring the disease.

Role of miRNA in Melanoma Development and Progression

Melanoma is one of the most aggressive and progressive skin cancers. It develops from normal pigment-producing cells known as melanocytes, so it is important to know the mechanism behind such transformations. The study of metastasis mechanisms is crucial for a better understanding the biology of neoplastic cells. Metastasis of melanoma, or any type of cancer, is a multi-stage process in which the neoplastic cells leave the primary tumour, travel through the blood and/or lymphatic vessels, settle in distant organs and create secondary tumours. MicroRNA (miRNA) can participate in several steps of the metastatic process. This review presents the role of miRNA molecules in the development and progression as well as the immune response to melanoma.

Exosomes in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy of ischemic stroke

Ischemic stroke is one of the major contributors to death and disability worldwide. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop early brain tissue perfusion therapies following acute stroke and to enhance functional recovery in stroke survivors. The morbidity, therapy, and recovery processes are highly orchestrated interactions involving the brain with other tissues. Exosomes are natural and ideal mediators of intercellular information transfer and recognized as biomarkers for disease diagnosis and prognosis. Changes in exosome contents express throughout the physiological process. Accumulating evidence demonstrates the use of exosomes in exploring unknown cellular and molecular mechanisms of intercellular communication and organ homeostasis and indicates their potential role in ischemic stroke. Inspired by the unique properties of exosomes, this review focuses on the communication, diagnosis, and therapeutic role of various derived exosomes, and their development and challenges for the treatment of cerebral ischemic stroke.

Ginsenoside Rk3 Inhibits the Extramedullary Infiltration of Acute Monocytic Leukemia Cell via miR-3677-5p/CXCL12 Axis

Background

Acute monocytic leukemia belongs to type M5 of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) classified by FAB, which appears a high incidence of extramedullary infiltration (EMI) and poor prognosis. In this study, we observed the inhibitory effect of ginsenoside Rk3 on the EMI of monocytic leukemia cells and initially explored its related mechanism of targeting the miR-3677-5p/CXCL12 axis.

Methods

The MTT assay and colony formation assay were used to detect the inhibitory effect of Rk3 on proliferation. Both cellular migration and invasion were observed by the Transwell assay. The expression levels of miR-3677-5p, CXCL12, and CXCR4 were detected by RT-qPCR and Western blot, as well as overexpression of miR-3677-5p by transfected with lentivirus and detection of a dual luciferase reporter gene. The expression of MMP2 and TIMP2 was detected by immunofluorescence.

Results

Rk3 effectively inhibits the proliferation, migration, and invasion associated with EMI of leukemia. The leukemia cells of M5 patients with EMI showed low expression of miR-3677-5p but high expression of the mRNA of CXCL12 and CXCR4. Overexpression of miR-3677-5p or intervention of CXCL12 effectively inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of SHI-1 cells. The luciferase assay showed that CXCL12 was the downstream target gene of miR-3677-5p. After overexpression of miR-3677-5p or intervention of CXCL12 in combination with Rk3, the inhibitory effect on the proliferation, migration, and invasion of SHI-1 cells was more obvious. Importantly, Rk3 significantly regulated the expression levels of miR-3677-5p, CXCL12, CXCR4, and EMI-related functional proteins including MMP2 and TIMP2. Overexpression of miR-3677-5p or intervention of CXCL12 also regulated the expression of MMP2 and TIMP2.

Conclusions

The leukemia cells of M5 patients with EMI appeared to have low expression of miR-3677-5p and high expression of the mRNA of CXCL12 and CXCR4, which may be used as indicators of EMI and poor prognosis. Rk3 is effective in inhibiting the EMI of SHI-1 cells by targeting the miR-3677-5p/CXCL12 axis.

A panel of blood-derived miRNAs with a stable expression pattern as a potential pan-cancer detection signature

Introduction: MicroRNAs have a significant role in the regulation of the transcriptome. Several miRNAs have been proposed as potential biomarkers in different malignancies. However, contradictory results have been reported on the capability of miRNA biomarkers in cancer detection. The human biological clock involves molecular mechanisms that regulate several genes over time. Therefore, the sampling time becomes one of the significant factors in gene expression studies. Method: In the present study, we have tried to find miRNAs with minimum fluctuation in expression levels at different time points that could be more accurate candidates as diagnostic biomarkers. The small RNA-seq raw data of ten healthy individuals across nine-time points were analyzed to identify miRNAs with stable expression. Results: We have found five oscillation patterns. The stable miRNAs were investigated in 779 small-RNA-seq datasets of eleven cancer types. All miRNAs with the highest differential expression were selected for further analysis. The selected miRNAs were explored for functional pathways. The predominantly enriched pathways were miRNA in cancer and the P53-signaling pathway. Finally, we have found seven miRNAs, including miR-142-3p, miR-199a-5p, miR-223-5p, let-7d-5p, miR-148b-3p, miR-340-5p, and miR-421. These miRNAs showed minimum fluctuation in healthy blood and were dysregulated in the blood of eleven cancer types. Conclusion: We have found a signature of seven stable miRNAs which dysregulate in several cancer types and may serve as potential pan-cancer biomarkers.

Biological and pharmacological roles of m6A modifications in cancer drug resistance

Cancer drug resistance represents the main obstacle in cancer treatment. Drug-resistant cancers exhibit complex molecular mechanisms to hit back therapy under pharmacological pressure. As a reversible epigenetic modification, N⁶-methyladenosine (m⁶A) RNA modification was regarded to be the most common epigenetic RNA modification. RNA methyltransferases (writers), demethylases (erasers), and m⁶A-binding proteins (readers) are frequently disordered in several tumors, thus regulating the expression of oncoproteins, enhancing tumorigenesis, cancer proliferation, development, and metastasis. The review elucidated the underlying role of m⁶A in therapy resistance. Alteration of the m⁶A modification affected drug efficacy by restructuring multidrug efflux transporters, drug-metabolizing enzymes, and anticancer drug targets. Furthermore, the variation resulted in resistance by regulating DNA damage repair, downstream adaptive response (apoptosis, autophagy, and oncogenic bypass signaling), cell stemness, tumor immune microenvironment, and exosomal non-coding RNA. It is highlighted that several small molecules targeting m⁶A regulators have shown significant potential for overcoming drug resistance in different cancer categories. Further inhibitors and activators of RNA m⁶A-modified proteins are expected to provide novel anticancer drugs, delivering the therapeutic potential for addressing the challenge of resistance in clinical resistance.

Small RNA sequencing and profiling of serum-derived exosomes from African swine fever virus-infected pigs

African swine fever (ASF) virus (ASFV) is responsible for one of the most severe swine diseases worldwide, with a morbidity rate of up to 100%; no vaccines or antiviral medicines are available against the virus. Exosomal miRNAs from individual cells can regulate the immune response to infectious diseases. In this study, pigs were infected with an ASFV Pig/HN/07 strain that was classified as acute form, and exosomal miRNA expression in the serum of infected pigs was analyzed using small RNA sequencing (small RNA-seq). Twenty-seven differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs were identified in the ASFV-infected pigs compared to that in the uninfected controls. Of these, 10 were upregulated and 17 were downregulated in the infected pigs. All DE miRNAs were analyzed using gene ontology (GO) terms and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database, and the DE miRNAs were found to be highly involved in T-cell receptor signaling, cGMP-PKG signaling, Toll-like receptor, MAPK signaling, and mTOR signaling pathways. Furthermore, the Cytoscape network analysis identified the network of interactions between DE miRNAs and target genes. Finally, the transcription levels of four miRNA genes (ssc-miR-24-3p, ssc-miR-130b-3p, ssc-let-7a, and ssc-let-7c) were examined using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and were found to be consistent with the small RNA-seq data. These DE miRNAs were associated with cellular genes involved in the pathways related to immune response, virus-host interactions, and several viral genes. Overall, our findings provide an important reference and improve our understanding of ASF pathogenesis and the immune or protective responses during an acute infection in the host.

Single-Particle Optical Imaging for Ultrasensitive Bioanalysis

The quantitative detection of critical biomolecules and in particular low-abundance biomarkers in biofluids is crucial for early-stage diagnosis and management but remains a challenge largely owing to the insufficient sensitivity of existing ensemble-sensing methods. The single-particle imaging technique has emerged as an important tool to analyze ultralow-abundance biomolecules by engineering and exploiting the distinct physical and chemical property of individual luminescent particles. In this review, we focus and survey the latest advances in single-particle optical imaging (OSPI) for ultrasensitive bioanalysis pertaining to basic biological studies and clinical applications. We first introduce state-of-the-art OSPI techniques, including fluorescence, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, electrochemiluminescence, and dark-field scattering, with emphasis on the contributions of various metal and nonmetal nano-labels to the improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio. During the discussion of individual techniques, we also highlight their applications in spatial-temporal measurement of key biomarkers such as proteins, nucleic acids and extracellular vesicles with single-entity sensitivity. To that end, we discuss the current challenges and prospective trends of single-particle optical-imaging-based bioanalysis.

Plasma Exosomal miR-199a-5p Derived from Preeclampsia with Severe Features Impairs Endothelial Cell Function via Targeting SIRT1

Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy complication with high maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality rates. During pregnancy, the concentration of exosomes in the maternal blood circulation would increase, establishing that plasma exosomes play a role in the development of pregnancy. Our previous study implied the important role of exosomal miR-199a-5p in preeclampsia with severe features (sPE). This study aims to reveal the role of exosomal miR-199a-5p in contribution to the development of sPE. The results showed that the expression of miR-199a-5p was significantly higher in plasma exosomes and placenta tissue from patients with sPE than that in normal pregnant women. Additionally, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) could upregulate the expression of miR-199a-5p in BeWo cells and cell-derived exosomes. In terms of the regulatory effect, exosomal miR-199a-5p was observed to inhibit the expression of SIRT1 in human umbilical venous endothelial cells (HUVECs). Moreover, the treatment of both miR-199a-5p-overexpressed exosomes and SIRT1 inhibitor EX527 could decrease the nitric oxide production, elevate the intracellular reactive oxygen species level, and enhance the expressions of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 of HUVECs. Thus, our findings suggest that the upregulated plasma exosomal miR-199a-5p in sPE might result from the trophoblast of the impaired placenta under oxidative stress. Furthermore, exosomal miR-199a-5p could impair the endothelial cell function via targeting SIRT1, contributing to the development of preeclampsia.

Non-small cell lung cancer-derived exosomes promote proliferation, phagocytosis, and secretion of microglia via exosomal microRNA in the metastatic microenvironment

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common tumor that metastasizes to the brain. It is now accepted that the successful colonization and growth of tumor cells are determined by the interaction between tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME). Microglia, brain innate immune cells, have been reported to play a vital role in the establishment of brain metastases. As essential mediators of intercellular communications, tumor-derived exosomes have an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of cancer by transferring their cargos to specific recipient cells. The crosstalk between microglia and tumor-derived exosomes has been extensively described. However, it is still unclear whether metastatic NSCLC cells secret exosomes to microglia and regulate the microglial functions. Here, our results showed that microglia aggregated in the brain metastatic sites. Meanwhile, microglia could take up the exosomes derived from NSCLC cells, leading to alterations of microglial morphology and increased proliferation, phagocytosis, and release of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and CXCL1. Further investigation indicated that miR1246 was the most enriched microRNA in NSCLC-derived exosomes and mediated the partial effects of exosomes on microglia. Notably, miR1246 was also upregulated in the plasmatic exosomes of NSCLC patients. These results offer a new insight into the impact of NSCLC-derived exosomes on microglia and provide a new potential biomarker for diagnosing NSCLC.

Non-Coding RNAs of Extracellular Vesicles: Key Players in Organ-Specific Metastasis and Clinical Implications

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogeneous membrane-encapsulated vesicles released by most cells. They act as multifunctional regulators of intercellular communication by delivering bioactive molecules, including non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Metastasis is a major cause of cancer-related death. Most cancer cells disseminate and colonize a specific target organ via EVs, a process known as "organ-specific metastasis". Mounting evidence has shown that EVs are enriched with ncRNAs, and various EV-ncRNAs derived from tumor cells influence organ-specific metastasis via different mechanisms. Due to the tissue-specific expression of EV-ncRNAs, they could be used as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the treatment of tumor metastasis in various types of cancer. In this review, we have discussed the underlying mechanisms of EV-delivered ncRNAs in the most common organ-specific metastases of liver, bone, lung, brain, and lymph nodes. Moreover, we summarize the potential clinical applications of EV-ncRNAs in organ-specific metastasis to fill the gap between benches and bedsides.

The clinical implications of circulating microRNAs as potential biomarkers in screening oral squamous cell carcinoma

Background

Recent studies have highlighted the biomarker role of circulating miRNAs in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), indicating their potential application as early diagnostic markers for OSCC. However, the diagnostic results have proven inconclusive. This study was conducted to evaluate the diagnostic value of circulating miRNAs for OSCC diagnosis.

Methods

Eligible published studies were identified by a literature search carried out in several databases by using combinations of keywords associated with OSCC, circulating miRNAs, and diagnosis. The bivariate meta-analysis model was adopted to summarize the pooled parameters. Afterwards, we thoroughly explored the sources of heterogeneity after evaluating the risk of bias.

Results

A total of 60 studies focusing on 41 circulating miRNAs were included. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, and AUC were 0.75 (95%CI: 0.69-0.80), 0.76 (0.70-0.81), 0.82 (0.79-0.85), respectively. Subgroup analyses showed that miRNA combinations were more accurate than single miRNAs. Additionally, plasma may be a better matrix for miRNAs assays in OSCC diagnosis as the plasma-based miRNA assay had a higher level of diagnostic accuracy than serum-based miRNA assay. Subgroup analyses also suggested that using circulating miRNAs for OSCC diagnosis is more effective in Caucasians than in Asian ethnic groups. Finally, circulating miRNA assays based on large sample sizes have superior diagnostic accuracy than small sample sizes.

Conclusion

Circulating miRNAs might be applied as effective surrogate biomarkers for early diagnosis of OSCC. Nevertheless, future larger-scale prospective studies should be performed to enhance the diagnostic efficiency and investigate the miRNA combinations with more pronounced accuracy.

New strategies for the treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration: cell, exosome, gene, and tissue engineering

Low back pain (LBP) caused by intervertebral disc (IVD) generation (IVDD) has always been an important problem that cannot be ignored. Traditional therapies have many deep-rooted and intractable complications that promote their treatment mode transfer to new therapies. This article mainly summarizes the shortcomings of traditional treatment methods and analyzes the research status and future development direction of IVDD treatment. We outlined the most promising IVDD therapies, including cell, exosome, gene, and tissue engineering therapy, especially tissue engineering therapy, which runs through the whole process of other therapies. In addition, the article focuses on the cellular, animal, and preclinical challenges faced by each therapeutic approach, as well as their respective advantages and disadvantages, to provide better ideas for relieving the IVDD patients' pain through new treatment methods.

MiR-1246 is responsible for lung cancer cells-derived exosomes-mediated promoting effects on lung cancer stemness via targeting TRIM17

The stemness of lung cancer cells contributes to drug resistance, tumor occurrence, progression, and recurrence; however, the underlying mechanisms are still fragmentary. In the present study, it was found that exosomes from cisplatin-resistant cells and spheres derived from lung cancer cells enhanced the stemness of the parental lung cancer cells. Then we screened the upregulated miRNAs in spheres derived from lung cancer cells and cisplatin-resistant lung cancer cells/exosomes compared to that in the parental lung cancer cells. It was found that miR-1246 was remarkably enriched in cisplatin-resistant lung cancer cells/exosomes and spheres. Additionally, inhibition of miR-1246 attenuated the stemness of lung cancer cells induced by exosomes from cisplatin-resistant cells and spheres. Furthermore, TRIM17 was identified to the direct target of miR-1246 in lung cancer cells. Our findings suggest that exosomal miR-1246 could be as a potential target for lung cancer treatment.

Circ_0058058 Drives the Malignant Phenotypes and Immune Evasion of Pancreatic Cancer by the MicroRNA-557-Dependent Regulation of PDL1

OBJECTIVES

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most deadly malignancies in the world. Recently, circular RNAs play crucial roles in PC progression. However, the functions of circ_0058058 in PC are barely known.

METHODS

The expression of circ_0058058, microRNA-557-5p (miR-557), and programmed cell death receptor ligand 1 (PDL1) was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Functional experiments were implemented to disclose the effect of circ_0058058 deficiency on PC cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, angiogenesis, and immune escape. The binding relationship between miR-557 and circ_0058058 or PDL1 was identified by dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation assay. In vivo assay was used to disclose the impact of circ_0058058 silencing on tumor formation in vivo.

RESULTS

Circ_0058058 was highly expressed in PC tissues and cell lines. Knockdown of circ_0058058 repressed cell proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and immune escape while contributed to apoptosis in PC cells. Mechanically, circ_0058058 worked as a molecular sponge of miR-557 to regulate PDL1 expression. Moreover, circ_0058058 showed a promotional effect on tumor growth in vivo.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggested that circ_0058058 served as miR-557 sponge to upregulate PDL1, thereby triggering PC proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and immune escape.

Serum extracellular vesicle microRNA dysregulation and childhood trauma in adolescents with major depressive disorder

Major depressive disorder (MDD) seriously endangers adolescent mental and physical health. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are mediators of cellular communication and are involved in many physiological brain processes. Although EV miRNAshave been implicated in adults with major psychiatric disorders, investigation into their effects in adolescent MDDremains scarce. In discovery set, we conducted a genome-wide miRNA sequencing of serum EVs from 9 untreated adolescents with MDD and 8 matched healthy controls (HCs), identifying 32 differentially expressed miRNAs (18 upregulated and 14 downregulated). In the validation set, 8 differentially expressed and highly enriched miRNAs were verified in independent samples using RT-PCR, with 4 (miR-450a-2-3p, miR-3691-5p, miR-556-3p, and miR-2115-3p) of the 8 miRNAs found to be significantly elevated in 34 untreated adolescents with MDD compared with 38 HCs and consistent with the sequencing results. After the Bonferroni correction, we found that three miRNAs (miR-450a-2-3p, miR-556-3p, and miR-2115-3p) were still significantly different. Among them, miR-450a-2-3p showed the most markeddifferential expression and was able to diagnose disease with 67.6% sensitivity and 84.2% specificity. Furthermore, miR-450a-2-3p partially mediated the associations between total childhood trauma, emotional abuse, and physical neglect and adolescent MDD. We also found that the combination of miR-450a-2-3p and emotional abuse could effectively diagnose MDD in adolescents with 82.4% sensitivity and 81.6% specificity. Our data demonstrate the association of serum EV miRNA dysregulation with MDD pathophysiology and, furthermore, show that miRNAs may mediate the relationship between early stress and MDD susceptibility. We also provide a valid integrated model for the diagnosis of adolescent MDD.

MicroRNAs in extracellular vesicles: Sorting mechanisms, diagnostic value, isolation, and detection technology

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short, single-stranded, noncoding RNAs, with a length of about 18–22 nucleotides. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are derived from cells and play a vital role in the development of diseases and can be used as biomarkers for liquid biopsy, as they are the carriers of miRNA. Existing studies have found that most of the functions of miRNA are mainly realized through intercellular transmission of EVs, which can protect and sort miRNAs. Meanwhile, detection sensitivity and specificity of EV-derived miRNA are higher than those of conventional serum biomarkers. In recent years, EVs have been expected to become a new marker for liquid biopsy. This review summarizes recent progress in several aspects of EVs, including sorting mechanisms, diagnostic value, and technology for isolation of EVs and detection of EV-derived miRNAs. In addition, the study reviews challenges and future research avenues in the field of EVs, providing a basis for the application of EV-derived miRNAs as a disease marker to be used in clinical diagnosis and even for the development of point-of-care testing (POCT) platforms.

Role of exosomal non-coding RNAs from tumor cells and tumor-associated macrophages in the tumor microenvironment

Exosomes have a crucial role in intercellular communication and mediate interactions between tumor cells and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Exosome-encapsulated non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are involved in various physiological processes. Tumor-derived exosomal ncRNAs induce M2 macrophage polarization through signaling pathway activation, signal transduction, and transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation. Conversely, TAM-derived exosomal ncRNAs promote tumor proliferation, metastasis, angiogenesis, chemoresistance, and immunosuppression. MicroRNAs induce gene silencing by directly targeting mRNAs, whereas lncRNAs and circRNAs act as miRNA sponges to indirectly regulate protein expressions. The role of ncRNAs in tumor-host interactions is ubiquitous. Current research is increasingly focused on the tumor microenvironment. On the basis of the "cancer-immunity cycle" hypothesis, we discuss the effects of exosomal ncRNAs on immune cells to induce T cell exhaustion, overexpression of programmed cell death ligands, and create a tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment. Furthermore, we discuss potential applications and prospects of exosomal ncRNAs as clinical biomarkers and drug delivery systems.

Melanoma stem cells promote metastasis via exosomal miR-1268a inactivation of autophagy

Background

Metastatic melanoma has a high mortality rate and poor survival. This is associated with efficient metastatic colonization, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Communication between cancer stem cells (CSCs) and cancer cells plays an important role in metastatic dissemination. Whether cancer stem cells can alter the metastatic properties of non-CSC cells; and whether exosomal crosstalk can mediate such interaction, have not been demonstrated in melanoma prior to this report.

Results

The results revealed that exosomes secreted by highly metastatic melanoma CSCs (OL-SCs) promoted the invasiveness of the low metastatic melanoma cells (OL) and accelerated metastatic progression. miR-1268a was up-regulated in cells and exosomes of OL-SCs. Moreover, OL-SCs-derived exosomal miR-1268a, upon taking up by OL cells, promoted the metastatic colonization ability of OL cells in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the pro-metastatic activity of exosomal miR-1268a is achieved through inhibition of autophagy.

Conclusion

Our study demonstrates that OL cells can acquire the “metastatic ability” from OL-SCs cells. OL-SCs cells achieves this goal by utilizing its exosomes to deliver functional miRNAs, such as miR-1268a, to the targeted OL cells which in turn augments metastatic colonization by inactivating the autophagy pathway in OL cells.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40659-022-00397-z.

Natural products exert anti-tumor effects by regulating exosomal ncRNA

Currently, more than 60% of the approved anti-cancer drugs come from or are related to natural products. Natural products and exosomal non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) exert anti-cancer effects through various regulatory mechanisms, which are of great research significance. Exosomes are a form of intercellular communication and contain ncRNAs that can act as intercellular signaling molecules involved in the metabolism of tumor cells. This review exemplifies some examples of natural products whose active ingredients can play a role in cancer prevention and treatment by regulating exosomal ncRNAs, with the aim of illustrating the mechanism of action of exosomal ncRNAs in cancer prevention and treatment. Meanwhile, the application of exosomes as natural drug delivery systems and predictive disease biomarkers in cancer prevention and treatment is introduced, providing research ideas for the development of novel anti-tumor drugs.

Exosomal miR-452-5p Induce M2 Macrophage Polarization to Accelerate Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression by Targeting TIMP3

Background

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell-derived exosomes have shown effects on inducing M2 macrophage polarization and promoting HCC progression. MiR-452-5p was reported by recent studies to promote malignancy progression as an exosomal microRNA that secreted by HCC cells, of which the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we further explored how miR-452-5p functions in HCC.

Methods

MiR-452-5p expressions in HCC cells was examined by in situ hybridization. Next, HCC cell lines were transfected with the mimics or the inhibitor of miR-452-5p. Transfected cells' biological behavior were analyzed by CCK-8, flow cytometry, and Transwell assay. Then, exosomes were purified from miR-452-5p inhibited or overexpressed HCC cells and cocultured with macrophages to examine the role of miR-452-5p in macrophage polarization. To examine the role of exosomal miR-452-5p on macrophage polarization and tumor growth. We also performed the dual-luciferase assay to explore the targeting relationship between miR-452-5p and TIMP3.

Results

The upregulation of miR-452-5p was identified in HCC. The effects of HCC cell-derived exosomes on accelerating HCC migration and invasion and inducing M2 macrophage polarization were confirmed, which were further enhanced after overexpressing miR-452-5p but neutralized after silencing miR-452-5p. In addition, in vivo experiments demonstrated the effect of miR-452-5p on accelerating HCC growth and metastasis. Also, we identified that TIMP3 overexpression inhibited the promoted cell invasion and migration by HCC cell-derived exosomes.

Conclusion

Exosomal miR-452-5p secreted from HCC cells could induce polarization of M2 macrophage and therefore stimulating HCC progression by targeting TIMP3. Thus, miR-452-5p might be a potential biomarker for HCC prognosis.

Exosomes and cancer - Diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic vehicle

Exosomes belong to a subpopulation of extracellular vesicles secreted by the dynamic multistep endocytosis process and carry diverse functional molecular cargoes, including proteins, lipids, nucleic acids (DNA, messenger and noncoding RNA), and metabolites to promote intercellular communication. Proteins and noncoding RNA are among the most abundant contents in exosomes; they have biological functions and are selectively packaged into exosomes. Exosomes derived from tumor, stromal and immune cells contribute to the multiple stages of cancer progression as well as resistance to therapy. In this review, we will discuss the biogenesis of exosomes and their roles in cancer development. Since specific contents within exosomes originate from their cells of origin, this property allows exosomes to function as valuable biomarkers. We will also discuss the potential use of exosomes as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers or predictors for different therapeutic strategies for multiple cancers. Furthermore, the applications of exosomes as direct therapeutic targets or engineered vehicles for drugs are an important field of exosome study. Better understanding of exosome biology may pave the way to promising exosome-based clinical applications.

Interrelation between extracellular vesicles miRNAs with chronic lung diseases

Extracellular vehicles (EVs) are nanoscale lipid bilayer vesicles that carry biologically active biomolecule cargos like proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) outside of the cell. Blood (serum/plasma), urine, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid are all examples of biofluids from which they may be collected. EVs play a vital role in intracellular communication. The molecular signature of EVs largely depends on the parental cell's status. EVs are classified into two groups, (1) exosomes (originated by endogenous route) and (2) microvesicles (originated from the plasma membrane, also known as ectosomes). The quantity and types of EV cargo vary during normal conditions compared to pathological conditions (chronic inflammatory lung diseases or lung cancer). Consequently, EVs contain novel biomarkers that differ based on the cell type of origin and during lung diseases. Small RNAs (e.g., microRNAs) are transported by EVs, which is one of the most rapidly evolving research areas in the field of EVs biology. EV-mediated cargos transport small RNAs that can result in reprograming the target/recipient cells. Multiple chronic inflammatory lung illnesses, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis, acute lung injury, and lung cancer, have been demonstrated to be regulated by EV. In this review, we will consolidate the current knowledge and literature on the novel role of EVs and their small RNAs concerning chronic lung diseases (CLDs). Additionally, we will also provide better insight into the clinical and translational impact of mesenchymal stem cells-derived EVs as novel therapeutic agents in treating CLDs.

LiqBioer: a manually curated database of cancer biomarkers in body fluid

Cancer biomarkers are measurable indicators that play vital roles in clinical applications. Biomarkers in body fluids have gained considerable attention since the development of liquid biopsy, and their data volume is rapidly increasing. Nevertheless, current research lacks the compilation of published cancer body fluid biomarkers into a centralized and sustainable repository for researchers and clinicians, despite a handful of small-scale and specific data resources. To fulfill this purpose, we developed liquid biomarker (LiqBioer) containing 6231 manually curated records from 3447 studies, covering 3056 biomarkers and 74 types of cancer in 22 tissues. LiqBioer allows users to browse and download comprehensive information on body liquid biomarkers, including cancer types, source studies and clinical usage. As a comprehensive resource for body fluid biomarkers of cancer, LiqBioer is a powerful tool for researchers and clinicians to query and retrieve biomarkers in liquid biopsy.

Evaluating the Effects of Storage Conditions on Multiple Cell-Free RNAs in Plasma by High-Throughput Sequencing

Background: Plasma cell-free RNAs (cfRNAs) can serve as noninvasive biomarkers for the diagnosis and monitoring of diseases. However, the delay in blood processing may lead to unreliable results. Therefore, an unbiased evaluation based on the whole transcriptome under different storage conditions is needed. Methods: Here, blood samples were collected in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid tubes and processed immediately (0 hour), or stored at room temperature (RT) or 4°C for different time intervals (2, 6, and 24 hours) before plasma separation. High-throughput sequencing was applied to assess the effects of storage conditions on the transcript profiles and fragment characteristics of plasma cell-free mRNA, long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), and small RNAs. Results: More genes changed their expression levels with time when blood was stored at RT compared with those at 4°C. Cell-free mRNA and lncRNA were relatively stable in blood preserved at 4°C for 6 hours, while cell-free microRNA (miRNA) and piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) remained stable at 4°C for 24 hours. After 24 hours, more contamination of the leukocyte-derived RNAs occurred at RT, possibly due to apoptosis. Meanwhile, significant changes were also observed regarding the characteristics of the RNA fragments, including fragment size, the proportion of intron, and the pyrimidine frequency of the fragmented 3' end. Fifteen tissue-enriched genes were detected in the plasma but not expressed in leukocytes. The expression level and fragment length of these genes gradually decreased during storage, suggesting the degradation of the cfRNA and the dilution of leukocyte-derived RNA with other tissue-derived cfRNA. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the contamination of leukocyte-derived RNA and the degradation of original cfRNA contribute to the changes in the cfRNA expression profiles and the fragment characteristics during short-term storage. The storage of blood at 4°C for 6 hours allows plasma cfRNA to remain relatively stable, which will be useful for further studies or clinical applications where adequate quantification or the fragment signature of cfRNA is required.

The Oral Tumor Cell Exosome miR-10b Stimulates Cell Invasion and Relocation via AKT Signaling

An exosome derived from a cancer cell has been identified to regulate intercellular communication. However, the roles of oral cancer-derived ectodomains in tumor metastasis need to be investigated further. We investigated their roles in oral cancer cells in this paper. The enforcing effect on oral cancer cells was attributed primarily to miR-10b, a gene with a high level in exosomes that is transferred to recipient cells via oral cancer-derived exosomes. Exosomes were obtained by exosome isolation reagents. Also, exosome identification and analysis were performed by electron microscopy. The expression of miRNAs was analyzed by qRT-PCR. Protein expression was analyzed by Western blot. Also, invasion and migration experiments were performed to assay and evaluate the function of exosomal miR-10b. Exosome-mediated transfer of miR-10b promoted oral cancer cell behaviors, according to the findings. Finally, it was discovered that AKT signaling participates in regulating exosome-mediated invasion and migration of oral cancer cells and its activation reduced the inhibitory effect of miR-10b knockdown on oral cancer cells. Exosomal miR-10b derived from oral cancer cells enhances cell invasion and migration by activating AKT signaling.

Simultaneous detection of cancerous exosomal miRNA-21 and PD-L1 with a sensitive dual-cycling nanoprobe

Simultaneous detection of specific exosomal surface proteins and inner microRNAs are hampered by their heterogeneity, low abundance and spatial segregation in nanovesicles. Here, we design a dual-cycling nanoprobe (DCNP) to enable single-step simultaneous quantitation of cancerous exosomal surface programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) (ExoPD-L1) and miRNA-21 (ExomiR-21) directly in exosome lysates, without resorting to either RNA extraction or time-consuming transmembrane penetration. In this design, DNA molecular machine-based dual-recognition probes co-assemble onto gold nanoparticle surface for engineering 'silent' DCNPs, which enable signal-amplified synchronous response to dual-targets as activated by ExomiR-21 and ExoPD-L1 within 20 min. Benefiting from cycling amplification of the molecular machine, DCNPs sensor achieves detection limits of tumor exosomes, ExoPD-L1 and ExomiR-21 down to 10 particles/μL, 0.17 pg/mL and 66 fM, respectively. Such a sensitive dual-response strategy allows simultaneous tracking the dynamic changes of ExoPD-L1 and ExomiR-21 expression regulated by signaling molecules or therapeutics. This approach further detects circulating ExoPD-L1 and ExomiR-21 in human plasma to differentiate breast cancer patients from healthy individuals with high accuracy, showing great potential of DCNPs for simultaneous profiling exosomal surface and inside biomarkers, and for clinical precision diagnosis.

Electrochemical nano biosensors for the detection of extracellular vesicles exosomes: From the benchtop to everywhere?

Detection of extracellular vesicles (EVs) exosomes is a challenge to address the need for better diagnostic tests and to create a point-of-care (POC) platform that can detect, monitor and treat health conditions early to allow personalized therapies. A multidisciplinary approach is needed to address these health-related technical issues. Over the past decade, materials scientists and engineers have worked on the same platform to develop flexible, lightweight, miniaturized, and integrated POC devices for exosome detection. Therefore, exosome detection based on various nanomaterials is of particular interest. In this paper, we describe the current state of knowledge on 0D-3D nanostructured materials and present a POC-based technique for exosome detection. Finally, the challenges that need to be solved to expand their clinical application are discussed.

Revealing the crosstalk between nasopharyngeal carcinoma and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) arises from the epithelial cells located in the nasopharynx and has a distinct geographic distribution. Chronic Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, as its most common causative agents, can be detected in 100% of NPC types. In-depth studies of the cellular and molecular events leading to immunosuppression in NPC have revealed new therapeutic targets and diverse combinations that promise to benefit patients with highly refractory, advanced and metastatic NPC. This paper reviews the mechanisms by which NPC cells to circumvent immune surveillance and approaches being attempted to restore immunity. We integrate existing insights into anti-NPC immunity and molecular signaling pathways as well as targeting therapies in anticipation of broader applicability and effectiveness in advanced metastatic NPC.

Injectable Bacteria-Sensitive Hydrogel Promotes Repair of Infected Fractures via Sustained Release of miRNA Antagonist

Fracture nonunion can result in considerable physical harm and limitation of quality of life in patients, exerting an extensive economic burden to the society. Nonunion largely results from unresolved inflammation and impaired osteogenesis. Despite advancements in surgical techniques, the indispensable treatment for nonunion is robust anti-inflammation therapy and the promotion of osteogenic differentiation. Herein, we report that plasma exosomes derived from infected fracture nonunion patients (Non-Exos) delayed fracture repair in mice by inhibiting the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells in vivo and in vitro. Unique molecular identifier microRNA-sequencing (UID miRNA-seq) suggested that microRNA-708-5p (miR-708-5p) was overexpressed in Non-Exos. Mechanistically, miR-708-5p targeted structure-specific recognition protein 1, thereby suppressing the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, which, in turn, impaired osteogenic differentiation. AntagomicroRNA-708-5p (antagomiR-708-5p) could partly reverse the above process. A bacteria-sensitive natural polymer hyaluronic-acid-based hydrogel (HA hydrogel) loaded with antagomiR-708-5p exhibited promising effects in an in vivo study through antibacterial and pro-osteogenic differentiation functions in infected fractures. Overall, the effectiveness and reliability of an injectable bacteria-sensitive hydrogel with sustained release of agents represent a promising approach for infected fractures.

Exosome-transmitted miR-3124-5p promotes cholangiocarcinoma development via targeting GDF11

Objective

Cholangiocarcinoma (CHOL) is a deadly cancer worldwide with limited available therapies. The aim of this study was to investigate key exosomal miRNAs and their functions in CHOL development.

Methods

Serum exosomes were isolated from patients with CHOL and healthy controls, followed by miRNA sequencing for identifying differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) and their functions. Then, the expression of key DEMs was experimentally validated in exosomes from clinical CHOL patients and CHOL cells. The effects of overexpression of key DEMs on CHOL cell migration and proliferation were investigated. A key exosomal DEM miR-3124-5p was identified. The effects of overexpression or knockdown of exosomal miR-3124-5p on the proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were investigated. Moreover, the function of exosomal miR-3124-5p on tumor growth in vivo was explored.

Results

A total of 632 exosomal DEMs were identified between CHOL and control samples. Target genes of DEMs were significantly enriched in pathways, such as the p53 signaling pathway. miR-3124-5p was upregulated in serum exosomes from CHOL patients and exosomes from CHOL cells, and overexpression of miR-3124-5p promoted RBE cell migration and viability. Moreover, overexpression of exosomal miR-3124-5p promoted the proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis of HUVECs, while knockdown of miR-3124-5p had the opposite effect. miR-3124-5p could target growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) and downregulate GDF11 expression. Furthermore, exosomal miR-3124-5p promoted tumor growth in vivo.

Conclusions

Our findings revealed that exosome-encapsulated miR-3124-5p promoted the malignant progression of CHOL by targeting GDF11. Exosomal miR-3124-5p and GDF11 could be promising biomarkers or therapeutic targets for CHOL.

MiR-27a-3p binds to TET1 mediated DNA demethylation of ADCY6 regulates breast cancer progression via epithelial-mesenchymal transition

Introduction

Adenylyl cyclase isoform 6 (ADCY6) is a member of membrane-bound adenylate cyclase family that converts adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into cAMP and pyrophosphate. An increasing number of researchers have studied the role of ADCY6 in cancer. However, its specific role in breast cancer remains unknown.

Methods

Bioinformatics and clinical data were used to analyse the expression of ADCY6 in breast cancer. ADCY6 DNA methylation was analysed using DNA methylation-specific PCR and Bisulfite Sanger sequencing. Using lentiviral stable miRNA transfection together with cell biology functional assays and gene expression/target analysis, we investigated the interaction between miR-27a-3p, TET1 and ADCY6 in breast cancer.

Results

We found that ADCY6 is expressed at low levels in breast cancer and leads to increases in the proliferation, invasion and migration of breast cancer cells. The low expression of ADCY6 is due to the lower demethylation of ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenase 1 (TET1), and the methylation of ADCY6 can be altered by TET1. More importantly, bioinformatics analysis showed that TET1 is regulated by miR-27a-3p and regulates the methylation of ADCY6 to affect the EMT process of breast cancer cells, thereby affecting the malignant biological behaviour of breast cancer.

Conclusions

Our study demonstrates that the methylation modification of ADCY6 is regulated by TET1 and leads to ADCY6 activation. miR-27a-3p negatively regulates the expression of TET1 and affects the EMT process of breast cancer through ADCY6, thereby promoting the malignant biological behaviour of breast cancer. Our results may provide new research ideas and directions for DNA methylation and EMT changes in breast cancer.

Hypoxia-regulated microRNAs: the molecular drivers of tumor progression

Hypoxia is a common feature of the tumor microenvironment (TME) of nearly all solid tumors, leading to therapeutic failure. The changes in stiffness of the extracellular matrix (ECM), pH gradients, and chemical balance that contribute to multiple cancer hallmarks are closely regulated by intratumoral oxygen tension via its primary mediators, hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). HIFs, especially HIF-1α, influence these changes in the TME by regulating vital cancer-associated signaling pathways and cellular processes including MAPK/ERK, NF-κB, STAT3, PI3K/Akt, Wnt, p53, and glycolysis. Interestingly, research has revealed the involvement of epigenetic regulation by hypoxia-regulated microRNAs (HRMs) of downstream target genes involved in these signaling. Through literature search and analysis, we identified 48 HRMs that have a functional role in the regulation of 5 key cellular processes: proliferation, metabolism, survival, invasion and migration, and immunoregulation in various cancers in hypoxic condition. Among these HRMs, 17 were identified to be directly associated with HIFs which include miR-135b, miR-145, miR-155, miR-181a, miR-182, miR-210, miR-224, miR-301a, and miR-675-5p as oncomiRNAs, and miR-100-5p, miR-138, miR-138-5p, miR-153, miR-22, miR-338-3p, miR-519d-3p, and miR-548an as tumor suppressor miRNAs. These HRMs serve as a potential lead in the development of miRNA-based targeted therapy for advanced solid tumors. Future development of combined HIF-targeted and miRNA-targeted therapy is possible, which requires comprehensive profiling of HIFs-HRMs regulatory network, and improved formula of the delivery vehicles to enhance the therapeutic kinetics of the targeted cancer therapy (TCT) moving forward.

MiR-19b-3p promotes tumor progression of non-small cell lung cancer via downregulating HOXA9 and predicts poor prognosis in patients

MiR-19b-3p has been reported in several types of human cancer. Nevertheless, the expression profile and biological functions of miR-19b-3p remain unclear in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The expression level of miR-19b-3p was evaluated in NSCLC tissues and cell lines using qRT-PCR. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier curves, while the prognostic significance of miR-19b-3p was analyzed using Cox regression analysis in 80 NSCLC patients. The effects of miR-19b-3p on cell proliferation and invasion capacities were analyzed using CCK-8, crystal violet, and transwell assays. Target genes of miR-19b-3p were assessed using luciferase reporter assay, qRT-PCR, Western blot and rescue experiments. MiR-19b-3p was found to be upregulated in human NSCLC tissues and cell lines. The expression of miR-19b-3p was observed to be closely associated with TNM stage and metastasis. High expression of miR-19b-3p was found to be capable of predicting poor clinical prognosis in NSCLC patients. Whilst overexpression of miR-19b-3p was demonstrated to promote the proliferation and invasion of NSCLC cells, knockdown of miR-19b-3p showed an opposite inhibitory effect. Bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter assays confirmed that HOXA9 is a direct target of miR-19b-3p. Functional assays demonstrated that NSCLC cell proliferation and invasion were promoted by miR-19b-3p via negative regulation of HOXA9. Finally, overexpression of HOXA9 was shown to partially reverse the tumor promoting effect of miR-19b-3p. This study indicates that miR-19b-3p is a crucial prognostic biomarker of NSCLC, and that targeting of the miR-19b-3p/HOXA9 axis may be a promising strategy in NSCLC therapy.

MicroRNA192 Promotes Metastasis and Invasion of Breast Cancer via Targeting Tensin1 and Enhancing Cell Division Control Protein 42 Homolog (CDC42) Expression

We aimed to dissect the biological impacts and mechanisms of MicroRNA192 in breast cancer metastasis and invasion. Tumor tissues from patients and breast cancer cells were used to measure miR-192 level via RT-PCR. The miR-192 mimics, miR-192 inhibitor, si-Tensin1 and corresponding negative controls were transfected into cells followed by analysis of cell invasion by transwell assay and CDC42 level by western blot. Afterwards, a tumor transplantation model was established to assess the malignancy progression and migration. The human miR-192 accounted for approximately 14% of those overexpressed miRNAs. Overexpression of miR-192 promoted malignant cell invasion, while knockdown of endogenous miR-192 significantly decreased cell invasion, which suggested that miR-192 could exert a promotive factor in the invasive characteristic of breast cancer cells in vitro. In contrast to control group, tumor metastasis was significantly provoked in the miR-192 overexpression group. miR-192 directly targeted and suppressed the expression of Tensin1. miR-192 enhanced the malignant invasiveness by regulating Cdc42 and was corrected with correlation with the survival of patients. High miR-192 level is related to the malignant invasiveness and metastatic behavior, as well as the poor prognosis of patients with breast cancer via activating Cdc42 and targeting Tensin1.

Role of exosomal microRNAs in cancer therapy and drug resistance mechanisms: focus on hepatocellular carcinoma

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), defined as intercellular messengers that carry their cargos between cells, are involved in several physiological and pathological processes. These small membranous vesicles are released by most cells and contain biological molecules, including nucleic acids, proteins and lipids, which can modulate signaling pathways of nearby or distant recipient cells. Exosomes, one the most characterized classes of EVs, include, among others, microRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNAs able to regulate the expression of several genes at post-transcriptional level. In cancer, exosomal miRNAs have been shown to influence tumor behavior and reshape tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, their possible involvement in drug resistance mechanisms has become evident in recent years. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the major type of liver cancer, accounting for 75-85% of all liver tumors. Although the improvement in HCC treatment approaches, low therapeutic efficacy in patients with intermediate-advanced HCC is mainly related to the development of tumor metastases, high risk of recurrence and drug resistance. Exosomes have been shown to be involved in pathogenesis and progression of HCC, as well as in drug resistance, by regulating processes such as cell proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and immune response. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge about the involvement of exosomal miRNAs in HCC therapy, highlighting their role as modulators of therapeutic response, particularly chemotherapy and immunotherapy, as well as possible therapeutic tools.