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Expression profiles of epithelial-mesenchymal transition-associated proteins in epithelial ovarian carcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:495754. [PMID: 24800235 PMCID: PMC3988710 DOI: 10.1155/2014/495754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been suggested to contribute to tumor progression and acquisition of therapeutic resistance. To assess the clinical significance of EMT-associated proteins, we evaluated the expression of Snail and Slug, the key regulators of EMT, in the primary ovarian cancer samples (n = 103) by immunohistochemistry. Snail was differentially expressed according to the histologic subtype (P = 0.001) and was predominantly expressed in serous and endometrioid types. In the serous and endometrioid adenocarcinomas, the expression of Snail remained high across the stage and grade, suggesting its role in the early phase of carcinogenesis. However, the expression of Snail and Slug was not related to chemoresistance and poor prognosis and did not serve as independent predictive or prognostic marker.
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152
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Pettee KM, Dvorak KM, Nestor-Kalinoski AL, Eisenmann KM. An mDia2/ROCK signaling axis regulates invasive egress from epithelial ovarian cancer spheroids. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90371. [PMID: 24587343 PMCID: PMC3938721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-cellular spheroids are enriched in ascites of epithelial ovarian cancer (OvCa) patients. They represent an invasive and chemoresistant cellular population fundamental to metastatic dissemination. The molecular mechanisms triggering single cell invasive egress from spheroids remain enigmatic. mDia formins are Rho GTPase effectors that are key regulators of F-actin cytoskeletal dynamics. We hypothesized that mDia2-driven F-actin dynamics promote single cell invasive transitions in clinically relevant three-dimensional (3D) OvCa spheroids. The current study is a dissection of the contribution of the F-actin assembly factor mDia2 formin in invasive transitions and using a clinically relevant ovarian cancer spheroid model. We show that RhoA-directed mDia2 activity is required for tight spheroid organization, and enrichment of mDia2 in the invasive cellular protrusions of collagen-embedded OVCA429 spheroids. Depleting mDia2 in ES-2 spheroids enhanced invasive dissemination of single amoeboid-shaped cells. This contrasts with spheroids treated with control siRNA, where a mesenchymal invasion program predominated. Inhibition of another RhoA effector, ROCK, had no impact on ES-2 spheroid formation but dramatically inhibited spheroid invasion through induction of a highly elongated morphology. Concurrent inhibition of ROCK and mDia2 blocked single cell invasion from ES-2 spheroids more effectively than inhibition of either protein alone, indicating that invasive egress of amoeboid cells from mDia2-depleted spheroids is ROCK-dependent. Our findings indicate that multiple GTPase effectors must be suppressed in order to fully block invasive egress from ovarian cancer spheroids. Furthermore, tightly regulated interplay between ROCK and mDia2 signaling pathways dictates the invasive capacities and the type of invasion program utilized by motile spheroid-derived ovarian cancer cells. As loss of the gene encoding mDia2, DRF3, has been linked to cancer progression and metastasis, our results set the stage for understanding molecular mechanisms involved in mDia2-dependent egress of invasive cells from primary epithelial tumors.
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MESH Headings
- Actin Cytoskeleton/chemistry
- Actin Cytoskeleton/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial
- Carrier Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement
- Female
- Formins
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/genetics
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/pathology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics
- Ovarian Neoplasms/metabolism
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Spheroids, Cellular/metabolism
- Spheroids, Cellular/pathology
- rho-Associated Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- rho-Associated Kinases/genetics
- rho-Associated Kinases/metabolism
- rhoA GTP-Binding Protein/genetics
- rhoA GTP-Binding Protein/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista M. Pettee
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kaitlyn M. Dvorak
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Andrea L. Nestor-Kalinoski
- Department of Surgery, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kathryn M. Eisenmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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153
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Saldanha SN, Tollefsbol TO. Pathway modulations and epigenetic alterations in ovarian tumorbiogenesis. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:393-406. [PMID: 24105793 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cellular pathways are numerous and are highly integrated in function in the control of cellular systems. They collectively regulate cell division, proliferation, survival and apoptosis of cells and mutagenesis of key genes that control these pathways can initiate neoplastic transformations. Understanding these pathways is crucial to future therapeutic and preventive strategies of the disease. Ovarian cancers are of three major types; epithelial, germ-cell, and stromal. However, ovarian cancers of epithelial origin, arising from the mesothelium, are the predominant form. Of the subtypes of ovarian cancer, the high-grade serous tumors are fatal, with low survival rate due to late detection and poor response to treatments. Close examination of preserved ovarian tissues and in vitro studies have provided insights into the mechanistic changes occurring in cells mediated by a few key genes. This review will focus on pathways and key genes of the pathways that are mutated or have aberrant functions in the pathology of ovarian cancer. Non-genetic mechanisms that are gaining prominence in the pathology of ovarian cancer, miRNAs and epigenetics, will also be discussed in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabita N Saldanha
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, Alabama
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154
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The Fallopian Tube as the Origin of High Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer: Review of a Paradigm Shift. JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY CANADA 2014; 36:133-140. [DOI: 10.1016/s1701-2163(15)30659-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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155
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Kalir T, Firpo-Betancourt A, Nezhat F. Update on ovarian cancer pathogenesis: history, controversies, emerging issues and future impact. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/17474108.2013.847638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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156
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Jurisicova A, Jurisica I, Kislinger T. Advances in ovarian cancer proteomics: the quest for biomarkers and improved therapeutic interventions. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 5:551-60. [DOI: 10.1586/14789450.5.4.551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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157
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Gloss B, Moran-Jones K, Lin V, Gonzalez M, Scurry J, Hacker NF, Sutherland RL, Clark SJ, Samimi G. ZNF300P1 encodes a lincRNA that regulates cell polarity and is epigenetically silenced in type II epithelial ovarian cancer. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:3. [PMID: 24393131 PMCID: PMC3895665 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We previously identified that the CpG island-associated promoter of the novel lincRNA ZNF300P1 (also known as LOC134466) is frequently hypermethylated and silenced in ovarian cancer tissues. However, the function of ZNF300P1 was unknown. In this report we demonstrate that ZNF300P1 is involved in the regulation of key cell cycle and cell motility networks in human ovarian surface epithelial cells, and may play a role in promoting metastasis in ovarian cancer cells. Methods We applied methylated DNA immunoprecipitation on whole genome promoter tiling arrays and Sequenom assays to examine methylation status of ZNF300P1 in multiple ovarian cancer cell lines, as well as in normal ovarian and ovarian tumor tissues. Transcript profiling was used to investigate the effects of ZNF300P1 suppression in ovarian cancer cells. We utilized siRNA knockdown in normal ovarian surface epithelial cells and performed cellular proliferation, migration and adhesion assays to validate and explore the profiling results. Results We demonstrate that ZNF300P1 is methylated in multiple ovarian cancer cell lines. Loss of ZNF300P1 results in decreased cell proliferation and colony formation. In addition, knockdown of the ZNF300P1 transcript results in aberrant and less persistent migration in wound healing assays due to a loss of cellular polarity. Using an ex vivo peritoneal adhesion assay, we also reveal a role for ZNF300P1 in the attachment of ovarian cancer cells to peritoneal membranes, indicating a potential function of ZNF300P1 expression in metastasis of ovarian cancer cells to sites within the peritoneal cavity. Conclusion Our findings further support ZNF300P1 as frequently methylated in ovarian cancer and reveal a novel function for ZNF300P1 lincRNA expression in regulating cell polarity, motility, and adhesion and loss of expression may contribute to the metastatic potential of ovarian cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Goli Samimi
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre and Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 370 Victoria Street, 2010, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.
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158
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Patrono MG, Minig L, Diaz-Padilla I, Romero N, Rodriguez Moreno JF, Garcia-Donas J. Borderline tumours of the ovary, current controversies regarding their diagnosis and treatment. Ecancermedicalscience 2013; 7:379. [PMID: 24386008 PMCID: PMC3869475 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2013.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Borderline ovarian tumours generally affect women of reproductive age. The positive prognosis is related to the fact that over 80% of cases are diagnosed at an early stage of the disease. Although radical surgery is the standard of care for this disease, fertility-sparing surgery can be performed in selected cases. Since it was first described in 1929, the knowledge of the molecular and histologic characteristics has been significantly improved. In this review, advances in the clinical behaviour, pathologic characteristics, prognostics factors, and different strategies of treatment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Guadalupe Patrono
- Gynaecology Oncology Programme, Clara Campal Comprehensive Cancer Centre, HM Hospitals, Madrid 28050, Spain
| | - Lucas Minig
- Gynaecology Oncology Programme, Clara Campal Comprehensive Cancer Centre, HM Hospitals, Madrid 28050, Spain
| | - Ivan Diaz-Padilla
- Gynaecology Oncology Programme, Medical Oncology, Comprehensive Oncology Centre Clara Campal, HM Hospitals, Madrid 28050, Spain
| | - Nuria Romero
- Gynaecology Oncology Programme, Medical Oncology, Comprehensive Oncology Centre Clara Campal, HM Hospitals, Madrid 28050, Spain
| | - Juan Francisco Rodriguez Moreno
- Gynaecology Oncology Programme, Medical Oncology, Comprehensive Oncology Centre Clara Campal, HM Hospitals, Madrid 28050, Spain
| | - Jesus Garcia-Donas
- Gynaecology Oncology Programme, Medical Oncology, Comprehensive Oncology Centre Clara Campal, HM Hospitals, Madrid 28050, Spain
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159
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Jiang G, Huang Z, Zhang S, Wang L. PIK3CAGene Mutations and Amplifications in Chinese Patients With Ovarian Clear Cell Carcinoma. Cancer Invest 2013; 31:639-44. [DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2013.853075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaofeng Jiang
- 1School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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160
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Girardini JE, Marotta C, Del Sal G. Disarming mutant p53 oncogenic function. Pharmacol Res 2013; 79:75-87. [PMID: 24246451 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade intensive research has confirmed the long standing hypothesis that some p53 point mutants acquire novel activities able to cooperate with oncogenic mechanisms. Particular attention has attracted the ability of several such mutants to actively promote the development of aggressive and metastatic tumors in vivo. This knowledge opens a new dimension on rational therapy design, suggesting novel strategies based on pharmacological manipulation of those neomorphic activities. P53 point mutants have several characteristics that make them attractive targets for anti-cancer therapies. Remarkably, mutant p53 has been found predominantly in tumor cells and may act pleiotropically by interfering with a variety of cellular processes. Therefore, drugs targeting mutant p53 may selectively affect tumor cells, inactivating simultaneously several mechanisms of tumor promotion. Moreover, the high frequency of missense mutations on the p53 gene suggests that interfering with mutant p53 function may provide a valuable approach for the development of efficient therapies able to target a wide range of tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier E Girardini
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology of Rosario, IBR-CONICET, Argentina
| | - Carolina Marotta
- Laboratorio Nazionale CIB (LNCIB), Area Science Park, Trieste, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Giannino Del Sal
- Laboratorio Nazionale CIB (LNCIB), Area Science Park, Trieste, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
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161
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Erickson BK, Conner MG, Landen CN. The role of the fallopian tube in the origin of ovarian cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 209:409-14. [PMID: 23583217 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2013.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Advanced cases of epithelial ovarian, primary peritoneal, and primary tubal malignancies have a relatively poor prognosis and collectively remain the most deadly of all gynecologic malignancies. Although traditionally thought of as one disease process, ongoing research suggests that there is not 1 single site or cell type from which these cancers arise. A majority of the serous tumors appear to originate from dysplastic lesions in the distal fallopian tube. Therefore, what we have traditionally considered "ovarian" cancer may in fact be tubal in origin. In this article, we will review epithelial ovarian cancer classification and genetics, theories regarding cells of origin with a focus on tubal intraepithelial carcinoma, and implications for prevention and screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt K Erickson
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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162
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Zhang X, Hong S, Kang Y, Zheng Y, Sun H, Xu C. Expression and purification of the extracellular domain of the human follicle-stimulating hormone receptor using Escherichia coli. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2013; 40:501-8. [PMID: 24147778 DOI: 10.1111/jog.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM Although much is known about the structure and biological functions of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) receptor (FSHR), the interaction of FSHR and FSH has been challenging to characterize due to the limited quantity of active FSHR protein produced by simple methods. The goal of this study was to express and purify the extracellular domain (ECD) of human FSHR (hFSHR). METHODS Total RNA was isolated from normal human ovary tissue. cDNA for hFSHR ECD were amplified and subsequently ligated into the pET32a(+) vector. The plasmid vector construct was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. Expression in Escherichia coli Rosetta (DE3) pLysS strain was induced by isopropyl-thio-β-D-thiogalactoside, and the recombinant products were purified by immuno-affinity chromatography using an Ni-NTA and High-Q column. The recombinant protein was confirmed by western blotting. RESULTS Following induction, E. coli expressed a recombinant protein of approximately 65 kDa in size, whereas the non-induced E. coli did not express the recombinant protein. The recombinant fragments purified using a High-Q column demonstrated a single band and an abundant yield. The recombinant protein was soluble and specifically recognized by an antibody for hFSHR. Additionally, four mutation sites were detected that resulted in amino acid shifts at position 112 Asn/Thr, 197 Glu/Ala, 198 Leu/Val and 307 Ala/Thr. CONCLUSION The recombinant hFSHR ECD protein was expressed and purified. This method could be easily scaled for increased production and may facilitate additional applications utilizing FSHR in assisted reproductive technology, a contraceptive FSH vaccine and FSHR-targeted therapeutic agents used to treat ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
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163
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Ricci F, Broggini M, Damia G. Revisiting ovarian cancer preclinical models: Implications for a better management of the disease. Cancer Treat Rev 2013; 39:561-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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164
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Cho M, Kabir SM, Dong Y, Lee E, Rice VM, Khabele D, Son DS. Aspirin Blocks EGF-stimulated Cell Viability in a COX-1 Dependent Manner in Ovarian Cancer Cells. J Cancer 2013; 4:671-8. [PMID: 24155779 PMCID: PMC3805995 DOI: 10.7150/jca.7118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Although aspirin has been associated with a reduction of the risk of cancer when used as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its use to reduce the risk of ovarian cancer is controversial. Ovarian cancer cells usually express high levels of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX)-1. Because aspirin is a rather selective inhibitor of COX-1, the ability of aspirin to reduce the risk of ovarian cancer may be dependent on the level of COX-1 expression in those cells. Furthermore, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is frequently overexpressed in the malignant phenotype of ovarian cancer leading to increased cell proliferation and survival. Here we investigated if aspirin attenuates EGFR-activated ovarian cancer cell growth in a COX-1 dependent manner. Methods: Cell viability assays and Western blot analyses were used to determine the effect of aspirin on EGF-stimulated cell proliferation. Gene silencing and gene expression techniques were employed to knockdown or to express COX-1, respectively. Results: Aspirin inhibited cell viability induced by EGF in a dose dependent manner in COX-1 positive ovarian cancer cells. On the other hand, aspirin had no effect on cell viability in COX-1 negative ovarian cancer cells. In particular, aspirin decreased phosphorylated Akt and Erk activated by EGF. COX-1 silencing in COX-1 positive cells attenuated the inhibitory effect of aspirin on EGF-stimulated cell viability. Furthermore, we developed a COX-1 expressing cell line (SKCOX-1) by stably transfecting COX-1 expression vector into COX-1 negative SKOV-3 cells. SKCOX-1 cells were more responsive to aspirin when compared to cells transfected with empty vector, and decreased EGF-activated Akt and Erk as well as cell viability. Conclusions: Taken together, aspirin inhibits viability of ovarian cancer cells by blocking phosphorylation of Akt and Erk activated by EGF. Thus it may potentiate the therapeutic efficacy of drugs used to treat COX-1 positive ovarian cancer subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Cho
- 1. Department of Internal Medicine, Barnes-Jewish hospital, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
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165
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Wilson AJ, Barham W, Saskowski J, Tikhomirov O, Chen L, Lee HJ, Yull F, Khabele D. Tracking NF-κB activity in tumor cells during ovarian cancer progression in a syngeneic mouse model. J Ovarian Res 2013; 6:63. [PMID: 24020521 PMCID: PMC3846584 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-6-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) signaling is an important link between inflammation and peritoneal carcinomatosis in human ovarian cancer. Our objective was to track NF-kappaB signaling during ovarian cancer progression in a syngeneic mouse model using tumor cells stably expressing an NF-kappaB reporter. Methods ID8 mouse ovarian cancer cells stably expressing an NF-kappaB-dependent GFP/luciferase (NGL) fusion reporter transgene (ID8-NGL) were generated, and injected intra-peritoneally into C57BL/6 mice. NGL reporter activity in tumors was non-invasively monitored by bioluminescence imaging and measured in luciferase assays in harvested tumors. Ascites fluid or peritoneal lavages were analyzed for inflammatory cell and macrophage content, and for mRNA expression of M1 and M2 macrophage markers by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. 2-tailed Mann-Whitney tests were used for measuring differences between groups in in vivo experiments. Results In ID8-NGL cells, responsiveness of the reporter to NF-kappaB activators and inhibitors was confirmed in vitro and in vivo. ID8-NGL tumors in C57BL/6 mice bore histopathological resemblance to human high-grade serous ovarian cancer and exhibited similar peritoneal disease spread. Tumor NF-kappaB activity, measured by the NGL reporter and by western blot of nuclear p65 expression, was markedly elevated at late stages of ovarian cancer progression. In ascites fluid, macrophages were the predominant inflammatory cell population. There were elevated levels of the M2-like pro-tumor macrophage marker, mannose-receptor, during tumor progression, and reduced levels following NF-kappaB inhibition with thymoquinone. Conclusions Our ID8-NGL reporter syngeneic model is suitable for investigating changes in tumor NF-kappaB activity during ovarian cancer progression, how NF-kappaB activity influences immune cells in the tumor microenvironment, and effects of NF-kappaB-targeted treatments in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Wilson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, B1100 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Eilati E, Hales K, Zhuge Y, Fricano KA, Yu R, van Breemen RB, Hales DB. Flaxseed enriched diet-mediated reduction in ovarian cancer severity is correlated to the reduction of prostaglandin E(2) in laying hen ovaries. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 89:179-87. [PMID: 23978451 PMCID: PMC3811136 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Prevention of ovarian cancer is the best approach for reducing the impact of this deadly disease. The laying hen is a robust model of spontaneous ovarian cancer that recapitulates the human disease. Dietary intervention with flaxseed, the richest vegetable source of omega-3 fatty acids (OM-3FAs) and phytoestrogen lignans, demonstrate the potential for effective prevention and amelioration of ovarian cancer by targeting inflammatory prostaglandin pathways. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is the most pro-inflammatory ecoisanoid and one of the downstream products of two isoforms of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes: COX-1 and COX-2. Our objective was to investigate the effect of flaxseed supplementation for one year on ovarian cancer and correlate its effects to expression of COX enzymes and concentrations of prostaglandins. White Leghorn hens were fed 10% flaxseed-enriched or standard diet for one year. The severity of ovarian cancer was determined by gross pathology and histology. COX-1 and COX-2 localization and protein and mRNA expression and PGE2 and PGE3 concentrations in ovaries were measured by IHC, western blot, quantitative real-time PCR and LC-MS-MS, respectively. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in late stage ovarian tumors in the flaxseed-fed hens compared with the control diet-fed hens. In correlation with decreased ovarian cancer severity, concentrations of PGE2 and expression of COX-2 were diminished in ovaries of flaxseed-fed hens. PGE3 concentrations were below the level of detection. The results demonstrated that in normal ovaries, COX-1 was localized to the granulosa cell layer surrounding the follicles and ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) whereas COX-2 protein was localized to the granulosa cell layer in the follicle. Extensive COX-1 and COX-2 protein expression was found throughout the ovarian carcinoma. Our findings suggest that the flaxseed-mediated reduction in the severity of ovarian cancer in hens is correlated to the reduction in PGE2 in the ovaries of flaxseed-fed hens. These findings may provide the basis for clinical trials of dietary intervention targeting prostaglandin biosynthesis for the prevention and treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erfan Eilati
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Karen Hales
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Yan Zhuge
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Rui Yu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Richard B. van Breemen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dale Buchanan Hales
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1618 453 1544; fax: +1618 453 1517.
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167
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Jones PM, Drapkin R. Modeling High-Grade Serous Carcinoma: How Converging Insights into Pathogenesis and Genetics are Driving Better Experimental Platforms. Front Oncol 2013; 3:217. [PMID: 23986883 PMCID: PMC3752910 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent developments in the study of epithelial ovarian cancer have called into question the traditional views regarding the site of tumor initiation. Histopathologic studies and genomic analyses suggest that extra-ovarian sites, like the fallopian tube, may harbor the coveted cell of origin and could therefore contribute significantly to the development of high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HG-SOC). Our ability to validate these emerging genomic and pathologic observations and characterize the early transformation events of HG-SOC hinges on the development of novel model systems. Currently, there are only a handful of new model systems that are addressing these concerns. This review will chronicle the convergent evolution of these ovarian cancer model systems in the context of the changing pathologic and genomic understanding of HG-SOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Michael Jones
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston, MA , USA
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Lengyel E, Burdette JE, Kenny HA, Matei D, Pilrose J, Haluska P, Nephew KP, Hales DB, Stack MS. Epithelial ovarian cancer experimental models. Oncogene 2013; 33:3619-33. [PMID: 23934194 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (OvCa) is associated with high mortality and, as the majority (>75%) of women with OvCa have metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis, rates of survival have not changed appreciably over 30 years. A mechanistic understanding of OvCa initiation and progression is hindered by the complexity of genetic and/or environmental initiating events and lack of clarity regarding the cell(s) or tissue(s) of origin. Metastasis of OvCa involves direct extension or exfoliation of cells and cellular aggregates into the peritoneal cavity, survival of matrix-detached cells in a complex ascites fluid phase and subsequent adhesion to the mesothelium lining covering abdominal organs to establish secondary lesions containing host stromal and inflammatory components. Development of experimental models to recapitulate this unique mechanism of metastasis presents a remarkable scientific challenge, and many approaches used to study other solid tumors (for example, lung, colon and breast) are not transferable to OvCa research given the distinct metastasis pattern and unique tumor microenvironment (TME). This review will discuss recent progress in the development and refinement of experimental models to study OvCa. Novel cellular, three-dimensional organotypic, and ex vivo models are considered and the current in vivo models summarized. The review critically evaluates currently available genetic mouse models of OvCa, the emergence of xenopatients and the utility of the hen model to study OvCa prevention, tumorigenesis, metastasis and chemoresistance. As these new approaches more accurately recapitulate the complex TME, it is predicted that new opportunities for enhanced understanding of disease progression, metastasis and therapeutic response will emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lengyel
- Section of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J E Burdette
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois/Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - H A Kenny
- Section of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - D Matei
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - J Pilrose
- Medical Sciences, Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - P Haluska
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - K P Nephew
- Medical Sciences, Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - D B Hales
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - M S Stack
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA
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Xu Y, Wang D, Zhao LM, Zhao XL, Shen JJ, Xie Y, Cao LL, Chen ZB, Luo YM, Bao BH, Liang ZQ. Endoglin is necessary for angiogenesis in human ovarian carcinoma-derived primary endothelial cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2013; 14:937-48. [PMID: 23917399 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.25940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoglin (CD105, END) is upregulated in proliferating endothelial cells, suggesting potential therapeutic properties. However, it is not clear whether endoglin mediates an enhanced proliferative rate or may be upregulated as part of a negative feedback loop. To gain insights into context-dependent and cell type-dependent regulatory effects of endoglin, we studied its role properties in human ovarian carcinoma-derived endothelial cells (ODMECs). We isolated and cultured primary ODMECs from epithelial ovarian carcinoma tissue. ODMECs had higher expression of endoglin and VEGFR-2, and also exhibited enhanced spontaneous formation of vessel-like structures in vitro. Transfection of siRNA targeting endoglin in ODMECs cells resulted in the reduction of the proliferation and tube formation. These results indicate that a subset of ODMECs display abnormal angiogenic properties and this phenotype was blocked by decreasing endoglin levels, suggesting endoglin is essential for stimulating angiogenesis, and targeting it may be an attractive approach to anti-angiogenesis therapy for ovarian carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Southwest Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing, P.R. China
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170
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Carlson AM, Maurer MJ, Goergen KM, Kalli KR, Erskine CL, Behrens MD, Knutson KL, Block MS. Utility of progranulin and serum leukocyte protease inhibitor as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in ovarian cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:1730-5. [PMID: 23878295 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-12-1368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the fifth leading cause of cancer-related death in females and leading gynecologic cause of cancer-related death. Despite the identification of a number of serum biomarkers, methods to identify early-stage disease and predict prognosis remain scarce. We have evaluated two biologically connected serum biomarkers, serum leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) and progranulin (PGRN). METHODS Two-hundred frozen plasma samples were acquired from the Mayo Clinic Biospecimen Repository for Ovarian Cancer Research. Samples were obtained from 50 patients with benign conditions, 50 with American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage I and II EOC, and 100 with AJCC stage III and IV EOC. Samples were obtained before surgical resection of a mass and were analyzed for absolute levels of SLPI and PGRN using ELISA assays. Receiver-operator characteristic curves were generated for SLPI and PGRN. Median follow-up was 48 months. RESULTS Absolute levels of SLPI were significantly elevated in patients with EOC compared with benign disease and predicted the presence of EOC (AUC of 0.812; P = 0.04); SLPI remained elevated in the subset of patients with normal CA-125. PGRN levels were not significantly increased in patients with early-stage or late-stage EOC as a whole, but an increase in PGRN levels was associated with decreased overall survival in advanced EOC. CONCLUSIONS SLPI levels are elevated in EOC, and SLPI shows promise as a diagnostic biomarker for patients with both elevated and normal CA-125 levels. An increase in PGRN is associated with decreased overall survival. IMPACT SLPI is elevated in EOC and warrants investigation in a screening study in women at risk for EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Carlson
- Authors' Affiliations: Mayo Medical School, Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, and Departments of Medical Oncology and Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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171
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Saddick SY. In vivo and in vitro studies on apoptosis in OSE cells and inclusion cysts of pregnant heifers. Saudi J Biol Sci 2013; 20:281-9. [PMID: 23961245 PMCID: PMC3730905 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated progesterone concentration during pregnancy and use of progesterone-like contraceptives are known to reduce ovarian cancers. This study was undertaken to decipher whether or not there is any relationship between progesterone (also oestrogen)-mediated ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) apoptosis and expression of p53, a cell-cycle arresting protein and potential tumour suppressor. Immunohistochemical staining with cytokeratin confirmed epithelial nature of the cells in the OSE layer and inclusion cysts that invaginate inside stroma after ovulation takes place. The in situ apoptosis index was determined during oestrus, and at mid and late-pregnancy stages in heifers. Epithelia of both tissues exhibited significantly high nuclear staining, suggesting that these cells are aiming to apoptotic destruction. To further establish a role of progesterone, the OSE cells were exposed in vitro to two concentrations of oestrogen and progesterone. It was revealed that progesterone at both concentrations and oestrogen only at high concentration converted a large proportion of these cells apoptotic. The stimulatory effect of progesterone (and to some extent oestrogen) was also seen on p53 expression in the same cultivated OSE cells. The steroid dosage dependence for apoptosis and p53 expression was also somewhat similar. Assuming that progesterone action is mediated through p53-caused apoptosis as a mechanism to evade malignant transformation of OSE cells, p53 expression at mRNA and protein level was investigated in the OSE layer in proximity to stroma, antrum and corpus luteum (CL). In cycling animals CL produces a large amount of progesterone and also oestrogen to maintain the post-ovulatory cycle and to suppress the gonadotropin production. Hence, cells undergoing re-epithelialization and which are in contact with CL were expected to undergo maximum apoptotic modification. Indeed we got the maximum p53/p53 gene expression in these cells. We conclude that progesterone during cycling and pregnancy may reduce the risk of developing ovarian cancer by ceasing cell cycle and diverting damaged and mutagenized OSE cells for apoptosis, and the process may be mediated through elevated p53 synthesis. However, it is also possible that progesterone and p53-induced apoptosis may be entirely different cancer suppressive actions but coincidently happening together.
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172
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Ovarian surface epithelium as a source of ovarian cancers: Unwarranted speculation or evidence-based hypothesis? Gynecol Oncol 2013; 130:246-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2013.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Targeted paclitaxel nanoparticles modified with follicle-stimulating hormone β 81-95 peptide show effective antitumor activity against ovarian carcinoma. Int J Pharm 2013; 453:498-505. [PMID: 23811008 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The majority of patients with advanced ovarian cancer will experience a relapse and ultimately die from refractory diseases. Targeted therapy shows promise for these patients. Novel therapeutic strategies should be developed on the basis of the molecular mechanisms involved in ovarian cancer and the steroid hormone environment of ovaries. The ovary is the main target organ of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which bind to its receptor with high affinity. In this study a FSH receptor-targeting ligand, FSH β 81-95 peptide, was used as a targeting moiety to synthesize an FSH receptor-mediated drug delivery system. FSH β 81-95 peptide-conjugated nanoparticles (FSH81-NPs) and paclitaxel-loaded FSH81-NPs (FSH81-NP-PTXs) were synthesized. In vitro studies showed that FSH β 81-95 peptide enabled the specific uptake of cytotoxic drugs and increased the intracellular paclitaxel concentration in FSH receptor-expressing cancer cells, resulting in enhanced cytotoxic effects. In vivo studies showed that FSH81-NP-PTXs possessed higher antitumor efficacy against FSH receptor-expressing tumors without any clinical signs of adverse side effects or body weight loss due to modification with FSH β 81-95 peptide. Therefore, FSH binding peptide-targeted drug delivery system exhibited high potential in the treatment of ovarian cancer, and tumor targeting via reproductive hormone receptors might improve the outcome of diseases.
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174
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Son DS, Kabir SM, Dong Y, Lee E, Adunyah SE. Characteristics of chemokine signatures elicited by EGF and TNF in ovarian cancer cells. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2013; 10:25. [PMID: 23800251 PMCID: PMC3694479 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-10-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Background Ovarian cancer, an inflammation-associated cancer, is the fifth leading cause of cancer deaths in women. The malignancy produces a large amount of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) which promotes a proinflammatory tumor microenvironment. In addition, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is frequently overexpressed in high-grade ovarian cancer, which likely aggravates cancer progression. Since ovarian cancer progression is closely associated with chemokine networks driven by inflammation or EGFR activation, we investigated the chemokine signatures elicited by EGF and TNF in ovarian cancer cells to determine their individual profiles and if there was in fact some kind of synergy between their actions on the chemokine network. Methods We used a PCR array for the chemokine network to examine the signature of chemokines and their receptors elicited by EGF and TNF in four ovarian cancer cell lines (OVCAR-3, SKOV-3, CaOV-3 and TOV-21G). Results The chemokine network revealed that ovarian cancer cells commonly expressed high levels of proinflammatory chemokines such as CCL20, CXCL1-3 and CXCL8 in response to EGF or TNF. However, the responsiveness to EGF or TNF displayed a cell line specific pattern. Although OVCAR-3 and SKOV-3 cells were responsive to either EGF or TNF, their TNF responsiveness was dominant. On the other hand, CaOV-3 and TOV-21G cells were responsive to EGF but less to TNF, probably due to the high levels of non-canonical nuclear factor (NF)-κB components such as IKKα and p52 in these cell lines compared to OVCAR-3 and SKOV-3 cells. Among chemokine receptors, only CXCR5 was responsive to EGF or TNF in CaOV-3 cells. Finally, CCL20 and CXCL8 responded synergistically in response to EGF and TNF in OVCAR-3 and SKOV-3 cells. Conclusion Our results indicate that CCL20, CXCL1-3 and CXCL8 are the primary chemokines induced by EGF or TNF and are elicited in these ovarian cancer cells via NF-κB, Akt and Erk signaling pathways. Of interest, there was a syngergistic response in terms of CCL20 and CXCL8 levels, when OVCAR-3 and SKOV-3 cells were exposed to EGF plus TNF. Targeting these proinflammatory chemokines may be a promising therapeutic strategy for ovarian cancer with abundant TNF and EGFR activation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deok-Soo Son
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA.
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175
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Ward KK, Tancioni I, Lawson C, Miller NL, Jean C, Chen XL, Uryu S, Kim J, Tarin D, Stupack DG, Plaxe SC, Schlaepfer DD. Inhibition of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activity prevents anchorage-independent ovarian carcinoma cell growth and tumor progression. Clin Exp Metastasis 2013; 30:579-94. [PMID: 23275034 PMCID: PMC3622195 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-012-9562-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Recurrence and spread of ovarian cancer is the 5th leading cause of death for women in the United States. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a cytoplasmic protein-tyrosine kinase located on chromosome 8q24.3 (gene is Ptk2), a site commonly amplified in serous ovarian cancer. Elevated FAK mRNA levels in serous ovarian carcinoma are associated with decreased (logrank P = 0.0007, hazard ratio 1.43) patient overall survival, but how FAK functions in tumor progression remains undefined. We have isolated aggressive ovarian carcinoma cells termed ID8-IP after intraperitoneal (IP) growth of murine ID8 cells in C57Bl6 mice. Upon orthotopic implantation within the peri-ovarian bursa space, ID8-IP cells exhibit greater tumor growth, local and distant metastasis, and elevated numbers of ascites-associated cells compared to parental ID8 cells. ID8-IP cells exhibit enhanced growth under non-adherent conditions with elevated FAK and c-Src tyrosine kinase activation compared to parental ID8 cells. In vitro, the small molecule FAK inhibitor (Pfizer, PF562,271, PF-271) at 0.1 uM selectively prevented anchorage-independent ID8-IP cell growth with the inhibition of FAK tyrosine (Y)397 but not c-Src Y416 phosphorylation. Oral PF-271 administration (30 mg/kg, twice daily) blocked FAK but not c-Src tyrosine phosphorylation in ID8-IP tumors. This was associated with decreased tumor size, prevention of peritoneal metastasis, reduced tumor-associated endothelial cell number, and increased tumor cell-associated apoptosis. FAK knockdown and re-expression assays showed that FAK activity selectively promoted anchorage-independent ID8-IP cell survival. These results support the continued evaluation of FAK inhibitors as a promising clinical treatment for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy K. Ward
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Isabelle Tancioni
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Christine Lawson
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Nichol L.G. Miller
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Christine Jean
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Xiao Lei Chen
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Sean Uryu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Josephine Kim
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - David Tarin
- Department of Pathology, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Dwayne G. Stupack
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Steven C. Plaxe
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - David D. Schlaepfer
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093
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Wilson AJ, Liu AY, Roland J, Adebayo OB, Fletcher SA, Slaughter JC, Saskowski J, Crispens MA, Jones HW, James S, Fadare O, Khabele D. TR3 modulates platinum resistance in ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 2013; 73:4758-69. [PMID: 23720056 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-4560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In metastatic ovarian cancer, resistance to platinum chemotherapy is common. Although the orphan nuclear receptor TR3 (nur77/NR4A1) is implicated in mediating chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in cancer cells, its role in ovarian cancer has not been determined. In an ovarian cancer tissue microarray, TR3 protein expression was elevated in stage I tumors, but downregulated in a significant subset of metastatic tumors. Moreover, TR3 expression was significantly lower in platinum-resistant tumors in patients with metastatic disease, and low TR3 staining was associated with poorer overall and progression-free survival. We have identified a direct role for TR3 in cisplatin-induced apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells. Nucleus-to-cytoplasm translocation of TR3 was observed in cisplatin-sensitive (OVCAR8, OVCAR3, and A2780PAR) but not cisplatin-resistant (NCI/ADR-RES and A2780CP20) ovarian cancer cells. Immunofluorescent analyses showed clear overlap between TR3 and mitochondrial Hsp60 in cisplatin-treated cells, which was associated with cytochrome c release. Ovarian cancer cells with stable shRNA- or transient siRNA-mediated TR3 downregulation displayed substantial reduction in cisplatin effects on apoptotic markers and cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistic studies showed that the cisplatin-induced cytoplasmic TR3 translocation required for apoptosis induction was regulated by JNK activation and inhibition of Akt. Finally, cisplatin resistance was partially overcome by ectopic TR3 overexpression and by treatment with the JNK activator anisomycin and Akt pathway inhibitor, wortmannin. Our results suggest that disruption of TR3 activity, via downregulation or nuclear sequestration, likely contributes to platinum resistance in ovarian cancer. Moreover, we have described a treatment strategy aimed at overcoming platinum resistance by targeting TR3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Wilson
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, B1100 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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177
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Eilati E, Bahr JM, Hales DB. Long term consumption of flaxseed enriched diet decreased ovarian cancer incidence and prostaglandin E₂in hens. Gynecol Oncol 2013; 130:620-8. [PMID: 23707669 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy. Prevention may be the best approach to reduce ovarian cancer. Flaxseed is the richest vegetable source of omega-3 fatty acids which may be effective in the prevention of ovarian cancer. Prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) is the most pro-inflammatory ecoisanoid and one of the downstream products of two isoforms of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes: COX-1 and COX-2. Our objective was to determine if long-term consumption of a flaxseed enriched diet decreased ovarian cancer severity and incidence in the laying hen and to investigate its potential correlation with the expression of COX enzymes and PGE₂ concentration. METHODS White Leghorn hens were fed 10% flaxseed-enriched or standard diet for 4years. The severity and incidence of ovarian cancer were determined by gross pathology and histology. COX-1 and COX-2 protein and mRNA expression and PGE₂ concentrations in ovaries were measured by Western blot, quantitative real-time PCR and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS The results demonstrated that there was a reduction in ovarian cancer severity and incidence in hens fed flaxseed diet. In correlation with decreased ovarian cancer severity and incidence, concentration of PGE₂ and expression of COX-2 were diminished in ovaries of hens fed flaxseed. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the lower levels of COX-2 and PGE₂ are the main contributing factors in the chemo-suppressive role of long-term flaxseed consumption in ovarian cancer in laying hens. These findings may provide the basis for clinical trials of dietary intervention targeting prostaglandin biosynthesis for the prevention and treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erfan Eilati
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University - Carbondale, School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
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178
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du Bois A, Ewald-Riegler N, de Gregorio N, Reuss A, Mahner S, Fotopoulou C, Kommoss F, Schmalfeldt B, Hilpert F, Fehm T, Burges A, Meier W, Hillemanns P, Hanker L, Hasenburg A, Strauss HG, Hellriegel M, Wimberger P, Keyver-Paik MD, Baumann K, Canzler U, Wollschlaeger K, Forner D, Pfisterer J, Schröder W, Münstedt K, Richter B, Kommoss S, Hauptmann S. Borderline tumours of the ovary: A cohort study of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Gynäkologische Onkologie (AGO) Study Group. Eur J Cancer 2013; 49:1905-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2013.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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179
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Kalampokas E, Kalampokas T, Tourountous I. Primary fallopian tube carcinoma. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2013; 169:155-61. [PMID: 23622731 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2013.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Primary fallopian tube carcinoma (PFTC) is a rare gynaecological tumour that accounts for 0.14-1.8% of genital malignancies. The most common age of occurrence is between 40 and 65 years, and the mean age is 55 years. The factors that contribute to its appearance are not well known. Population studies show that the mean incidence of PFTC is 3.6 per million women per annum. Overall survival percentages for patients with PFTC are generally low, in the range of 22-57%. Pre-operative diagnosis is rare and PFTC is usually confirmed by a pathologist, but earlier diagnosis with early clinical manifestation and prompt investigation improves the prognosis. Both PFTC and epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) are treated with similar surgical and chemotherapy methods. Studies have shown that the prognosis for PFTC is worse than that for EOC or other primary gynaecological tumours. This article reviews and presents the current updates of this rare gynaecological malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kalampokas
- University of Athens Medical School, Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aretaieio Hospital, Athens, Greece.
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180
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Sonego M, Schiappacassi M, Lovisa S, Dall'Acqua A, Bagnoli M, Lovat F, Libra M, D'Andrea S, Canzonieri V, Militello L, Napoli M, Giorda G, Pivetta B, Mezzanzanica D, Barbareschi M, Valeri B, Canevari S, Colombatti A, Belletti B, Del Sal G, Baldassarre G. Stathmin regulates mutant p53 stability and transcriptional activity in ovarian cancer. EMBO Mol Med 2013; 5:707-22. [PMID: 23610071 PMCID: PMC3662314 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201201504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stathmin is a p53-target gene, frequently overexpressed in late stages of human cancer progression. Type II High Grade Epithelial Ovarian Carcinomas (HG-EOC) represents the only clear exception to this observation. Here, we show that stathmin expression is necessary for the survival of HG-EOC cells carrying a p53 mutant (p53MUT) gene. At molecular level, stathmin favours the binding and the phosphorylation of p53MUT by DNA-PKCS, eventually modulating p53MUT stability and transcriptional activity. Inhibition of stathmin or DNA-PKCS impaired p53MUT–dependent transcription of several M phase regulators, resulting in M phase failure and EOC cell death, both in vitro and in vivo. In primary human EOC a strong correlation exists between stathmin, DNA-PKCS, p53MUT overexpression and its transcriptional targets, further strengthening the relevance of the new pathway here described. Overall our data support the hypothesis that the expression of stathmin and p53 could be useful for the identification of high risk patients that will benefit from a therapy specifically acting on mitotic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Sonego
- Division of Experimental Oncology 2, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
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181
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Inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis by a self-therapeutic nanoparticle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:6700-5. [PMID: 23569259 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1214547110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although biomedical applications of nanotechnology, which typically involve functionalized nanoparticles, have taken significant strides, biological characterization of unmodified nanoparticles remains underinvestigated. Herein we demonstrate that unmodified gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells in a size- and concentration-dependent manner by abrogating MAPK-signaling. In addition, these AuNPs reverse epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer cells by reducing secretion of a number of proteins involved in EMT, up-regulating E-Cadherin, and down-regulating Snail, N-Cadherin, and Vimentin. Inhibition of MAPK signaling and reversal of EMT upon AuNP treatment inhibits tumor growth and metastasis in two separate orthotopic models of ovarian cancer. Western blot analyses of tumor tissues reveal up-regulation of E-Cadherin and down-regulation of Snail and phospho-MAPK, confirming the reversal of EMT and inhibition of MAPK signaling upon AuNP treatment. The ability of a single self-therapeutic nanoparticle to abrogate signaling cascades of multiple growth factors is distinctive and purports possible medical applications as potential antitumor and antimetastatic agent.
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182
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Abu-Asab MS, Abu-Asab N, Loffredo CA, Clarke R, Amri H. Identifying early events of gene expression in breast cancer with systems biology phylogenetics. Cytogenet Genome Res 2013; 139:206-14. [PMID: 23548567 DOI: 10.1159/000348433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced omics technologies such as deep sequencing and spectral karyotyping are revealing more of cancer heterogeneity at the genetic, genomic, gene expression, epigenetic, proteomic, and metabolomic levels. With this increasing body of emerging data, the task of data analysis becomes critical for mining and modeling to better understand the relevant underlying biological processes. However, the multiple levels of heterogeneity evident within and among populations, healthy and diseased, complicate the mining and interpretation of biological data, especially when dealing with hundreds to tens of thousands of variables. Heterogeneity occurs in many diseases, such as cancers, autism, macular degeneration, and others. In cancer, heterogeneity has hampered the search for validated biomarkers for early detection, and it has complicated the task of finding clonal (driver) and nonclonal (nonexpanded or passenger) aberrations. We show that subtyping of cancer (classification of specimens) should be an a priori step to the identification of early events of cancers. Studying early events in oncogenesis can be done on histologically normal tissues from diseased individuals (HNTDI), since they most likely have been exposed to the same mutagenic insults that caused the cancer in their neighboring tissues. Polarity assessment of HNTDI data variables by using healthy specimens as outgroup(s), followed by the application of parsimony phylogenetic analysis, produces a hierarchical classification of specimens that reveals the early events of the disease ontogeny within its subtypes as shared derived changes (abnormal changes) or synapomorphies in phylogenetic terminology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Abu-Asab
- Section of Immunopathology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md., USA
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183
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Lin HX, Qiu HJ, Zeng F, Rao HL, Yang GF, Kung HF, Zhu XF, Zeng YX, Cai MY, Xie D. Decreased expression of Beclin 1 correlates closely with Bcl-xL expression and poor prognosis of ovarian carcinoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60516. [PMID: 23573264 PMCID: PMC3616009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background It has been suggested that autophagy-related Beclin 1 plays a critical role in the regulation of tumor development and/or progression, but its prognostic significance and relationship with Bcl-xL expression in ovarian carcinoma are unclear. Methodology/Principal Findings In the present study, the methods of Western blotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were utilized to investigate the expression status of Beclin 1 and Bcl-xL in fresh ovarian tissues and paraffin-embedded epithelial ovarian tumor tissues. Decreased expression of Beclin 1 was examined by IHC in 8.3% of normal ovaries, in 15.4% of cystadenomas, in 20.0% of borderline tumors, and in 55.6% of ovarian carcinomas, respectively. In ovarian carcinomas, decreased expression of Beclin 1 was correlated closely with ascending histological grade, later pT/pN/pM status and/or advanced clinical stage (P<0.05). In univariate survival analysis, a highly significant association between low-expressed Beclin 1 and shortened patient survival was evaluated in ovarian carcinoma patients (P<0.01), and Beclin 1 expression was an independent prognostic factor as evidenced by multivariate analysis (P = 0.013). In addition, decreased expression of Beclin 1 was inversely correlated with altered expression of Bcl-xL in ovarian carcinoma cohort, and combined analysis further showed that the low Beclin 1/high Bcl-xL group had the lowest survival rate. Conclusions/Significance Our findings suggest that Beclin 1 expression, as examined by IHC, could be served as an additional tool in identifying ovarian carcinoma patients at risk of tumor progression, and predicting patient survival in ovarian carcinomas with increased expression of Bcl-xL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Xin Lin
- The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Juan Qiu
- The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Zeng
- The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Hui-Lan Rao
- The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Fen Yang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hsiang-Fu Kung
- The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Xin Zeng
- The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mu-Yan Cai
- The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (M-YC); (DX)
| | - Dan Xie
- The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (M-YC); (DX)
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184
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Chornokur G, Amankwah EK, Schildkraut JM, Phelan CM. Global ovarian cancer health disparities. Gynecol Oncol 2013; 129:258-64. [PMID: 23266352 PMCID: PMC3608795 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2012.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this article is to broadly review the scientific literature and summarize the most up-to-date findings on ovarian cancer health disparities worldwide and in the United States (U.S.). METHODS The present literature on disparities in ovarian cancer was reviewed. Original research and relevant review articles were included. RESULTS Ovarian cancer health disparities exist worldwide and in the U.S. Ovarian cancer disproportionately affect African American women at all stages of the disease, from presentation through treatment, and ultimately increased mortality and decreased survival, compared to non-Hispanic White women. Increased mortality is likely to be explained by unequal access to care and non-standard treatment regimens frequently administered to African American women, but may also be attributed to genetic susceptibility, acquired co-morbid conditions and increased frequency of modifiable risk factors, albeit to substantially lesser extent. Unequal access to care is, in turn, largely a consequence of lower socioeconomic status and lack of private health insurance coverage among the African American population. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest the need for policy changes aimed at facilitating equal access to quality medical care. At the same time, further research is necessary to fully resolve racial disparities in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganna Chornokur
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Dr, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- The Center for Equal Health, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Ernest K. Amankwah
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Dr, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | | | - Catherine M. Phelan
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Dr, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- The Center for Equal Health, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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185
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Chene G, Dauplat J, Radosevic-Robin N, Cayre A, Penault-Llorca F. Tu-be or not tu-be: that is the question… about serous ovarian carcinogenesis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2013; 88:134-43. [PMID: 23523591 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Revised: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the early natural history of epithelial ovarian carcinoma is limited by the access to early lesions as the disease is very often diagnosed at advanced stages. The incessant ovulation theory from the last century that indicated the ovary as the site for the initiation of high-grade serous cancers is contrary to the newly emerging idea that ovarian cancer could arise from the distal fallopian tube. In view of the recent pathological and molecular studies, we propose to discuss the genesis of high-grade serous ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Chene
- Department of Histopathology, Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Department of Surgery, Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHU St Etienne, France.
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186
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Schüler S, Ponnath M, Engel J, Ortmann O. Ovarian epithelial tumors and reproductive factors: a systematic review. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2013; 287:1187-204. [PMID: 23503972 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-013-2784-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this systematic review is to summarize the current knowledge about the etiology and pathogenesis of borderline tumors ovarian cancer with special emphasis on the role of endocrine treatments and reproductive factors to establish a foundation for future studies. METHODS We performed a systematic review on the relation between ovarian epithelial tumors (OET) and reproductive factors using the keywords: ovarian cancer, ovarian tumor, ovarian borderline tumor, age at menarche, age at menopause, parity, infertility, PCO syndrome, oral contraception, menopausal hormone therapy, fertility treatment. Totally, 3,290 abstracts were scanned for their relevance in this publication and 127 were finally included. RESULTS The incidence of ovarian epithelial cancer and ovarian borderline tumors is influenced by certain reproductive factors. The strongest protective effects are conferred by parity and use of oral contraceptive pills. Recent molecular biologic and histopathologic studies prove that OET represent a diverse group of tumors, each histologic type with a different genetic background. This is at least partly reflected in epidemiologic and clinical studies showing different risk modulating effects of reproductive factors and endocrine therapies on OET. CONCLUSIONS The etiology and pathogenesis of ovarian cancer are still not fully understood. None of the so far proposed hypothesis on the development of OET can fully account for the epidemiologic and clinical findings in the context of reproductive factors and OET development. Further research approaches are warranted and need to put more weight on the clinical and genetical diversity of OET to yield a more detailed insight into their pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Schüler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Regensburg, Caritas-Hospital St. Josef, Landshuter Straße 65, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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Chao TK, Yo YT, Liao YP, Wang YC, Su PH, Huang TS, Lai HC. LIM-homeobox transcription factor 1, alpha (LMX1A) inhibits tumourigenesis, epithelial–mesenchymal transition and stem-like properties of epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2013; 128:475-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2012.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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188
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Gao FF, Bhargava R, Yang H, Li Z, Zhao C. Clinicopathologic study of serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma with invasive carcinoma: is serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma a reliable feature for determining the organ of origin? Hum Pathol 2013; 44:1534-43. [PMID: 23465279 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the past several decades, the concept of serous ovarian carcinoma has been revised repeatedly. However, the exact pathogenesis remains controversial. The most popular current concept is origin from the epithelium of the fimbriated ends of the fallopian tubes. The objective of our study was to evaluate the characteristic clinical and morphologic features of serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC) and associated invasive carcinomas. One hundred sixteen consecutive cases of STIC seen from 2007 to 2011 were included in this study. High-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) with or without a mixed component was identified in 107 cases (92.2%), non-HGSC in 5 cases, and STICs without invasive carcinoma in 4 cases. Using conventional criteria, HGSCs were classified as fallopian tube in origin in 65 cases (60.7%), as ovarian in 30 (28.0%), as peritoneal in 9 (8.4%), and as endometrial in 3 (2.8%). Among the 107 cases with HGSCs, most STICs (86; 80%) were present unilaterally, whereas invasive tumors more commonly involved the ovaries bilaterally (79%; 84 cases). These findings support the hypothesis that STIC acts as a precursor lesion for most fallopian tube, ovarian, and peritoneal HGSCs, but not for endometrial HGSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faye F Gao
- Department of Pathology, Magee-Women's Hospital of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3180, USA
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189
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Ivan C, Hu W, Bottsford-Miller J, Zand B, Dalton HJ, Liu T, Huang J, Nick AM, Lopez-Berestein G, Coleman RL, Baggerly KA, Sood AK. Epigenetic analysis of the Notch superfamily in high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2013; 128:506-11. [PMID: 23200915 PMCID: PMC3645276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2012.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gene methylation and other epigenetic modifications of gene regulation have been implicated in the growth of ovarian cancer, but the clinical significance of such modifications in the Notch pathway in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGS-OvCa) is not well understood. We used The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data to study the clinical relevance of epigenetic modifications of Notch superfamily genes. METHODS We analyzed the interaction of DNA methylation and miRNAs with gene expression data for Notch superfamily members with the Spearman rank correlation test and explored potential relationships with overall survival (OS) with the log-rank test. We downloaded clinical data, level 3 gene expression data, and level 3 DNA methylation data for 480 patients with stage II-IV HGS-OvCa from the TCGA data portal. Patients were randomly divided into training and validation cohorts for survival analyses. In each set, patients were grouped into percentiles according to methylation and microRNA (miRNA) or messenger RNA (mRNA) levels. We used several algorithms to predict miRNA-mRNA interaction. RESULTS There were significant inverse relationships between methylation status and mRNA expression for PPARG, CCND1, and RUNX1. For each of these genes, patients with a lower methylation level and higher expression level had significantly poorer OS than did patients with a higher methylation level and lower expression level. We also found a significant inverse relationship between miRNAs and mRNA expression for CCND1, PPARG, and RUNX1. By further analyzing the effect of miRNAs on gene expression and OS, we found that patients with higher levels of CCND1, PPARG, and RUNX1 expression and lower expression levels of their respective miRNAs (502-5p, 128, and 215/625) had significantly poorer OS. CONCLUSIONS Epigenetic alterations of multiple Notch target genes and pathway interacting genes (PPARG, CCND1, and RUNX1) may relate to activation of this pathway and poor survival of patients with HGS-OvCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ivan
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Justin Bottsford-Miller
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Behrouz Zand
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Heather J. Dalton
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Alpa M. Nick
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gabriel Lopez-Berestein
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Robert L. Coleman
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Keith A. Baggerly
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anil K. Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Gambogic Acid Sensitizes Ovarian Cancer Cells to Doxorubicin Through ROS-Mediated Apoptosis. Cell Biochem Biophys 2013; 67:199-206. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-013-9534-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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191
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De Marco C, Rinaldo N, Bruni P, Malzoni C, Zullo F, Fabiani F, Losito S, Scrima M, Marino FZ, Franco R, Quintiero A, Agosti V, Viglietto G. Multiple genetic alterations within the PI3K pathway are responsible for AKT activation in patients with ovarian carcinoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55362. [PMID: 23408974 PMCID: PMC3567053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway is activated in multiple cancers including ovarian carcinoma (OC). However, the relative contribution of the single components within the PI3K pathway to AKT activation in OC is still unclear. We examined 98 tumor samples from Italian OC patients for alterations in the members of the PI3K pathway. We report that AKT is significantly hyperactive in OC compared to normal tissue (n = 93; p<0.0001) and that AKT activation is preferentially observed in the elderly (>58 years old; n = 93; p<0.05). The most frequent alteration is the overexpression of the p110α catalytic subunit of PI3K (63/93, ∼68%); less frequent alterations comprise the loss of PTEN (24/89, 27%) and the overexpression of AKT1 (18/96, 19%) or AKT2 (11/88,12.5%). Mutations in the PIK3CA or KRAS genes were detected at lower frequency (12% and 10%, respectively) whereas mutations in AKT1 or AKT2 genes were absent. Although many tumors presented a single lesion (28/93, of which 23 overexpressed PIK3CA, 1 overexpressed AKT and 4 had lost PTEN), many OC (35/93) presented multiple alterations within the PI3K pathway. Apparently, aberrant PI3K signalling was mediated by activation of the canonical downstream AKT-dependent mTOR/S6K1/4EBP1 pathway and by regulation of expression of oncogenic transcription factors that include HMGA1, JUN-B, FOS and MYC but not by AKT-independent activation of SGK3. FISH analysis indicated that gene amplification of PIK3CA, AKT1 and AKT2 (but not of PI3KR1) and the loss of PTEN are common and may account for changes in the expression of the corresponding proteins. In conclusion, our results indicate that p110α overexpression represents the most frequent alteration within the PI3K/AKT pathway in OC. However, p110α overexpression may not be sufficient to activate AKT signalling and drive ovarian tumorigenesis since many tumors overexpressing PI3K presented at least one additional alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela De Marco
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
- Biogem Scarl, Institute for Genetic Research “Gaetano Salvatore”, Ariano Irpino, Avellino, Italy
| | - Nicola Rinaldo
- Biogem Scarl, Institute for Genetic Research “Gaetano Salvatore”, Ariano Irpino, Avellino, Italy
| | - Paola Bruni
- Casa di Cura “Malzoni-Villa dei Platani”, Avellino, Italy
| | | | - Fulvio Zullo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Fernanda Fabiani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Simona Losito
- Fondazione “G Pascale”, National Cancer Institute, Naples, Italy
| | - Marianna Scrima
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
- Biogem Scarl, Institute for Genetic Research “Gaetano Salvatore”, Ariano Irpino, Avellino, Italy
| | | | - Renato Franco
- Fondazione “G Pascale”, National Cancer Institute, Naples, Italy
| | - Alfina Quintiero
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Valter Agosti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Viglietto
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
- Biogem Scarl, Institute for Genetic Research “Gaetano Salvatore”, Ariano Irpino, Avellino, Italy
- * E-mail:
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192
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Matsuno RK, Sherman ME, Visvanathan K, Goodman MT, Hernandez BY, Lynch CF, Ioffe OB, Horio D, Platz C, Altekruse SF, Pfeiffer RM, Anderson WF. Agreement for tumor grade of ovarian carcinoma: analysis of archival tissues from the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results residual tissue repository. Cancer Causes Control 2013; 24:749-57. [PMID: 23378140 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-013-0157-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging data suggest that ovarian cancers differ by tumor grade. However, the reliability of microscopic grade from paraffin tissue in the general medical community and as reflected in population-based cancer registries is unknown. METHODS We examined grade agreement between two gynecologic pathologists and the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results Residual Tissue Repository (SEER). Grade agreement was assessed with percent observer agreement and kappa coefficients for 664 invasive ovarian carcinomas, using previously defined three-tier and two-tier grading systems. A random subset of ovarian carcinomas was selected to compare intra- and inter-pathologist agreement. RESULTS Five hundred and eighty-six of SEER's 664 tumors were confirmed invasive. Percent agreement was 49 % with fair kappa coefficient = 0.25 (95 % CI: 0.20-0.30) for the 664 tumors. Agreement improved slightly when restricted to the 586 confirmed invasive cancers; it was better for high grade than low grade tumors, for two-tier than three-tier grading systems, and within (66 %) than between study pathologists (43 %). Grade was not a robust independent predictor of ovarian cancer-specific survival. CONCLUSIONS Grade agreement was fair between SEER and study pathologists irrespective of grading system. Recorded grade in SEER should be used with caution and is probably not a reliable metric for ovarian cancer epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayna K Matsuno
- DHHS/NIH/National Cancer Institute/Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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Chene G, Penault-Llorca F, Robin N, Cayre A, Provencher D, Dauplat J. Vers un dépistage possible du cancer de l’ovaire ? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgyn.2012.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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194
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Hanrahan AJ, Schultz N, Westfal ML, Sakr RA, Giri DD, Scarperi S, Janakiraman M, Janikariman M, Olvera N, Stevens EV, She QB, Aghajanian C, King TA, Stanchina ED, Spriggs DR, Heguy A, Taylor BS, Sander C, Rosen N, Levine DA, Solit DB. Genomic complexity and AKT dependence in serous ovarian cancer. Cancer Discov 2013; 2:56-67. [PMID: 22328975 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-11-0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Effective oncoprotein-targeted therapies have not yet been developed for ovarian cancer. To explore the role of PI3 kinase/AKT signaling in this disease, we performed a genetic and functional analysis of ovarian cancer cell lines and tumors. PI3K pathway alterations were common in both, but the spectrum of mutational changes differed. Genetic activation of the pathway was necessary, but not sufficient, to confer sensitivity to selective inhibition of AKT and cells with RAS pathway alterations or RB1 loss were resistant to AKT inhibition, whether or not they had coexistent PI3K/AKT pathway activation. Inhibition of AKT1 caused growth arrest in a subset of ovarian cell lines, but not in those with AKT3 expression, which required pan-AKT inhibition. Thus, a subset of ovarian tumors are sensitive to AKT inhibition, but the genetic heterogeneity of the disease suggests that effective treatment with AKT pathway inhibitors will require a detailed molecular analysis of each patient's tumor. SIGNIFICANCE A subset of ovarian cancers exhibits AKT pathway activation and is sensitive to selective AKT inhibition. Ovarian tumors exhibit significant genetic heterogeneity and thus an individualized approach based on real-time, detailed genomic and proteomic characterization of individual tumors will be required for the successful application of PI3K/AKT pathway inhibitors in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aphrothiti J Hanrahan
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10471, USA
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195
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Xiang L, Kong B. PAX8 is a novel marker for differentiating between various types of tumor, particularly ovarian epithelial carcinomas. Oncol Lett 2013; 5:735-738. [PMID: 23425942 PMCID: PMC3576179 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Paired-box gene 8 (PAX8) encodes a transcription factor associated with important roles in embryogenesis and disease, and is a member of the PAX gene family. PAX8 has been demonstrated to be crucial in determining cell fate during the development of the thyroid, kidney, brain, eyes and Müllerian system and regulates expression of the Wilms’ tumor suppressor gene (WT1). Several previous studies have reported that PAX8 is expressed at high levels in specific types of tumor, including thyroid and renal carcinomas and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. In addition, PAX8 has been reported to be useful for the detection and differential diagnosis of ovarian carcinoma. The consistency of PAX8 staining in epithelial ovarian carcinomas (EOCs) and the fallopian tube has provided morphological evidence that EOC may originate from the fallopian tube. The molecular mechanism of PAX8 in the carcinogenesis of these tumors remains unclear and requires further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, P.R. China
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196
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Permuth-Wey J, Lawrenson K, Shen HC, Velkova A, Tyrer JP, Chen Z, Lin HY, Chen YA, Tsai YY, Qu X, Ramus SJ, Karevan R, Lee J, Lee N, Larson MC, Aben KK, Anton-Culver H, Antonenkova N, Antoniou A, Armasu SM, Bacot F, Baglietto L, Bandera EV, Barnholtz-Sloan J, Beckmann MW, Birrer MJ, Bloom G, Bogdanova N, Brinton LA, Brooks-Wilson A, Brown R, Butzow R, Cai Q, Campbell I, Chang-Claude J, Chanock S, Chenevix-Trench G, Cheng JQ, Cicek MS, Coetzee GA, Cook LS, Couch FJ, Cramer DW, Cunningham JM, Dansonka-Mieszkowska A, Despierre E, Doherty JA, Dörk T, du Bois A, Dürst M, Easton DF, Eccles D, Edwards R, Ekici AB, Fasching PA, Fenstermacher DA, Flanagan JM, Garcia-Closas M, Gentry-Maharaj A, Giles GG, Glasspool RM, Gonzalez-Bosquet J, Goodman MT, Gore M, Górski B, Gronwald J, Hall P, Halle MK, Harter P, Heitz F, Hillemanns P, Hoatlin M, Høgdall CK, Høgdall E, Hosono S, Jakubowska A, Jensen A, Jim H, Kalli KR, Karlan BY, Kaye SB, Kelemen LE, Kiemeney LA, Kikkawa F, Konecny GE, Krakstad C, Kjaer SK, Kupryjanczyk J, Lambrechts D, Lambrechts S, Lancaster JM, Le ND, Leminen A, Levine DA, Liang D, Lim BK, Lin J, Lissowska J, Lu KH, Lubiński J, Lurie G, Massuger LF, Matsuo K, McGuire V, McLaughlin JR, Menon U, Modugno F, Moysich KB, Nakanishi T, Narod SA, Nedergaard L, Ness RB, Nevanlinna H, Nickels S, Noushmehr H, Odunsi K, Olson SH, Orlow I, Paul J, Pearce CL, Pejovic T, Pelttari LM, Pike MC, Poole EM, Raska P, Renner SP, Risch HA, Rodriguez-Rodriguez L, Rossing MA, Rudolph A, Runnebaum IB, Rzepecka IK, Salvesen HB, Schwaab I, Severi G, Shridhar V, Shu XO, Shvetsov YB, Sieh W, Song H, Southey MC, Spiewankiewicz B, Stram D, Sutphen R, Teo SH, Terry KL, Tessier DC, Thompson PJ, Tworoger SS, van Altena AM, Vergote I, Vierkant RA, Vincent D, Vitonis AF, Wang-Gohrke S, Weber RP, Wentzensen N, Whittemore AS, Wik E, Wilkens LR, Winterhoff B, Woo YL, Wu AH, Xiang YB, Yang HP, Zheng W, Ziogas A, Zulkifli F, Phelan CM, Iversen E, Schildkraut JM, Berchuck A, Fridley BL, Goode EL, Pharoah PDP, Monteiro AN, Sellers TA, Gayther SA. Identification and molecular characterization of a new ovarian cancer susceptibility locus at 17q21.31. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1627. [PMID: 23535648 PMCID: PMC3709460 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) has a heritable component that remains to be fully characterized. Most identified common susceptibility variants lie in non-protein-coding sequences. We hypothesized that variants in the 3' untranslated region at putative microRNA (miRNA)-binding sites represent functional targets that influence EOC susceptibility. Here, we evaluate the association between 767 miRNA-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms (miRSNPs) and EOC risk in 18,174 EOC cases and 26,134 controls from 43 studies genotyped through the Collaborative Oncological Gene-environment Study. We identify several miRSNPs associated with invasive serous EOC risk (odds ratio=1.12, P=10(-8)) mapping to an inversion polymorphism at 17q21.31. Additional genotyping of non-miRSNPs at 17q21.31 reveals stronger signals outside the inversion (P=10(-10)). Variation at 17q21.31 is associated with neurological diseases, and our collaboration is the first to report an association with EOC susceptibility. An integrated molecular analysis in this region provides evidence for ARHGAP27 and PLEKHM1 as candidate EOC susceptibility genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Permuth-Wey
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Division of Population Sciences, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA, 33612
| | - Kate Lawrenson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90033
| | - Howard C. Shen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90033
| | - Aneliya Velkova
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Division of Population Sciences, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA, 33612
| | - Jonathan P. Tyrer
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Zhihua Chen
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA, 33612
| | - Hui-Yi Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA, 33612
| | - Y. Ann Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA, 33612
| | - Ya-Yu Tsai
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Division of Population Sciences, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA, 33612
| | - Xiaotao Qu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA, 33612
| | - Susan J. Ramus
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90033
| | - Rod Karevan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90033
| | - Janet Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90033
| | - Nathan Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90033
| | - Melissa C. Larson
- Department of Health Science Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA, 55905
| | - Katja K. Aben
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, HB 6500, Netherlands
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Netherlands, Utrecht, Amsterdam, 1066CX, The Netherlands
| | - Hoda Anton-Culver
- Department of Epidemiology, Director of Genetic Epidemiology Research Institute, UCI Center of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA, 92697
| | - Natalia Antonenkova
- Byelorussian Institute for Oncology and Medical Radiology Aleksandrov N.N., 223040, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Antonis Antoniou
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Sebastian M. Armasu
- Department of Health Science Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA, 55905
| | | | - Australian Ovarian Cancer Study
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane QLD 4006, Australia
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
| | - François Bacot
- McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal (Québec) Canada, H3A 0G1
| | - Laura Baglietto
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, The Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Carlton VIC 3053, Australia
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytical Epidemiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Elisa V. Bandera
- The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA, 08901
| | - Jill Barnholtz-Sloan
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA, 44195
| | - Matthias W. Beckmann
- University Hospital Erlangen, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | | | - Greg Bloom
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA, 33612
| | - Natalia Bogdanova
- Gynaecology Research Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Louise A. Brinton
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda MD, USA, 20892
| | | | - Robert Brown
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Ralf Butzow
- Department of Pathology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland, 00530
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland, 00530
| | - Qiuyin Cai
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA, 37232
| | - Ian Campbell
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3053, Australia
| | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- German Cancer Research Center, Division of Cancer Epidemiology, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephen Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda MD, USA, 20892
| | | | - Jin Q. Cheng
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA, 33612
| | - Mine S. Cicek
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA, 55905
| | - Gerhard A. Coetzee
- Department of Urology, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90089
| | - Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2
- Cancer Research UK, Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Dept of Public Health & Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Lab, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
- Department of Laboratory of Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA, 55905
| | - Linda S. Cook
- Division Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA, 87131
| | - Fergus J. Couch
- Department of Laboratory of Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA, 55905
| | - Daniel W. Cramer
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, 02115
| | - Julie M. Cunningham
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA, 55905
| | - Agnieszka Dansonka-Mieszkowska
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland, 02-781
| | - Evelyn Despierre
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, 3000
| | - Jennifer A Doherty
- Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA, 03755
| | - Thilo Dörk
- Gynaecology Research Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Andreas du Bois
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik Wiesbaden, 65199, Wiesbaden, Germany
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, 45136, Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias Dürst
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Jena University Hospital, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Diana Eccles
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | | | - Arif B. Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter A. Fasching
- University Hospital Erlangen, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90095
| | | | - James M. Flanagan
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Montserrat Garcia-Closas
- Sections of Epidemiology and Genetics at the Institute of Cancer Research and Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, London, UK, SW7 3RP
| | - Aleksandra Gentry-Maharaj
- Gynaecological Cancer Research Centre, UCL EGA Institute for Women's Health, London, NW1 2BU, United Kingdom
| | - Graham G. Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, The Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Carlton VIC 3053, Australia
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytical Epidemiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3806, Australia
| | | | | | - Marc T. Goodman
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90048
| | - Martin Gore
- Gynecological Oncology Unit, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, SW3 6JJ, United Kingdom
| | - Bohdan Górski
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland, 70-115
| | - Jacek Gronwald
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland, 70-115
| | - Per Hall
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Istitutet, Stockholm, Sweden, 171-77
| | - Mari K. Halle
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, HB 5006, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5006, Bergen, Norway
| | - Philipp Harter
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik Wiesbaden, 65199, Wiesbaden, Germany
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, 45136, Essen, Germany
| | - Florian Heitz
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Dr. Horst Schmidt Klinik Wiesbaden, 65199, Wiesbaden, Germany
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, 45136, Essen, Germany
| | - Peter Hillemanns
- Clinics of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maureen Hoatlin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA, 97239
| | - Claus K. Høgdall
- The Juliane Marie Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Estrid Høgdall
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Unit, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, 2730
- Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Satoyo Hosono
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8681, Japan
| | - Anna Jakubowska
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland, 70-115
| | - Allan Jensen
- Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Heather Jim
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA, 33612
| | - Kimberly R. Kalli
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA, 55905
| | - Beth Y. Karlan
- Women's Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90048
| | - Stanley B. Kaye
- Section of Medicine, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Linda E. Kelemen
- Department of Popluation Health Research, Alberta Health Services-Cancer Care, Calgary, Alberta, Canada and Departments of Medical Genetics and Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 2T9
| | - Lambertus A. Kiemeney
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and HTA, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, HB 6500, Netherlands
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Netherlands, Utrecht, Amsterdam, 1066CX, The Netherlands
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, HB 6500, Netherlands
| | - Fumitaka Kikkawa
- Department of Obsterics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Gottfried E. Konecny
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90095
| | - Camilla Krakstad
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, HB 5006, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5006, Bergen, Norway
| | - Susanne Krüger Kjaer
- The Juliane Marie Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
- Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jolanta Kupryjanczyk
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland, 02-781
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- Vesalius Research Center, VIB, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandrina Lambrechts
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, 3000
| | | | - Nhu D. Le
- Cancer Control Research, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada, G12 0YN
| | - Arto Leminen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland, 00530
| | - Douglas A. Levine
- Gynecology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA, 10021
| | - Dong Liang
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas, USA, 77044
| | - Boon Kiong Lim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Malaya Medical Centre, University Malaya, 59100 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jie Lin
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA, 77030
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center, 02-781, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karen H. Lu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA, 77030
| | - Jan Lubiński
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland, 70-115
| | - Galina Lurie
- Cancer Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Hawaii, USA, 96813
| | - Leon F.A.G. Massuger
- Department of Gynaecology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, HB 6500, Netherlands
| | - Keitaro Matsuo
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8681, Japan
| | - Valerie McGuire
- Department of Health Research and Policy - Epidemiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA, USA, 94305
| | - John R McLaughlin
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, ON, M5T 3M7, Canada
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1X5
| | - Usha Menon
- Gynaecological Cancer Research Centre, UCL EGA Institute for Women's Health, London, NW1 2BU, United Kingdom
| | - Francesmary Modugno
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA, 77030
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA, 77030
- Women's Cancer Research Program, Magee-Womens Research Institute and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 15213
| | - Kirsten B. Moysich
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA, 14263
| | - Toru Nakanishi
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Central Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi, Nagoya, 464-8681, Japan
| | - Steven A. Narod
- Women's College Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1N8
| | - Lotte Nedergaard
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Roberta B. Ness
- The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA, 77030
| | - Heli Nevanlinna
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland, 00530
| | - Stefan Nickels
- German Cancer Research Center, Division of Cancer Epidemiology, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Houtan Noushmehr
- Department of Urology, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90089
- USC Epigenome Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90089
| | - Kunle Odunsi
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA, 14263
| | - Sara H. Olson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA, 10065
| | - Irene Orlow
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA, 10065
| | - James Paul
- The Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow, G12 0YN, UK
| | - Celeste L Pearce
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90033
| | - Tanja Pejovic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA, 97239
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA, 97239
| | - Liisa M. Pelttari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland, 00530
| | - Malcolm C. Pike
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90033
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA, 10065
| | - Elizabeth M. Poole
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
- Channing Laboratory, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA, 02115
| | - Paola Raska
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA, 44195
| | - Stefan P. Renner
- University Hospital Erlangen, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Harvey A. Risch
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Public Health and School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA, 06520
| | - Lorna Rodriguez-Rodriguez
- The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA, 08901
| | - Mary Anne Rossing
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA, 98109
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA, 98109
| | - Anja Rudolph
- German Cancer Research Center, Division of Cancer Epidemiology, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ingo B. Runnebaum
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Jena University Hospital, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Iwona K. Rzepecka
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland, 02-781
| | - Helga B. Salvesen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, HB 5006, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5006, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ira Schwaab
- Institut für Humangenetik Wiesbaden, 65187, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Gianluca Severi
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, The Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Carlton VIC 3053, Australia
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytical Epidemiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Vijayalakshmi Shridhar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA, 55905
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA, 37232
| | - Yurii B. Shvetsov
- Cancer Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Hawaii, USA, 96813
| | - Weiva Sieh
- Department of Health Research and Policy - Epidemiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA, USA, 94305
| | - Honglin Song
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Melissa C. Southey
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3053, Australia
| | - Beata Spiewankiewicz
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland, 02-781
| | - Daniel Stram
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90033
| | - Rebecca Sutphen
- Pediatrics Epidemiology Center, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA, 33612
| | - Soo-Hwang Teo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Malaya Medical Centre, University Malaya, 59100 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kathryn L. Terry
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, 02115
| | - Daniel C. Tessier
- McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal (Québec) Canada, H3A 0G1
| | - Pamela J. Thompson
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90048
| | - Shelley S. Tworoger
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 02115
- Channing Laboratory, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA, 02115
| | - Anne M. van Altena
- Department of Gynaecology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, HB 6500, Netherlands
| | - Ignace Vergote
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, 3000
| | - Robert A. Vierkant
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA, 55905
| | - Daniel Vincent
- McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal (Québec) Canada, H3A 0G1
| | - Allison F. Vitonis
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, 02115
| | - Shan Wang-Gohrke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ulm, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Rachel Palmieri Weber
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA, 27708
| | - Nicolas Wentzensen
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda MD, USA, 20892
| | - Alice S. Whittemore
- Department of Health Research and Policy - Epidemiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA, USA, 94305
| | - Elisabeth Wik
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, HB 5006, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5006, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lynne R. Wilkens
- Cancer Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Hawaii, USA, 96813
| | - Boris Winterhoff
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA, 55905
| | - Yin Ling Woo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Malaya Medical Centre, University Malaya, 59100 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Anna H. Wu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90033
| | | | - Hannah P. Yang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda MD, USA, 20892
| | - Wei Zheng
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA, 37232
| | - Argyrios Ziogas
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Cancer Genetics Research and Prevention, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA, 92697
| | - Famida Zulkifli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Malaya Medical Centre, University Malaya, 59100 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Catherine M. Phelan
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Division of Population Sciences, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA, 33612
| | - Edwin Iversen
- Department of Statistical Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA, 27708
| | - Joellen M. Schildkraut
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA, 27708
- Cancer Prevention, Detection and Control Research Program, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA, 27708-0251
| | - Andrew Berchuck
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke Comprehensive Cancer Center, Durham, NC, USA, 27708
| | - Brooke L. Fridley
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA, 66160
| | - Ellen L. Goode
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA, 55905
| | - Paul D. P. Pharoah
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Alvaro N.A. Monteiro
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Division of Population Sciences, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA, 33612
| | - Thomas A. Sellers
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Division of Population Sciences, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA, 33612
| | - Simon A. Gayther
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 90033
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197
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Pavlik EJ, van Nagell JR. Early Detection of Ovarian Tumors Using Ultrasound. WOMENS HEALTH 2013; 9:39-55; quiz 56-7. [DOI: 10.2217/whe.12.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer can be treated with a very good prognosis if detected in the early stages, but not after it has advanced. Transvaginal ultrasound is capable of identifying changes in ovarian size and structure, and thereby detects early ovarian malignancies. This view has generated four major trials on transvaginal ultrasound detection: the Kentucky, PLCO, UKCTOCS, and SCSOCS trials. Each is sufficiently different to warrant examination. The Kentucky, UKCTOCS and SCSOCS trials report a shift to early stage detection. The Kentucky trial reports a survival benefit, while follow-up survival analysis is pending in the UKCTOCS and SCSOCS trials. Details of these trials are presented including definitions, inclusions/exclusions, analytic structure (intention-to-treat vs per protocol), performance (sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value), extent of screening-related treatment, time from screening to treatment, length of follow-up and survival versus mortality analysis. Questions are answered here about effectiveness, application, prevalence, cost and the potential for harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Pavlik
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0293, USA
| | - John R van Nagell
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0293, USA
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198
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Son DS, Kabir SM, Dong YL, Lee E, Adunyah SE. Inhibitory effect of tumor suppressor p53 on proinflammatory chemokine expression in ovarian cancer cells by reducing proteasomal degradation of IκB. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51116. [PMID: 23300534 PMCID: PMC3534106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer, one of inflammation-associated cancers, is the fifth leading cause of cancer deaths among women. Inflammation in the tumor microenvironment is associated with peritoneal tumor dissemination and massive ascites, which contribute to high mortality in ovarian cancer. Tumor suppressor p53 is frequently deleted or mutated in aggressive and high-grade ovarian cancer, probably aggravating cancer progression and increasing mortality. We therefore investigated the influence of p53 on proinflammatory chemokines in ovarian cancer cells. A PCR array of the chemokine network revealed that ovarian cancer cells with low or mutated p53 expression expressed high levels of proinflammatory chemokines such as CXCL1, 2, 3 and 8. Transient transfection of p53 into p53-null ovarian cancer cells downregulated proinflammatory chemokines induced by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF), a proinflammatory cytokine abundantly expressed in ovarian cancer. Furthermore, p53 restoration or stabilization blocked TNF-induced NF-κB promoter activity and reduced TNF-activated IκB. Restoration of p53 increased ubiquitination of IκB, resulting from concurrently reduced proteasome activity followed by stability of IκB. A ubiquitination PCR array on restoration of p53 did not reveal any significant change in expression except for Mdm2, indicating that the balance between p53 and Mdm2 is more important in regulating NF-κB signaling rather than the direct effect of p53 on ubiquitin-related genes or IκB kinases. In addition, nutlin-3, a specific inducer of p53 stabilization, inhibited proinflammatory chemokines by reducing TNF-activated IκB through p53 stabilization. Taken together, these results suggest that p53 inhibits proinflammatory chemokines in ovarian cancer cells by reducing proteasomal degradation of IκB. Thus, frequent loss or mutation of p53 may promote tumor progression by enhancing inflammation in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deok-Soo Son
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA.
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199
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Prognostic role of E-cadherin in patients with advanced serous ovarian cancer. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2012; 287:1219-24. [PMID: 23269354 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-012-2684-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyse correlation between expression of E-cadherin and clinical and pathological features and overall survival in advanced-stage serous ovarian carcinoma. METHODS The expression of E-cadherin was analysed immunohistochemically in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples from 54 patients with advanced-stage serous ovarian cancer and related to clinicopathological characteristics and patients survival. The clinicopathological characteristics included the stage according to the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO), tumour differentiation, number of mitoses per 10 high-power fields (HPF), residual tumour size, and vascular invasion. Only patients with serous ovarian cancer FIGO stages III-IV were included. Overall survival (OS) was defined as time from surgery to the last follow-up date on 01.10.2010. OS was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier method, and log-rank test was used to asses the differences between the positive and E-cadherin negative group. Multivariate analysis was completed using the Cox proportional hazard regression model. RESULTS E-cadherin immunoreactivity was not associated with FIGO stage, tumour grade, number of mitotic figures per 10 HPF, residual tumour volume or vascular invasion. Negative E-cadherin expression significantly predicted shorter OS (p < 0.001). The multivariate analyses showed that negative E-cadherin (p < 0.001), FIGO stage (p = 0.012) and residual tumour size >1 cm after the initial cytoreductive surgery (p < 0.001) were predictors of shorter OS. CONCLUSION Negative E-cadherin expression like presence of residual tumour after primary cytoreductive surgery and higher FIGO stage seem to predict unfavourable clinical outcome in patients with advanced-stage serous ovarian cancer. Negative expression of E-cadherin was shown to be a significant independent predictor of poorer OS. E-cadherin as marker has prognostic value.
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200
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May T, Shoni M, Crum CP, Xian W, Vathipadiekal V, Birrer M, Rosen B, Tone A, Murphy KJ. Low-grade and high-grade serous Mullerian carcinoma: review and analysis of publicly available gene expression profiles. Gynecol Oncol 2012; 128:488-92. [PMID: 23253401 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mullerian low grade serous carcinoma (LGSC) and high grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) have distinct molecular profiles, clinical behavior and treatment response. Our objective was to study the biological profiles of these carcinomas. METHODS This study examines publicly available gene expression profiles of LGSC and HGSC to identify differentially expressed genes and key pathways involved in carcinogenesis and chemotherapy response. RESULTS Our analysis supports the hypothesis that serous mullerian carcinoma develop through two different pathways yielding two distinct malignancies, namely LGSC and HGSC. Furthermore, genes potentially involved in chemotherapeutic resistance of LGSC were identified. Suppressing the levels of these genes/proteins may increase clinical response to standard chemotherapy in patients with LGSC. CONCLUSION In summary, this review shows the molecular profile of LGSC and HGSC through multi-center analysis of gene expression profiles of these tumors. The gene signatures of these neoplasms may potentially be used to develop disease-specific, targeted therapy for LGSC and HGSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taymaa May
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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