151
|
Tison L, Hahn ML, Holtz S, Rößner A, Greggers U, Bischoff G, Menzel R. Honey Bees' Behavior Is Impaired by Chronic Exposure to the Neonicotinoid Thiacloprid in the Field. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:7218-7227. [PMID: 27268938 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The decline of pollinators worldwide is of growing concern and has been related to the use of plant-protecting chemicals. Most studies have focused on three neonicotinoid insecticides (clothianidin, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam) currently subject to a moratorium in the EU. Here, we focus on thiacloprid, a widely used cyano-substituted neonicotinoid thought to be less toxic to honey bees and of which use has increased in the last years. Honey bees (Apis mellifera carnica) were exposed chronically to thiacloprid in the field for several weeks at a sublethal concentration. Foraging behavior, homing success, navigation performance, and social communication were impaired, and thiacloprid residue levels increased both in the foragers and the nest mates over time. The effects observed in the field were not due to a repellent taste of the substance. For the first time, we present the necessary data for the risk evaluation of thiacloprid taken up chronically by honey bees in field conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Léa Tison
- Free University Berlin , Institute for Biology-Neurobiology, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie-Luise Hahn
- Free University Berlin , Institute for Biology-Neurobiology, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie Holtz
- Free University Berlin , Institute for Biology-Neurobiology, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Rößner
- Free University Berlin , Institute for Biology-Neurobiology, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Greggers
- Free University Berlin , Institute for Biology-Neurobiology, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriela Bischoff
- Julius Kühn-Institut , Institute for Bee Protection, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Randolf Menzel
- Free University Berlin , Institute for Biology-Neurobiology, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Honeybees Produce Millimolar Concentrations of Non-Neuronal Acetylcholine for Breeding: Possible Adverse Effects of Neonicotinoids. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156886. [PMID: 27285384 PMCID: PMC4902251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide use of neonicotinoid pesticides has caused concern on account of their involvement in the decline of bee populations, which are key pollinators in most ecosystems. Here we describe a role of non-neuronal acetylcholine (ACh) for breeding of Apis mellifera carnica and a so far unknown effect of neonicotinoids on non-target insects. Royal jelly or larval food are produced by the hypopharyngeal gland of nursing bees and contain unusually high ACh concentrations (4–8 mM). ACh is extremely well conserved in royal jelly or brood food because of the acidic pH of 4.0. This condition protects ACh from degradation thus ensuring delivery of intact ACh to larvae. Raising the pH to ≥5.5 and applying cholinesterase reduced the content of ACh substantially (by 75–90%) in larval food. When this manipulated brood was tested in artificial larval breeding experiments, the survival rate was higher with food supplemented by 100% with ACh (6 mM) than with food not supplemented with ACh. ACh release from the hypopharyngeal gland and its content in brood food declined by 80%, when honeybee colonies were exposed for 4 weeks to high concentrations of the neonicotinoids clothianidin (100 parts per billion [ppb]) or thiacloprid (8,800 ppb). Under these conditions the secretory cells of the gland were markedly damaged and brood development was severely compromised. Even field-relevant low concentrations of thiacloprid (200 ppb) or clothianidin (1 and 10 ppb) reduced ACh level in the brood food and showed initial adverse effects on brood development. Our findings indicate a hitherto unknown target of neonicotinoids to induce adverse effects on non-neuronal ACh which should be considered when re-assessing the environmental risks of these compounds. To our knowledge this is a new biological mechanism, and we suggest that, in addition to their well documented neurotoxic effects, neonicotinoids may contribute to honeybee colony losses consecutive to a reduction of the ACh content in the brood food.
Collapse
|
153
|
Chaimanee V, Evans JD, Chen Y, Jackson C, Pettis JS. Sperm viability and gene expression in honey bee queens (Apis mellifera) following exposure to the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid and the organophosphate acaricide coumaphos. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 89:1-8. [PMID: 26979384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Honey bee population declines are of global concern. Numerous factors appear to cause these declines including parasites, pathogens, malnutrition and pesticides. Residues of the organophosphate acaricide coumaphos and the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid, widely used to combat Varroa mites and for crop protection in agriculture, respectively, have been detected in wax, pollen and comb samples. Here, we assess the effects of these compounds at different doses on the viability of sperm stored in the honey bee queens' spermatheca. Our results demonstrate that sub-lethal doses of imidacloprid (0.02ppm) decreased sperm viability by 50%, 7days after treatment. Sperm viability was a downward trend (about 33%) in queens treated with high doses of coumaphos (100ppm), but there was not significant difference. The expression of genes that are involved in development, immune responses and detoxification in honey bee queens and workers exposed to chemicals was measured by qPCR analysis. The data showed that expression levels of specific genes were triggered 1day after treatment. The expression levels of P450 subfamily genes, CYP306A1, CYP4G11 and CYP6AS14 were decreased in honey bee queens treated with low doses of coumaphos (5ppm) and imidacloprid (0.02ppm). Moreover, these two compounds suppressed the expression of genes related to antioxidation, immunity and development in queens at day 1. Up-regulation of antioxidants by these compounds in worker bees was observed at day 1. Coumaphos also caused a repression of CYP306A1 and CYP4G11 in workers. Antioxidants appear to prevent chemical damage to honey bees. We also found that DWV replication increased in workers treated with imidacloprid. This research clearly demonstrates that chemical exposure can affect sperm viability in queen honey bees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veeranan Chaimanee
- Department of Biotechnology, Maejo University Phrae Campus, Rong Kwang, Phrae 54140, Thailand.
| | - Jay D Evans
- Bee Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Yanping Chen
- Bee Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Caitlin Jackson
- Bee Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Jeffery S Pettis
- Bee Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
154
|
dos Santos A, Zanetti R, dos Santos JC, Biagiotti G, Evangelista AL, Serrão JE, Zanuncio JC. Persistence of fipronil residues in Eucalyptus seedlings and its concentration in the insecticide solution after treatment in the nursery. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2016; 188:314. [PMID: 27126439 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5304-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Eucalyptus seedlings are normally protected from underground termites (Isoptera: Termitidae) by immersing them in insecticide solutions. Fipronil (phenylpyrazole) is the most frequently used product to protect seedlings in the field for up to 6 months after application. This is performed just prior to planting. However, the persistence of this product in seedlings that are treated and subjected to irrigation several days prior to planting has not yet been evaluated. This study aims to quantify the fipronil concentration in the substratum and roots of the seedlings treated and subjected to irrigation for up to 56 days prior to planting and to quantify this insecticide concentration in the solutions, without continuous stirring, for 120 min. The quantitative determination of fipronil in the seedlings and in the insecticide solution was done by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with an ultraviolet (UV) detector. It was found that irrigation up to 56 days, performed in the nurseries, did not decrease the fipronil concentration in the seedlings. The absence of stirring reduced the fipronil concentration in the insecticide solution, necessitating a homogenization system to maintain the recommended concentration of this product, to effectively treat the eucalyptus seedlings. The seedling treatment with fipronil can be conducted strictly in the nursery, reducing cost and environmental risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre dos Santos
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Mato Grosso - Campus Cáceres, Avenida dos Ramires, s/n, 78200-000, Cáceres, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Ronald Zanetti
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, 37200-000, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriel Biagiotti
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, 37200-000, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - André Luís Evangelista
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, 37200-000, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José Eduardo Serrão
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José Cola Zanuncio
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
Renzi MT, Amichot M, Pauron D, Tchamitchian S, Brunet JL, Kretzschmar A, Maini S, Belzunces LP. Chronic toxicity and physiological changes induced in the honey bee by the exposure to fipronil and Bacillus thuringiensis spores alone or combined. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 127:205-13. [PMID: 26866756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In the agricultural environment, honey bees may be exposed to combinations of pesticides. Until now, the effects of these combinations on honey bee health have been poorly investigated. In this study, we assessed the impacts of biological and chemical insecticides, combining low dietary concentrations of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) spores (100 and 1000µg/L) with the chemical insecticide fipronil (1µg/L). In order to assess the possible effects of Cry toxins, the Bt kurstaki strain (Btk) was compared with a Bt strain devoid of toxin-encoding plasmids (Bt Cry(-)). The oral exposure to fipronil and Bt spores from both strains for 10 days did not elicit significant effects on the feeding behavior and survival after 25 days. Local and systemic physiological effects were investigated by measuring the activities of enzymes involved in the intermediary and detoxication metabolisms at two sampling dates (day 10 and day 20). Attention was focused on head and midgut glutathione-S-transferase (GST), midgut alkaline phosphatase (ALP), abdomen glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPD) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). We found that Bt Cry(-) and Btk spores induced physiological modifications by differentially modulating enzyme activities. Fipronil influenced the enzyme activities differently at days 10 and 20 and, when combined with Bt spores, elicited modulations of some spore-induced physiological responses. These results show that an apparent absence of toxicity may hide physiological disruptions that could be potentially damaging for the bees, especially in the case of combined exposures to other environmental stressors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Renzi
- INRA, Laboratoire de Toxicologie Environnementale, UR 406 A&E, CS 40509, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France; Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Università di Bologna, Viale G. Fanin, 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marcel Amichot
- INRA, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - David Pauron
- INRA, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Sylvie Tchamitchian
- INRA, Laboratoire de Toxicologie Environnementale, UR 406 A&E, CS 40509, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - Jean-Luc Brunet
- INRA, Laboratoire de Toxicologie Environnementale, UR 406 A&E, CS 40509, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - André Kretzschmar
- INRA, UR Biostatistiques et Processus Spatiaux, CS 40509, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - Stefano Maini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Università di Bologna, Viale G. Fanin, 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Luc P Belzunces
- INRA, Laboratoire de Toxicologie Environnementale, UR 406 A&E, CS 40509, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France.
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Hodges E, Tomcej V. Is there a link between pollutant exposure and emerging infectious disease? THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2016; 57:535-537. [PMID: 27152044 PMCID: PMC4827747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A scoping literature review found evidence supporting the hypothesis that a population's pollution status could help refine classification of emerging infectious disease (EID) hotspots. Systematic literature reviews and studies designed to specifically test the predictive value of pollutant status on EID risk are recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Hodges
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (UCVM) (Hodges), Faculty of Medicine (Tomcej), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
| | - Veronica Tomcej
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (UCVM) (Hodges), Faculty of Medicine (Tomcej), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
| |
Collapse
|
157
|
Sánchez-Bayo F, Desneux N. Neonicotinoids and the prevalence of parasites and disease in bees. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/0005772x.2015.1118962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Sánchez-Bayo
- Faculty of Agriculture & Environment, The University of Sydney , Building C81, 1 Central Avenue, Eveleigh, NSW 2015, Australia
| | - Nicolas Desneux
- French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA) , 400 route des Chappes, Sophia-Antipolis
06903, France
| |
Collapse
|
158
|
Sánchez-Bayo F, Goulson D, Pennacchio F, Nazzi F, Goka K, Desneux N. Are bee diseases linked to pesticides? - A brief review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 89-90:7-11. [PMID: 26826357 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The negative impacts of pesticides, in particular insecticides, on bees and other pollinators have never been disputed. Insecticides can directly kill these vital insects, whereas herbicides reduce the diversity of their food resources, thus indirectly affecting their survival and reproduction. At sub-lethal level (<LD50), neurotoxic insecticide molecules are known to influence the cognitive abilities of bees, impairing their performance and ultimately impacting on the viability of the colonies. In addition, widespread systemic insecticides appear to have introduced indirect side effects on both honey bees and wild bumblebees, by deeply affecting their health. Immune suppression of the natural defences by neonicotinoid and phenyl-pyrazole (fipronil) insecticides opens the way to parasite infections and viral diseases, fostering their spread among individuals and among bee colonies at higher rates than under conditions of no exposure to such insecticides. This causal link between diseases and/or parasites in bees and neonicotinoids and other pesticides has eluded researchers for years because both factors are concurrent: while the former are the immediate cause of colony collapses and bee declines, the latter are a key factor contributing to the increasing negative impact of parasitic infections observed in bees in recent decades.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Sánchez-Bayo
- Faculty of Agriculture & Environment, The University of Sydney, Eveleigh, NSW 2015, Australia.
| | - Dave Goulson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, BN1 9QG, United Kingdom.
| | - Francesco Pennacchio
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Laboratorio di Entomologia "E. Tremblay", Università di Napoli "Federico II", 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy.
| | - Francesco Nazzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Università di Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy.
| | - Koichi Goka
- National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Nicolas Desneux
- French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France.
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Johnston BA, Hooks KB, McKinstry M, Snow JW. Divergent forms of endoplasmic reticulum stress trigger a robust unfolded protein response in honey bees. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 86:1-10. [PMID: 26699660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Honey bee colonies in the United States have suffered from an increased rate of die-off in recent years, stemming from a complex set of interacting stresses that remain poorly described. While we have some understanding of the physiological stress responses in the honey bee, our molecular understanding of honey bee cellular stress responses is incomplete. Thus, we sought to identify and began functional characterization of the components of the UPR in honey bees. The IRE1-dependent splicing of the mRNA for the transcription factor Xbp1, leading to translation of an isoform with more transactivation potential, represents the most conserved of the UPR pathways. Honey bees and other Apoidea possess unique features in the Xbp1 mRNA splice site, which we reasoned could have functional consequences for the IRE1 pathway. However, we find robust induction of target genes upon UPR stimulation. In addition, the IRE1 pathway activation, as assessed by splicing of Xbp1 mRNA upon UPR, is conserved. By providing foundational knowledge about the UPR in the honey bee and the relative sensitivity of this species to divergent stresses, this work stands to improve our understanding of the mechanistic underpinnings of honey bee health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Johnston
- Biology Department, Barnard College, New York, NY 10027, USA; Biology Department, The City College of New York - CUNY, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Katarzyna B Hooks
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; U1053 INSERM, Université de Bordeaux, France
| | - Mia McKinstry
- Biology Department, Barnard College, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Jonathan W Snow
- Biology Department, Barnard College, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
Gregorc A, Silva-Zacarin ECM, Carvalho SM, Kramberger D, Teixeira EW, Malaspina O. Effects of Nosema ceranae and thiametoxam in Apis mellifera: A comparative study in Africanized and Carniolan honey bees. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 147:328-336. [PMID: 26774296 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Multiple stressors, such as chemicals and pathogens, are likely to be detrimental for the health and lifespan of Apis mellifera, a bee species frequently exposed to both factors in the field and inside hives. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate comparatively the health of Carniolan and Africanized honey bees (AHB) co-exposed to thiamethoxam and Nosema ceranae (N. ceranae) spores. Newly-emerged worker honey bees were exposed solely with different sublethal doses of thiamethoxam (2% and 0.2% of LD50 for AHB), which could be consumed by bees under field conditions. Toxicity tests for the Carniolan bees were performed, and the LD50 of thiamethoxam for Carniolan honey bees was 7.86 ng bee(-1). Immunohistological analyses were also performed to detect cell death in the midgut of thiamethoxam and/or N. ceranae treated bees. Thiamethoxam exposure had no negative impact on Nosema development in experimental conditions, but it clearly inhibited cell death in the midgut of thiamethoxam and Nosema-exposed bees, as demonstrated by immunohistochemical data. Indeed, thiamethoxam exposure only had a minor synergistic toxic effect on midgut tissue when applied as a low dose simultaneously with N. ceranae to AHB and Carniolan honey bees, in comparison with the effect caused by both stressors separately. Our data provides insights into the effects of the neonicotenoid thiamethoxam on the AHB and Carniolan honey bee life span, as well as the effects of simultaneous application of thiamethoxam and N. ceranae spores to honey bees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ales Gregorc
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | | | | | - Doris Kramberger
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Slovenia
| | - Erica W Teixeira
- Laboratório de Sanidade Apícola (LASA), Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios (APTA), Pindamonhangaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Osmar Malaspina
- Centro de Estudos de Insetos Sociais (CEIS), Instituto de Biociências, UNESP, Campus de Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
161
|
Lecocq A, Jensen AB, Kryger P, Nieh JC. Parasite infection accelerates age polyethism in young honey bees. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22042. [PMID: 26912310 PMCID: PMC4766577 DOI: 10.1038/srep22042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are important pollinators and their health is threatened worldwide by persistent exposure to a wide range of factors including pesticides, poor nutrition, and pathogens. Nosema ceranae is a ubiquitous microsporidian associated with high colony mortality. We used lab micro-colonies of honey bees and video analyses to track the effects of N. ceranae infection and exposure on a range of individual and social behaviours in young adult bees. We provide detailed data showing that N. ceranae infection significantly accelerated the age polyethism of young bees, causing them to exhibit behaviours typical of older bees. Bees with high N. ceranae spore counts had significantly increased walking rates and decreased attraction to queen mandibular pheromone. Infected bees also exhibited higher rates of trophallaxis (food exchange), potentially reflecting parasite manipulation to increase colony infection. However, reduction in queen contacts could help bees limit the spread of infection. Such accelerated age polyethism may provide a form of behavioural immunity, particularly if it is elicited by a wide variety of pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Lecocq
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Ecology, Behavior, and Evolution, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0116, La Jolla, California, 92093-0166, United States of America.,University of Copenhagen, Department of Plants and Environmental Sciences - PLEN, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, DK
| | - Annette Bruun Jensen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Plants and Environmental Sciences - PLEN, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, DK
| | - Per Kryger
- Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology - Entomology and Plant Pathology, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, DK
| | - James C Nieh
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Ecology, Behavior, and Evolution, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0116, La Jolla, California, 92093-0166, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
162
|
Supowit SD, Roll IB, Dang VD, Kroll KJ, Denslow ND, Halden RU. Active Sampling Device for Determining Pollutants in Surface and Pore Water - the In Situ Sampler for Biphasic Water Monitoring. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21886. [PMID: 26905924 PMCID: PMC4764808 DOI: 10.1038/srep21886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We designed and evaluated an active sampling device, using as analytical targets a family of pesticides purported to contribute to honeybee colony collapse disorder. Simultaneous sampling of bulk water and pore water was accomplished using a low-flow, multi-channel pump to deliver water to an array of solid-phase extraction cartridges. Analytes were separated using either liquid or gas chromatography, and analysis was performed using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Achieved recoveries of fipronil and degradates in water spiked to nominal concentrations of 0.1, 1, and 10 ng/L ranged from 77 ± 12 to 110 ± 18%. Method detection limits (MDLs) were as low as 0.040–0.8 ng/L. Extraction and quantitation of total fiproles at a wastewater-receiving wetland yielded concentrations in surface water and pore water ranging from 9.9 ± 4.6 to 18.1 ± 4.6 ng/L and 9.1 ± 3.0 to 12.6 ± 2.1 ng/L, respectively. Detected concentrations were statistically indistinguishable from those determined by conventional, more laborious techniques (p > 0.2 for the three most abundant fiproles). Aside from offering time-averaged sampling capabilities for two phases simultaneously with picogram-per-liter MDLs, the novel methodology eliminates the need for water and sediment transport via in situ solid phase extraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Supowit
- The Biodesign Institute, Center for Environmental Security and Global Security Initiative, 781 E. Terrace Mall, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5904
| | - Isaac B Roll
- The Biodesign Institute, Center for Environmental Security and Global Security Initiative, 781 E. Terrace Mall, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5904
| | - Viet D Dang
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Kevin J Kroll
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Nancy D Denslow
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Rolf U Halden
- The Biodesign Institute, Center for Environmental Security and Global Security Initiative, 781 E. Terrace Mall, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5904
| |
Collapse
|
163
|
Supowit S, Sadaria AM, Reyes EJ, Halden RU. Mass Balance of Fipronil and Total Toxicity of Fipronil-Related Compounds in Process Streams during Conventional Wastewater and Wetland Treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:1519-26. [PMID: 26710933 PMCID: PMC4740881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Attenuation of the pesticide fipronil and its major degradates was determined during conventional wastewater treatment and wetland treatment. Analysis of flow-weighted composite samples by liquid and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry showed fipronil occurrence at 12-31 ng/L in raw sewage, primary effluent, secondary effluent, chlorinated effluent, and wetland effluent. Mean daily loads of total fipronil related compounds in raw sewage and in plant effluent after chlorination were statistically indistinguishable (p = 0.29; n = 10), whereas fipronil itself was partially removed (25 ± 3%; p = 0.00025; n = 10); the associated loss in toxicity was balanced by the formation of toxic fipronil degradates, showing conventional treatment to be unfit for reducing overall toxicity. In contrast to these findings at the municipal wastewater treatment, both parental fipronil and the sum of fipronil-related compounds were removed in the wetland with efficiencies of 44 ± 4% and 47 ± 13%, respectively. Total fipronil concentrations in plant effluent (28 ± 6 ng/L as fipronil) were within an order of magnitude of half-maximal effective concentrations (EC50) of nontarget invertebrates. This is the first systematic assessment of the fate of fipronil and its major degradates during full-scale conventional wastewater and constructed wetland treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel
D. Supowit
- The
Biodesign Institute, Center for Environmental Security and Global
Security Initiative, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Akash M. Sadaria
- The
Biodesign Institute, Center for Environmental Security and Global
Security Initiative, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Edward J. Reyes
- The
Biodesign Institute, Center for Environmental Security and Global
Security Initiative, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Rolf U. Halden
- The
Biodesign Institute, Center for Environmental Security and Global
Security Initiative, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Phone: 480-727-0893; e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
164
|
Reetz JE, Schulz W, Seitz W, Spiteller M, Zühlke S, Armbruster W, Wallner K. Uptake of Neonicotinoid Insecticides by Water-Foraging Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Through Guttation Fluid of Winter Oilseed Rape. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 109:31-40. [PMID: 26516090 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tov287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The water-foraging activity of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) on guttation fluid of seed-coated crops, such as winter oilseed rape (WOR; Brassica napus L.), has not yet been evaluated. We analyzed the uptake of active substances (a.s.) in guttation fluid by evaluating residues of honey-sac contents. In autumn, insecticide residues of up to 130 µg a.s. per liter were released in WOR guttation fluid; this concentration is noticeably lower than levels reported in guttation fluid of seed-coated maize. Until winter dormancy, the concentrations declined to <30 µg a.s. per liter. In spring, residues were linked to prewintered plants and declined steadily until flowering. The maximum release of residues in guttation fluid of seed-coated WOR occurs on the first leaves in autumn when the colonies' water demand decreases. For the first time, proof for the uptake of guttation fluid from seed-coated WOR by honey bees was provided by measuring residues in individual honey-sac contents. In total, 38 out of 204 samples (19%) showed residues of thiamethoxam at concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 0.95 µg per liter while the corresponding concentrations in guttation fluid of WOR varied between 3.6 to 12.9 µg thiamethoxam per liter. The amounts of thiamethoxam we found in the honey sacs of water-foraging honey bees were therefore below the thresholds in nectar and pollen that are considered to have negative effects on honey bees after chronic exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J E Reetz
- Apicultural State Institute, University of Hohenheim, August-von-Hartmann-Str. 13, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany (; ),
| | - W Schulz
- Zweckverband Landeswasserversorgung, Laboratory for Operation Control and Research, Am Spitzigen Berg 1, D-89129 Langenau, Germany (; )
| | - W Seitz
- Zweckverband Landeswasserversorgung, Laboratory for Operation Control and Research, Am Spitzigen Berg 1, D-89129 Langenau, Germany (; )
| | - M Spiteller
- Institute of Environmental Research (INFU), Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technical University Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany (; ), and
| | - S Zühlke
- Institute of Environmental Research (INFU), Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technical University Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany (; ), and
| | - W Armbruster
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 28, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - K Wallner
- Apicultural State Institute, University of Hohenheim, August-von-Hartmann-Str. 13, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany (; )
| |
Collapse
|
165
|
Baffoni L, Gaggìa F, Alberoni D, Cabbri R, Nanetti A, Biavati B, Di Gioia D. Effect of dietary supplementation of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus strains in Apis mellifera L. against Nosema ceranae. Benef Microbes 2016; 7:45-51. [DOI: 10.3920/bm2015.0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nosema ceranae is a widespread microsporidium of European honeybee Apis mellifera L. affecting bee health. The ban of Fumagillin-B (dicyclohexylammonium salt) in the European Union has driven the search for sustainable strategies to prevent and control the infection. The gut microbial symbionts, associated to the intestinal system of vertebrates and invertebrates and its impact on host health, are receiving increasing attention. In particular, bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, which are normal inhabitants of the digestive system of bees, are known to protect their hosts via antimicrobial metabolites, immunomodulation and competition. In this work, the dietary supplementation of gut bacteria was evaluated under laboratory conditions in bees artificially infected with the parasite and bees not artificially infected but evidencing a low natural infection. Supplemented bacteria were selected among bifidobacteria, previously isolated, and lactobacilli, isolated in this work from healthy honeybee gut. Four treatments were compared: bees fed with sugar syrup (CTR); bees fed with sugar syrup containing bifidobacteria and lactobacilli (PRO); bees infected with N. ceranae spores and fed with sugar syrup (NOS); bees infected with N. ceranae and fed with sugar syrup containing bifidobacteria and lactobacilli (NP). The sugar syrup, with or without microorganisms, was administered to bees from the first day of life for 13 days. N. ceranae infection was carried out individually on anesthetised 5-day-old bees. Eight days after infection, a significant (P<0.05) lower level of N. ceranae was detected by real-time PCR in both NP and PRO group, showing a positive effect of supplemented microorganisms in controlling the infection. These results represent a first attempt of application of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli against N. ceranae in honeybees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L. Baffoni
- Department of Agricultural Science, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - F. Gaggìa
- Department of Agricultural Science, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - D. Alberoni
- Department of Agricultural Science, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - R. Cabbri
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la sperimentazione in Agricultura, Unità di ricerca di apicoltura e bachicoltura, CRA-API, Via di Saliceto 80, 40128 Bologna, Italy
| | - A. Nanetti
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la sperimentazione in Agricultura, Unità di ricerca di apicoltura e bachicoltura, CRA-API, Via di Saliceto 80, 40128 Bologna, Italy
| | - B. Biavati
- Department of Agricultural Science, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - D. Di Gioia
- Department of Agricultural Science, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
166
|
A Locomotor Deficit Induced by Sublethal Doses of Pyrethroid and Neonicotinoid Insecticides in the Honeybee Apis mellifera. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144879. [PMID: 26659095 PMCID: PMC4682844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The toxicity of pesticides used in agriculture towards non-targeted organisms and especially pollinators has recently drawn the attention from a broad scientific community. Increased honeybee mortality observed worldwide certainly contributes to this interest. The potential role of several neurotoxic insecticides in triggering or potentiating honeybee mortality was considered, in particular phenylpyrazoles and neonicotinoids, given that they are widely used and highly toxic for insects. Along with their ability to kill insects at lethal doses, they can compromise survival at sublethal doses by producing subtle deleterious effects. In this study, we compared the bee's locomotor ability, which is crucial for many tasks within the hive (e.g. cleaning brood cells, feeding larvae…), before and after an acute sublethal exposure to one insecticide belonging to the two insecticide classes, fipronil and thiamethoxam. Additionally, we examined the locomotor ability after exposure to pyrethroids, an older chemical insecticide class still widely used and known to be highly toxic to bees as well. Our study focused on young bees (day 1 after emergence) since (i) few studies are available on locomotion at this stage and (ii) in recent years, pesticides have been reported to accumulate in different hive matrices, where young bees undergo their early development. At sublethal doses (SLD48h, i.e. causing no mortality at 48 h), three pyrethroids, namely cypermethrin (2.5 ng/bee), tetramethrin (70 ng/bee), tau-fluvalinate (33 ng/bee) and the neonicotinoid thiamethoxam (3.8 ng/bee) caused a locomotor deficit in honeybees. While the SLD48h of fipronil (a phenylpyrazole, 0.5 ng/bee) had no measurable effect on locomotion, we observed high mortality several days after exposure, an effect that was not observed with the other insecticides. Although locomotor deficits observed in the sublethal range of pyrethroids and thiamethoxam would suggest deleterious effects in the field, the case of fipronil demonstrates that toxicity evaluation requires information on multiple endpoints (e.g. long term survival) to fully address pesticides risks for honeybees. Pyrethroid-induced locomotor deficits are discussed in light of recent advances regarding their mode of action on honeybee ion channels and current structure-function studies.
Collapse
|
167
|
Degrandi-Hoffman G, Chen Y, Watkins Dejong E, Chambers ML, Hidalgo G. Effects of Oral Exposure to Fungicides on Honey Bee Nutrition and Virus Levels. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 108:2518-2528. [PMID: 26318004 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tov251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Sublethal exposure to fungicides can affect honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) in ways that resemble malnutrition. These include reduced brood rearing, queen loss, and increased pathogen levels. We examined the effects of oral exposure to the fungicides boscalid and pyraclostrobin on factors affecting colony nutrition and immune function including pollen consumption, protein digestion, hemolymph protein titers, and changes in virus levels. Because the fungicides are respiratory inhibitors, we also measured ATP concentrations in flight muscle. The effects were evaluated in 3- and 7-d-old worker bees at high fungicide concentrations in cage studies, and at field-relevant concentrations in colony studies. Though fungicide levels differed greatly between the cage and colony studies, similar effects were observed. Hemolymph protein concentrations were comparable between bees feeding on pollen with and without added fungicides. However, in both cage and colony studies, bees consumed less pollen containing fungicides and digested less of the protein. Bees fed fungicide-treated pollen also had lower ATP concentrations and higher virus titers. The combination of effects we detected could produce symptoms that are similar to those from poor nutrition and weaken colonies making them more vulnerable to loss from additional stressors such as parasites and pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yanping Chen
- USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Bldg. 306, Rm. 315, BARC-EAST, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Emily Watkins Dejong
- USDA-ARS, Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, 2000 East Allen Rd., Tucson, AZ 85719
| | - Mona L Chambers
- USDA-ARS, Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, 2000 East Allen Rd., Tucson, AZ 85719
| | - Geoffrey Hidalgo
- USDA-ARS, Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, 2000 East Allen Rd., Tucson, AZ 85719
| |
Collapse
|
168
|
Watson AK, Williams TA, Williams BAP, Moore KA, Hirt RP, Embley TM. Transcriptomic profiling of host-parasite interactions in the microsporidian Trachipleistophora hominis. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:983. [PMID: 26589282 PMCID: PMC4654818 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1989-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trachipleistophora hominis was isolated from an HIV/AIDS patient and is a member of a highly successful group of obligate intracellular parasites. Methods Here we have investigated the evolution of the parasite and the interplay between host and parasite gene expression using transcriptomics of T. hominis-infected rabbit kidney cells. Results T. hominis has about 30 % more genes than small-genome microsporidians. Highly expressed genes include those involved in growth, replication, defence against oxidative stress, and a large fraction of uncharacterised genes. Chaperones are also highly expressed and may buffer the deleterious effects of the large number of non-synonymous mutations observed in essential T. hominis genes. Host expression suggests a general cellular shutdown upon infection, but ATP, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar production appear enhanced, potentially providing the parasite with substrates it cannot make itself. Expression divergence of duplicated genes, including transporters used to acquire host metabolites, demonstrates ongoing functional diversification during microsporidian evolution. We identified overlapping transcription at more than 100 loci in the sparse T. hominis genome, demonstrating that this feature is not caused by genome compaction. The detection of additional transposons of insect origin strongly suggests that the natural host for T. hominis is an insect. Conclusions Our results reveal that the evolution of contemporary microsporidian genomes is highly dynamic and innovative. Moreover, highly expressed T. hominis genes of unknown function include a cohort that are shared among all microsporidians, indicating that some strongly conserved features of the biology of these enormously successful parasites remain uncharacterised. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1989-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K Watson
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Tom A Williams
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Bryony A P Williams
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Devon, UK.
| | - Karen A Moore
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Devon, UK.
| | - Robert P Hirt
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - T Martin Embley
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
169
|
Roussel M, Villay A, Delbac F, Michaud P, Laroche C, Roriz D, El Alaoui H, Diogon M. Antimicrosporidian activity of sulphated polysaccharides from algae and their potential to control honeybee nosemosis. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 133:213-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
170
|
Tavares DA, Roat TC, Carvalho SM, Silva-Zacarin ECM, Malaspina O. In vitro effects of thiamethoxam on larvae of Africanized honey bee Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae). CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 135:370-378. [PMID: 25985214 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.04.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Several investigations have revealed the toxic effects that neonicotinoids can have on Apis mellifera, while few studies have evaluated the impact of these insecticides can have on the larval stage of the honeybee. From the lethal concentration (LC50) of thiamethoxam for the larvae of the Africanized honeybee, we evaluated the sublethal effects of this insecticide on morphology of the brain. After determine the LC50 (14.34 ng/μL of diet) of thiamethoxam, larvae were exposed to a sublethal concentration of thiamethoxam equivalent to 1.43 ng/μL by acute and subchronic exposure. Morphological and immunocytochemistry analysis of the brains of the exposed bees, showed condensed cells and early cell death in the optic lobes. Additional dose-related effects were observed on larval development. Our results show that the sublethal concentrations of thiamethoxam tested are toxic to Africanized honeybees larvae and can modulate the development and consequently could affect the maintenance and survival of the colony. These results represent the first assessment of the effects of thiamethoxam in Africanized honeybee larvae and should contribute to studies on honey bee colony decline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Osmar Malaspina
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Biologia, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
171
|
Ingram EM, Augustin J, Ellis MD, Siegfried BD. Evaluating sub-lethal effects of orchard-applied pyrethroids using video-tracking software to quantify honey bee behaviors. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 135:272-277. [PMID: 25966045 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Managed honey bee, Apis mellifera L., colonies are contracted to pollinate fruit and nut orchards improving crop quality and yield. Colonies placed in orchards are potentially exposed to pyrethroid insecticides used for broad-spectrum pest control. Pyrethroids have been reported to pose minimal risk to bees due to their low application rates in the field and putative repellent properties. This repellency is believed to alter foraging behavior with the benefit of preventing bees from encountering a lethal dose in the field. However, sub-lethal exposure to pyrethroids may adversely impact bee behavior potentially resulting in social dysfunction or disruption of foraging. This study quantified behaviors associated with sub-lethal exposure to orchard-applied pyrethroids including, lambda-cyhalothrin, esfenvalerate, and permethrin, using video tracking software, Ethovision XT (Noldus Information Technologies). Bee locomotion, social interaction, and time spent near a food source were measured over a 24-h period. Bees treated with a pyrethroid traveled 30-71% less than control bees. Social interaction time decreased by 43% for bees treated with a high sub-lethal dose of esfenvalerate. Bees exposed to a high sub-lethal dose of permethrin spent 67% less time in social interaction and spent more than 5 times as long in the food zone compared to control bees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Ingram
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA.
| | - Julie Augustin
- Département d'Agronomie, Université d'Avignon et des pays du Vaucluse, Avignon, Provence Alpes Côtes d'Azur, France
| | - Marion D Ellis
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
172
|
Poquet Y, Kairo G, Tchamitchian S, Brunet JL, Belzunces LP. Wings as a new route of exposure to pesticides in the honey bee. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:1983-8. [PMID: 25867802 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In pesticide risk assessment, estimating the routes and levels of exposure is critical. For honey bees subjected to pesticide spray, toxicity is assessed by thorax contact to account for all possible contact exposures. In the present study, the authors tested 6 active substances with different hydrophobicity. For the first time, the authors demonstrated that it is possible to induce mortality by pesticide contact with only the wings of the honey bee. The toxicities induced by contact with the wings and thorax were similar, with the wing median lethal dose (LD50) being 0.99 to 2.23 times higher than that of the thorax. This finding demonstrates that the wings represent a relevant route of exposure in the honey bee. In a second approach, the authors estimated the air volume displaced by the wings during 1 beating cycle to be 0.51 ± 0.03 cm(3), which corresponds to a volume of 116.8 ± 5.8 cm(3) s(-1) at a wing beat frequency of 230 Hz. The authors then tested realistic scenarios of exposure for bees flying through a pesticide cloud at different concentrations. In the worst-case scenario, the dose accumulated during the flight reached 525 ng bee(-1) s(-1). These results show that the procedure used to assess the risk posed by contact with pesticides could be improved by accounting for wing exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Poquet
- INRA, French National Institute for Agricultural Research, Environmental Toxicology, Bees and Environment, Avignon Cedex, France
| | - Guillaume Kairo
- INRA, French National Institute for Agricultural Research, Environmental Toxicology, Bees and Environment, Avignon Cedex, France
| | - Sylvie Tchamitchian
- INRA, French National Institute for Agricultural Research, Environmental Toxicology, Bees and Environment, Avignon Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Luc Brunet
- INRA, French National Institute for Agricultural Research, Environmental Toxicology, Bees and Environment, Avignon Cedex, France
| | - Luc P Belzunces
- INRA, French National Institute for Agricultural Research, Environmental Toxicology, Bees and Environment, Avignon Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
173
|
Lundin O, Rundlöf M, Smith HG, Fries I, Bommarco R. Neonicotinoid Insecticides and Their Impacts on Bees: A Systematic Review of Research Approaches and Identification of Knowledge Gaps. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136928. [PMID: 26313444 PMCID: PMC4552548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that the widespread use of neonicotinoid insecticides threatens bees, but research on this topic has been surrounded by controversy. In order to synthesize which research approaches have been used to examine the effect of neonicotinoids on bees and to identify knowledge gaps, we systematically reviewed research on this subject that was available on the Web of Science and PubMed in June 2015. Most of the 216 primary research studies were conducted in Europe or North America (82%), involved the neonicotinoid imidacloprid (78%), and concerned the western honey bee Apis mellifera (75%). Thus, little seems to be known about neonicotinoids and bees in areas outside Europe and North America. Furthermore, because there is considerable variation in ecological traits among bee taxa, studies on honey bees are not likely to fully predict impacts of neonicotinoids on other species. Studies on crops were dominated by seed-treated maize, oilseed rape (canola) and sunflower, whereas less is known about potential side effects on bees from the use of other application methods on insect pollinated fruit and vegetable crops, or on lawns and ornamental plants. Laboratory approaches were most common, and we suggest that their capability to infer real-world consequences are improved when combined with information from field studies about realistic exposures to neonicotinoids. Studies using field approaches often examined only bee exposure to neonicotinoids and more field studies are needed that measure impacts of exposure. Most studies measured effects on individual bees. We suggest that effects on the individual bee should be linked to both mechanisms at the sub-individual level and also to the consequences for the colony and wider bee populations. As bees are increasingly facing multiple interacting pressures future research needs to clarify the role of neonicotinoids in relative to other drivers of bee declines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ola Lundin
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Ecology, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
- University of California, Department of Entomology and Nematology, Davis, California 95616, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Maj Rundlöf
- Lund University, Department of Biology, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Henrik G. Smith
- Lund University, Department of Biology, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
- Lund University, Centre for Environmental and Climate Research, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ingemar Fries
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Ecology, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Riccardo Bommarco
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Ecology, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
174
|
Artz DR, Pitts-Singer TL. Effects of Fungicide and Adjuvant Sprays on Nesting Behavior in Two Managed Solitary Bees, Osmia lignaria and Megachile rotundata. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135688. [PMID: 26274401 PMCID: PMC4537283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing body of empirical evidence showing that wild and managed bees are negatively impacted by various pesticides that are applied in agroecosystems around the world. The lethal and sublethal effects of two widely used fungicides and one adjuvant were assessed in cage studies in California on blue orchard bees, Osmia lignaria, and in cage studies in Utah on alfalfa leafcutting bees, Megachile rotundata. The fungicides tested were Rovral 4F (iprodione) and Pristine (mixture of pyraclostrobin + boscalid), and the adjuvant tested was N-90, a non-ionic wetting agent (90% polyethoxylated nonylphenol) added to certain tank mixtures of fungicides to improve the distribution and contact of sprays to plants. In separate trials, we erected screened cages and released 20 paint-marked females plus 30–50 males per cage to document the behavior of nesting bees under treated and control conditions. For all females in each cage, we recorded pollen-collecting trip times, nest substrate-collecting trip times (i.e., mud for O. lignaria and cut leaf pieces for M. rotundata), cell production rate, and the number of attempts each female made to enter her own or to enter other nest entrances upon returning from a foraging trip. No lethal effects of treatments were observed on adults, nor were there effects on time spent foraging for pollen and nest substrates and on cell production rate. However, Rovral 4F, Pristine, and N-90 disrupted the nest recognition abilities of O. lignaria females. Pristine, N-90, and Pristine + N-90 disrupted nest recognition ability of M. rotundata females. Electroantennogram responses of antennae of O. lignaria females maintained in the laboratory did not differ significantly between the fungicide-exposed and control bees. Our results provide the first empirical evidence that two commonly used fungicides and a non-ionic adjuvant can disrupt nest recognition in two managed solitary bee species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derek R. Artz
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Pollinating Insect Research Unit, Logan, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Theresa L. Pitts-Singer
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Pollinating Insect Research Unit, Logan, Utah, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
175
|
Suryanarayanan S. Pesticides and pollinators: a context-sensitive policy approach. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2015; 10:149-155. [PMID: 29588002 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
I examine recent policymaking efforts in the United States (US) that seek to improve how risks posed by pesticides to insect pollinators are assessed and managed. Utilizing the case of ongoing honey bee die-offs, I argue for a context-sensitive policy framework. From a scientific perspective, this entails not ignoring the uncertain knowledge emerging from laboratory and field studies regarding the indirect effects of low levels of certain insecticides in combination with other factors. From a social scientific perspective, policy initiatives to build partnerships between growers and beekeepers toward mitigating exposure to pesticides are crucial, and need to acknowledge barriers to the adoption of best management practices as well as a historically-established asymmetry between growers and beekeepers in the pollination industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sainath Suryanarayanan
- Department of Community & Environmental Sociology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 346 C Agricultural Hall, 1450 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
176
|
Collison E, Hird H, Cresswell J, Tyler C. Interactive effects of pesticide exposure and pathogen infection on bee health - a critical analysis. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 91:1006-1019. [PMID: 26150129 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Bees are fundamentally important for pollination services and declines in populations could have significant economic and environmental implications. Pesticide exposure and pathogen infection are recognised as potential stressors impacting upon bee populations and recently there has been a surge in research on pesticide-disease interactions to reflect environmentally realistic scenarios better. We critically analyse the findings on pesticide-disease interactions, including effects on the survival, pathogen loads and immunity of bees, and assess the suitability of various endpoints to inform our mechanistic understanding of these interactions. We show that pesticide exposure and pathogen infection have not yet been found to interact to affect worker survival under field-realistic scenarios. Colony-level implications of pesticide effects on Nosema infections, viral loads and honey bee immunity remain unclear as these effects have been observed in a laboratory setting only using a small range of pesticide exposures, generally exceeding those likely to occur in the natural environment, and assessing a highly selected series of immune-related endpoints. Future research priorities include the need for a better understanding of pesticide effects on the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) component of an individual's immune response and on social defence behaviours. Interactions between pesticide exposure and bacterial and fungal infections have yet to be addressed. The paucity of studies in non-Apis bee species is a further major knowledge gap.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Collison
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, U.K.. .,Fera Science Ltd. (Fera), Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, U.K..
| | - Heather Hird
- Fera Science Ltd. (Fera), Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, U.K
| | - James Cresswell
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, U.K
| | - Charles Tyler
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
177
|
Statement on the suitability of the BEEHAVE model for its potential use in a regulatory context and for the risk assessment of multiple stressors in honeybees at the landscape level. EFSA J 2015. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
|
178
|
Nosema ceranae Can Infect Honey Bee Larvae and Reduces Subsequent Adult Longevity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126330. [PMID: 26018139 PMCID: PMC4446295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nosema ceranae causes a widespread disease that reduces honey bee health but is only thought to infect adult honey bees, not larvae, a critical life stage. We reared honey bee (Apis mellifera) larvae in vitro and provide the first demonstration that N. ceranae can infect larvae and decrease subsequent adult longevity. We exposed three-day-old larvae to a single dose of 40,000 (40K), 10,000 (10K), zero (control), or 40K autoclaved (control) N. ceranae spores in larval food. Spores developed intracellularly in midgut cells at the pre-pupal stage (8 days after egg hatching) of 41% of bees exposed as larvae. We counted the number of N. ceranae spores in dissected bee midguts of pre-pupae and, in a separate group, upon adult death. Pre-pupae exposed to the 10K or 40K spore treatments as larvae had significantly elevated spore counts as compared to controls. Adults exposed as larvae had significantly elevated spore counts as compared to controls. Larval spore exposure decreased longevity: a 40K treatment decreased the age by which 75% of adult bees died by 28%. Unexpectedly, the low dose (10K) led to significantly greater infection (1.3 fold more spores and 1.5 fold more infected bees) than the high dose (40K) upon adult death. Differential immune activation may be involved if the higher dose triggered a stronger larval immune response that resulted in fewer adult spores but imposed a cost, reducing lifespan. The impact of N. ceranae on honey bee larval development and the larvae of naturally infected colonies therefore deserve further study.
Collapse
|
179
|
Hartmann U, Forsgren E, Charrière JD, Neumann P, Gauthier L. Dynamics of Apis mellifera Filamentous Virus (AmFV) Infections in Honey Bees and Relationships with Other Parasites. Viruses 2015; 7:2654-67. [PMID: 26008705 PMCID: PMC4452924 DOI: 10.3390/v7052654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Apis mellifera filamentous virus (AmFV) is a large double stranded DNA virus of honey bees, but its relationship with other parasites and prevalence are poorly known. We analyzed individual honey bees from three colonies at different times post emergence in order to monitor the dynamics of the AmFV gut colonization under natural conditions. Prevalence and loads of microsporidia and trypanosomes were also recorded, as well as five common honey bee RNA viruses. The results show that a high proportion of bees get infected with AmFV during the first week post-emergence (75%) and that AmFV DNA levels remained constant. A similar pattern was observed for microsporidia while trypanosomes seem to require more time to colonize the gut. No significant associations between these three infections were found, but significant positive correlations were observed between AmFV and RNA viruses. In parallel, the prevalence of AmFV in France and Sweden was assessed from pooled honey bee workers. The data indicate that AmFV is almost ubiquitous, and does not seem to follow seasonal patterns, although higher viral loads were significantly detected in spring. A high prevalence of AmFV was also found in winter bees, without obvious impact on overwintering of the colonies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Hartmann
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Center, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, Bern 3003, Switzerland.
| | - Eva Forsgren
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala 750 07, Sweden.
| | - Jean-Daniel Charrière
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Center, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, Bern 3003, Switzerland.
| | - Peter Neumann
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Center, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, Bern 3003, Switzerland.
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern 3001, Switzerland.
| | - Laurent Gauthier
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Center, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, Bern 3003, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
180
|
Alburaki M, Boutin S, Mercier PL, Loublier Y, Chagnon M, Derome N. Neonicotinoid-Coated Zea mays Seeds Indirectly Affect Honeybee Performance and Pathogen Susceptibility in Field Trials. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125790. [PMID: 25993642 PMCID: PMC4436261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-two honeybee (Apis mellifera) colonies were studied in order to detect and measure potential in vivo effects of neonicotinoid pesticides used in cornfields (Zea mays spp) on honeybee health. Honeybee colonies were randomly split on four different agricultural cornfield areas located near Quebec City, Canada. Two locations contained cornfields treated with a seed-coated systemic neonicotinoid insecticide while the two others were organic cornfields used as control treatments. Hives were extensively monitored for their performance and health traits over a period of two years. Honeybee viruses (brood queen cell virus BQCV, deformed wing virus DWV, and Israeli acute paralysis virus IAPV) and the brain specific expression of a biomarker of host physiological stress, the Acetylcholinesterase gene AChE, were investigated using RT-qPCR. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was performed to detect pesticide residues in adult bees, honey, pollen, and corn flowers collected from the studied hives in each location. In addition, general hive conditions were assessed by monitoring colony weight and brood development. Neonicotinoids were only identified in corn flowers at low concentrations. However, honeybee colonies located in neonicotinoid treated cornfields expressed significantly higher pathogen infection than those located in untreated cornfields. AChE levels showed elevated levels among honeybees that collected corn pollen from treated fields. Positive correlations were recorded between pathogens and the treated locations. Our data suggests that neonicotinoids indirectly weaken honeybee health by inducing physiological stress and increasing pathogen loads.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Alburaki
- Université Laval, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Sciences Animales de Deschambault (CRSAD), Québec, Canada
| | - Sébastien Boutin
- Université Laval, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre-Luc Mercier
- Université Laval, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Sciences Animales de Deschambault (CRSAD), Québec, Canada
| | - Yves Loublier
- CNRS, Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation LEGS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Nicolas Derome
- Université Laval, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Québec, Canada
- Université Laval, Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
181
|
Retschnig G, Williams GR, Odemer R, Boltin J, Di Poto C, Mehmann MM, Retschnig P, Winiger P, Rosenkranz P, Neumann P. Effects, but no interactions, of ubiquitous pesticide and parasite stressors on honey bee (Apis mellifera) lifespan and behaviour in a colony environment. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:4322-31. [PMID: 25728008 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between pesticides and parasites are believed to be responsible for increased mortality of honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies in the northern hemisphere. Previous efforts have employed experimental approaches using small groups under laboratory conditions to investigate influence of these stressors on honey bee physiology and behaviour, although both the colony level and field conditions play a key role for eusocial honey bees. Here, we challenged honey bee workers under in vivo colony conditions with sublethal doses of the neonicotinoid thiacloprid, the miticide tau-fluvalinate and the endoparasite Nosema ceranae, to investigate potential effects on longevity and behaviour using observation hives. In contrast to previous laboratory studies, our results do not suggest interactions among stressors, but rather lone effects of pesticides and the parasite on mortality and behaviour, respectively. These effects appear to be weak due to different outcomes at the two study sites, thereby suggesting that the role of thiacloprid, tau-fluvalinate and N. ceranae and interactions among them may have been overemphasized. In the future, investigations into the effects of honey bee stressors should prioritize the use of colonies maintained under a variety of environmental conditions in order to obtain more biologically relevant data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gina Retschnig
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Geoffrey R Williams
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Richard Odemer
- Apicultural State Institute, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Janina Boltin
- Apicultural State Institute, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Cornelia Di Poto
- Apicultural State Institute, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marion M Mehmann
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Retschnig
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pius Winiger
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Rosenkranz
- Apicultural State Institute, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter Neumann
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
182
|
Goulson D, Nicholls E, Botías C, Rotheray EL. Bee declines driven by combined stress from parasites, pesticides, and lack of flowers. Science 2015; 347:1255957. [PMID: 25721506 DOI: 10.1126/science.1255957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1586] [Impact Index Per Article: 176.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Bees are subject to numerous pressures in the modern world. The abundance and diversity of flowers has declined; bees are chronically exposed to cocktails of agrochemicals, and they are simultaneously exposed to novel parasites accidentally spread by humans. Climate change is likely to exacerbate these problems in the future. Stressors do not act in isolation; for example, pesticide exposure can impair both detoxification mechanisms and immune responses, rendering bees more susceptible to parasites. It seems certain that chronic exposure to multiple interacting stressors is driving honey bee colony losses and declines of wild pollinators, but such interactions are not addressed by current regulatory procedures, and studying these interactions experimentally poses a major challenge. In the meantime, taking steps to reduce stress on bees would seem prudent; incorporating flower-rich habitat into farmland, reducing pesticide use through adopting more sustainable farming methods, and enforcing effective quarantine measures on bee movements are all practical measures that should be adopted. Effective monitoring of wild pollinator populations is urgently needed to inform management strategies into the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dave Goulson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK.
| | - Elizabeth Nicholls
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Cristina Botías
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Ellen L Rotheray
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
183
|
Berecha G, Aerts R, Muys B, Honnay O. Fragmentation and management of Ethiopian moist evergreen forest drive compositional shifts of insect communities visiting wild Arabica coffee flowers. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2015; 55:373-382. [PMID: 25355631 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-014-0393-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Coffea arabica is an indigenous understorey shrub of the moist evergreen Afromontane forest of SW Ethiopia. Coffee cultivation here occurs under different forest management intensities, ranging from almost no intervention in the 'forest coffee' system to far-reaching interventions that include the removal of competing shrubs and selective thinning of the upper canopy in the 'semi-forest coffee' system. We investigated whether increasing forest management intensity and fragmentation result in impacts upon potential coffee pollination services through examining shifts in insect communities that visit coffee flowers. Overall, we netted 2,976 insect individuals on C. arabica flowers, belonging to sixteen taxonomic groups, comprising 10 insect orders. Taxonomic richness of the flower-visiting insects significantly decreased and pollinator community changed with increasing forest management intensity and fragmentation. The relative abundance of honey bees significantly increased with increasing forest management intensity and fragmentation, likely resulting from the introduction of bee hives in the most intensively managed forests. The impoverishment of the insect communities through increased forest management intensity and fragmentation potentially decreases the resilience of the coffee production system as pollination increasingly relies on honey bees alone. This may negatively affect coffee productivity in the long term as global pollination services by managed honey bees are expected to decline under current climate change scenarios. Coffee agroforestry management practices should urgently integrate pollinator conservation measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gezahegn Berecha
- Division Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation, University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31-2435, 3001, Leuven, Belgium,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
184
|
Abstract
Insecticides are chemicals used to kill insects, so it is unsurprising that many insecticides have the potential to harm honey bees (Apis mellifera). However, bees are exposed to a great variety of other potentially toxic chemicals, including flavonoids and alkaloids that are produced by plants; mycotoxins produced by fungi; antimicrobials and acaricides that are introduced by beekeepers; and fungicides, herbicides, and other environmental contaminants. Although often regarded as uniquely sensitive to toxic compounds, honey bees are adapted to tolerate and even thrive in the presence of toxic compounds that occur naturally in their environment. The harm caused by exposure to a particular concentration of a toxic compound may depend on the level of simultaneous exposure to other compounds, pathogen levels, nutritional status, and a host of other factors. This review takes a holistic view of bee toxicology by taking into account the spectrum of xenobiotics to which bees are exposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reed M Johnson
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio 44691;
| |
Collapse
|
185
|
Galdíková M, Šiviková K, Holečková B, Dianovský J, Drážovská M, Schwarzbacherová V. The effect of thiacloprid formulation on DNA/chromosome damage and changes in GST activity in bovine peripheral lymphocytes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2015; 50:698-707. [PMID: 26273754 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2015.1048102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The potential genotoxic effect of thiacloprid formulation on bovine peripheral lymphocytes was evaluated using the comet assay and the cytogenetic endpoints: chromosome aberrations (CAs), sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) and micronuclei (MNi). Whole blood cultures were treated with the insecticide at concentrations of 30, 60, 120, 240 and 480 μg mL(-1) for 24, 48 h and/or 2 h of incubation. A statistically significant increase in the frequency of DNA damage, as well as in unstable chromosome aberrations (% breaks) were found after exposure to the insecticide at concentrations ranging from 120 to 480 μg mL(-1) (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.001). For the detection of stable structural chromosome aberrations (e.g., translocations) and numerical aberrations by the FISH method, three whole chromosome painting probes for bovine chromosomes 1, 5 and 7 (BTA1, BTA5 and BTA7) were used in our experiments. We observed numerical aberrations, but without any statistical significance. Regarding the sister chromatid exchanges, no significant elevation in the SCE frequencies was found after 24-h exposure to the insecticide. A dose-related response in the SCE induction was obtained in bovine cultures after the prolonged time of exposure (48 h) to thiacloprid formulation at concentrations ranging from 120 to 480 μg mL(-1) in each donor (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), which was associated with a reduction of the PI (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). The insecticide failed to produce MNi; however, a significant reduction of CBPI was observed. Using real-time PCR, a decrease in the expression of bovine glutathione S-transferase M3 (GSTM3) was detected at the lowest dose. The higher concentrations of thiacloprid formulation caused an increase in the mRNA expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Galdíková
- a Department of Biology and Genetics , University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy , Košice , Slovak Republic
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
186
|
Pisa LW, Amaral-Rogers V, Belzunces LP, Bonmatin JM, Downs CA, Goulson D, Kreutzweiser DP, Krupke C, Liess M, McField M, Morrissey CA, Noome DA, Settele J, Simon-Delso N, Stark JD, Van der Sluijs JP, Van Dyck H, Wiemers M. Effects of neonicotinoids and fipronil on non-target invertebrates. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:68-102. [PMID: 25223353 PMCID: PMC4284392 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3471-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 482] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the state of knowledge regarding the effects of large-scale pollution with neonicotinoid insecticides and fipronil on non-target invertebrate species of terrestrial, freshwater and marine environments. A large section of the assessment is dedicated to the state of knowledge on sublethal effects on honeybees (Apis mellifera) because this important pollinator is the most studied non-target invertebrate species. Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), Lumbricidae (earthworms), Apoidae sensu lato (bumblebees, solitary bees) and the section "other invertebrates" review available studies on the other terrestrial species. The sections on freshwater and marine species are rather short as little is known so far about the impact of neonicotinoid insecticides and fipronil on the diverse invertebrate fauna of these widely exposed habitats. For terrestrial and aquatic invertebrate species, the known effects of neonicotinoid pesticides and fipronil are described ranging from organismal toxicology and behavioural effects to population-level effects. For earthworms, freshwater and marine species, the relation of findings to regulatory risk assessment is described. Neonicotinoid insecticides exhibit very high toxicity to a wide range of invertebrates, particularly insects, and field-realistic exposure is likely to result in both lethal and a broad range of important sublethal impacts. There is a major knowledge gap regarding impacts on the grand majority of invertebrates, many of which perform essential roles enabling healthy ecosystem functioning. The data on the few non-target species on which field tests have been performed are limited by major flaws in the outdated test protocols. Despite large knowledge gaps and uncertainties, enough knowledge exists to conclude that existing levels of pollution with neonicotinoids and fipronil resulting from presently authorized uses frequently exceed the lowest observed adverse effect concentrations and are thus likely to have large-scale and wide ranging negative biological and ecological impacts on a wide range of non-target invertebrates in terrestrial, aquatic, marine and benthic habitats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L W Pisa
- Environmental Sciences, Copernicus Institute, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 2, 3584 CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
187
|
Human H, Archer CR, du Rand EE, Pirk CWW, Nicolson SW. Resistance of developing honeybee larvae during chronic exposure to dietary nicotine. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 69:74-79. [PMID: 24819201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of pesticides on honeybee larvae are less understood than for adult bees, even though larvae are chronically exposed to pesticide residues that accumulate in comb and food stores in the hive. We investigated how exposure to a plant alkaloid, nicotine, affects survival, growth and body composition of honeybee larvae. Larvae of Apis mellifera scutellata were reared in vitro and fed throughout development on standard diets with nicotine included at concentrations from 0 to 1000μg/100g diet. Overall mortality across all nicotine treatments was low, averaging 9.8% at the prepupal stage and 18.1% at the white-eyed pupal stage, but survival was significantly reduced by nicotine. The mass of prepupae and white-eyed pupae was not affected by nicotine. In terms of body composition, nicotine affected water content but did not influence either protein or lipid stores of white-eyed pupae. We attribute the absence of consistent negative effects of dietary nicotine to detoxification mechanisms in developing honeybees, which enable them to resist both natural and synthetic xenobiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Human
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - C R Archer
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - E E du Rand
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - C W W Pirk
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - S W Nicolson
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
188
|
Peyretaillade E, Boucher D, Parisot N, Gasc C, Butler R, Pombert JF, Lerat E, Peyret P. Exploiting the architecture and the features of the microsporidian genomes to investigate diversity and impact of these parasites on ecosystems. Heredity (Edinb) 2014; 114:441-9. [PMID: 25182222 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2014.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal species play extremely important roles in ecosystems. Clustered at the base of the fungal kingdom are Microsporidia, a group of obligate intracellular eukaryotes infecting multiple animal lineages. Because of their large host spectrum and their implications in host population regulation, they influence food webs, and accordingly, ecosystem structure and function. Unfortunately, their ecological role is not well understood. Present also as highly resistant spores in the environment, their characterisation requires special attention. Different techniques based on direct isolation and/or molecular approaches can be considered to elucidate their role in the ecosystems, but integrating environmental and genomic data (for example, genome architecture, core genome, transcriptional and translational signals) is crucial to better understand the diversity and adaptive capacities of Microsporidia. Here, we review the current status of Microsporidia in trophic networks; the various genomics tools that could be used to ensure identification and evaluate diversity and abundance of these organisms; and how these tools could be used to explore the microsporidian life cycle in different environments. Our understanding of the evolution of these widespread parasites is currently impaired by limited sampling, and we have no doubt witnessed but a small subset of their diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Peyretaillade
- Genomics, Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, EA 4678 CIDAM, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - D Boucher
- Genomics, Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, EA 4678 CIDAM, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - N Parisot
- 1] Genomics, Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, EA 4678 CIDAM, Clermont-Ferrand, France [2] CNRS, UMR 6023, LMGE, Aubière, France
| | - C Gasc
- Genomics, Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, EA 4678 CIDAM, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - R Butler
- Illinois Institute of Technology, BCHS Biology Division, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J-F Pombert
- Illinois Institute of Technology, BCHS Biology Division, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - E Lerat
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, Villeurbanne, France
| | - P Peyret
- Genomics, Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, EA 4678 CIDAM, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| |
Collapse
|
189
|
Nicodemo D, Maioli MA, Medeiros HCD, Guelfi M, Balieira KVB, De Jong D, Mingatto FE. Fipronil and imidacloprid reduce honeybee mitochondrial activity. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2014; 33:2070-5. [PMID: 25131894 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Bees have a crucial role in pollination; therefore, it is important to determine the causes of their recent decline. Fipronil and imidacloprid are insecticides used worldwide to eliminate or control insect pests. Because they are broad-spectrum insecticides, they can also affect honeybees. Many researchers have studied the lethal and sublethal effects of these and other insecticides on honeybees, and some of these studies have demonstrated a correlation between the insecticides and colony collapse disorder in bees. The authors investigated the effects of fipronil and imidacloprid on the bioenergetic functioning of mitochondria isolated from the heads and thoraces of Africanized honeybees. Fipronil caused dose-dependent inhibition of adenosine 5'-diphosphate-stimulated (state 3) respiration in mitochondria energized by either pyruvate or succinate, albeit with different potentials, in thoracic mitochondria; inhibition was strongest when respiring with complex I substrate. Fipronil affected adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) production in a dose-dependent manner in both tissues and substrates, though with different sensitivities. Imidacloprid also affected state-3 respiration in both the thorax and head, being more potent in head pyruvate-energized mitochondria; it also inhibited ATP production. Fipronil and imidacloprid had no effect on mitochondrial state-4 respiration. The authors concluded that fipronil and imidacloprid are inhibitors of mitochondrial bioenergetics, resulting in depleted ATP. This action can explain the toxicity of these compounds to honeybees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nicodemo
- Research Group of Ecology and Useful Insects, Animal Science, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Dracena, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
190
|
Vidau C, Panek J, Texier C, Biron DG, Belzunces LP, Le Gall M, Broussard C, Delbac F, El Alaoui H. Differential proteomic analysis of midguts from Nosema ceranae-infected honeybees reveals manipulation of key host functions. J Invertebr Pathol 2014; 121:89-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
191
|
Sandrock C, Tanadini M, Tanadini LG, Fauser-Misslin A, Potts SG, Neumann P. Impact of chronic neonicotinoid exposure on honeybee colony performance and queen supersedure. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103592. [PMID: 25084279 PMCID: PMC4118897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Honeybees provide economically and ecologically vital pollination services to crops and wild plants. During the last decade elevated colony losses have been documented in Europe and North America. Despite growing consensus on the involvement of multiple causal factors, the underlying interactions impacting on honeybee health and colony failure are not fully resolved. Parasites and pathogens are among the main candidates, but sublethal exposure to widespread agricultural pesticides may also affect bees. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To investigate effects of sublethal dietary neonicotinoid exposure on honeybee colony performance, a fully crossed experimental design was implemented using 24 colonies, including sister-queens from two different strains, and experimental in-hive pollen feeding with or without environmentally relevant concentrations of thiamethoxam and clothianidin. Honeybee colonies chronically exposed to both neonicotinoids over two brood cycles exhibited decreased performance in the short-term resulting in declining numbers of adult bees (-28%) and brood (-13%), as well as a reduction in honey production (-29%) and pollen collections (-19%), but colonies recovered in the medium-term and overwintered successfully. However, significantly decelerated growth of neonicotinoid-exposed colonies during the following spring was associated with queen failure, revealing previously undocumented long-term impacts of neonicotinoids: queen supersedure was observed for 60% of the neonicotinoid-exposed colonies within a one year period, but not for control colonies. Linked to this, neonicotinoid exposure was significantly associated with a reduced propensity to swarm during the next spring. Both short-term and long-term effects of neonicotinoids on colony performance were significantly influenced by the honeybees' genetic background. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Sublethal neonicotinoid exposure did not provoke increased winter losses. Yet, significant detrimental short and long-term impacts on colony performance and queen fate suggest that neonicotinoids may contribute to colony weakening in a complex manner. Further, we highlight the importance of the genetic basis of neonicotinoid susceptibility in honeybees which can vary substantially.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lorenzo G. Tanadini
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aline Fauser-Misslin
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Berne, Switzerland
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Simon G. Potts
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Neumann
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Berne, Switzerland
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
192
|
Gill RJ, Raine NE. Chronic impairment of bumblebee natural foraging behaviour induced by sublethal pesticide exposure. Funct Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Gill
- School of Biological Sciences; Royal Holloway University of London; Egham Surrey TW20 0EX UK
| | - Nigel E. Raine
- School of Biological Sciences; Royal Holloway University of London; Egham Surrey TW20 0EX UK
| |
Collapse
|
193
|
Chen M, Tao L, McLean J, Lu C. Quantitative analysis of neonicotinoid insecticide residues in foods: implication for dietary exposures. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:6082-90. [PMID: 24933495 PMCID: PMC4081123 DOI: 10.1021/jf501397m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This study quantitatively measured neonicotinoids in various foods that are common to human consumption. All fruit and vegetable samples (except nectarine and tomato) and 90% of honey samples were detected positive for at least one neonicotinoid; 72% of fruits, 45% of vegetables, and 50% of honey samples contained at least two different neonicotinoids in one sample, with imidacloprid having the highest detection rate among all samples. All pollen samples from New Zealand contained multiple neonicotinoids, and five of seven pollens from Massachusetts detected positive for imidacloprid. These results show the prevalence of low-level neonicotinoid residues in fruits, vegetables, and honey that are readily available in the market for human consumption and in the environment where honeybees forage. In light of new reports of toxicological effects in mammals, the results strengthen the importance of assessing dietary neonicotinoid intakes and the potential human health effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Chen
- Department
of Environmental Health, Harvard School
of Public Health, 665
Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Lin Tao
- Department
of Environmental Health, Harvard School
of Public Health, 665
Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - John McLean
- Consultant Entomologist, Gisborne 4010, New Zealand
| | - Chensheng Lu
- Department
of Environmental Health, Harvard School
of Public Health, 665
Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- (C.L.)
Phone: (617) 998-8811. Fax: (617) 384-8728. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
194
|
Retschnig G, Neumann P, Williams GR. Thiacloprid–Nosema ceranae interactions in honey bees: Host survivorship but not parasite reproduction is dependent on pesticide dose. J Invertebr Pathol 2014; 118:18-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
195
|
Abstract
Bees are essential pollinators of many plants in natural ecosystems and agricultural crops alike. In recent years the decline and disappearance of bee species in the wild and the collapse of honey bee colonies have concerned ecologists and apiculturalists, who search for causes and solutions to this problem. Whilst biological factors such as viral diseases, mite and parasite infections are undoubtedly involved, it is also evident that pesticides applied to agricultural crops have a negative impact on bees. Most risk assessments have focused on direct acute exposure of bees to agrochemicals from spray drift. However, the large number of pesticide residues found in pollen and honey demand a thorough evaluation of all residual compounds so as to identify those of highest risk to bees. Using data from recent residue surveys and toxicity of pesticides to honey and bumble bees, a comprehensive evaluation of risks under current exposure conditions is presented here. Standard risk assessments are complemented with new approaches that take into account time-cumulative effects over time, especially with dietary exposures. Whilst overall risks appear to be low, our analysis indicates that residues of pyrethroid and neonicotinoid insecticides pose the highest risk by contact exposure of bees with contaminated pollen. However, the synergism of ergosterol inhibiting fungicides with those two classes of insecticides results in much higher risks in spite of the low prevalence of their combined residues. Risks by ingestion of contaminated pollen and honey are of some concern for systemic insecticides, particularly imidacloprid and thiamethoxam, chlorpyrifos and the mixtures of cyhalothrin and ergosterol inhibiting fungicides. More attention should be paid to specific residue mixtures that may result in synergistic toxicity to bees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Sanchez-Bayo
- Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Sydney, Eveleigh, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Koichi Goka
- National Institute for Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
196
|
Fairbrother A, Purdy J, Anderson T, Fell R. Risks of neonicotinoid insecticides to honeybees. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2014; 33:719-31. [PMID: 24692231 PMCID: PMC4312970 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The European honeybee, Apis mellifera, is an important pollinator of agricultural crops. Since 2006, when unexpectedly high colony losses were first reported, articles have proliferated in the popular press suggesting a range of possible causes and raising alarm over the general decline of bees. Suggested causes include pesticides, genetically modified crops, habitat fragmentation, and introduced diseases and parasites. Scientists have concluded that multiple factors in various combinations-including mites, fungi, viruses, and pesticides, as well as other factors such as reduction in forage, poor nutrition, and queen failure-are the most probable cause of elevated colony loss rates. Investigators and regulators continue to focus on the possible role that insecticides, particularly the neonicotinoids, may play in honeybee health. Neonicotinoid insecticides are insect neurotoxicants with desirable features such as broad-spectrum activity, low application rates, low mammalian toxicity, upward systemic movement in plants, and versatile application methods. Their distribution throughout the plant, including pollen, nectar, and guttation fluids, poses particular concern for exposure to pollinators. The authors describe how neonicotinoids interact with the nervous system of honeybees and affect individual honeybees in laboratory situations. Because honeybees are social insects, colony effects in semifield and field studies are discussed. The authors conclude with a review of current and proposed guidance in the United States and Europe for assessing the risks of pesticides to honeybees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - John Purdy
- Abacus Consulting Services, CampbellvilleOntario, Canada
| | - Troy Anderson
- Department of Entomology and Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia TechBlacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Richard Fell
- Department of Entomology, Virginia TechBlacksburg, Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
197
|
Archer CR, Pirk CWW, Carvalheiro LG, Nicolson SW. Economic and ecological implications of geographic bias in pollinator ecology in the light of pollinator declines. OIKOS 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2013.00949.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
198
|
Aufauvre J, Misme-Aucouturier B, Viguès B, Texier C, Delbac F, Blot N. Transcriptome analyses of the honeybee response to Nosema ceranae and insecticides. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91686. [PMID: 24646894 PMCID: PMC3960157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Honeybees (Apis mellifera) are constantly exposed to a wide variety of environmental stressors such as parasites and pesticides. Among them, Nosema ceranae and neurotoxic insecticides might act in combination and lead to a higher honeybee mortality. We investigated the molecular response of honeybees exposed to N. ceranae, to insecticides (fipronil or imidacloprid), and to a combination of both stressors. Midgut transcriptional changes induced by these stressors were measured in two independent experiments combining a global RNA-Seq transcriptomic approach with the screening of the expression of selected genes by quantitative RT-PCR. Although N. ceranae-insecticide combinations induced a significant increase in honeybee mortality, we observed that they did not lead to a synergistic effect. According to gene expression profiles, chronic exposure to insecticides had no significant impact on detoxifying genes but repressed the expression of immunity-related genes. Honeybees treated with N. ceranae, alone or in combination with an insecticide, showed a strong alteration of midgut immunity together with modifications affecting cuticle coatings and trehalose metabolism. An increasing impact of treatments on gene expression profiles with time was identified suggesting an absence of stress recovery which could be linked to the higher mortality rates observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Aufauvre
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Laboratoire “Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement”, BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CNRS, UMR 6023, LMGE, Aubière, France
| | - Barbara Misme-Aucouturier
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Laboratoire “Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement”, BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CNRS, UMR 6023, LMGE, Aubière, France
| | - Bernard Viguès
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Laboratoire “Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement”, BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CNRS, UMR 6023, LMGE, Aubière, France
| | - Catherine Texier
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Laboratoire “Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement”, BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CNRS, UMR 6023, LMGE, Aubière, France
| | - Frédéric Delbac
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Laboratoire “Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement”, BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CNRS, UMR 6023, LMGE, Aubière, France
| | - Nicolas Blot
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Laboratoire “Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement”, BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CNRS, UMR 6023, LMGE, Aubière, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
199
|
Scholer J, Krischik V. Chronic exposure of imidacloprid and clothianidin reduce queen survival, foraging, and nectar storing in colonies of Bombus impatiens. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91573. [PMID: 24643057 PMCID: PMC3958374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In an 11-week greenhouse study, caged queenright colonies of Bombus impatiens Cresson, were fed treatments of 0 (0 ppb actual residue I, imidacloprid; C, clothianidin), 10 (14 I, 9 C), 20 (16 I, 17C), 50 (71 I, 39 C) and 100 (127 I, 76 C) ppb imidacloprid or clothianidin in sugar syrup (50%). These treatments overlapped the residue levels found in pollen and nectar of many crops and landscape plants, which have higher residue levels than seed-treated crops (less than 10 ppb, corn, canola and sunflower). At 6 weeks, queen mortality was significantly higher in 50 ppb and 100 ppb and by 11 weeks in 20 ppb-100 ppb neonicotinyl-treated colonies. The largest impact for both neonicotinyls starting at 20 (16 I, 17 C) ppb was the statistically significant reduction in queen survival (37% I, 56% C) ppb, worker movement, colony consumption, and colony weight compared to 0 ppb treatments. Bees at feeders flew back to the nest box so it appears that only a few workers were collecting syrup in the flight box and returning the syrup to the nest. The majority of the workers sat immobilized for weeks on the floor of the flight box without moving to fed at sugar syrup feeders. Neonicotinyl residues were lower in wax pots in the nest than in the sugar syrup that was provided. At 10 (14) ppb I and 50 (39) ppb C, fewer males were produced by the workers, but queens continued to invest in queen production which was similar among treatments. Feeding on imidacloprid and clothianidin can cause changes in behavior (reduced worker movement, consumption, wax pot production, and nectar storage) that result in detrimental effects on colonies (queen survival and colony weight). Wild bumblebees depending on foraging workers can be negatively impacted by chronic neonicotinyl exposure at 20 ppb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamison Scholer
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Vera Krischik
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
200
|
Doublet V, Labarussias M, de Miranda JR, Moritz RFA, Paxton RJ. Bees under stress: sublethal doses of a neonicotinoid pesticide and pathogens interact to elevate honey bee mortality across the life cycle. Environ Microbiol 2014; 17:969-83. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Doublet
- Institut für Biologie; Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Maureen Labarussias
- Institut für Biologie; Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
| | | | - Robin F. A. Moritz
- Institut für Biologie; Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
- German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv); Halle-Jena-Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Robert J. Paxton
- Institut für Biologie; Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
- German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv); Halle-Jena-Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
- School of Biological Sciences; Queen's University Belfast; Belfast UK
| |
Collapse
|