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Distinct phosphorylation sites on the ghrelin receptor, GHSR1a, establish a code that determines the functions of ß-arrestins. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22495. [PMID: 26935831 PMCID: PMC4776146 DOI: 10.1038/srep22495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth hormone secretagogue receptor, GHSR1a, mediates the biological activities
of ghrelin, which includes the secretion of growth hormone, as well as the
stimulation of appetite, food intake and maintenance of energy homeostasis. Mapping
phosphorylation sites on GHSR1a and knowledge of how these sites control specific
functional consequences unlocks new strategies for the development of therapeutic
agents targeting individual functions. Herein, we have identified the
phosphorylation of different sets of sites within GHSR1a which engender distinct
functionality of ß-arrestins. More specifically, the
Ser362, Ser363 and Thr366 residues
at the carboxyl-terminal tail were primarily responsible for ß-arrestin
1 and 2 binding, internalization and ß-arrestin-mediated proliferation
and adipogenesis. The Thr350 and Ser349 are not
necessary for ß-arrestin recruitment, but are involved in the
stabilization of the GHSR1a-ß-arrestin complex in a manner that
determines the ultimate cellular consequences of ß-arrestin signaling.
We further demonstrated that the mitogenic and adipogenic effect of ghrelin were
mainly dependent on the ß-arrestin bound to the phosphorylated GHSR1a.
In contrast, the ghrelin function on GH secretion was entirely mediated by G protein
signaling. Our data is consistent with the hypothesis that the phosphorylation
pattern on the C terminus of GHSR1a determines the signaling and physiological
output.
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152
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Short-Term Effects of Relamorelin on Descending Colon Motility in Chronic Constipation: A Randomized, Controlled Trial. Dig Dis Sci 2016; 61:852-60. [PMID: 26467700 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-015-3876-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pentapeptide ghrelin agonist, relamorelin, accelerates colonic transit in patients with chronic constipation (CC). In a murine model, relamorelin decreased excitability of colonic circular smooth muscle cells and colonic intraluminal pressure. AIM To determine short-term effects of relamorelin on colonic motility measured by barostat and multilumen manometry in CC. METHODS In a placebo-controlled, single-dose, double-blind, randomized study in patients with CC, we investigated the motor effects of relamorelin, 100 μg, SQ (12 patients) compared to placebo SQ (six patients). A motility-barostat balloon assembly was used to measure colonic compliance; tone and phasic pressure activity were measured before and after a 1000-kcal milkshake meal (administered ~60 min post-medication). Overall "background" phasic pressure activity was assessed by: average amplitude and motility index (MI = ln[sum amplitudes × #contractions + 1]) over defined periods. High-amplitude propagating contractions (HAPCs) were characterized by amplitude >75 mmHg and propagating contractions >50 mmHg; both were propagated over at least 10 cm. Postprandial HAPCs were the primary end point. The study sample had 80% power to detect an increase of 3.3 HAPCs in the hour post-meal. RESULTS Relamorelin, 100 μg, significantly induced more pre-meal propagated contractions [PCs of either >50 or >75 mmHg] compared to placebo (p < 0.05). Relamorelin also induced more post-meal PCs >50 or >75 mmHg than placebo. Relamorelin did not significantly alter colonic compliance, fasting or postprandial phasic pressure activity (20 min pre-meal fasting MI) or tone, and 60 min postprandial phasic pressure amplitude or MI, or tone. CONCLUSIONS Relamorelin stimulates propagated colonic contractions without alteration of background irregular contractions in CC. ClinicalTrial.Gov registration number: NCT 01781104.
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153
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Yang WL, Ma G, Zhou M, Aziz M, Yen HT, Marvropoulos SA, Ojamaa K, Wang P. Combined Administration of Human Ghrelin and Human Growth Hormone Attenuates Organ Injury and Improves Survival in Aged Septic Rats. Mol Med 2016; 22:124-135. [PMID: 26835699 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2015.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a major healthcare concern, especially in the elderly population. The use of an animal model closely resembling clinical conditions in this population may provide a better prediction in translating bench studies to the bedside. Ghrelin inhibits sympathetic nerve activity and inflammation in young septic animals; however, aged animals become hyporesponsive to ghrelin. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of combined human ghrelin and growth hormone (GH) for sepsis treatment in the elderly utilizing a clinically relevant animal model of sepsis. Male Fischer 344 rats 22 to 24 months old were subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Human ghrelin plus GH or vehicle (normal saline) was administered subcutaneously at 5 h after CLP. At 20 h after CLP, blood and tissue samples were collected for various analyses. Combined treatment attenuated serum levels of lactate, lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in aged septic rats. The integrity of the microscopic structure in the lungs, liver and kidneys was well preserved after treatment. Expression of IL-6, TNF-α, macrophage inflammatory protein-2 and keratinocyte-derived chemokine as well as myeloperoxidase activity and caspase-3 activation were significantly reduced in the lungs and liver of treated rats. Moreover, treated rats showed an improvement in cardiovascular function and increased expression of ghrelin receptor and c-fos in the brainstem. Finally, the 10-d survival of aged septic rats was increased from 29% to 64% after combined treatment and was associated with less body weight loss. Our findings warrant the development of combined human ghrelin and GH for sepsis treatment in the geriatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weng-Lang Yang
- TheraSource LLC, Manhasset, New York, United States of America.,Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Gaifeng Ma
- TheraSource LLC, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Mian Zhou
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Monowar Aziz
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Hao-Ting Yen
- TheraSource LLC, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Kaie Ojamaa
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Ping Wang
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
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154
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Abstract
Poor neurological outcome remains a major problem in patients with cardiac arrest. Ghrelin has been shown to be neuroprotective in models of neurologic injury in vitro and in vivo. This study was performed to assess the effects of ghrelin on postresuscitation brain injury in a rat model of cardiac arrest. Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 6-min cardiac arrest and resuscitated successfully. Either vehicle (saline) or ghrelin (80 μg/kg) was injected blindly immediately after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). A tape removal test was performed to evaluate neurological function at 24, 48, and 72 h after ROSC. Then, brain tissues were harvested and coronal brain sections were analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining for neuronal viability and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining for apoptosis in hippocampal CA1 sectors. In additional groups, rats were sacrificed at 6 h after ROSC, and hippocampal tissues were collected for further analysis. We found that animals treated with ghrelin had improved neurological performances, reduced neuronal injury, and inhibited neuronal apoptosis compared with the vehicle group. Moreover, ghrelin treatment was associated with the following: (1) a decrease in caspase-3 up-regulation and an increased Bcl-2/Bax ratio, (2) a reduction in maleic dialdehyde content and an up-regulation in superoxide dismutase activity, and (3) an increase in uncoupling protein 2 (UCP-2) expression. Our results suggest that ghrelin treatment attenuated postresuscitation brain injury in rats, possibly via regulation of apoptosis, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial UCP-2 expression. Ghrelin may have therapeutic potential when administered after cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
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155
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Ghrelin Actions on Somatotropic and Gonadotropic Function in Humans. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2016; 138:3-25. [PMID: 26940384 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin, a 28 amino-acid octanoylated peptide predominantly produced by the stomach, was discovered to be the natural ligand of the type 1a GH secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a). It was thus considered as a natural GHS additional to GHRH, although later on ghrelin has mostly been considered a major orexigenic factor. The GH-releasing action of ghrelin takes place both directly on pituitary cells and through modulation of GHRH from the hypothalamus; some functional antisomatostatin action has also been shown. However, ghrelin is much more than a natural GH secretagogue. In fact, it also modulates lactotroph and corticotroph secretion in humans as well as in animals and plays a relevant role in the modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal function. Several studies have indicated that ghrelin plays an inhibitory effect on gonadotropin pulsatility, is involved in the regulation of puberty onset in animals, and may regulate spermatogenesis, follicular development and ovarian cell functions in humans. In this chapter ghrelin actions on the GH/IGF-I and the gonadal axes will be revised. The potential therapeutic role of ghrelin as a treatment of catabolic conditions will also be discussed.
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156
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Barja-Fernandez S, Folgueira C, Castelao C, Leis R, Crujeiras AB, Casanueva FF, Seoane LM. Regulation of Growth Hormone by the Splanchnic Area. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2016; 138:41-60. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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157
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Celik O, Aydin S, Celik N, Yilmaz M. Ghrelin has both indirect and direct inhibiting effect on GnRH neurons: Reply for letter to editor "Ghrelin directly affects GnRH neurons". Peptides 2016; 75:118-20. [PMID: 26589189 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Onder Celik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Usak, Turkey.
| | - Suleyman Aydin
- Firat University, School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry (Firat Hormones Research Group), 23119 Elazig, Turkey.
| | - Nilufer Celik
- Behcet Uz Children's Hospital, Department of Biochemistry, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Musa Yilmaz
- Firat University, School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry (Firat Hormones Research Group) 23119 Elazig, Turkey
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158
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Gao T, Wu L, Chang F, Cao G. Low circulating ghrelin levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endocr J 2016; 63:93-100. [PMID: 26607017 PMCID: PMC4975374 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej15-0318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although numerous, human subject studies evaluating the relationship between circulating ghrelin levels and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) risk have yielded inconsistent findings. We aimed to quantitatively assess the association by summarizing all available evidence from human subject studies. The PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched up to February 2015 for eligible studies. Studies were eligible if they reported circulating ghrelin levels in women with PCOS and healthy women controls. A fixed or random-effects model was used to pool risk estimations. Twenty studies including 894 PCOS patients and 574 controls were included in the meta-analysis. The studies had fair methodological quality. The pooling analysis of all available studies revealed that ghrelin levels were significantly lower in PCOS patients than in controls, with standardized mean difference of -0.40 (95% CI: -0.73, -0.08). The significant association persisted in many subgroup strata. However, the heterogeneity across studies was considerable and not eliminated in subgroup analyses. Meta-regression analysis further suggested that the heterogeneity might be relevant to variability in study location, PCOS relevant factors like HOMA-IR ratio, as well as other factors not assessed. In conclusion, our meta-analysis suggested that ghrelin levels were significantly lower in PCOS patients than in controls. Further studies with large sample sizes are warranted to replicate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Gao
- Department of Veterinary, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, MO, 010018, People’s Republic of China
- Center for safty evaluation of drugs, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, MO, 010110, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lang Wu
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA
| | - Fuhou Chang
- Center for safty evaluation of drugs, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, MO, 010110, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guifang Cao
- Department of Veterinary, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, MO, 010018, People’s Republic of China
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159
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Greco EA, Lenzi A, Migliaccio S. The pathophysiological basis of bone tissue alterations associated with eating disorders. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2016; 28:121-132. [DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2016-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAnorexia nervosa (AN) and obesity are two major eating disorders present nowadays in Western countries. They are both characterized by striking body composition variations and hormonal alterations, which impact on skeletal metabolism, inducing bone tissue modifications and, thus, often cause an increased risk for fractures. AN and obesity are characterized by a severe reduction in fat mass and a high expression of it, respectively, and in both conditions hormones secreted or modulated by body fat content are important determinants of low bone density, impaired bone structure and reduced bone strength. In addition, in both AN and obesity, increased marrow adiposity, which correlates with low bone density, has been observed. This review will discuss the pathophysiological basis of bone alterations associated with AN and obesity, conditions of extreme energy deficiency and excess, respectively.
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160
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Acosta A, Camilleri M, Kolar G, Iturrino J, Szarka LA, Boldingh A, Burton D, Ryks M, Rhoten D, Zinsmeister AR, Spence SC, Gottesdiener K, Bouras EP, Vazquez-Roque MI. Relamorelin Relieves Constipation and Accelerates Colonic Transit in a Phase 2, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 13:2312-9.e1. [PMID: 26001337 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2015.04.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Ghrelin receptors are located in the colon. Relamorelin is a pentapeptide selective agonist of ghrelin receptor 1a with gastric effects, but its effects in the colon are not known. We aimed to evaluate the effects of relamorelin on bowel movements (BMs) and gastrointestinal and colonic transit (CT) in patients with chronic constipation. METHODS We performed a study of 48 female patients with chronic constipation who fulfilled the Rome III criteria and had 4 or fewer spontaneous BMs (SBMs)/wk. In a randomized (1:1), double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial, the effects of relamorelin (100 μg/d, given subcutaneously) were tested during 14 days after a 14-day baseline, single-blind phase in which patients were given placebo at 2 Mayo Clinic sites. The participants' mean age was 40.6 ± 1.5 y, with a mean body mass index of 25.7 ± 0.6 kg/m(2), with 1.7 ± 0.1 SBM/wk, and a mean stool consistency of 1.2 ± 0.1 on the Bristol scale during this baseline period. The effect of treatment on transit was measured in 24 participants with colonic transit of less than 2.4 (geometric center at 24 h) during the baseline period. Gastric emptying, small-bowel transit, and CT were measured during the last 2 days that patients received relamorelin or placebo. Bowel function was determined from daily diaries kept by patients from days 1 through 28. Study end points were time to first BM, SBMs/wk, complete SBMs/wk, stool form, and ease of stool passage. Effects of relamorelin were assessed by analysis of covariance. RESULTS Compared with placebo, relamorelin accelerated gastric emptying half-time (P = .027), small-bowel transit (P = .051), and CT at 32 hours (P = .040) and 48 hours (P = .017). Relamorelin increased the number of SBMs (P < .001) and accelerated the time to first BM after the first dose was given (P = .004) compared with placebo, but did not affect stool form. Adverse events associated with relamorelin included increased appetite, fatigue, and headache. CONCLUSIONS Relamorelin acts in the colon to significantly reduce symptoms of constipation and accelerate CT in patients with chronic constipation, compared with placebo. ClinicalTrial.Gov registration number: NCT01781104.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Acosta
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Michael Camilleri
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
| | - Gururaj Kolar
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Johanna Iturrino
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Lawrence A Szarka
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Amy Boldingh
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Duane Burton
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Michael Ryks
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Deborah Rhoten
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Alan R Zinsmeister
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | | | - Ernest P Bouras
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Maria I Vazquez-Roque
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
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161
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Kuppens RJ, Diène G, Bakker NE, Molinas C, Faye S, Nicolino M, Bernoux D, Delhanty PJD, van der Lely AJ, Allas S, Julien M, Delale T, Tauber M, Hokken-Koelega ACS. Elevated ratio of acylated to unacylated ghrelin in children and young adults with Prader-Willi syndrome. Endocrine 2015; 50:633-42. [PMID: 25989955 PMCID: PMC4662713 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0614-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is characterized by a switch from failure to thrive to excessive weight gain and hyperphagia in early childhood. Hyperghrelinemia may be involved in the underlying mechanisms of the switch. The purpose of this study is to evaluate acylated ghrelin (AG) and unacylated ghrelin (UAG) levels in PWS and investigate their associations with hyperphagia. This is a cross-sectional clinical study conducted in three PWS expert centers in the Netherlands and France. Levels of AG and UAG and the AG/UAG ratio were determined in 138 patients with PWS (0.2-29.4 years) and compared with 50 age-matched obese subjects (4.3-16.9 years) and 39 healthy controls (0.8-28.6 years). AEBSF was used to inhibit deacylation of AG. As a group, PWS patients had higher AG but similar UAG levels as healthy controls (AG 129.1 vs 82.4 pg/ml, p = 0.016; UAG 135.3 vs 157.3 pg/ml, resp.), resulting in a significantly higher AG/UAG ratio (1.00 vs 0.61, p = 0.001, resp.). Obese subjects had significantly lower AG and UAG levels than PWS and controls (40.3 and 35.3 pg/ml, resp.), but also a high AG/UAG ratio (1.16). The reason for the higher AG/UAG ratio in PWS and obese was, however, completely different, as PWS had a high AG and obese a very low UAG. PWS patients without weight gain or hyperphagia had a similar AG/UAG ratio as age-matched controls, in contrast to those with weight gain and/or hyperphagia who had an elevated AG/UAG ratio. The switch to excessive weight gain in PWS seems to coincide with an increase in the AG/UAG ratio, even prior to the start of hyperphagia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Kuppens
- Dutch Growth Research Foundation, Westzeedijk 106, 3016 AH, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - G Diène
- Unité D'endocrinologie, Obésité, Maladies Osseuses, Génétique et Gynécologie Médicale, Centre de Référence du Syndrome de Prader-Willi, Hôpital des enfants, Toulouse, France
| | - N E Bakker
- Dutch Growth Research Foundation, Westzeedijk 106, 3016 AH, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C Molinas
- Unité D'endocrinologie, Obésité, Maladies Osseuses, Génétique et Gynécologie Médicale, Centre de Référence du Syndrome de Prader-Willi, Hôpital des enfants, Toulouse, France
- Axe pédiatrique du CIC 9302/INSERM. Hôpital des enfants, Toulouse, France
| | - S Faye
- Unité D'endocrinologie, Obésité, Maladies Osseuses, Génétique et Gynécologie Médicale, Centre de Référence du Syndrome de Prader-Willi, Hôpital des enfants, Toulouse, France
| | - M Nicolino
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, University of Lyon, Bron/Lyon, France
| | - D Bernoux
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, University of Lyon, Bron/Lyon, France
| | - P J D Delhanty
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A J van der Lely
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Allas
- Alizé Pharma, 69130, Ecully, France
| | - M Julien
- Alizé Pharma, 69130, Ecully, France
| | - T Delale
- Alizé Pharma, 69130, Ecully, France
| | - M Tauber
- Unité D'endocrinologie, Obésité, Maladies Osseuses, Génétique et Gynécologie Médicale, Centre de Référence du Syndrome de Prader-Willi, Hôpital des enfants, Toulouse, France
- INSERM U1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - A C S Hokken-Koelega
- Dutch Growth Research Foundation, Westzeedijk 106, 3016 AH, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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162
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Abstract
During the last decades, obesity and osteoporosis have become important global health problems, and the belief that obesity is protective against osteoporosis has recently come into question. In fact, some recent epidemiologic and clinical studies have shown that a high level of fat mass might be a risk factor for osteoporosis and fragility fractures. Several potential mechanisms have been proposed to explain the complex relationship between adipose tissue and bone. Indeed, adipose tissue secretes various molecules, named adipokines, which are thought to have effects on metabolic, skeletal and cardiovascular systems. Moreover, fat tissue is one of the major sources of aromatase, an enzyme that synthesizes estrogens from androgen precursors, hormones that play a pivotal role in the maintenance of skeletal homeostasis, protecting against osteoporosis. Moreover, bone cells express several specific hormone receptors and recent observations have shown that bone-derived factors, such as osteocalcin and osteopontin, affect body weight control and glucose homeostasis. Thus, the skeleton is considered an endocrine target organ and an endocrine organ itself, likely influencing other organs as well. Finally, adipocytes and osteoblasts originate from a common progenitor, a pluripotential mesenchymal stem cell, which has an equal propensity for differentiation into adipocytes or osteoblasts (or other lines) under the influence of several cell-derived transcription factors. This review will highlight recent insights into the relationship between fat and bone, evaluating both potential positive and negative influences between adipose and bone tissue. It will also focus on the hypothesis that osteoporosis might be considered the obesity of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela A. Greco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Endocrinology and Nutrition, ‘Sapienza’ University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Lenzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Endocrinology and Nutrition, ‘Sapienza’ University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Migliaccio
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Section of Health Sciences, ‘Foro Italico’ University of Rome, Largo Lauro De Bosis 15, 00195 Rome, Italy
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163
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Dashti HS, Scheer FAJL, Jacques PF, Lamon-Fava S, Ordovás JM. Short sleep duration and dietary intake: epidemiologic evidence, mechanisms, and health implications. Adv Nutr 2015; 6:648-59. [PMID: 26567190 PMCID: PMC4642416 DOI: 10.3945/an.115.008623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Links between short sleep duration and obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease may be mediated through changes in dietary intake. This review provides an overview of recent epidemiologic studies on the relations between habitual short sleep duration and dietary intake in adults from 16 cross-sectional studies. The studies have observed consistent associations between short sleep duration and higher total energy intake and higher total fat intake, and limited evidence for lower fruit intake, and lower quality diets. Evidence also suggests that short sleepers may have irregular eating behavior deviating from the traditional 3 meals/d to fewer main meals and more frequent, smaller, energy-dense, and highly palatable snacks at night. Although the impact of short sleep duration on dietary intake tends to be small, if chronic, it may contribute to an increased risk of obesity and related chronic disease. Mechanisms mediating the associations between sleep duration and dietary intake are likely to be multifactorial and include differences in the appetite-related hormones leptin and ghrelin, hedonic pathways, extended hours for intake, and altered time of intake. Taking into account these epidemiologic relations and the evidence for causal relations between sleep loss and metabolism and cardiovascular function, health promotion strategies should emphasize improved sleep as an additional factor in health and weight management. Moreover, future sleep interventions in controlled studies and sleep extension trials in chronic short sleepers are imperative for establishing whether there is a causal relation between short sleep duration and changes in dietary intake.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank AJL Scheer
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA;,Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Stefania Lamon-Fava
- Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - José M Ordovás
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory,,Department of Epidemiology, National Center for Cardiovascular Research, Madrid, Spain;,Madrid Institutes of Advanced Research, Madrid, Spain
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Gasco V, Berton A, Caprino MP, Karamouzis I, Maccario M, Ghigo E, Grottoli S. Acylated ghrelin as provocative test for the diagnosis of ACTH deficiency in patients with hypothalamus-pituitary disease. Endocrine 2015; 50:474-82. [PMID: 25487034 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-014-0494-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The insulin tolerance test (ITT) is the gold standard to evaluate adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) insufficiency. However, alternative tests have been proposed such as metyrapone, glucagon, and ACTH stimulation test. We determined the diagnostic reliability of testing with ghrelin, the natural GH secretagogue that is a potent stimulus exploring the integrity of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. We studied the ACTH and cortisol response to acylated ghrelin in 49 patients with history of pituitary disease. The best cortisol and ACTH cut offs to ghrelin test, defined as those with the best sensitivity (SE) and specificity (SP), were identified using the ROC analysis. We also compared accuracy of ghrelin test with that of a simple and cheap test like basal cortisol and ACTH levels. The best cortisol and ACTH cut offs to ghrelin test were ≤11.6 µg/dl (SE 86.4%, SP 77.8%) and ≤32.5 pg/ml (SE 72.7%, SP 51.9%), respectively; the best basal cortisol and ACTH cut offs were ≤10.7 µg/dl (SE 90.9%, SP 70.4%) and ≤25.0 pg/ml (SE 85%, SP 37%), respectively. The diagnostic accuracy was 81.6, 60.9, 79.6, and 57.4%, respectively. A comparison between ROC AUC showed a great diagnostic power for cortisol, both stimulated and basal, versus ACTH, both stimulated and basal, but no difference between stimulated and basal cortisol evaluation. Our data show that testing with acylated ghrelin is not a useful diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of central hypocortisolism; particularly ghrelin test adds no more information that basal cortisol evaluation in the diagnosis of ACTH deficiency in patients with hypothalamus-pituitary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Gasco
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, Città della Salute e della Scienza - Osp. San Giovanni Battista, C.so Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Berton
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, Città della Salute e della Scienza - Osp. San Giovanni Battista, C.so Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Mirko Parasiliti Caprino
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, Città della Salute e della Scienza - Osp. San Giovanni Battista, C.so Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Ioannis Karamouzis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, Città della Salute e della Scienza - Osp. San Giovanni Battista, C.so Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Mauro Maccario
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, Città della Salute e della Scienza - Osp. San Giovanni Battista, C.so Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Ezio Ghigo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, Città della Salute e della Scienza - Osp. San Giovanni Battista, C.so Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Grottoli
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, Città della Salute e della Scienza - Osp. San Giovanni Battista, C.so Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy.
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165
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Stemer B, Melmer A, Fuchs D, Ebenbichler C, Kemmler G, Deisenhammer EA. Bright versus dim ambient light affects subjective well-being but not serotonin-related biological factors. Psychiatry Res 2015; 229:1011-6. [PMID: 26260570 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Light falling on the retina is converted into an electrical signal which stimulates serotonin synthesis. Previous studies described an increase of plasma and CNS serotonin levels after bright light exposure. Ghrelin and leptin are peptide hormones which are involved in the regulation of hunger/satiety and are related to serotonin. Neopterin and kynurenine are immunological markers which are also linked to serotonin biosynthesis. In this study, 29 healthy male volunteers were exposed to bright (5000lx) and dim (50lx) light conditions for 120min in a cross-over manner. Subjective well-being and hunger as well as various serotonin associated plasma factors were assessed before and after light exposure. Subjective well-being showed a small increase under bright light and a small decrease under dim light, resulting in a significant interaction between light condition and time. Ghrelin concentrations increased significantly under both light conditions, but there was no interaction between light and time. Correspondingly, leptin decreased significantly under both light conditions. Hunger increased significantly with no light-time interaction. We also found a significant decrease of neopterin, tryptophan and tyrosine levels, but no interaction between light and time. In conclusion, ambient light was affecting subjective well-being rather than serotonin associated biological factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Stemer
- Department of General and Social Psychiatry, Center of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Austria
| | | | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Georg Kemmler
- Department of General and Social Psychiatry, Center of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Austria
| | - Eberhard A Deisenhammer
- Department of General and Social Psychiatry, Center of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Austria.
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Abstract
There remains an unmet need for effective pharmacologic treatments for gastroparesis. Ghrelin is the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor and has been shown to regulate energy homeostasis and exert prokinetic effects on gastrointestinal motility. In recent years, several ghrelin receptor agonists have been studied in clinical trials of patients with diabetic gastroparesis. The intravenous macrocyclic peptidomimetic, TZP-101, initially suggested improvement in gastroparesis symptoms with intravenous administration when compared to placebo. However, in subsequent studies of oral preparations, TZP-102 failed to confirm these results. Another ghrelin receptor agonist, RM-131, was recently shown to significantly accelerate gastric emptying (GE) in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes and delayed GE. RM-131 reduced total Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index-Daily Diary (GCSI-DD) and composite scores among type 1 diabetics. Continued development of ghrelin agonists should be explored in attempts to expand therapeutic options for the treatment of gastroparesis.
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167
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Miki K, Maekura R, Nakazato M, Matsumoto N, Kitada S, Miki M, Yoshimura K, Mori M, Kangawa K. Randomized, dose-finding trial of ghrelin treatment for chronic respiratory failure. CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2015; 11:496-505. [PMID: 26260705 DOI: 10.1111/crj.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ghrelin, a growth hormone-releasing peptide, has shown efficacy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients in previous trials. This study was designed to evaluate the effective dose of ghrelin in chronic respiratory failure patients. METHODS In this randomized, double-blind, dose-finding, single-center study, 18 patients, including 16 with COPD, were randomly assigned to receive pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) with intravenous ghrelin at 1 μg/kg or 2 μg/kg, twice daily for 3 weeks. The primary outcome was the change in peak oxygen uptake ( V˙o2). Secondary outcomes included changes in plasma vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A levels, and exertional cardio-respiratory functions with blood gas analysis. RESULTS With incremental exercise, there was no significant differences in the mean difference (high-dose ghrelin minus low-dose ghrelin) of peak V˙o2 (1.0 mL/kg/min, 95% CI: -0.6 to 2.6 mL/kg/min, between-group, P = 0.193). However, there were significant differences in the mean difference of (i) O2 -pulse (0.6 mL/beats, 95% CI: 0.0 to 1.1 mL/beats, between-group, P = 0.035) at iso-time; and ii) PaO2 (4.2 mmHg, 95% CI: 0.2 to 8.2 mmHg, between-group, P = 0.041) and PaCO2 (-3.1 mmHg, 95% CI: -6.0 to -0.3 mmHg, between-group, P = 0.034) at peak exercise. The mean difference in the plasma VEGF-A level was significantly inhibited by high dose-ghrelin with PR (-125.4 pg/mL, 95% CI: -235.2 to -15.5 pg/mL, between-group, P = 0.028). CONCLUSION Although the primary outcome of the study was not met, high-dose ghrelin with PR improved exertional cardiac function and blood gas values, and inhibited circulating VEGF-A levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Miki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Toneyama National Hospital, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Ryoji Maekura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Toneyama National Hospital, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Nakazato
- Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Matsumoto
- Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Seigo Kitada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Toneyama National Hospital, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Mari Miki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Toneyama National Hospital, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Yoshimura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Toneyama National Hospital, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Masahide Mori
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Toneyama National Hospital, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Kangawa
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
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168
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Murray PG, Higham CE, Clayton PE. 60 YEARS OF NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY: The hypothalamo-GH axis: the past 60 years. J Endocrinol 2015; 226:T123-40. [PMID: 26040485 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
At the time of the publication of Geoffrey Harris's monograph on 'Neural control of the pituitary gland' 60 years ago, the pituitary was recognised to produce a growth factor, and extracts administered to children with hypopituitarism could accelerate growth. Since then our understanding of the neuroendocrinology of the GH axis has included identification of the key central components of the GH axis: GH-releasing hormone and somatostatin (SST) in the 1970s and 1980s and ghrelin in the 1990s. Characterisation of the physiological control of the axis was significantly advanced by frequent blood sampling studies in the 1980s and 1990s; the pulsatile pattern of GH secretion and the factors that influenced the frequency and amplitude of the pulses have been defined. Over the same time, spontaneously occurring and targeted mutations in the GH axis in rodents combined with the recognition of genetic causes of familial hypopituitarism demonstrated the key factors controlling pituitary development. As the understanding of the control of GH secretion advanced, developments of treatments for GH axis disorders have evolved. Administration of pituitary-derived human GH was followed by the introduction of recombinant human GH in the 1980s, and, more recently, by long-acting GH preparations. For GH excess disorders, dopamine agonists were used first followed by SST analogues, and in 2005 the GH receptor blocker pegvisomant was introduced. This review will cover the evolution of these discoveries and build a picture of our current understanding of the hypothalamo-GH axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Murray
- Centre for Paediatrics and Child HealthInstitute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UKDepartment of Paediatric EndocrinologyRoyal Manchester Children's Hospital, Central Manchester Foundation Hospitals NHS Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9WL, UKDepartment of EndocrinologyThe Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, M20 4BX, UKCentre for Endocrinology and DiabetesInstitute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UK Centre for Paediatrics and Child HealthInstitute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UKDepartment of Paediatric EndocrinologyRoyal Manchester Children's Hospital, Central Manchester Foundation Hospitals NHS Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9WL, UKDepartment of EndocrinologyThe Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, M20 4BX, UKCentre for Endocrinology and DiabetesInstitute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - C E Higham
- Centre for Paediatrics and Child HealthInstitute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UKDepartment of Paediatric EndocrinologyRoyal Manchester Children's Hospital, Central Manchester Foundation Hospitals NHS Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9WL, UKDepartment of EndocrinologyThe Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, M20 4BX, UKCentre for Endocrinology and DiabetesInstitute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UK Centre for Paediatrics and Child HealthInstitute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UKDepartment of Paediatric EndocrinologyRoyal Manchester Children's Hospital, Central Manchester Foundation Hospitals NHS Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9WL, UKDepartment of EndocrinologyThe Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, M20 4BX, UKCentre for Endocrinology and DiabetesInstitute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - P E Clayton
- Centre for Paediatrics and Child HealthInstitute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UKDepartment of Paediatric EndocrinologyRoyal Manchester Children's Hospital, Central Manchester Foundation Hospitals NHS Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9WL, UKDepartment of EndocrinologyThe Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, M20 4BX, UKCentre for Endocrinology and DiabetesInstitute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UK Centre for Paediatrics and Child HealthInstitute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UKDepartment of Paediatric EndocrinologyRoyal Manchester Children's Hospital, Central Manchester Foundation Hospitals NHS Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9WL, UKDepartment of EndocrinologyThe Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, M20 4BX, UKCentre for Endocrinology and DiabetesInstitute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
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169
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Lou P, Zhang P, Zhang L, Chen P, Chang G, Zhang N, Li T, Qiao C. Effects of sleep duration and sleep quality on prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A 5-year follow-up study in China. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2015; 109:178-84. [PMID: 25934527 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the interactions of sleep quality and sleep duration on the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) in Chinese adults. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We randomly selected 11,842 Chinese subjects from the Xuzhou community of China and obtained self-reported quality and duration of sleep by questionnaire. DM2 was assessed by fasting blood glucose. Sleep quality was categorized as good, common, or poor. Sleep duration was measured by average hours of sleep per night. We evaluated interaction, relative excess risk of interaction (RERI), the attributable proportion (AP), and the synergy index (S) using a logistic regression model. RESULTS The relative risk for the development of DM2 was higher in subjects with short sleep duration (1.67 [1.34-2.16]) or poor sleep quality (1.91 [1.31-2.74]) or long sleep duration (1.45 [1.02-1.77]). DM2 occurred more frequently with poor sleep quality combined with short sleep duration (odds ratio: 6.21; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.78-11.81). RERI, AP, and S values (and their 95% CI) were 3.99 (1.41-7.76), 0.64 (0.45-0.76), and 5.15 (3.74-7.89) for the interaction between poor sleep quality and short sleep duration. In subjects with poor sleep quality combined with long sleep duration, the RERI, AP, and S values (and 95% CI) were 0.13 (-0.19 to 0.66), 0.07 (-0.35 to 0.18), and 1.19 (0.85-2.11). CONCLUSIONS Interactions between poor sleep quality and short sleep duration were additive. Preventive measures should focus on short sleep duration and poor sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peian Lou
- Department of Control and Prevention of Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, Xuzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.
| | - Pan Zhang
- Department of Control and Prevention of Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, Xuzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Control and Prevention of Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, Xuzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xuzhou, China.
| | - Peipei Chen
- Department of Control and Prevention of Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, Xuzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xuzhou, China.
| | - Guiqiu Chang
- Department of Control and Prevention of Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, Xuzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xuzhou, China.
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Control and Prevention of Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, Xuzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xuzhou, China.
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Control and Prevention of Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, Xuzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xuzhou, China.
| | - Cheng Qiao
- Department of Control and Prevention of Chronic Non-communicable Diseases, Xuzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xuzhou, China.
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170
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Douris N, Stevanovic DM, Fisher FM, Cisu TI, Chee MJ, Nguyen NL, Zarebidaki E, Adams AC, Kharitonenkov A, Flier JS, Bartness TJ, Maratos-Flier E. Central Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Browns White Fat via Sympathetic Action in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2015; 156:2470-81. [PMID: 25924103 PMCID: PMC4475718 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has multiple metabolic actions, including the induction of browning in white adipose tissue. Although FGF21 stimulated browning results from a direct interaction between FGF21 and the adipocyte, browning is typically associated with activation of the sympathetic nervous system through cold exposure. We tested the hypothesis that FGF21 can act via the brain, to increase sympathetic activity and induce browning, independent of cell-autonomous actions. We administered FGF21 into the central nervous system via lateral ventricle infusion into male mice and found that the central treatment increased norepinephrine turnover in target tissues that include the inguinal white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue. Central FGF21 stimulated browning as assessed by histology, expression of uncoupling protein 1, and the induction of gene expression associated with browning. These effects were markedly attenuated when mice were treated with a β-blocker. Additionally, neither centrally nor peripherally administered FGF21 initiated browning in mice lacking β-adrenoceptors, demonstrating that an intact adrenergic system is necessary for FGF21 action. These data indicate that FGF21 can signal in the brain to activate the sympathetic nervous system and induce adipose tissue thermogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Adipocytes, Brown/metabolism
- Adipocytes, White/drug effects
- Adipocytes, White/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, White/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/pharmacology
- Animals
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/pharmacology
- Infusions, Intraventricular
- Ion Channels/drug effects
- Ion Channels/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mitochondrial Proteins/drug effects
- Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3/genetics
- Sympathetic Nervous System/drug effects
- Sympathetic Nervous System/metabolism
- Thermogenesis
- Uncoupling Protein 1
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Douris
- Division of Endocrinology (N.D., D.M.S., f.M.F., T.I.C., M.J.C., J.S.F., E.M.-F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215-5491; Institute of Medical Physiology (D.M.S.), School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Biology and Center for Obesity Reversal (N.L.N., E.Z., T.J.B.), Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-4010; and Diabetes Research (A.C.A., A.K.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285-0001
| | - Darko M Stevanovic
- Division of Endocrinology (N.D., D.M.S., f.M.F., T.I.C., M.J.C., J.S.F., E.M.-F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215-5491; Institute of Medical Physiology (D.M.S.), School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Biology and Center for Obesity Reversal (N.L.N., E.Z., T.J.B.), Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-4010; and Diabetes Research (A.C.A., A.K.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285-0001
| | - Ffolliott M Fisher
- Division of Endocrinology (N.D., D.M.S., f.M.F., T.I.C., M.J.C., J.S.F., E.M.-F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215-5491; Institute of Medical Physiology (D.M.S.), School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Biology and Center for Obesity Reversal (N.L.N., E.Z., T.J.B.), Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-4010; and Diabetes Research (A.C.A., A.K.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285-0001
| | - Theodore I Cisu
- Division of Endocrinology (N.D., D.M.S., f.M.F., T.I.C., M.J.C., J.S.F., E.M.-F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215-5491; Institute of Medical Physiology (D.M.S.), School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Biology and Center for Obesity Reversal (N.L.N., E.Z., T.J.B.), Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-4010; and Diabetes Research (A.C.A., A.K.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285-0001
| | - Melissa J Chee
- Division of Endocrinology (N.D., D.M.S., f.M.F., T.I.C., M.J.C., J.S.F., E.M.-F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215-5491; Institute of Medical Physiology (D.M.S.), School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Biology and Center for Obesity Reversal (N.L.N., E.Z., T.J.B.), Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-4010; and Diabetes Research (A.C.A., A.K.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285-0001
| | - Ngoc L Nguyen
- Division of Endocrinology (N.D., D.M.S., f.M.F., T.I.C., M.J.C., J.S.F., E.M.-F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215-5491; Institute of Medical Physiology (D.M.S.), School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Biology and Center for Obesity Reversal (N.L.N., E.Z., T.J.B.), Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-4010; and Diabetes Research (A.C.A., A.K.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285-0001
| | - Eleen Zarebidaki
- Division of Endocrinology (N.D., D.M.S., f.M.F., T.I.C., M.J.C., J.S.F., E.M.-F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215-5491; Institute of Medical Physiology (D.M.S.), School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Biology and Center for Obesity Reversal (N.L.N., E.Z., T.J.B.), Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-4010; and Diabetes Research (A.C.A., A.K.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285-0001
| | - Andrew C Adams
- Division of Endocrinology (N.D., D.M.S., f.M.F., T.I.C., M.J.C., J.S.F., E.M.-F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215-5491; Institute of Medical Physiology (D.M.S.), School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Biology and Center for Obesity Reversal (N.L.N., E.Z., T.J.B.), Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-4010; and Diabetes Research (A.C.A., A.K.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285-0001
| | - Alexei Kharitonenkov
- Division of Endocrinology (N.D., D.M.S., f.M.F., T.I.C., M.J.C., J.S.F., E.M.-F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215-5491; Institute of Medical Physiology (D.M.S.), School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Biology and Center for Obesity Reversal (N.L.N., E.Z., T.J.B.), Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-4010; and Diabetes Research (A.C.A., A.K.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285-0001
| | - Jeffrey S Flier
- Division of Endocrinology (N.D., D.M.S., f.M.F., T.I.C., M.J.C., J.S.F., E.M.-F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215-5491; Institute of Medical Physiology (D.M.S.), School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Biology and Center for Obesity Reversal (N.L.N., E.Z., T.J.B.), Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-4010; and Diabetes Research (A.C.A., A.K.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285-0001
| | - Timothy J Bartness
- Division of Endocrinology (N.D., D.M.S., f.M.F., T.I.C., M.J.C., J.S.F., E.M.-F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215-5491; Institute of Medical Physiology (D.M.S.), School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Biology and Center for Obesity Reversal (N.L.N., E.Z., T.J.B.), Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-4010; and Diabetes Research (A.C.A., A.K.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285-0001
| | - Eleftheria Maratos-Flier
- Division of Endocrinology (N.D., D.M.S., f.M.F., T.I.C., M.J.C., J.S.F., E.M.-F.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215-5491; Institute of Medical Physiology (D.M.S.), School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Biology and Center for Obesity Reversal (N.L.N., E.Z., T.J.B.), Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-4010; and Diabetes Research (A.C.A., A.K.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285-0001
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Aliparasti MR, Alipour MR, Almasi S, Feizi H. Ghrelin Administration Increases the Bax/Bcl-2 Gene Expression Ratio in the Heart of Chronic Hypoxic Rats. Adv Pharm Bull 2015; 5:195-9. [PMID: 26236657 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2015.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Programmed cell death or apoptosis, is a biochemical procedure that initiates due to some conditions, including hypoxia. Bax and Bcl-2 are among the agents that regulate apoptosis. The amplification of the first one triggers the initiation of apoptosis, and the second one prevents it. Ghrelin is an endogenous peptide that antiapoptosis is its new effect. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of ghrelin on the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. METHODS Twenty four wistar rats were divided randomly in three groups; control, hypoxic + saline and hypoxic + ghrelin. Hypoxic animals lived in O2 11% for 2 weeks and received either saline or ghrelin subcutaneously daily. The bax and Bcl-2 gene expression were measured by Real-Time RT-PCR. RESULTS Chronic hypoxia increased the Bax gene expression significantly compared with normal animals (P = 0.008), but the Bcl-2 was not affected by hypoxia. The Bax/Bcl-2 ratio also amplified significantly (P=0.005). Ghrelin administration significantly increased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in the hypoxic animals compared to the hypoxic + saline and normal groups (p=0.042 and P= 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION In the present study, animals' treatment with ghrelin leads to an increment of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, which indicates a controversy related to cardioprotection of ghrelin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shohreh Almasi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hadi Feizi
- Department of Physiology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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172
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Lundahl A, Nelson TD. Sleep and food intake: A multisystem review of mechanisms in children and adults. J Health Psychol 2015; 20:794-805. [DOI: 10.1177/1359105315573427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The foods we eat have substantial impact on our health, and excessive food intake is associated with numerous long-term health conditions. It is therefore essential to understand the factors influencing this crucial health behavior. Research has identified sleep problems as one such factor; however, little research has examined how sleep problems impact food intake. Using a multisystemic perspective, this article proposes a variety of ways in which sleep problems likely increase food intake and illustrates the need for research to empirically examine these underlying mechanisms. Such research would have important treatment implications for health conditions often treated with dietary interventions.
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Impact of synthetic ghrelin administration for patients with severe body weight reduction more than 1 year after gastrectomy: a phase II clinical trial. Surg Today 2015; 46:379-85. [PMID: 26019019 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-015-1187-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ghrelin is mainly secreted from the stomach and plays a role in appetite, weight gain, and the promotion of a positive energy balance. The levels of ghrelin decrease immediately after gastrectomy. We herein investigated the effect of the administration of synthetic ghrelin to treat postoperative severe weight loss in a prospective, one-arm clinical trial to develop new strategies for weight gain. METHODS Ten patients (four distal gastrectomy and six total gastrectomy) received ghrelin treatment. Eligibility criteria included patients who underwent gastrectomy more than 1 year previously and 15 % body weight loss from the preoperative weight or a body mass index under 19. Synthetic human ghrelin (3 μg/kg) was administered to the patients twice a day for 1 week. Oral intake of calories, appetite [evaluated using the visual analog scale (VAS)], and body weight before and during administration of ghrelin were compared. RESULTS There was a significant difference in the oral food intake before and during treatment (before treatment: 1236 ± 409 kcal vs. during treatment: 1398 ± 365 kcal, p = 0.039), and the VAS for appetite significantly improved with each day of ghrelin administration (p < 0.05). Significant amounts of body weight were gained (39.5 ± 6.8 vs. 40.1 ± 6.9, p = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS The administration of synthetic ghrelin improved the food intake and was effective for treating appetite loss and body weight loss. Synthetic ghrelin may be a promising new therapy for severe body weight loss following gastrectomy.
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Zhang H, Garcia JM. Anamorelin hydrochloride for the treatment of cancer-anorexia-cachexia in NSCLC. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2015; 16:1245-53. [PMID: 25945893 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2015.1041500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome (CACS) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Anamorelin is a novel, orally active ghrelin receptor agonist in clinical development for the treatment of CACS in NSCLC. The aim of this review is to summarize preclinical and clinical studies evaluating anamorelin as a potential promising treatment for CACS in NSCLC. AREAS COVERED Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and metabolism, clinical efficacy, safety and tolerability of anamorelin for the treatment of CACS in NSCLC were reviewed. Anamorelin administration may lead to increases in food intake, body weight and lean body mass, and a stimulatory effect on growth hormone secretion in NSCLC patients. Anamorelin is well tolerated with no dose-limiting toxicities identified to date. EXPERT OPINION Targeting ghrelin receptors presents the advantage of potentially addressing multiple mechanisms of CACS simultaneously including appetite, muscle protein balance, adipose tissue metabolism, energy expenditure and inflammation. Clinical data suggest that anamorelin is well tolerated and it effectively increases appetite, body weight and lean mass in patients with advanced NSCLC. Long-term safety remains unknown at this time. The potential synergistic effects of anamorelin with nutritional support or exercise as well as its efficacy/safety in other tumor types are also unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baylor College of Medicine , 2002 Holcombe Blvd, Building 109, Room 210, Houston, TX 77030 USA 713 794 7989 ; 713 794 7771 ;
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Moraes C, Marinho S, Lobo JC, Stockler-Pinto MB, Barros AF, Jacobson LV, da Nobrega ACL, Rosa MLG, Denise M. Effects of resistance exercise training on acyl-ghrelin and obestatin levels in hemodialysis patients. Ren Fail 2015; 37:851-7. [PMID: 25897771 DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2015.1033634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) present altered levels of appetite hormones such as acyl-ghrelin (orexigenic) and obestatin (anorexigenic), which may contribute to anorexia. Physical exercise may affect these hormones and improve appetite in these patients. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of a resistance exercise program in appetite hormones, body composition, and nutritional status in HD patients. DESIGN Intervention study with the control group. SUBJECTS Fifty-two patients on regular HD program were enrolled into two groups: 37 patients performed exercises (56.7% male, 45 ± 12.8 years, 57 (9-192) months on HD) and 15 patients comprised the control group (66.7% men, 50 ± 10.6 years, 57 (11-153) months on HD). MEASUREMENTS Exercise program (performed with elastic bands and ankle cuffs in both lower limbs) was supervised three times a week during 6 months (72 sessions). Patients had their blood drawn in a regular HD day after overnight fasting, before and after 6 months of exercise program. Obestatin, acyl-ghrelin, routine biochemical parameters, quality of life, and anthropometric data were collected and analyzed before and after 6 months. RESULTS After 6 months of exercise, obestatin levels reduced [from 3.0 ng/mL (2.3-3.4) to 1.9 ng/mL (0.6-3.4)] and acyl-ghrelin levels increased [from 21.5 pg/mL (1.3-77.7) to 37.2 pg/mL (16.7-94.1)] and the control group presented no significant differences in both plasma levels of hormones. Body composition and physical functional assessed by SF-36 and albumin levels (3.7 ± 0.3 to 3.9 ± 0.2, p < 0.05) improved after exercises. CONCLUSION Six months of resistance exercises contributed to changes in plasma appetite hormones, body composition, and nutritional status in hemodialysis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Moraes
- a Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Unidade de Pesquisa Clínica, Fluminense Federal University (UFF) , Niterói, Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
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Bułdak RJ, Pilc-Gumuła K, Bułdak Ł, Witkowska D, Kukla M, Polaniak R, Zwirska-Korczala K. Effects of ghrelin, leptin and melatonin on the levels of reactive oxygen species, antioxidant enzyme activity and viability of the HCT 116 human colorectal carcinoma cell line. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:2275-82. [PMID: 25873273 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with an increased risk of certain types of cancer, including colon cancer. Adipose tissue is an endocrine organ that produces biologically active substances, such as leptin and ghrelin. Recent research has suggested that adipose-derived hormones may be associated with mechanisms linked to tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Furthermore, previous studies have demonstrated that pineal gland-derived melatonin possesses important oncostatic and antioxidant properties. The present study aimed to determine the effects of the adipokines ghrelin and leptin, and the melatonin on intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the activity of selected antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase. The effects of these compounds were also determined on the viability of HCT 116 human colorectal carcinoma cells in vitro. The pro-oxidant and growth inhibitory effects of melatonin resulted in an accumulation of ROS and decreased antioxidant capacity in melatonin-treated cells. Ghrelin administration alone caused a significant decrease in the levels of ROS, due to an increased activity of CAT in the HCT 116 cells. In addition, the present study observed increased lipid peroxidation following melatonin treatment, and decreased levels of malondialdehyde following ghrelin or leptin treatment. In conclusion, ghrelin, leptin and melatonin have various influences on the antioxidant capacity of HCT 116 cells. Compared with the adipokines, treatment with melatonin increased ROS levels and decreased cellular viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Jakub Bułdak
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze 41‑808, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pilc-Gumuła
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze 41‑808, Poland
| | - Łukasz Bułdak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice 40‑752, Poland
| | - Daria Witkowska
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze 41‑808, Poland
| | - Michał Kukla
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice 40‑752, Poland
| | - Renata Polaniak
- Department of Human Nutrition, School of Public Health, Medical University of Silesia, Bytom 41‑902, Poland
| | - Krystyna Zwirska-Korczala
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze 41‑808, Poland
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Pei XM, Yung BY, Yip SP, Chan LW, Wong CS, Ying M, Siu PM. Protective effects of desacyl ghrelin on diabetic cardiomyopathy. Acta Diabetol 2015; 52:293-306. [PMID: 25192951 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-014-0637-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a specific complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus, which causes progressive cardiac dysfunction. Desacyl ghrelin has been preliminarily demonstrated to have beneficial effects on cardiovascular system and glucose metabolism, which are both related to diabetic cardiomyopathy. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of desacyl ghrelin on cardiac dysfunction, cardiac fibrosis, and cellular autophagy in a type 2 diabetic mouse model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fourteen- to eighteen-week-old db/db diabetic and db/+ non-diabetic mice were intraperitoneally treated with desacyl ghrelin at a dosage of 100 μg/kg for ten consecutive days. Ventricular fractional shortening was examined as an indicator of cardiac function by transthoracic echocardiography. RESULTS The presence of diabetic cardiomyopathy was evident by the reduction in fractional shortening shown in our examined db/db mice. Intriguingly, this reduction in fractional shortening was not observed in the hearts of db/db mice treated with desacyl ghrelin. Cardiac fibrosis (indicated by excessive collagen deposition, decreased by Adiponectin and Mmp13 expression, and up-regulated by Mmp8 expression) and impairment of autophagic signalling (indicated by decreases in Foxo3 and LC3 II-to-LC3 I ratio) were shown in the hearts of diabetic mice. All these cellular and molecular alterations were alleviated by desacyl ghrelin treatment. The key cardiac pro-survival cellular signals including AMPK, Akt, ERK1/2, and GSK3α/β were impaired in the diabetic hearts, but the administration of desacyl ghrelin attenuated these signalling impairments. CONCLUSIONS These results collectively demonstrate that desacyl ghrelin protects the heart against cardiac dysfunction in type 2 diabetic mice by inhibiting excessive collagen deposition and enhancing cardiac autophagic signalling via the pro-survival cellular AMPK/ERK1/2 signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao M Pei
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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178
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Togliatto G, Trombetta A, Dentelli P, Gallo S, Rosso A, Cotogni P, Granata R, Falcioni R, Delale T, Ghigo E, Brizzi MF. Unacylated ghrelin induces oxidative stress resistance in a glucose intolerance and peripheral artery disease mouse model by restoring endothelial cell miR-126 expression. Diabetes 2015; 64:1370-82. [PMID: 25368096 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are crucial in long-term diabetes complications, including peripheral artery disease (PAD). In this study, we have investigated the potential clinical impact of unacylated ghrelin (UnAG) in a glucose intolerance and PAD mouse model. We demonstrate that UnAG is able to protect skeletal muscle and endothelial cells (ECs) from ROS imbalance in hind limb ischemia-subjected ob/ob mice. This effect translates into reductions in hind limb functional impairment. We show that UnAG rescues sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) activity and superoxide dismutase-2 (SOD-2) expression in ECs. This leads to SIRT1-mediated p53 and histone 3 lysate 56 deacetylation and results in reduced EC senescence in vivo. We demonstrate, using small interfering RNA technology, that SIRT1 is also crucial for SOD-2 expression. UnAG also renews micro-RNA (miR)-126 expression, resulting in the posttranscriptional regulation of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 expression and a reduced number of infiltrating inflammatory cells in vivo. Loss-of-function experiments that target miR-126 demonstrate that miR-126 also controls SIRT1 and SOD-2 expression, thus confirming its role in driving UnAG-mediated EC protection against ROS imbalance. These results indicate that UnAG protects vessels from ROS imbalance in ob/ob mice by rescuing miR-126 expression, thus emphasizing its potential clinical impact in avoiding limb loss in PAD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sara Gallo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Arturo Rosso
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Cotogni
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Riccarda Granata
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Rita Falcioni
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ezio Ghigo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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179
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Müller TD, Nogueiras R, Andermann ML, Andrews ZB, Anker SD, Argente J, Batterham RL, Benoit SC, Bowers CY, Broglio F, Casanueva FF, D'Alessio D, Depoortere I, Geliebter A, Ghigo E, Cole PA, Cowley M, Cummings DE, Dagher A, Diano S, Dickson SL, Diéguez C, Granata R, Grill HJ, Grove K, Habegger KM, Heppner K, Heiman ML, Holsen L, Holst B, Inui A, Jansson JO, Kirchner H, Korbonits M, Laferrère B, LeRoux CW, Lopez M, Morin S, Nakazato M, Nass R, Perez-Tilve D, Pfluger PT, Schwartz TW, Seeley RJ, Sleeman M, Sun Y, Sussel L, Tong J, Thorner MO, van der Lely AJ, van der Ploeg LHT, Zigman JM, Kojima M, Kangawa K, Smith RG, Horvath T, Tschöp MH. Ghrelin. Mol Metab 2015; 4:437-60. [PMID: 26042199 PMCID: PMC4443295 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 712] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gastrointestinal peptide hormone ghrelin was discovered in 1999 as the endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Increasing evidence supports more complicated and nuanced roles for the hormone, which go beyond the regulation of systemic energy metabolism. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review, we discuss the diverse biological functions of ghrelin, the regulation of its secretion, and address questions that still remain 15 years after its discovery. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS In recent years, ghrelin has been found to have a plethora of central and peripheral actions in distinct areas including learning and memory, gut motility and gastric acid secretion, sleep/wake rhythm, reward seeking behavior, taste sensation and glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - R Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas, University of Santiago de Compostela (CIMUS)-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS)-CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M L Andermann
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Z B Andrews
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - S D Anker
- Applied Cachexia Research, Department of Cardiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - J Argente
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain ; Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and CIBER Fisiopatología de la obesidad y nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - R L Batterham
- Centre for Obesity Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - S C Benoit
- Metabolic Disease Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - C Y Bowers
- Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Section, Peptide Research Section, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - F Broglio
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Dept. of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - F F Casanueva
- Department of Medicine, Santiago de Compostela University, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), CIBER de Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CB06/03), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - D D'Alessio
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - I Depoortere
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - A Geliebter
- New York Obesity Nutrition Research Center, Department of Medicine, St Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - E Ghigo
- Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - P A Cole
- Monash Obesity & Diabetes Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - M Cowley
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia ; Monash Obesity & Diabetes Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - D E Cummings
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - A Dagher
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - S Diano
- Dept of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - S L Dickson
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - C Diéguez
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - R Granata
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Dept. of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - H J Grill
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - K Grove
- Department of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - K M Habegger
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - K Heppner
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - M L Heiman
- NuMe Health, 1441 Canal Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - L Holsen
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - B Holst
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - A Inui
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - J O Jansson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - H Kirchner
- Medizinische Klinik I, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - M Korbonits
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - B Laferrère
- New York Obesity Research Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - C W LeRoux
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Lopez
- Department of Physiology, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas, University of Santiago de Compostela (CIMUS)-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS)-CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - S Morin
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - M Nakazato
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - R Nass
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - D Perez-Tilve
- Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - P T Pfluger
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - T W Schwartz
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - R J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - M Sleeman
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Y Sun
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - L Sussel
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - J Tong
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - M O Thorner
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - A J van der Lely
- Department of Medicine, Erasmus University MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - J M Zigman
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - M Kojima
- Molecular Genetics, Institute of Life Science, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - K Kangawa
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - R G Smith
- The Scripps Research Institute, Florida Department of Metabolism & Aging, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - T Horvath
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - M H Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany ; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
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Molecular mechanisms of taste recognition: considerations about the role of saliva. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:5945-74. [PMID: 25782158 PMCID: PMC4394514 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16035945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gustatory system plays a critical role in determining food preferences and food intake, in addition to nutritive, energy and electrolyte balance. Fine tuning of the gustatory system is also crucial in this respect. The exact mechanisms that fine tune taste sensitivity are as of yet poorly defined, but it is clear that various effects of saliva on taste recognition are also involved. Specifically those metabolic polypeptides present in the saliva that were classically considered to be gut and appetite hormones (i.e., leptin, ghrelin, insulin, neuropeptide Y, peptide YY) were considered to play a pivotal role. Besides these, data clearly indicate the major role of several other salivary proteins, such as salivary carbonic anhydrase (gustin), proline-rich proteins, cystatins, alpha-amylases, histatins, salivary albumin and mucins. Other proteins like glucagon-like peptide-1, salivary immunoglobulin-A, zinc-α-2-glycoprotein, salivary lactoperoxidase, salivary prolactin-inducible protein and salivary molecular chaperone HSP70/HSPAs were also expected to play an important role. Furthermore, factors including salivary flow rate, buffer capacity and ionic composition of saliva should also be considered. In this paper, the current state of research related to the above and the overall emerging field of taste-related salivary research alongside basic principles of taste perception is reviewed.
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Chung C, Smith G, Degner B, McClements DJ. Reduced Fat Food Emulsions: Physicochemical, Sensory, and Biological Aspects. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 56:650-85. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.792236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Chung
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gordon Smith
- ConAgra Foods, Six ConAgra Drive, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Brian Degner
- ConAgra Foods, Six ConAgra Drive, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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Camilleri M, Acosta A. Emerging treatments in Neurogastroenterology: relamorelin: a novel gastrocolokinetic synthetic ghrelin agonist. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 27:324-32. [PMID: 25545036 PMCID: PMC4424792 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synthetic ghrelin agonists, predominantly small molecules, are being developed as prokinetic agents that may prove useful in the treatment of gastrointestinal motility disorders. Relamorelin (RM-131) is a pentapeptide synthetic ghrelin analog that activates the growth hormone secretagogue (GHS)-1a (also called the ghrelin) receptor with approximately sixfold greater potency than natural ghrelin. The ability of relamorelin to stimulate growth hormone (GH) release is comparable to that of native ghrelin. Relamorelin has enhanced efficacy and plasma stability compared to native ghrelin. PURPOSE In this review, we discuss the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and potential indications for relamorelin. Relamorelin is administered subcutaneously, dosed daily or twice daily. Relamorelin is being studied for the treatment of patients with gastrointestinal motility disorders. Phase IIA pharmacodynamic studies have demonstrated acceleration of gastric emptying in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 DM (T2DM) and upper gastrointestinal symptoms. In a phase IIA study in patients with diabetic gastroparesis, relamorelin accelerated gastric emptying and significantly improved vomiting frequency compared to placebo and improved other symptoms of gastroparesis in a prespecified subgroup of patients with vomiting at baseline. In patients with chronic idiopathic constipation with defined transit profile at baseline, relamorelin relieved constipation and accelerated colonic transit compared to placebo. These characteristics suggest that this new ghrelin analog shows great promise to relieve patients with upper or lower gastrointestinal motility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Camilleri
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.); Mayo Clinic; Rochester MN USA
| | - A. Acosta
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.); Mayo Clinic; Rochester MN USA
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183
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Pintér E, Pozsgai G, Hajna Z, Helyes Z, Szolcsányi J. Neuropeptide receptors as potential drug targets in the treatment of inflammatory conditions. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 77:5-20. [PMID: 23432438 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-talk between the nervous, endocrine and immune systems exists via regulator molecules, such as neuropeptides, hormones and cytokines. A number of neuropeptides have been implicated in the genesis of inflammation, such as tachykinins and calcitonin gene-related peptide. Development of their receptor antagonists could be a promising approach to anti-inflammatory pharmacotherapy. Anti-inflammatory neuropeptides, such as vasoactive intestinal peptide, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, urocortin, adrenomedullin, somatostatin, cortistatin, ghrelin, galanin and opioid peptides, are also released and act on their own receptors on the neurons as well as on different inflammatory and immune cells. The aim of the present review is to summarize the most prominent data of preclinical animal studies concerning the main pharmacological effects of ligands acting on the neuropeptide receptors. Promising therapeutic impacts of these compounds as potential candidates for the development of novel types of anti-inflammatory drugs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Pintér
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Szigeti u. 12., H-7624, Pécs, Hungary; János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság u. 20., H-7624, Pécs, Hungary
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184
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Ercan S, Kencebay C, Basaranlar G, Ozcan F, Derin N, Aslan M. Induction of omega 6 inflammatory pathway by sodium metabisulfite in rat liver and its attenuation by ghrelin. Lipids Health Dis 2015; 14:7. [PMID: 25889219 PMCID: PMC4335696 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-015-0008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sodium metabisulfite is commonly used as preservative in foods but can oxidize to sulfite radicals initiating molecular oxidation. Ghrelin is a peptide hormone primarily produced in the stomach and has anti-inflammatory effects in many organs. This study aimed to assess endogenous omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in rat peripheral organs following sodium metabisulfite treatment and determine the possible effect of ghrelin on changes in n-6 inflammatory pathway. Methods Male Wistar rats included in the study were allowed free access to standard rat chow. Sodium metabisulfite was given by gastric gavage and ghrelin was administered intraperitoneally for 5 weeks. Levels of arachidonic acid (AA, C20:4n-6), dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA, C20:3n-6), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3) in liver, heart and kidney tissues were determined by an optimized multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) method using ultra fast-liquid chromatography (UFLC) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Cyclooxygenase (COX) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were measured in tissue samples to evaluate changes in n-6 inflammatory pathway. Results Omega-6 PUFA levels, AA/DHA and AA/EPA ratio were significantly increased in liver tissue following sodium metabisulfite treatment compared to controls. No significant change was observed in heart and kidney PUFA levels. Tissue activity of COX and PGE2 levels were also significantly increased in liver tissue of sodium metabisulfite treated rats compared to controls. Ghrelin treatment decreased n-6 PUFA levels and reduced COX and PGE2 levels in liver tissue of sodium metabisulfite treated rats. Conclusion Current results suggest that ghrelin exerts anti-inflammatory action through modulation of n-6 PUFA levels in hepatic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevim Ercan
- Akdeniz University, Vocational School of Health Services, Antalya, 07070, Turkey.
| | - Ceren Kencebay
- Akdeniz University, Medical School, Department of Biophysics, Antalya, 07070, Turkey.
| | - Goksun Basaranlar
- Akdeniz University, Medical School, Department of Biophysics, Antalya, 07070, Turkey.
| | - Filiz Ozcan
- Akdeniz University, Medical School, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Antalya, 07070, Turkey.
| | - Narin Derin
- Akdeniz University, Medical School, Department of Biophysics, Antalya, 07070, Turkey.
| | - Mutay Aslan
- Akdeniz University, Medical School, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Antalya, 07070, Turkey.
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185
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Wang Z, Yang WL, Jacob A, Aziz M, Wang P. Human ghrelin mitigates intestinal injury and mortality after whole body irradiation in rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118213. [PMID: 25671547 PMCID: PMC4325005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Widespread use of ionizing radiation has led to the realization of the danger associated with radiation exposure. Although studies in radiation countermeasures were initiated a half century ago, an effective therapy for a radiomitigator has not been identified. Ghrelin is a gastrointestinal hormone, and administration of ghrelin is protective in animal models of injuries including radiation combined injury. To test whether ghrelin can be protective in whole body irradiaton (WBI) alone, male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were treated with human ghrelin (20 nmol/rat) daily for 6 days starting at either 24 h or 48 h after 10 Gray (Gy) WBI and survival outcome was examined. The 10 Gy WBI produced a LD70/30 model in SD rats (30% survival in 30 days). The survival rate in rats treated with ghrelin starting at 24 h was significantly improved to 63% and when treatment was initiated at 48 h, the survival remained at 61%. At 7 days post WBI, plasma ghrelin was significantly reduced from the control value. Ghrelin treatment starting at 24 h after WBI daily for 6 days improved histological appearance of the intestine, reduced gut permeability, serum endotoxin levels and bacterial translocation to the liver by 38%, 42% and 61%, respectively at day 7 post WBI. Serum glucose and albumin were restored to near control levels with treatment. Ghrelin treatment also attenuated WBI-induced intestinal apoptosis by 62% as evidenced by TUNEL staining. The expression of anti-apoptotic cell regulator Bcl-xl was decreased by 38% in the vehicle and restored to 75% of the control with ghrelin treatment. Increased expression of intestinal CD73 and pAkt were observed with ghrelin treatment, indicating protection of the intestinal epithelium after WBI. These results indicate that human ghrelin attenuates intestinal injury and mortality after WBI. Thus, human ghrelin can be developed as a novel mitigator for radiation injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Wang
- TheraSource LLC, Manhasset, NY, United States of America
| | - Weng Lang Yang
- Center for Translational Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States of America
- TheraSource LLC, Manhasset, NY, United States of America
| | - Asha Jacob
- Center for Translational Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States of America
- TheraSource LLC, Manhasset, NY, United States of America
| | - Monowar Aziz
- Center for Translational Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States of America
| | - Ping Wang
- Center for Translational Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kazemi M, Eshraghian A, Hamidpour L, Taghavi S. Changes in serum ghrelin level in relation to meal-time in patients with functional dyspepsia. United European Gastroenterol J 2015; 3:11-6. [PMID: 25653854 DOI: 10.1177/2050640614563373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ghrelin is a peptide hormone that is involved in gastrointestinal motility and secretion; and therefore, may play a role in functional dyspepsia. OBJECTIVES To compare the change of serum ghrelin level in relation to meal-time, between patients with functional dyspepsia and a control group. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a cross-sectional study, 18 subjects with functional dyspepsia according to the Rome III criteria were enrolled in our study. Blood samples were collected five times: 30 minutes (min) before a standard breakfast; at the time as serving breakfast; and 30, 60 and 90 min after breakfast. Serum ghrelin concentration was measured in these patients and compared with eight normal individuals, as controls. RESULTS The serum ghrelin level 30 minutes after breakfast was significantly higher in dyspepsia patients, compared to controls (751 ± 171.84 pg/ml versus 576.9 ± 195.62 pg/ml, p = 0.033). Although patients had a higher mean serum ghrelin level 30 minutes before, exactly at the time of serving breakfast and 60 min after breakfast there was no statistically significant difference between patients and controls. The shape of the curve was also different between the two groups, from 30 min until 90 min after breakfast, which is the time that most dyspeptic symptoms usually occur, although this difference was not significant (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION The significantly different ghrelin levels between dyspeptic patients and the normal population showed that ghrelin may have an important role in inducing symptoms, in functional dyspeptic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mh Kazemi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterohepatology Research Center (GEHRC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - A Eshraghian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterohepatology Research Center (GEHRC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - L Hamidpour
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterohepatology Research Center (GEHRC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sa Taghavi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterohepatology Research Center (GEHRC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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187
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The association between depression, weight loss and leptin/ghrelin levels in male patients with head and neck cancer undergoing radiotherapy. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2015; 37:31-5. [PMID: 25440723 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the relationship between weight loss, depression and anxiety, and appetite hormones, leptin and ghrelin levels in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC), as well as the effect of radiotherapy and antidepressant treatment on weight and these hormones. METHODS Forty male patients with HNC and twenty physically and mentally healthy male controls were recruited for the study. Psychiatric status was evaluated with clinical interview and psychometric tests. All patients received radiotherapy and antidepressant treatment with mirtazapine that was given to patients with psychiatric disorders. Serum leptin and ghrelin levels were measured pre- and post-treatment in the patients and once in the controls. RESULTS There was no significant difference between the serum leptin and ghrelin levels of patients and controls. The leptin levels of the patients were decreased by radiotherapy. Eleven patients were diagnosed with major depressive disorder and adjustment disorder and were classed as depressive patients. Depressive patients were affected more by radiotherapy with respect to weight loss. The basal leptin levels of depressive patients were also lower than non-depressive patients and controls. CONCLUSION It seems that depression aggravated weight loss and, in addition, decreased leptin levels in cancer patients. Detection and treatment of psychiatric disorders may improve prognosis by preventing weight loss as well as by providing psychiatric treatment in cancer patients.
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188
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Delhanty PJD, Huisman M, Julien M, Mouchain K, Brune P, Themmen APN, Abribat T, van der Lely AJ. The acylated (AG) to unacylated (UAG) ghrelin ratio in esterase inhibitor-treated blood is higher than previously described. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2015; 82:142-6. [PMID: 24810977 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The acylated/unacylated ghrelin (AG/UAG) ratio has been reported to range from 0·02 to 0·3, suggesting biologically relevant independent regulation of each ghrelin isoform. However, AG is deacylated to UAG by esterases in blood samples, and esterase inhibition is critical for their accurate measurement. Our hypothesis is that at least part of the variation in reported AG and UAG values is due to inconsistent sample preparation. DESIGN A non-interventional study. Quantification with two different, commercially available, ELISA formats of AG and UAG in venous plasma stabilized or not with 4-(2-aminoethyl) benzenesulphonyl fluoride (AEBSF) and stored for 0-6 months at -20 or -80 °C. PARTICIPANTS Healthy, non-obese, adults (n = 8; 4 women), age 26-42 yrs, after an overnight fast. MEASUREMENTS AG and UAG stability following different methods of sample treatment and storage. RESULTS Non-AEBSF plasma contained low AG and high UAG (>270 pg/ml) indicating rapid conversion of AG to UAG. However, AEBSF plasma, stored at -80 °C and measured at 0, 1, 3 and 6 months contained AG and UAG ranges of 12-350 and 17-170 pg/ml, respectively. Mean (SEM) AG/UAG ratios were 1·7(0·3), 1·2(0·2), 1·5(0·3) and 1·8(0·5) at each time point with no significant effect of storage period. CONCLUSIONS AG and UAG levels measured in AEBSF-stabilized plasma indicate that the AG/UAG ratio is markedly higher than previously described and that UAG is a physiological component of the circulation. This highlights the importance of immediately stabilizing blood samples on collection for determination of both AG and UAG concentrations and provides a valuable tool for their measurement in physiological and interventional studies.
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189
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Gupta M, Dangi SS, Singh G, Sarkar M. Expression and localization of ghrelin and its receptor in ovarian follicles during different stages of development and the modulatory effect of ghrelin on granulosa cells function in buffalo. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 210:87-95. [PMID: 25275756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin, a hormone predominantly found in the stomach, was recently described as a factor that controls female reproductive function. The aim of our study was to investigate the expression and localization of ghrelin and its active receptor, growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a (GHS-R1a) in buffalo ovarian follicles of different follicular size and to investigate role of ghrelin on estradiol (E2) secretion, aromatase (CYP19A1), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and apoptosis regulator Bax gene expression on granulosa cell culture. Using real time PCR and western blot, we measured gene and protein expression of examined factors. Localization was done with immunofluorescence method. Expression of ghrelin increased with follicle size with significantly highest in dominant or pre-ovulatory follicle (P<0.05). Expression of GHS-R1a was comparable in medium and large follicle but was higher than small follicles (P<0.05). Both the factors were localized in granulosa and theca cells. Pattern of intensity of immunofluorescence was similar with mRNA and protein expression. In the in vitro study granulosa cells (GCs) were cultured and treated with ghrelin each at 1, 10 and 100ng/ml concentrations for two days after obtaining 75-80 per cent confluence. Ghrelin treatment significantly (P<0.05) inhibited E2 secretion, CYP19A1 expression, apoptosis and promoted cell proliferation. In conclusion, this study provides novel evidence for the presence of ghrelin and receptor GHS-R1a in ovarian follilcles and modulatory role of ghrelin on granulosa cell function in buffalo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gupta
- Physiology & Climatology Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - S S Dangi
- Physiology & Climatology Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - G Singh
- Physiology & Climatology Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - M Sarkar
- Physiology & Climatology Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India.
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190
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Irisin, a link among fatty liver disease, physical inactivity and insulin resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:23163-78. [PMID: 25514415 PMCID: PMC4284758 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151223163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in industrialized countries. The increasing prevalence of NAFLD mirrors the outbreak of obesity in western countries, highlighting the connection between these two conditions. Nevertheless, there is currently no specific pharmacotherapy for its treatment. Accepted management begins with weight loss and exercise. Moreover, exercise can provide metabolic benefits independently of weight loss. It is known how long-term aerobic training produces improvements in hepatic triglycerides, visceral adipose tissue and free fatty acids, even if there is no weight reduction. A recent study from Boström et al. unravels a potential molecular mechanism that may explain how exercise, independently of weight loss, can potentially improve metabolic parameters through a new messenger system (irisin) linking muscle and fat tissue. Irisin has been proposed to act as a hormone on subcutaneous white fat cells increasing energy expenditure by means of a program of brown-fat-like development. Moreover, it was also shown that irisin plasma concentration was higher in people who exercise, suggesting a molecular mechanism by which exercise may improve metabolism. The present systematic review is based on the possibility that irisin might represent a hypothetical connection between NAFLD pathogenesis and disease progression.
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191
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Abstract
Epidemiological surveys indicate that nutrition in infancy is implicated in the long-term tendency to obesity and that a longer duration of breastfeeding is associated with a protective effect against metabolic disorders later in life. However, the precise cause of this association is not well understood. Recent studies on the compounds present in human breast milk have identified various adipokines, including leptin, adiponectin, resistin, obestatin, nesfatin, ghrelin and apelins. Some of these compounds are involved in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. The presence of these adipokines in breast milk suggests that they may be responsible for the regulation of growth in early infancy and that they could influence the energy balance and development of metabolic disorders in childhood and adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gönül Çatlı
- Katip Çelebi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, İzmir, Turkey. E-ma-il:
| | - Nihal Olgaç Dündar
- Katip Çelebi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Neurology, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Bumin Nuri Dündar
- Katip Çelebi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, İzmir, Turkey
,* Address for Correspondence: Katip Çelebi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, İzmir, Turkey Phone: +90 232 469 6969 E-mail:
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192
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Kweh FA, Miller JL, Sulsona CR, Wasserfall C, Atkinson M, Shuster JJ, Goldstone AP, Driscoll DJ. Hyperghrelinemia in Prader-Willi syndrome begins in early infancy long before the onset of hyperphagia. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 167A:69-79. [PMID: 25355237 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Circulating total ghrelin levels are elevated in older children and adults with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). However, the presence or absence of hyperghrelinemia in young children with PWS remains controversial. We hypothesized that a more robust way to analyze appetite-regulating hormones in PWS would be by nutritional phases rather than age alone. Our objectives were to compare total serum ghrelin levels in children with PWS by nutritional phase as well as to compare total ghrelin levels in PWS (5 weeks to 21 years of age) to normal weight controls and individuals with early-onset morbid obesity (EMO) without PWS. Fasting serum total ghrelin levels were measured in 60 subjects with PWS, 39 subjects with EMO of unknown etiology, and in 95 normal non-obese sibling controls of PWS or EMO subjects (SibC) in this 12 year longitudinal study. Within PWS, total ghrelin levels were significantly (P < 0.001) higher in earlier nutritional phases: phase 1a (7,906 ± 5,887); 1b (5,057 ± 2,624); 2a (2,905 ± 1,521); 2b (2,615 ± 1,370) and 3 (2,423 ± 1,350). Young infants with PWS also had significantly (P = 0.009) higher total ghrelin levels than did the sibling controls. Nutritional phase is an important independent prognostic factor of total ghrelin levels in individuals with PWS. Circulating ghrelin levels are elevated in young children with PWS long before the onset of hyperphagia, especially during the early phase of poor appetite and feeding. Therefore, it seems unlikely that high ghrelin levels are directly responsible for the switch to the hyperphagic nutritional phases in PWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick A Kweh
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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193
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Callaghan B, Kosari S, Pustovit RV, Sartor DM, Ferens D, Ban K, Baell J, Nguyen TV, Rivera LR, Brock JA, Furness JB. Hypotensive effects of ghrelin receptor agonists mediated through a novel receptor. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:1275-86. [PMID: 24670149 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Some agonists of ghrelin receptors cause rapid decreases in BP. The mechanisms by which they cause hypotension and the pharmacology of the receptors are unknown. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effects of ligands of ghrelin receptors were investigated in rats in vivo, on isolated blood vessels and on cells transfected with the only molecularly defined ghrelin receptor, growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHSR1a). KEY RESULTS Three agonists of GHSR1a receptors, ulimorelin, capromorelin and CP464709, caused a rapid decrease in BP in the anaesthetized rat. The effect was not reduced by either of two GHSR1a antagonists, JMV2959 or YIL781, at doses that blocked effects on colorectal motility, in vivo. The rapid hypotension was not mimicked by ghrelin, unacylated ghrelin or the unacylated ghrelin receptor agonist, AZP531. The early hypotension preceded a decrease in sympathetic nerve activity. Early hypotension was not reduced by hexamethonium or by baroreceptor (sino-aortic) denervation. Ulimorelin also relaxed isolated segments of rat mesenteric artery, and, less potently, relaxed aorta segments. The vascular relaxation was not reduced by JMV2959 or YIL781. Ulimorelin, capromorelin and CP464709 activated GHSR1a in transfected HEK293 cells at nanomolar concentrations. JMV2959 and YIL781 both antagonized effects in these cells, with their pA2 values at the GHSR1a receptor being 6.55 and 7.84. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our results indicate a novel vascular receptor or receptors whose activation by ulimorelin, capromorelin and CP464709 lowered BP. This receptor is activated by low MW GHSR1a agonists, but is not activated by ghrelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brid Callaghan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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Assessment of serum acylated ghrelin in children and adolescents with chronic liver diseases: relation to nutritional status. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:560516. [PMID: 25379540 PMCID: PMC4213410 DOI: 10.1155/2014/560516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Because ghrelin is one of the key hormones in regulating feeding behavior and caloric status, it was suggested that ghrelin behavior might be closely associated with malnutrition state of patients with chronic liver disease (CLD). Thus, we aimed to assess serum ghrelin levels in children with CLD and its relation to anthropometric parameters and severity of CLD. Forty CLD patients were studied in comparison to 40 controls. All subjects were subjected to history, anthropometric, and laboratory assessment of liver functions and serum acylated ghrelin. Ghrelin was higher in patients than controls being higher with progress of Child's grade and with deterioration of liver functions. Hyperghrelinemia was detected in 62.5% of cases. Ghrelin correlated negatively with body mass index standard deviation score (BMISDS (r = −0.95, P < 0.001)), triceps skin fold thickness (TSFT (r = −0.88, P < 0.001)), and subscapular skin fold thickness (SSFT (r = 0.83, P < 0.001)) percentiles. In conclusion, hyperghrelinemia may represent a compensatory mechanism trying to overcome malnutrition state complicating CLD and can be used as a parameter for early detection and assessment of the severity of malnutrition in children with CLD.
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The cardiovascular action of hexarelin. JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC CARDIOLOGY : JGC 2014; 11:253-8. [PMID: 25278975 PMCID: PMC4178518 DOI: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hexarelin, a synthetic growth hormone-releasing peptide, can bind to and activate the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) in the brain similar to its natural analog ghrelin. However, the peripheral distribution of GHSR in the heart and blood vessels suggests that hexarelin might have direct cardiovascular actions beyond growth hormone release and neuroendocrine effects. Furthermore, the non-GHSR CD36 had been demonstrated to be a specific cardiac receptor for hexarelin and to mediate its cardioprotective effects. When compared with ghrelin, hexarelin is chemically more stable and functionally more potent. Therefore, it may be a promising therapeutic agent for some cardiovascular conditions. In this concise review, we discuss the current evidence for the cardiovascular action of hexarelin.
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Huang L, Tong Y, Zhang F, Yang Q, Li D, Xie S, Li Y, Cao H, Tang L, Zhang X, Tong N. Increased acyl ghrelin but decreased total ghrelin and unacyl ghrelin in Chinese Han people with impaired fasting glucose combined with impaired glucose tolerance. Peptides 2014; 60:86-94. [PMID: 25102450 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the plasma acyl ghrelin (AG), unacyl ghrelin (UAG), and total ghrelin (TGhr) levels in Chinese adults with pre-diabetes and newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus (NDDM) after an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and abdominal subcutaneous fat area and visceral fat area (VFA) were measured. Fasting AG level was increased in the impaired fasting glucose (IFG) combined with impaired glucose tolerance (IFG+IGT) and NDDM groups. AG, UAG, and TGhr levels were significantly decreased post-OGTT, and the decrements of 30-min AG, UAG, and TGhr post-OGTT were not significantly different among groups. UAG and TGhr levels did not differ significantly among the normal glucose tolerance (NGT), IFG and NDDM groups, but they decreased obviously in the IFG+IGT and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) groups. The NDDM group had larger VFA than the NGT, IGT, and IFG+IGT groups, even after adjustment for height, it was still larger than the NGT group. The factors such as dyslipidemia and obesity which are prone to develop insulin resistance (IR) and decrease insulin sensitivity (IS) were negatively correlated with UAG and TGhr, positively with AG/UAG, while no correlations with AG. In terms of evaluating IS and IR, AG/UAG ratio may be superior in AG concentration. Our findings suggest that relative sufficiency of AG, the deficiency of TGhr and UAG are already present in IFG+IGT patients. We speculate that there is UAG resistance in severe hyperglycemia (diabetic state), which could produce elevated TGhr and UAG compared to IFG+IGT group. In the development of T2D, increase of VFA could be the initiating factor, leading elevated AG, reduced UAG, IR, decreased IS, and finally hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Huang
- Division of Endocrinology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yuzhen Tong
- Department of Clinical Medicine, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Qiu Yang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Daigang Li
- Chengdu Yincao Community Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Shugui Xie
- Chengdu Aerospace Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610100, China
| | - Yi Li
- Division of Endocrinology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Hongyi Cao
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Lizhi Tang
- Division of Endocrinology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xiangxun Zhang
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Nanwei Tong
- Division of Endocrinology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
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Mota MC, Waterhouse J, De-Souza DA, Rossato LT, Silva CM, Araújo MBJ, Tufik S, de Mello MT, Crispim CA. Sleep pattern is associated with adipokine levels and nutritional markers in resident physicians. Chronobiol Int 2014; 31:1130-8. [DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2014.957300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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198
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Yang CG, Liao ZF, Qiu WC, Yan J, Wang ZG. Function of ghrelin and ghrelin receptors in the network regulation of gastric motility. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:2453-8. [PMID: 25230765 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous previous studies have demonstrated that ghrelin promotes gastric motility when administered peripherally. This effect appears to be regulatory but not directly stimulatory, and therefore may involve a number of complex mechanisms. In the periphery, ghrelin may affect gastric motility through intercellular networks among interstitial cells of Cajal, myenteric nerve cells and smooth muscle cells. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects and possible mechanisms underlying this hypothesis. The effects of ghrelin on the contraction force of gastric antrum smooth muscle strips of rats were studied in the presence or absence of carbachol (CCh), [D‑Lys3]‑GHRP‑6, atropine, tetrodotoxin (TTX) and nimodipine in vitro. The expression of ghrelin receptors (GHS‑Rs) on different cell types in gastric muscle layers was observed by means of immunofluorescence. Ghrelin enhanced smooth muscle strip contraction induced by CCh, but when CCh was absent, this effect was eliminated. Atropine and nimodipine eradicated the muscle strip contraction enhanced by ghrelin, while [D‑Lys3]‑GHRP‑6 was only able to partly block this effect and TTX had no effect on muscle strip contraction. It was identified that ghrelin had no effect on the contractive rhythm of the strips. GHS‑R1s were located differentially depending on the cell type, including myenteric nerve cells, interstitial cells of Cajal and smooth muscle cells. In conclusion the present study demonstrated that ghrelin may act as an adjuvant to regulate gastric smooth muscle contraction induced by CCh through GHS‑R1s, which are expressed on myenteric nerve cells, Cajal cells and smooth muscle cells. Ghrelin may exert its effects by influencing the functional status of different cell types in the gastric muscle layer to subsequently enhance the contractive effect of cholinergic neurotransmitters and enhance gastric motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Guang Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Tongren Hospital of Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200336, P.R. China
| | - Zuo-Fu Liao
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Tongren Hospital of Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200336, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Cai Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Sixth Hospital of Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Sixth Hospital of Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Gang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Sixth Hospital of Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
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199
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Zhou L, Gao Q, Zhang P, Guo S, Gu J, Hao W, Cao JM. Activation of growth hormone secretagogue receptor induces time-dependent clock phase delay in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 307:E515-26. [PMID: 25074983 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00535.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Early studies have reported a phase-shifting effect of growth hormone secretagogues (GHSs). This study aimed to determine the mechanism of action of GHSs. We examined the response of the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) to growth hormone releasing peptide-6 (GHRP-6) by assessing effects on the phase of locomotor activity rhythms, SCN neuronal discharges, and the potential signaling pathways involved in the drug action on circadian rhythms. The results showed that bolus administration of GHRP-6 (100 μg/kg ip) at the beginning of subjective night (CT12) induced a phase delay of the free-running rhythms in male C57BL/6J mice under constant darkness, but did not elicit phase shift at other checked circadian time (CT) points. The phase-delay effect of GHRP-6 was abolished by d-(+)-Lys-GHRP-6 (GHS receptor antagonist), KN-93 [calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMK) II inhibitor], or anti-phosphorylated (p)-cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) antibody. Further analyses demonstrated that GHRP-6 at CT12 induced higher calcium mobilization and neuronal discharge in the SCN compared with that at CT6, decreased the levels of glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid, increased the levels of p-CaMKII, p-CREB, and period 1, and delayed the circadian expressions of circadian locomotor output cycles kaput, Bmal1, and prokineticin 2 in the SCN; these signaling changes resulted in behavioral phase delay. Collectively, GHRP-6 induces a CT-dependent phase delay via activating GHS receptor and the downstream signaling, which is partially similar to the signaling cascade of light-induced phase delay at early night. These novel observations may help to better understand the role of GHSs in circadian physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Gao
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shu Guo
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jingli Gu
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Hao
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Min Cao
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Salman N, Ozturk G, Akin I, Kilicaslan S, Demirel F, Delibas N. The effect of adenotonsilectomy on ghrelin, leptin, IGF-1 levels and growth parameters in children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2014; 27:885-90. [PMID: 24854528 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2013-0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM The purpose of this study was to search for the effects of adenotonsillectomy (A&T) on height, weight, and body mass index (BMI), as well as changes in ghrelin, leptin, and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels in children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy (ATH)-related sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). METHODS A study cohort of 39 children clinically diagnosed with ATH-related SDB was included in this study. Twenty-three healthy children were included as controls. Height and weight standard deviation scores (SDS) and ghrelin, leptin, and IGF-1 levels of the controls were determined once; in the study group, they were determined preoperatively and in the third month postoperatively. RESULTS Preoperative IGF-1 (ng/mL) and ghrelin (pg/mL) levels were significantly higher in the patients than in the controls (322.51±113.10 vs. 256.96±176.73, p<0.05 and 106.08±9.75 vs. 80.11±28.50, p<0.001, respectively). The preoperative height and weight SDS values of the patients were lower than those of the controls (-0.67±1.36 vs. 0.13±1.13, p<0.05 and -0.38±1.35 vs. -0.20±1.29, respectively). The patients' postoperative height and weight SDS values were significantly higher than their preoperative values (-0.05±1.08 vs. -0.67±1.36, p<0.0001 and 0.00±1.28 vs. -0.38±1.35, p<0.0001, respectively). The mean postoperative IGF-1 levels also were significantly higher than preoperative levels (386.05±130.06 vs. 322.51±113.10, p<0.05, respectively). CONCLUSION Plasma IGF-1 levels are lower in malnourished children, and plasma ghrelin levels are decreased after acute oral food intake and are increased in cachexia and fasting. Therefore, increased serum IGF-1 levels, height and weight SDS values, and decreased ghrelin levels detected postoperatively are useful parameters that help to monitor the development of children with adequate oral intakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nergis Salman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ankara Children’s Hematology and Oncology Training and Research Hospital, 06110, Diskapi, Ankara/Turkey
| | - Gulfer Ozturk
- Department of Biochemistry, Ankara Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Turkey
| | - Istemihan Akin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ankara Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Turkey
| | - Saffet Kilicaslan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Sanliurfa Training and Research Hospital, Turkey
| | - Fatma Demirel
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara Children’s Hematology and Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Turkey
| | - Namik Delibas
- Department of Biochemistry, Ankara Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Turkey
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