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Wang Y, Chen M, Zhang Y, Huo T, Fang Y, Jiao X, Yuan M, Jiang H. Effects of realgar on GSH synthesis in the mouse hippocampus: Involvement of system XAG(-), system XC(-), MRP-1 and Nrf2. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 308:91-101. [PMID: 27412851 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Realgar is a type of mineral drug that contains arsenic and has neurotoxicity. Glutathione (GSH), which is the main antioxidant in the central nervous system, plays a key role in antioxidant defenses and the detoxification of arsenic. However, whether realgar interferes with the synthesis of GSH in the brain and the molecular mechanisms underlying its effects are largely unknown. Here, we used mouse models of exposure to realgar to show that realgar affects the synthesis of GSH in the hippocampus, leading to ultrastructural changes in hippocampal neurons and synapses and deficiencies in cognitive abilities, and that the mechanisms that cause this effect may be associated with alterations in the expression of system XAG(-), system XC(-), multidrug resistance-associated protein 1(MRP-1), nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS), and the levels of glutamate (Glu) and cysteine (Cys) in the extracellular fluid. These findings provide a theoretical basis for preventing the drug-induced chronic arsenic poisoning in the nervous system that is triggered by realgar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlei Wang
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, People's Republic of China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, 46 Xinhua Road, Tangshan, Hebei 063009, People's Republic of China
| | - Mo Chen
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinghua Zhang
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Taoguang Huo
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Fang
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, People's Republic of China; School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 77 Shenning1 Road, Double D Port, Dalian, Liaoning 116600, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuexin Jiao
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingmei Yuan
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, People's Republic of China; School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, People's Republic of China.
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152
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A novel therapeutic application of solid lipid nanoparticles encapsulated thymoquinone (TQ-SLNs) on 3-nitroproponic acid induced Huntington's disease-like symptoms in wistar rats. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 256:25-36. [PMID: 27206696 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD), a devastating neurodegenerative disease causing a remarkable pathogenesis involves mitochondrial dysfunction and bioenergetics failure. 3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NP) is a unique toxin model of HD that are mainly confined to mitochondrial complex-II inhibition and free radical generation. Recently, several nanoparticle formulations were developed to treat against various neurodegenerative diseases including HD. One among them is solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), a colloidal carrier designed to enhance the brain drug delivery and to prolong the bio-availability of drugs in the system. Hence, the present study was framed to evaluate solid lipid nanoparticles encapsulated thymoquinone (TQ-SLNs) in comparison with thymoquinone suspension (TQ-S) against 3-NP induced behavioral despair, oxidative injury and striatal pathology. This study reports that theTQ-SLNs (10 and 20 mg/kg) and TQ-S (80 mg/kg) treated animals showed a significant (P < 0.01) improvement in the muscle strength, rigidity, movement and memory performances on 7th and 14th day behavioral analysis than TQ-S (40 mg/kg) treated group. Similarly, TQ-SLNs highly attenuated the levels of oxidative stress markers such as LPO, NO and protein carbonylsin 3-NP induced animals. Further, TQ-SLNs significantly restored the antioxidant defense system, controls the mitochondrial SDH inhibition and alleviates anti-cholinergic effect upon 3-NP induction. In addition, TQ-SLNs efficiently protected the striatal structural microelements against 3-NP toxicity, which was confirmed by light microscopic studies. Thus, the present investigation, collectively suggests that the low dose of TQ-SLNs supplementation is highly sufficient to attain the effect of TQ-S (80 mg/kg) to attenuate behavioral, biochemical and histological modifications in 3-NP exposed HD model.
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153
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Ma YL, Zhang LX, Liu GL, Fan Y, Peng Y, Hou WG. N-Myc Downstream-Regulated Gene 2 (Ndrg2) Is Involved in Ischemia-Hypoxia-Induced Astrocyte Apoptosis: a Novel Target for Stroke Therapy. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:3286-3299. [PMID: 27154863 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9814-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nearly all clinical trials that have attempted to develop effective strategies against ischemic stroke have failed, excluding those for thrombolysis, and most of these trials focused only on preventing neuronal loss. However, astrocytes have gradually become a target for neuroprotection in stroke. In previous studies, we showed that the newly identified molecular N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (Ndrg2) is specifically expressed in astrocytes in the brain and involved in some neurodegenerative diseases. However, the role of NDRG2 in ischemic stroke remained unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of NDRG2 in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-induced focal cerebral ischemia and in oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced cellular apoptosis in the M1800 astrocyte cell line. NDRG2 mRNA and protein expression began to increase at 6 and 2 h after reperfusion and peaked at 24 h in the ischemic penumbra and in M1800 cells, as detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting. Double immunofluorescence staining showed that the number of apoptotic cells increased as the NDRG2-positive signal increased and that the NDRG2 signal was sometimes co-localized with TUNEL-positive cells and translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in both the ischemic penumbra and the M1800 cells. Using a lentivirus, we successfully constructed two stable astrocytic cell lines in which NDRG2 expression was significantly up- or down-regulated. NDRG2 silencing had a proliferative effect and reduced the percentage of apoptotic cells, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and cleaved Caspase-3 protein expression following OGD, whereas NDRG2 over-expression had the opposite effects. In conclusion, NDRG2 is involved in astrocyte apoptosis following ischemic-hypoxic injury, and inhibiting NDRG2 expression significantly reduces ROS production and astrocyte apoptosis. These findings provide insight into the role of NDRG2 in ischemic-hypoxic injury and provide potential targets for future clinical therapies for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Long Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Li-Xia Zhang
- First Affiliated Hospital to Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Guang-Lin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yanhong Fan
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Ye Peng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Air Force General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, 100142, China.
| | - Wu-Gang Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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154
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Neitemeier S, Dolga AM, Honrath B, Karuppagounder SS, Alim I, Ratan RR, Culmsee C. Inhibition of HIF-prolyl-4-hydroxylases prevents mitochondrial impairment and cell death in a model of neuronal oxytosis. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2214. [PMID: 27148687 PMCID: PMC4917646 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial impairment induced by oxidative stress is a main characteristic of intrinsic cell death pathways in neurons underlying the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, protection of mitochondrial integrity and function is emerging as a promising strategy to prevent neuronal damage. Here, we show that pharmacological inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl-4-hydroxylases (HIF-PHDs) by adaptaquin inhibits lipid peroxidation and fully maintains mitochondrial function as indicated by restored mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP production, reduced formation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and preserved mitochondrial respiration, thereby protecting neuronal HT-22 cells in a model of glutamate-induced oxytosis. Selective reduction of PHD1 protein using CRISPR/Cas9 technology also reduced both lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial impairment, and attenuated glutamate toxicity in the HT-22 cells. Regulation of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) expression levels and related target genes may mediate these beneficial effects. Overall, these results expose HIF-PHDs as promising targets to protect mitochondria and, thereby, neurons from oxidative cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Neitemeier
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmazie, Biochemisch-Pharmakologisches Centrum Marburg, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 1, Marburg 35032, Germany
| | - A M Dolga
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmazie, Biochemisch-Pharmakologisches Centrum Marburg, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 1, Marburg 35032, Germany
| | - B Honrath
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmazie, Biochemisch-Pharmakologisches Centrum Marburg, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 1, Marburg 35032, Germany
| | - S S Karuppagounder
- Burke-Cornell Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY, USA.,Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - I Alim
- Burke-Cornell Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY, USA.,Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - R R Ratan
- Burke-Cornell Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY, USA.,Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - C Culmsee
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmazie, Biochemisch-Pharmakologisches Centrum Marburg, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 1, Marburg 35032, Germany
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155
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Carvalho AN, Marques C, Guedes RC, Castro-Caldas M, Rodrigues E, van Horssen J, Gama MJ. S-Glutathionylation of Keap1: a new role for glutathioneS-transferase pi in neuronal protection. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:1455-66. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Neves Carvalho
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa); Faculty of Pharmacy; Universidade de Lisboa; Portugal
| | - Carla Marques
- Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences; Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI); Faculty of Medicine; University of Coimbra; Portugal
| | - Rita C. Guedes
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa); Faculty of Pharmacy; Universidade de Lisboa; Portugal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Therapeutics; Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Lisbon; Portugal
| | - Margarida Castro-Caldas
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa); Faculty of Pharmacy; Universidade de Lisboa; Portugal
- Departamento de Ciências da Vida; Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade NOVA de Lisboa; Caparica Portugal
| | - Elsa Rodrigues
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa); Faculty of Pharmacy; Universidade de Lisboa; Portugal
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology; Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Lisbon; Portugal
| | - Jack van Horssen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology; VU University Medical Center Amsterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Maria João Gama
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa); Faculty of Pharmacy; Universidade de Lisboa; Portugal
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology; Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Lisbon; Portugal
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156
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Salazar-Ramiro A, Ramírez-Ortega D, Pérez de la Cruz V, Hérnandez-Pedro NY, González-Esquivel DF, Sotelo J, Pineda B. Role of Redox Status in Development of Glioblastoma. Front Immunol 2016; 7:156. [PMID: 27199982 PMCID: PMC4844613 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive neoplasia, prognosis remains dismal, and current therapy is mostly palliative. There are no known risk factors associated with gliomagenesis; however, it is well established that chronic inflammation in brain tissue induces oxidative stress in astrocytes and microglia. High quantities of reactive species of oxygen into the cells can react with several macromolecules, including chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA, leading to damage and malfunction of DNA repair enzymes. These changes bring genetic instability and abnormal metabolic processes, favoring oxidative environment and increase rate of cell proliferation. In GBM, a high metabolic rate and increased basal levels of reactive oxygen species play an important role as chemical mediators in the regulation of signal transduction, protecting malignant cells from apoptosis, thus creating an immunosuppressive environment. New redox therapeutics could reduce oxidative stress preventing cellular damage and high mutation rate accompanied by chromosomal instability, reducing the immunosuppressive environment. In addition, therapies directed to modulate redox rate reduce resistance and moderate the high rate of cell proliferation, favoring apoptosis of tumoral cells. This review describes the redox status in GBM, and how this imbalance could promote gliomagenesis through genomic and mitochondrial DNA damage, inducing the pro-oxidant and proinflammatory environment involved in tumor cell proliferation, resistance, and immune escape. In addition, some therapeutic agents that modulate redox status and might be advantageous in therapy against GBM are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleli Salazar-Ramiro
- Neuroimmunology and Neuro-Oncology Unit, National Neurology and Neurosurgery Institute (INNN) , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Daniela Ramírez-Ortega
- Neurochemistry Unit, National Neurology and Neurosurgery Institute (INNN) , Mexico City , Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Julio Sotelo
- Neuroimmunology and Neuro-Oncology Unit, National Neurology and Neurosurgery Institute (INNN) , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Benjamín Pineda
- Neuroimmunology and Neuro-Oncology Unit, National Neurology and Neurosurgery Institute (INNN) , Mexico City , Mexico
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157
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Lavoie S, Steullet P, Kulak A, Preitner F, Do KQ, Magistretti PJ. Glutamate Cysteine Ligase-Modulatory Subunit Knockout Mouse Shows Normal Insulin Sensitivity but Reduced Liver Glycogen Storage. Front Physiol 2016; 7:142. [PMID: 27148080 PMCID: PMC4838631 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) deficits have been observed in several mental or degenerative illness, and so has the metabolic syndrome. The impact of a decreased glucose metabolism on the GSH system is well-known, but the effect of decreased GSH levels on the energy metabolism is unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the sensitivity to insulin in the mouse knockout (KO) for the modulatory subunit of the glutamate cysteine ligase (GCLM), the rate-limiting enzyme of GSH synthesis. Compared to wildtype (WT) mice, GCLM-KO mice presented with reduced basal plasma glucose and insulin levels. During an insulin tolerance test, GCLM-KO mice showed a normal fall in glycemia, indicating normal insulin secretion. However, during the recovery phase, plasma glucose levels remained lower for longer in KO mice despite normal plasma glucagon levels. This is consistent with a normal counterregulatory hormonal response but impaired mobilization of glucose from endogenous stores. Following a resident-intruder stress, during which stress hormones mobilize glucose from hepatic glycogen stores, KO mice showed a lower hyperglycemic level despite higher plasma cortisol levels when compared to WT mice. The lower hepatic glycogen levels observed in GCLM-KO mice could explain the impaired glycogen mobilization following induced hypoglycemia. Altogether, our results indicate that reduced liver glycogen availability, as observed in GCLM-KO mice, could be at the origin of their lower basal and challenged glycemia. Further studies will be necessary to understand how a GSH deficit, typically observed in GCLM-KO mice, leads to a deficit in liver glycogen storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzie Lavoie
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital and University of LausanneLausanne-Prilly, Switzerland; Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Pascal Steullet
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne Lausanne-Prilly, Switzerland
| | - Anita Kulak
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne Lausanne-Prilly, Switzerland
| | - Frederic Preitner
- Mouse Metabolic Evaluation Facility, Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kim Q Do
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne Lausanne-Prilly, Switzerland
| | - Pierre J Magistretti
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital and University of LausanneLausanne-Prilly, Switzerland; Laboratory of Neuroenergetics and Cellular Dynamics, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanne, Switzerland; BESE Division, King Abdullah University of Sciences and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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158
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Glutathione-Induced Calcium Shifts in Chick Retinal Glial Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153677. [PMID: 27078878 PMCID: PMC4831842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroglia interactions are essential for the nervous system and in the retina Müller cells interact with most of the neurons in a symbiotic manner. Glutathione (GSH) is a low-molecular weight compound that undertakes major antioxidant roles in neurons and glia, however, whether this compound could act as a signaling molecule in neurons and/or glia is currently unknown. Here we used embryonic avian retina to obtain mixed retinal cells or purified Müller glia cells in culture to evaluate calcium shifts induced by GSH. A dose response curve (0.1–10mM) showed that 5–10mM GSH, induced calcium shifts exclusively in glial cells (later labeled and identified as 2M6 positive cells), while neurons responded to 50mM KCl (labeled as βIII tubulin positive cells). BBG 100nM, a P2X7 blocker, inhibited the effects of GSH on Müller glia. However, addition of DNQX 70μM and MK-801 20μM, non-NMDA and NMDA blockers, had no effect on GSH calcium induced shift. Oxidized glutathione (GSSG) at 5mM failed to induce calcium mobilization in glia cells, indicating that the antioxidant and/or structural features of GSH are essential to promote elevations in cytoplasmic calcium levels. Indeed, a short GSH pulse (60s) protects Müller glia from oxidative damage after 30 min of incubation with 0.1% H2O2. Finally, GSH induced GABA release from chick embryonic retina, mixed neuron-glia or from Müller cell cultures, which were inhibited by BBG or in the absence of sodium. GSH also induced propidium iodide uptake in Müller cells in culture in a P2X7 receptor dependent manner. Our data suggest that GSH, in addition to antioxidant effects, could act signaling calcium shifts at the millimolar range particularly in Müller glia, and could regulate the release of GABA, with additional protective effects on retinal neuron-glial circuit.
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159
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Vartak-Sharma N, Nooka S, Ghorpade A. Astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1) and the A(E)Ging HIV/AIDS-HAND. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 157:133-157. [PMID: 27090750 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent attempts to analyze human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-induced gene expression changes in astrocytes uncovered a multifunctional oncogene, astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1). Our previous studies revealed that AEG-1 regulates reactive astrocytes proliferation, migration and inflammation, hallmarks of aging and CNS injury. Moreover, the involvement of AEG-1 in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Huntington's disease and migraine, and its induction in the aged brain suggest a plausible role in regulating overall CNS homeostasis and aging. Therefore, it is important to investigate AEG-1 specifically in aging-associated cognitive decline. In this study, we decipher the common mechanistic links in cancer, aging and HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders that likely contribute to AEG-1-based regulation of astrocyte responses and function. Despite AEG-1 incorporation into HIV-1 virions and its induction by HIV-1, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β, the specific role(s) of AEG-1 in astrocyte-driven HIV-1 neuropathogenesis are incompletely defined. We propose that AEG-1 plays a central role in a multitude of cellular stress responses involving mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and the nucleolus. It is thus important to further investigate AEG-1-based cellular and molecular regulation in order to successfully develop better therapeutic approaches that target AEG-1 to combat cancer, HIV-1 and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Vartak-Sharma
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107-2699, USA; Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan; Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Shruthi Nooka
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107-2699, USA
| | - Anuja Ghorpade
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107-2699, USA.
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160
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Wang YL, Chen M, Huo TG, Zhang YH, Fang Y, Feng C, Wang SY, Jiang H. Effects of Glycyrrhetinic Acid on GSH Synthesis Induced by Realgar in the Mouse Hippocampus: Involvement of System X AG - $$ {\mathbf{X}}_{{\mathbf{AG}}^{-}} $$ , System X C - $$ {\mathbf{X}}_{{\mathbf{C}}^{-}} $$ , MRP-1, and Nrf2. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:3102-3116. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9859-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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161
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Central Role of Glutamate Metabolism in the Maintenance of Nitrogen Homeostasis in Normal and Hyperammonemic Brain. Biomolecules 2016; 6:biom6020016. [PMID: 27023624 PMCID: PMC4919911 DOI: 10.3390/biom6020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is present in the brain at an average concentration—typically 10–12 mM—far in excess of those of other amino acids. In glutamate-containing vesicles in the brain, the concentration of glutamate may even exceed 100 mM. Yet because glutamate is a major excitatory neurotransmitter, the concentration of this amino acid in the cerebral extracellular fluid must be kept low—typically µM. The remarkable gradient of glutamate in the different cerebral compartments: vesicles > cytosol/mitochondria > extracellular fluid attests to the extraordinary effectiveness of glutamate transporters and the strict control of enzymes of glutamate catabolism and synthesis in well-defined cellular and subcellular compartments in the brain. A major route for glutamate and ammonia removal is via the glutamine synthetase (glutamate ammonia ligase) reaction. Glutamate is also removed by conversion to the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyrate (GABA) via the action of glutamate decarboxylase. On the other hand, cerebral glutamate levels are maintained by the action of glutaminase and by various α-ketoglutarate-linked aminotransferases (especially aspartate aminotransferase and the mitochondrial and cytosolic forms of the branched-chain aminotransferases). Although the glutamate dehydrogenase reaction is freely reversible, owing to rapid removal of ammonia as glutamine amide, the direction of the glutamate dehydrogenase reaction in the brain in vivo is mainly toward glutamate catabolism rather than toward the net synthesis of glutamate, even under hyperammonemia conditions. During hyperammonemia, there is a large increase in cerebral glutamine content, but only small changes in the levels of glutamate and α-ketoglutarate. Thus, the channeling of glutamate toward glutamine during hyperammonemia results in the net synthesis of 5-carbon units. This increase in 5-carbon units is accomplished in part by the ammonia-induced stimulation of the anaplerotic enzyme pyruvate carboxylase. Here, we suggest that glutamate may constitute a buffer or bulwark against changes in cerebral amine and ammonia nitrogen. Although the glutamate transporters are briefly discussed, the major emphasis of the present review is on the enzymology contributing to the maintenance of glutamate levels under normal and hyperammonemic conditions. Emphasis will also be placed on the central role of glutamate in the glutamine-glutamate and glutamine-GABA neurotransmitter cycles between neurons and astrocytes. Finally, we provide a brief and selective discussion of neuropathology associated with altered cerebral glutamate levels.
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162
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Hamdi Y, Madfai H, Belhareth R, Mokni M, Masmoudi-Kouki O, Amri M. Prenatal exposure to cigarette smoke enhances oxidative stress in astrocytes of neonatal rat. Toxicol Mech Methods 2016; 26:231-7. [PMID: 26998663 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2016.1156205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of smoking-related disease. Protection of astrocytes from oxidative insult appears essential to maintain brain function. In this study, we have investigated the effect of gestational cigarette exposure on astrocyte survival. Pregnant female were randomly allocated to the control group or to the cigarette smoke group in which they were placed in an exposure chamber and inhale three cigarettes smoke twice a day for a period of 20 days. The control group was kept in the exposure chamber for the same duration, but without exposure to cigarette smoke. Newborn rats from both groups were weighed 24 h after birth and then cerebral hemispheres were collected for astrocyte culture. Incubation of astrocytes isolated from animals exposed to cigarette smoke with 300 μM H2O2 for 1 h induced a significant decrease of the proportion of surviving cells compared to cells isolated form control animals. We have observed that H2O2-treated astroglial cells derived from cigarette smoke exposure showed more reduced superoxide dismutase and catalase activities than H2O2-treated astroglial cells from control animals. In conclusion, this study indicates that astroglial cells derived from newborn rats exposed in utero to cigarette smoke are more vulnerable to oxidative assault than cultured astrocytes obtained from control animals. These results point out the existence of excitotoxic lesions in newborn exposed in utero to cigarette smoke and suggest that despite their high antioxidative activities, astrocytes cannot survive and protect neurons under massive oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosra Hamdi
- a Laboratory of Functional Neurophysiology and Pathology, Research Unit UR11ES09, Department of Biological Sciences , Faculty of Science of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar , Tunis , Tunisia
| | - Hayfa Madfai
- a Laboratory of Functional Neurophysiology and Pathology, Research Unit UR11ES09, Department of Biological Sciences , Faculty of Science of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar , Tunis , Tunisia
| | - Rym Belhareth
- a Laboratory of Functional Neurophysiology and Pathology, Research Unit UR11ES09, Department of Biological Sciences , Faculty of Science of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar , Tunis , Tunisia
| | - Meherzia Mokni
- a Laboratory of Functional Neurophysiology and Pathology, Research Unit UR11ES09, Department of Biological Sciences , Faculty of Science of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar , Tunis , Tunisia
| | - Olfa Masmoudi-Kouki
- a Laboratory of Functional Neurophysiology and Pathology, Research Unit UR11ES09, Department of Biological Sciences , Faculty of Science of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar , Tunis , Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Amri
- a Laboratory of Functional Neurophysiology and Pathology, Research Unit UR11ES09, Department of Biological Sciences , Faculty of Science of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar , Tunis , Tunisia
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Brennan BP, Jensen JE, Perriello C, Pope HG, Jenike MA, Hudson JI, Rauch SL, Kaufman MJ. LOWER POSTERIOR CINGULATE CORTEX GLUTATHIONE LEVELS IN OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2016; 1:116-124. [PMID: 26949749 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several lines of evidence support the hypothesis that lower cerebral levels of glutathione (GSH), associated with increased oxidative stress, may contribute to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, no studies to date have investigated brain GSH levels in individuals with OCD. METHODS Twenty-nine individuals with OCD and 25 age-, sex-, and race-matched comparison individuals without OCD underwent single voxel 2D J-resolved proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to examine GSH levels in the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). MRS data were analyzed using LCModel and a simulated basis set. Group metabolite differences referenced to total creatine (Cr), as well as relationships between metabolite ratios and symptom severity as measured by the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), were analyzed using linear regression with adjustment for age, sex, and race. RESULTS One OCD participant failed to produce usable PCC MRS data. We found significantly lower PCC GSH/Cr in OCD participants compared with non-OCD participants (β = -0.027 [95% CI: -0.049 to -5.9 × 10-3]; P = 0.014). PCC GSH/Cr was not significantly associated with total Y-BOCS score in the OCD group (β = 5.7 × 10-4 [95% CI: -4.8 × 10-3 to 5.9 × 10-3]; P = 0.83). CONCLUSIONS Lower PCC GSH/Cr may be indicative of increased oxidative stress secondary to hypermetabolism in this brain region in OCD. Future MRS studies are warranted to investigate GSH levels in other brain regions that comprise the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuit thought to be abnormal in OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Brennan
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders Institute, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - J Eric Jensen
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA
| | | | - Harrison G Pope
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Michael A Jenike
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders Institute, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - James I Hudson
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Scott L Rauch
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Marc J Kaufman
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA
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164
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Bowers MS, Jackson A, Maldoon PP, Damaj MI. N-acetylcysteine decreased nicotine reward-like properties and withdrawal in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:995-1003. [PMID: 26676982 PMCID: PMC4819399 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4179-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE N-acetylcysteine can increase extrasynaptic glutamate and reduce nicotine self-administration in rats and smoking rates in humans. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine if N-acetylcysteine modulates the development of nicotine place conditioning and withdrawal in mice. METHODS N-acetylcysteine was given to nicotine-treated male ICR mice. Experiment 1: reward-like behavior. N-acetylcysteine (0, 5, 15, 30, or 60 mg/kg, i.p.) was given 15 min before nicotine (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.) or saline (10 ml/kg, s.c.) in an unbiased conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. Conditioning for highly palatable food served as control. Experiment 2: spontaneous withdrawal. The effect of N-acetylcysteine (0, 15, 30, 120 mg/kg, i.p.) on anxiety-like behavior, somatic signs, and hyperalgesia was measured 18-24 h after continuous nicotine (24 mg/kg/day, 14 days). Experiment 3: mecamylamine-precipitated, withdrawal-induced aversion. The effect of N-acetylcysteine (0, 15, 30, 120 mg/kg, i.p.) on mecamylamine (3.5 mg/kg, i.p.)-precipitated withdrawal was determined after continuous nicotine (24 mg/kg, i.p., 28 days) using the conditioned place aversion (CPA) paradigm. RESULTS Dose-related reductions in the development of nicotine CPP, somatic withdrawal signs, hyperalgesia, and CPA were observed after N-acetylcysteine pretreatment. No effect of N-acetylcysteine was found on palatable food CPP, anxiety-like behavior, or motoric capacity (crosses between plus maze arms). Finally, N-acetylcysteine did not affect any measure in saline-treated mice at doses effective in nicotine-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS These are the first data suggesting that N-acetylcysteine blocks specific mouse behaviors associated with nicotine reward and withdrawal, which adds to the growing appreciation that N-acetylcysteine may have high clinical utility in combating nicotine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Bowers
- Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
| | - A Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - P P Maldoon
- Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - M I Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
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165
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Förster D, Reiser G. Nucleotides protect rat brain astrocytes against hydrogen peroxide toxicity and induce antioxidant defense via P2Y receptors. Neurochem Int 2016; 94:57-66. [PMID: 26898403 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Consequences of neurodegenerative diseases or stroke also depend on astroglial survival during oxidative stress. P2Y receptors that are widely distributed in the central nervous system are suggested to be involved in cytoprotection. However, knowledge about the efficacy of protection by P2Y receptors and their involvement in antioxidant protective pathways is scarce. Here, we investigate the viability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production after exposure of rat astrocytes to hydrogen peroxide. We determined the influence of treatment with the P2Y1 receptor-specific agonist 2-methyl-thio-ADP (2MeSADP) and the broad range P2Y receptor agonist adenosine 5'-(3-thiotriphosphate) (ATPγS). Preincubation (24-h before hydrogen peroxide application) and incubation with ATPγS and 2MeSADP protected astrocytes. The ROS production in hydrogen peroxide-treated astrocytes was reduced by pre- and co-incubation with ATPγS or 2MeSADP. Changes of levels of expression of antioxidant defense systems in astrocytes by treatment with P2Y receptor agonists were analyzed. Incubation with ATPγS and 2MeSADP increased mRNA levels of CAT encoding catalase and SOD2, encoding mitochondrial manganese dependent superoxide dismutase. ATPγS additionally increased mRNA levels of SOD3, encoding extracellular superoxide dismutase (ECSOD). Levels of total glutathione (GSH) increased in ATPγS/2MeSADP-treated astrocytes. mRNA levels of genes involved in GSH synthesis and in import of GSH precursors were analyzed after treatment with ATPγS and 2MeSADP. Both agonists significantly increased mRNA levels of a subunit of glutamate cysteine ligase, and a subunit of antiporter system xc(-). Changes in mRNA levels of antioxidant enzymes and genes of GSH metabolism depend on rise of intracellular Ca(2+) by P2Y receptor and basal activity of protein kinase A (PKA). SOD3 induction is suggested to depend on increased intracellular Ca(2+), increased cyclic AMP levels and PKA activity. Thus, we confirm a role of purinergic signaling in astrocytic survival during oxidative stress by maintaining antioxidant defense, highlighting P2Y receptors as potential targets for cytoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Förster
- Institut für Neurobiochemie (Institut für Inflammation und Neurodegeneration), Medizinische Fakultät der Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Leipziger Straße 44, D-39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Georg Reiser
- Institut für Neurobiochemie (Institut für Inflammation und Neurodegeneration), Medizinische Fakultät der Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Leipziger Straße 44, D-39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
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166
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Lipids and Oxidative Stress Associated with Ethanol-Induced Neurological Damage. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:1543809. [PMID: 26949445 PMCID: PMC4753689 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1543809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The excessive intake of alcohol is a serious public health problem, especially given the severe damage provoked by chronic or prenatal exposure to alcohol that affects many physiological processes, such as memory, motor function, and cognitive abilities. This damage is related to the ethanol oxidation in the brain. The metabolism of ethanol to acetaldehyde and then to acetate is associated with the production of reactive oxygen species that accentuate the oxidative state of cells. This metabolism of ethanol can induce the oxidation of the fatty acids in phospholipids, and the bioactive aldehydes produced are known to be associated with neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration. As such, here we will review the role of lipids in the neuronal damage induced by ethanol-related oxidative stress and the role that lipids play in the related compensatory or defense mechanisms.
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167
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Takahashi S, Hisatsune A, Kurauchi Y, Seki T, Katsuki H. Insulin-like growth factor 1 specifically up-regulates expression of modifier subunit of glutamate-cysteine ligase and enhances glutathione synthesis in SH-SY5Y cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 771:99-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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168
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Lin CH, Lin PP, Lin CY, Lin CH, Huang CH, Huang YJ, Lane HY. Decreased mRNA expression for the two subunits of system xc(-), SLC3A2 and SLC7A11, in WBC in patients with schizophrenia: Evidence in support of the hypo-glutamatergic hypothesis of schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2016; 72:58-63. [PMID: 26540405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cystine/glutamate antiporter system xc(-), playing a critical role in the regulation of glutamate release, might be implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. This study examined whether peripheral expressions of the system xc(-) subunits are characteristic of schizophrenia. METHODS Expression of system xc(-) genes including SLC3A2 and SLC7A11 in peripheral WBCs of patients with schizophrenia and healthy individuals were measured using quantitative PCR. Both psychotropic-free and medicated patients with schizophrenia were recruited. RESULTS A total of 96 schizophrenia patients (48 medicated and 48 drug-free) and 96 healthy individuals were enrolled. The mRNA expression levels using the 2(-ΔΔC)T Method of both SLC3A2 and SLC7A11 in WBCs of schizophrenia patients were markedly lower than that of healthy individuals (0.22 and 0.48, respectively, the mRNA expression level of normal controls was normalized to 1). There was no significant difference between medicated and drug-free patients in the mRNA expressions of both SLC3A2 and SLC7A11. The Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analysis of SLC3A2 mRNA levels using ΔΔCT values for drug-free schizophrenia patients vs. healthy controls determined an optimal cutoff value, 0.801, with high sensitivity (1.000) and modest specificity (0.694) (area under curve of ROC = 0.794). CONCLUSION This is the first study indicating that the peripheral mRNA expression levels of SLC7A11 and SLC3A2 may be lower in patients with schizophrenia than healthy individuals. The finding supports the hypo-glutamatergic neurotransmission hypothesis in schizophrenia. Whether mRNA expression of system xc(-) subunits genes, particularly SLC3A2, could serve as a potential biomarker of schizophrenia needs further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Hsin Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Pei Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yuan Lin
- Department of General Psychiatry, Tsaotun Psychiatric Center, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hua Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Kai-Suan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Hsien Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jhen Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yuan Lane
- Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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169
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Yoshioka Y, Kadoi H, Yamamuro A, Ishimaru Y, Maeda S. Noradrenaline increases intracellular glutathione in human astrocytoma U-251 MG cells by inducing glutamate-cysteine ligase protein via β3-adrenoceptor stimulation. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 772:51-61. [PMID: 26724392 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) plays a critical role in protecting cells from oxidative damage. Since neurons rely on the supply of GSH from astrocytes to maintain optimal intracellular GSH concentrations, the GSH concentration of astrocytes is important for the survival of neighboring neurons against oxidative stress. The neurotransmitter noradrenaline is known to modulate the functions of astrocytes and has been suggested to have neuroprotective properties in neurodegenerative diseases. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective properties of noradrenaline, in this study, we investigated the effect of noradrenaline on the concentrations of intracellular GSH in human U-251 malignant glioma (MG; astrocytoma) cells. Treatment of the cells with noradrenaline for 24h concentration-dependently increased their intracellular GSH concentration. This increase was inhibited by a non-selective β-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol and by a selective β3-adrenoceptor antagonist SR59230A, but not by a non-selective α-adrenoceptor antagonist phenoxybenzamine, or by a selective β1-adrenoceptor antagonist atenolol or by a selective β2-adrenoceptor antagonist butoxamine. In addition, the selective β3-adrenoceptor agonist CL316243 increased the intracellular GSH in U-251 MG cells. Treatment of the cells with noradrenaline (10μM) for 24h increased the protein level of the catalytic subunit of glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCLc), the rate-limiting enzyme of GSH synthesis; and this increase was inhibited by SR59230A. These results thus suggest that noradrenaline increased the GSH concentration in astrocytes by inducing GCLc protein in them via β3-adrenoceptor stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Yoshioka
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan.
| | - Hisatsugu Kadoi
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan.
| | - Akiko Yamamuro
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan.
| | - Yuki Ishimaru
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan.
| | - Sadaaki Maeda
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan.
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170
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Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1C: From cognition to cancer. Prog Lipid Res 2015; 61:134-48. [PMID: 26708865 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) C was the last member of the CPT1 family of genes to be discovered. CPT1A and CPT1B were identified as the gate-keeper enzymes for the entry of long-chain fatty acids (as carnitine esters) into mitochondria and their further oxidation, and they show differences in their kinetics and tissue expression. Although CPT1C exhibits high sequence similarity to CPT1A and CPT1B, it is specifically expressed in neurons (a cell-type that does not use fatty acids as fuel to any major extent), it is localized in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells, and it has minimal CPT1 catalytic activity with l-carnitine and acyl-CoA esters. The lack of an easily measurable biological activity has hampered attempts to elucidate the cellular and physiological role of CPT1C but has not diminished the interest of the biomedical research community in this CPT1 isoform. The observations that CPT1C binds malonyl-CoA and long-chain acyl-CoA suggest that it is a sensor of lipid metabolism in neurons, where it appears to impact ceramide and triacylglycerol (TAG) metabolism. CPT1C global knock-out mice show a wide range of brain disorders, including impaired cognition and spatial learning, motor deficits, and a deregulation in food intake and energy homeostasis. The first disease-causing CPT1C mutation was recently described in humans, with Cpt1c being identified as the gene causing hereditary spastic paraplegia. The putative role of CPT1C in the regulation of complex-lipid metabolism is supported by the observation that it is highly expressed in certain virulent tumor cells, conferring them resistance to glucose- and oxygen-deprivation. Therefore, CPT1C may be a promising target in the treatment of cancer. Here we review the molecular, biochemical, and structural properties of CPT1C and discuss its potential roles in brain function, and cancer.
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171
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A pathway map of glutamate metabolism. J Cell Commun Signal 2015; 10:69-75. [PMID: 26635200 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-015-0315-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate metabolism plays a vital role in biosynthesis of nucleic acids and proteins. It is also associated with a number of different stress responses. Deficiency of enzymes involved in glutamate metabolism is associated with various disorders including gyrate atrophy, hyperammonemia, hemolytic anemia, γ-hydoxybutyric aciduria and 5-oxoprolinuria. Here, we present a pathway map of glutamate metabolism representing metabolic intermediates in the pathway, 107 regulator molecules, 9 interactors and 3 types of post-translational modifications. This pathway map provides detailed information about enzyme regulation, protein-enzyme interactions, post-translational modifications of enzymes and disorders due to enzyme deficiency. The information included in the map was based on published experimental evidence reported from mammalian systems.
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172
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In Vivo NMR Studies of the Brain with Hereditary or Acquired Metabolic Disorders. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:2647-85. [PMID: 26610379 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1772-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic disorders, whether hereditary or acquired, affect the brain, and abnormalities of the brain are related to cellular integrity; particularly in regard to neurons and astrocytes as well as interactions between them. Metabolic disturbances lead to alterations in cellular function as well as microscopic and macroscopic structural changes in the brain with diabetes, the most typical example of metabolic disorders, and a number of hereditary metabolic disorders. Alternatively, cellular dysfunction and degeneration of the brain lead to metabolic disturbances in hereditary neurological disorders with neurodegeneration. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques allow us to assess a range of pathophysiological changes of the brain in vivo. For example, magnetic resonance spectroscopy detects alterations in brain metabolism and energetics. Physiological magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) detects accompanying changes in cerebral blood flow related to neurovascular coupling. Diffusion and T1/T2-weighted MRI detect microscopic and macroscopic changes of the brain structure. This review summarizes current NMR findings of functional, physiological and biochemical alterations within a number of hereditary and acquired metabolic disorders in both animal models and humans. The global view of the impact of these metabolic disorders on the brain may be useful in identifying the unique and/or general patterns of abnormalities in the living brain related to the pathophysiology of the diseases, and identifying future fields of inquiry.
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173
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Mandal PK, Saharan S, Tripathi M, Murari G. Brain glutathione levels--a novel biomarker for mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 78:702-10. [PMID: 26003861 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extant data from in vivo animal models and postmortem studies indicate that Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology is associated with reduction of the brain antioxidant glutathione (GSH), yet direct clinical evidence has been lacking. In this study, we investigated GSH modulation in the brain with AD and assessed the diagnostic potential of GSH estimation in hippocampi (HP) and frontal cortices (FC) as a biomarker for AD and its prodromal stage, mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHODS Brain GSH levels were measured in HP of 21 AD, 22 MCI, and 21 healthy old controls (HC) and FC of 19 AD, 19 MCI, and 28 HC with in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The association between GSH levels and clinical measures of AD progression was tested. Linear regression models were used to determine the best combination of GSH estimation in these brain regions for discrimination between AD, MCI, and HC. RESULTS AD-dependent reduction of GSH was observed in both HP and FC (p < .001). Furthermore, GSH reduction in these regions correlated with decline in cognitive functions. Receiver operator characteristics analyses evidenced that hippocampal GSH robustly discriminates between MCI and healthy controls with 87.5% sensitivity, 100% specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratios of 8.76/.13, whereas cortical GSH differentiates MCI and AD with 91.7% sensitivity, 100% specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratios of 9.17/.08. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides compelling in vivo evidence that estimation of GSH levels in specific brain regions with magnetic resonance spectroscopy constitutes a clinically relevant biomarker for MCI and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravat K Mandal
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, xxx, India; Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Sumiti Saharan
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, xxx, India
| | - Manjari Tripathi
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Geetanjali Murari
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, xxx, India
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174
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Womersley JS, Uys JD. S-Glutathionylation and Redox Protein Signaling in Drug Addiction. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 137:87-121. [PMID: 26809999 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder that comes at a high cost to individuals and society. Therefore understanding the mechanisms by which drugs exert their effects is of prime importance. Drugs of abuse increase the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species resulting in oxidative stress. This change in redox homeostasis increases the conjugation of glutathione to protein cysteine residues; a process called S-glutathionylation. Although traditionally regarded as a protective mechanism against irreversible protein oxidation, accumulated evidence suggests a more nuanced role for S-glutathionylation, namely as a mediator in redox-sensitive protein signaling. The reversible modification of protein thiols leading to alteration in function under different physiologic/pathologic conditions provides a mechanism whereby change in redox status can be translated into a functional response. As such, S-glutathionylation represents an understudied means of post-translational protein modification that may be important in the mechanisms underlying drug addiction. This review will discuss the evidence for S-glutathionylation as a redox-sensing mechanism and how this may be involved in the response to drug-induced oxidative stress. The function of S-glutathionylated proteins involved in neurotransmission, dendritic spine structure, and drug-induced behavioral outputs will be reviewed with specific reference to alcohol, cocaine, and heroin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline S Womersley
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Joachim D Uys
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
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175
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Pehar M, Ball LE, Sharma DR, Harlan BA, Comte-Walters S, Neely BA, Vargas MR. Changes in Protein Expression and Lysine Acetylation Induced by Decreased Glutathione Levels in Astrocytes. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 15:493-505. [PMID: 26486419 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.049288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes and neurons form a highly specialized functional unit, and the loss or gain of astrocytic functions can influence the initiation and progression of different neurodegenerative diseases. Neurons depend on the antioxidant protection provided by neighboring astrocytes. Glutathione (γ-l-glutamyl-l-cysteinyl-glycine) is a major component of the antioxidant system that defends cells against the toxic effects of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species. A decline in glutathione levels has been observed in aging and neurodegenerative diseases, and it aggravates the pathology in an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-mouse model. Using a SILAC-based quantitative proteomic approach, we analyzed changes in global protein expression and lysine acetylation in primary astrocyte cultures obtained from wild-type mice or those deficient in the glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit (GCLM). GCLM knockout astrocytes display an ∼80% reduction in total glutathione levels. We identified potential molecular targets and novel sites of acetylation that are affected by the chronic decrease in glutathione levels and observed a response mediated by Nrf2 activation. In addition, sequence analysis of peptides displaying increased acetylation in GCLM knockout astrocytes revealed an enrichment of cysteine residues in the vicinity of the acetylation site, which suggests potential crosstalk between lysine-acetylation and cysteine modification. Regulation of several metabolic and antioxidant pathways was observed at the level of protein expression and lysine acetylation, revealing a coordinated response involving transcriptional and posttranslational regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Pehar
- From the ¶Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425.
| | - Lauren E Ball
- From the ¶Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Deep R Sharma
- From the ¶Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Benjamin A Harlan
- From the ¶Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Susana Comte-Walters
- From the ¶Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Benjamin A Neely
- From the ¶Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Marcelo R Vargas
- From the ¶Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425.
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176
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Kim GH, Kim JE, Rhie SJ, Yoon S. The Role of Oxidative Stress in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Exp Neurobiol 2015; 24:325-40. [PMID: 26713080 PMCID: PMC4688332 DOI: 10.5607/en.2015.24.4.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 878] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is induced by an imbalanced redox states, involving either excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or dysfunction of the antioxidant system. The brain is one of organs especially vulnerable to the effects of ROS because of its high oxygen demand and its abundance of peroxidation-susceptible lipid cells. Previous studies have demonstrated that oxidative stress plays a central role in a common pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Antioxidant therapy has been suggested for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, although the results with regard to their efficacy of treating neurodegenerative disease have been inconsistent. In this review, we will discuss the role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases and in vivo measurement of an index of damage by oxidative stress. Moreover, the present knowledge on antioxidant in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and future directions will be outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geon Ha Kim
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea. ; Department of Neurology, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Jieun E Kim
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea. ; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Sandy Jeong Rhie
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea. ; College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Sujung Yoon
- Ewha Brain Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
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177
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Nguyen M, Bijani C, Martins N, Meunier B, Robert A. Transfer of Copper from an Amyloid to a Natural Copper-Carrier Peptide with a Specific Mediating Ligand. Chemistry 2015; 21:17085-90. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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178
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Bakshi R, Zhang H, Logan R, Joshi I, Xu Y, Chen X, Schwarzschild MA. Neuroprotective effects of urate are mediated by augmenting astrocytic glutathione synthesis and release. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 82:574-579. [PMID: 26341543 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Urate has emerged as a promising target for neuroprotection based on epidemiological observations, preclinical models, and early clinical trial results in multiple neurologic diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD). This study investigates the astrocytic mechanism of urate's neuroprotective effect. Targeted biochemical screens of conditioned medium from urate- versus vehicle-treated astrocytes identified markedly elevated glutathione (GSH) concentrations as a candidate mediator of urate's astrocyte-dependent neuroprotective effects. Urate treatment also induced the nuclear translocation of the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) protein and transcriptional activation of its key target genes in primary astrocytic cultures. Urate's neuroprotective effect was attenuated when GSH was depleted in the conditioned media either by targeting its synthesis or release by astrocytes. Overall, these results implicate GSH as the extracellular astrocytic factor mediating the protective effect of urate in a cellular model of PD. These results also show that urate can employ a novel indirect neuroprotective mechanism via induction of the Nrf2 signaling pathway, a master regulator of the response to oxidative stress, in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachit Bakshi
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, United States.
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, United States; Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Robert Logan
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, United States
| | - Ila Joshi
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, United States
| | - Yuehang Xu
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, United States
| | - Xiqun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, United States
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179
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Han Y, Xi Q, Dai W, Yang S, Gao L, Su Y, Zhang X. Abnormal transsulfuration metabolism and reduced antioxidant capacity in Chinese children with autism spectrum disorders. Int J Dev Neurosci 2015; 46:27-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Han
- School of Public HealthTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Qian‐qian Xi
- School of Public HealthTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Wei Dai
- School of Public HealthTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Shu‐han Yang
- School of Public HealthTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Lei Gao
- School of Public HealthTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Yuan‐yuan Su
- School of Public HealthTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Public HealthTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
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180
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Ito JI, Nagayasu Y, Ogawa T, Okihara H, Michikawa M. Biochemical properties in membrane of rat astrocytes under oxidative stress. Brain Res 2015; 1615:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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181
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Epplen DB, Prukop T, Nientiedt T, Albrecht P, Arlt FA, Stassart RM, Kassmann CM, Methner A, Nave KA, Werner HB, Sereda MW. Curcumin therapy in a Plp1 transgenic mouse model of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2015; 2:787-96. [PMID: 26339673 PMCID: PMC4554440 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD) is a progressive and lethal leukodystrophy caused by mutations affecting the proteolipid protein (PLP1) gene. The most common cause of PMD is a duplication of PLP1 and at present there is no curative therapy available. METHODS By using transgenic mice carrying additional copies of Plp1, we investigated whether curcumin diet ameliorates PMD symptoms. The diet of Plp1 transgenic mice was supplemented with curcumin for 10 consecutive weeks followed by phenotypical, histological and immunohistochemical analyses of the central nervous system. Plp1 transgenic and wild-type mice fed with normal chow served as controls. RESULTS Curcumin improved the motor phenotype performance of Plp1 transgenic mice by 50% toward wild-type level and preserved myelinated axons by 35% when compared to Plp1 transgenic controls. Furthermore, curcumin reduced astrocytosis, microgliosis and lymphocyte infiltration in Plp1 transgenic mice. Curcumin diet did not affect the pathologically increased Plp1 mRNA abundance. However, high glutathione levels indicating an oxidative misbalance in the white matter of Plp1 transgenic mice were restored by curcumin treatment. INTERPRETATION Curcumin may potentially serve as an antioxidant therapy of PMD caused by PLP1 gene duplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk B Epplen
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Prukop
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine Göttingen, Germany ; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG) Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Nientiedt
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine Göttingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Albrecht
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Friederike A Arlt
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ruth M Stassart
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine Göttingen, Germany ; Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG) Göttingen, Germany
| | - Celia M Kassmann
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine Göttingen, Germany
| | - Axel Methner
- Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center Mainz Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hauke B Werner
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael W Sereda
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine Göttingen, Germany ; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG) Göttingen, Germany
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182
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Brolese G, Lunardi P, de Souza DF, Lopes FM, Leite MC, Gonçalves CA. Pre- and postnatal exposure to moderate levels of ethanol can have long-lasting effects on hippocampal glutamate uptake in adolescent offspring. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127845. [PMID: 25978644 PMCID: PMC4433332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The developing brain is vulnerable to the effects of ethanol. Glutamate is the main mediator of excitatory signals in the brain and is probably involved in most aspects of normal brain function during development. The aim of this study was to investigate vulnerability to and the impact of ethanol toxicity on glutamate uptake signaling in adolescent rats after moderate pre and postnatal ethanol exposure. Pregnant female rats were divided into three groups and treated only with water (control), non-alcoholic beer (vehicle) or 10% (v/v) beer solution (moderate prenatal alcohol exposure—MPAE). Thirty days after birth, adolescent male offspring were submitted to hippocampal acute slice procedure. We assayed glutamate uptake and measured glutathione content and also quantified glial glutamate transporters (EAAT 1 and EAAT 2). The glutamate system vulnerability was tested with different acute ethanol doses in naïve rats and compared with the MPAE group. We also performed a (lipopolysaccharide-challenge (LPS-challenge) with all groups to test the glutamate uptake response after an insult. The MPAE group presented a decrease in glutamate uptake corroborating a decrease in glutathione (GSH) content. The reduction in GSH content suggests oxidative damage after acute ethanol exposure. The glial glutamate transporters were also altered after prenatal ethanol treatment, suggesting a disturbance in glutamate signaling. This study indicates that impairment of glutamate uptake can be dose-dependent and the glutamate system has a higher vulnerability to ethanol toxicity after moderate ethanol exposure In utero. The effects of pre- and postnatal ethanol exposure can have long-lasting impacts on the glutamate system in adolescence and potentially into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovana Brolese
- Department of Neuroscience, Basic Science Health Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul—UFRGS—Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Paula Lunardi
- Department of Biochemistry—Basic Science Health Institute—Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul—UFRGS—Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Daniela F. de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry—Basic Science Health Institute—Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul—UFRGS—Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fernanda M. Lopes
- Department of Neuroscience, Basic Science Health Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul—UFRGS—Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marina C. Leite
- Department of Biochemistry—Basic Science Health Institute—Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul—UFRGS—Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carlos-Alberto Gonçalves
- Department of Neuroscience, Basic Science Health Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul—UFRGS—Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry—Basic Science Health Institute—Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul—UFRGS—Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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183
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Bell KFS, Al-Mubarak B, Martel MA, McKay S, Wheelan N, Hasel P, Márkus NM, Baxter P, Deighton RF, Serio A, Bilican B, Chowdhry S, Meakin PJ, Ashford MLJ, Wyllie DJA, Scannevin RH, Chandran S, Hayes JD, Hardingham GE. Neuronal development is promoted by weakened intrinsic antioxidant defences due to epigenetic repression of Nrf2. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7066. [PMID: 25967870 PMCID: PMC4441249 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Forebrain neurons have weak intrinsic antioxidant defences compared with astrocytes, but the molecular basis and purpose of this is poorly understood. We show that early in mouse cortical neuronal development in vitro and in vivo, expression of the master-regulator of antioxidant genes, transcription factor NF-E2-related-factor-2 (Nrf2), is repressed by epigenetic inactivation of its promoter. Consequently, in contrast to astrocytes or young neurons, maturing neurons possess negligible Nrf2-dependent antioxidant defences, and exhibit no transcriptional responses to Nrf2 activators, or to ablation of Nrf2's inhibitor Keap1. Neuronal Nrf2 inactivation seems to be required for proper development: in maturing neurons, ectopic Nrf2 expression inhibits neurite outgrowth and aborization, and electrophysiological maturation, including synaptogenesis. These defects arise because Nrf2 activity buffers neuronal redox status, inhibiting maturation processes dependent on redox-sensitive JNK and Wnt pathways. Thus, developmental epigenetic Nrf2 repression weakens neuronal antioxidant defences but is necessary to create an environment that supports neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen F S Bell
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Bashayer Al-Mubarak
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Marc-André Martel
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Sean McKay
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Nicola Wheelan
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Philip Hasel
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Nóra M Márkus
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Paul Baxter
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Ruth F Deighton
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Andrea Serio
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Bilada Bilican
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Sudhir Chowdhry
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Paul J Meakin
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Michael L J Ashford
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - David J A Wyllie
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | | | - Siddharthan Chandran
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - John D Hayes
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Giles E Hardingham
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
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184
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Matching Diabetes and Alcoholism: Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Neurogenesis Are Commonly Involved. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:624287. [PMID: 26063976 PMCID: PMC4439509 DOI: 10.1155/2015/624287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes and alcohol misuse are two of the major challenges in health systems worldwide. These two diseases finally affect several organs and systems including the central nervous system. Hippocampus is one of the most relevant structures due to neurogenesis and memory-related processing among other functions. The present review focuses on the common profile of diabetes and ethanol exposure in terms of oxidative stress and proinflammatory and prosurvival recruiting transcription factors affecting hippocampal neurogenesis. Some aspects around antioxidant strategies are also included. As a global conclusion, the present review points out some common hits on both diseases giving support to the relations between alcohol intake and diabetes.
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185
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Clinical trials of N-acetylcysteine in psychiatry and neurology: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 55:294-321. [PMID: 25957927 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is recognized for its role in acetaminophen overdose and as a mucolytic. Over the past decade, there has been growing evidence for the use of NAC in treating psychiatric and neurological disorders, considering its role in attenuating pathophysiological processes associated with these disorders, including oxidative stress, apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation and glutamate and dopamine dysregulation. In this systematic review we find favorable evidence for the use of NAC in several psychiatric and neurological disorders, particularly autism, Alzheimer's disease, cocaine and cannabis addiction, bipolar disorder, depression, trichotillomania, nail biting, skin picking, obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, drug-induced neuropathy and progressive myoclonic epilepsy. Disorders such as anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and mild traumatic brain injury have preliminary evidence and require larger confirmatory studies while current evidence does not support the use of NAC in gambling, methamphetamine and nicotine addictions and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Overall, NAC treatment appears to be safe and tolerable. Further well designed, larger controlled trials are needed for specific psychiatric and neurological disorders where the evidence is favorable.
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186
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Uptake, Metabolic Effects and Toxicity of Arsenate and Arsenite in Astrocytes. Neurochem Res 2015; 41:465-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1570-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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187
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Regulation of System xc(-) by Pharmacological Manipulation of Cellular Thiols. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:269371. [PMID: 25949770 PMCID: PMC4407525 DOI: 10.1155/2015/269371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The cystine/glutamate exchanger (system xc (-)) mediates the transport of cystine into the cell in exchange for glutamate. By releasing glutamate, system xc (-) can potentially cause excitotoxicity. However, through providing cystine to the cell, it regulates the levels of cellular glutathione (GSH), the main endogenous intracellular antioxidant, and may protect cells against oxidative stress. We tested two different compounds that deplete primary cortical cultures containing both neurons and astrocytes of intracellular GSH, L-buthionine-sulfoximine (L-BSO), and diethyl maleate (DEM). Both compounds caused significant concentration and time dependent decreases in intracellular GSH levels. However; DEM caused an increase in radiolabeled cystine uptake through system xc (-), while unexpectedly BSO caused a decrease in uptake. The compounds caused similar low levels of neurotoxicity, while only BSO caused an increase in oxidative stress. The mechanism of GSH depletion by these two compounds is different, DEM directly conjugates to GSH, while BSO inhibits γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase, a key enzyme in GSH synthesis. As would be expected from these mechanisms of action, DEM caused a decrease in intracellular cysteine, while BSO increased cysteine levels. The results suggest that negative feedback by intracellular cysteine is an important regulator of system xc (-) in this culture system.
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188
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Synaptic NMDA receptor activity is coupled to the transcriptional control of the glutathione system. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6761. [PMID: 25854456 PMCID: PMC4403319 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
How the brain’s antioxidant defenses adapt to changing demand is incompletely understood. Here we show that synaptic activity is coupled, via the NMDA receptor (NMDAR), to control of the glutathione antioxidant system. This tunes antioxidant capacity to reflect the elevated needs of an active neuron, guards against future increased demand and maintains redox balance in the brain. This control is mediated via a programme of gene expression changes that boosts the synthesis, recycling and utilization of glutathione, facilitating ROS detoxification and preventing Puma-dependent neuronal apoptosis. Of particular importance to the developing brain is the direct NMDAR-dependent transcriptional control of glutathione biosynthesis, disruption of which can lead to degeneration. Notably, these activity-dependent cell-autonomous mechanisms were found to cooperate with non-cell-autonomous Nrf2-driven support from astrocytes to maintain neuronal GSH levels in the face of oxidative insults. Thus, developmental NMDAR hypofunction and glutathione system deficits, separately implicated in several neurodevelopmental disorders, are mechanistically linked. How the brain’s antioxidant defenses adapt to changing demand is not well understood. Here the authors demonstrate that synaptic activity is coupled to transcriptional control of the glutathione antioxidant system via NMDA receptors, enabling neurons to tune their antioxidant defenses.
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189
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Chitty KM, Lagopoulos J, Hickie IB, Hermens DF. A longitudinal proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study investigating oxidative stress as a result of alcohol and tobacco use in youth with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2015; 175:481-7. [PMID: 25679204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol and tobacco have been suggested to be "aggravating factors" for neuroprogression in bipolar disorder (BD), however the impact of these substances on the underlying neurobiology is limited. Oxidative stress is a key target for research into neuroprogression in BD and in accordance with this model, our previous cross-sectional studies have found that risky alcohol and tobacco use in BD is associated with increased oxidative stress, investigated via in vivo glutathione (GSH) measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). What remains unknown is whether the negative impact on GSH levels can be modified as a result of limiting alcohol and tobacco use. Thirty BD patients were included in the study. (1)H-MRS and tobacco and alcohol measures were conducted at baseline and follow-up assessments (15.5±4.6 months apart). Pearson׳s correlations were performed between percentage change in GSH concentration and changes in alcohol/tobacco use. Regression analyses were then conducted to further explore the significant correlations. An increase in GSH was associated with a decrease in alcohol consumption (r=-0.381, p<0.05) and frequency of tobacco use (-0.367, p=0.05). Change in alcohol consumption, tobacco use and age were significant predictors of change in GSH concentration (F (3, 26)=3.69, p<0.05). Due to the high comorbidity of alcohol and tobacco use in the sample, the individual effects of these substances on GSH levels could not be determined. This study offers longitudinal evidence that changing risky drinking patterns and tobacco use early in the course of BD is associated with improvements in antioxidant capacity, and therefore may be specific targets for early intervention and prevention of neuroprogression in BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate M Chitty
- Clinical Research Unit, Brain and Mind Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Jim Lagopoulos
- Clinical Research Unit, Brain and Mind Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ian B Hickie
- Clinical Research Unit, Brain and Mind Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Daniel F Hermens
- Clinical Research Unit, Brain and Mind Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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190
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Atorvastatin Prevents Cognitive Deficits Induced by Intracerebroventricular Amyloid-β1–40 Administration in Mice: Involvement of Glutamatergic and Antioxidant Systems. Neurotox Res 2015; 28:32-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-015-9527-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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191
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Guitart K, Loers G, Schachner M, Kleene R. Prion protein regulates glutathione metabolism and neural glutamate and cysteine uptake via excitatory amino acid transporter 3. J Neurochem 2015; 133:558-71. [PMID: 25692227 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Prion protein (PrP) plays crucial roles in regulating antioxidant systems to improve cell defenses against cellular stress. Here, we show that the interactions of PrP with the excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (EAAT3), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT), and multi-drug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) in astrocytes and the interaction between PrP and EAAT3 in neurons regulate the astroglial and neuronal metabolism of the antioxidant glutathione. Ablation of PrP in astrocytes and cerebellar neurons leads to dysregulation of EAAT3-mediated uptake of glutamate and cysteine, which are precursors for the synthesis of glutathione. In PrP-deficient astrocytes, levels of intracellular glutathione are increased, and under oxidative stress, levels of extracellular glutathione are increased, due to (i) increased glutathione release via MRP1 and (ii) reduced activity of the glutathione-degrading enzyme γ-GT. In PrP-deficient cerebellar neurons, cell death is enhanced under oxidative stress and glutamate excitotoxicity, when compared to wild-type cerebellar neurons. These results indicate a functional interplay of PrP with EAAT3, MRP1 and γ-GT in astrocytes and of PrP and EAAT3 in neurons, suggesting that these interactions play an important role in the metabolic cross-talk between astrocytes and neurons and in protection of neurons by astrocytes from oxidative and glutamate-induced cytotoxicity. Interactions of prion protein (PrP) with excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (EAAT3), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and multi-drug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) regulate the astroglial and neuronal metabolism of glutathione (GSH) which protects cells against the cytotoxic oxidative stress. PrP controls the release of GSH from astrocytes via MRP1 and regulates the hydrolysis of extracellular GSH by GGT as well as the neuronal and astroglial glutamate and cysteine uptake via EAAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Guitart
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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192
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Mazzetti AP, Fiorile MC, Primavera A, Lo Bello M. Glutathione transferases and neurodegenerative diseases. Neurochem Int 2015; 82:10-8. [PMID: 25661512 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
There is substantial agreement that the unbalance between oxidant and antioxidant species may affect the onset and/or the course of a number of common diseases including Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Many studies suggest a crucial role for oxidative stress in the first phase of aging, or in the pathogenesis of various diseases including neurological ones. Particularly, the role exerted by glutathione and glutathione-related enzymes (Glutathione Transferases) in the nervous system appears more relevant, this latter tissue being much more vulnerable to toxins and oxidative stress than other tissues such as liver, kidney or muscle. The present review addresses the question by focusing on the results obtained by specimens from patients or by in vitro studies using cells or animal models related to Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. In general, there is an association between glutathione depletion and Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease. In addition, a significant decrease of glutathione transferase activity in selected areas of brain and in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid was found. For some glutathione transferase genes there is also a correlation between polymorphisms and onset/outcome of neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, there is a general agreement about the protective effect exerted by glutathione and glutathione transferases but no clear answer about the mechanisms underlying this crucial role in the insurgence of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mario Lo Bello
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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193
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Colle D, Santos DB, Hartwig JM, Godoi M, Engel DF, de Bem AF, Braga AL, Farina M. Succinobucol, a Lipid-Lowering Drug, Protects Against 3-Nitropropionic Acid-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress in SH-SY5Y Cells via Upregulation of Glutathione Levels and Glutamate Cysteine Ligase Activity. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:1280-1295. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9086-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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194
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N-Acetylcysteine improves mitochondrial function and ameliorates behavioral deficits in the R6/1 mouse model of Huntington's disease. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e492. [PMID: 25562842 PMCID: PMC4312826 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2014.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, involving psychiatric, cognitive and motor symptoms, caused by a CAG-repeat expansion encoding an extended polyglutamine tract in the huntingtin protein. Oxidative stress and excitotoxicity have previously been implicated in the pathogenesis of HD. We hypothesized that N-acetylcysteine (NAC) may reduce both excitotoxicity and oxidative stress through its actions on glutamate reuptake and antioxidant capacity. The R6/1 transgenic mouse model of HD was used to investigate the effects of NAC on HD pathology. It was found that chronic NAC administration delayed the onset and progression of motor deficits in R6/1 mice, while having an antidepressant-like effect on both R6/1 and wild-type mice. A deficit in the astrocytic glutamate transporter protein, GLT-1, was found in R6/1 mice. However, this deficit was not ameliorated by NAC, implying that the therapeutic effect of NAC is not due to rescue of the GLT-1 deficit and associated glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. Assessment of mitochondrial function in the striatum and cortex revealed that R6/1 mice show reduced mitochondrial respiratory capacity specific to the striatum. This deficit was rescued by chronic treatment with NAC. There was a selective increase in markers of oxidative damage in mitochondria, which was rescued by NAC. In conclusion, NAC is able to delay the onset of motor deficits in the R6/1 model of Huntington's disease and it may do so by ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction. Thus, NAC shows promise as a potential therapeutic agent in HD. Furthermore, our data suggest that NAC may also have broader antidepressant efficacy.
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195
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N-Acetylcysteine as an Adjunctive Therapy to Risperidone for Treatment of Irritability in Autism. Clin Neuropharmacol 2015; 38:11-7. [DOI: 10.1097/wnf.0000000000000063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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196
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Peripheral antioxidant markers are associated with total hippocampal and CA3/dentate gyrus volume in MDD and healthy controls-preliminary findings. Psychiatry Res 2014; 224:168-74. [PMID: 25266915 PMCID: PMC4254356 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Several psychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD), are associated with increased blood markers of oxidative stress. The relevance of this to the oxidation-sensitive hippocampus (HC) is unknown. We investigated the relationship between peripheral oxidative stress markers and HC volume in unmedicated individuals with MDD (n=16) and healthy controls (n=19). To conserve power, our primary analysis was carried out in the combined group of subjects, and secondary analyses examined each group separately. Oxidative stress markers (oxidized glutathione (GSSG)) and antioxidants (reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), and Vitamin C) were assessed, and a "total net antioxidant score" was calculated. 4-T MRI estimated total HC volume and HC subfield (CA1, CA1-CA2 transition zone, subiculum and CA3/dentate gyrus [CA3&DG]) volumes. Across groups, the antioxidant score was significantly and positively correlated with total HC volume and CA3&DG subfield volume (normalized to total intracranial volume), adjusting for age and sex. Similar relationships were observed in each individual group but missed statistical significance, likely due to type II errors, with the exception of a significant correlation between the antioxidant score and CA3&DG volume in the MDD group. These preliminary data are consistent with oxidative stress being associated with smaller total HC and CA3&DG subfield volumes.
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197
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Glutathione-Dependent Detoxification Processes in Astrocytes. Neurochem Res 2014; 40:2570-82. [PMID: 25428182 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1481-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes have a pivotal role in brain as partners of neurons in homeostatic and metabolic processes. Astrocytes also protect other types of brain cells against the toxicity of reactive oxygen species and are considered as first line of defence against the toxic potential of xenobiotics. A key component in many of the astrocytic detoxification processes is the tripeptide glutathione (GSH) which serves as electron donor in the GSH peroxidase-catalyzed reduction of peroxides. In addition, GSH is substrate in the detoxification of xenobiotics and endogenous compounds by GSH-S-transferases which generate GSH conjugates that are efficiently exported from the cells by multidrug resistance proteins. Moreover, GSH reacts with the reactive endogenous carbonyls methylglyoxal and formaldehyde to intermediates which are substrates of detoxifying enzymes. In this article we will review the current knowledge on the GSH metabolism of astrocytes with a special emphasis on GSH-dependent detoxification processes.
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198
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Neuronal and astrocyte dysfunction diverges from embryonic fibroblasts in the Ndufs4fky/fky mouse. Biosci Rep 2014; 34:e00151. [PMID: 25312000 PMCID: PMC4240023 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20140151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction causes a range of early-onset neurological diseases and contributes to neurodegenerative conditions. The mechanisms of neurological damage however are poorly understood, as accessing relevant tissue from patients is difficult, and appropriate models are limited. Hence, we assessed mitochondrial function in neurologically relevant primary cell lines from a CI (complex I) deficient Ndufs4 KO (knockout) mouse (Ndufs4fky/fky) modelling aspects of the mitochondrial disease LS (Leigh syndrome), as well as MEFs (mouse embryonic fibroblasts). Although CI structure and function were compromised in all Ndufs4fky/fky cell types, the mitochondrial membrane potential was selectively impaired in the MEFs, correlating with decreased CI-dependent ATP synthesis. In addition, increased ROS (reactive oxygen species) generation and altered sensitivity to cell death were only observed in Ndufs4fky/fky primary MEFs. In contrast, Ndufs4fky/fky primary isocortical neurons and primary isocortical astrocytes displayed only impaired ATP generation without mitochondrial membrane potential changes. Therefore the neurological dysfunction in the Ndufs4fky/fky mouse may partly originate from a more severe ATP depletion in neurons and astrocytes, even at the expense of maintaining the mitochondrial membrane potential. This may provide protection from cell death, but would ultimately compromise cell functionality in neurons and astrocytes. Furthermore, RET (reverse electron transfer) from complex II to CI appears more prominent in neurons than MEFs or astrocytes, and is attenuated in Ndufs4fky/fky cells.
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199
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Cuevas C, Huenchuguala S, Muñoz P, Villa M, Paris I, Mannervik B, Segura-Aguilar J. Glutathione transferase-M2-2 secreted from glioblastoma cell protects SH-SY5Y cells from aminochrome neurotoxicity. Neurotox Res 2014; 27:217-28. [PMID: 25403520 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-014-9500-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
U373MG cells are able to take up aminochrome that induces glutathione transferase M2-2 (GSTM2) expression in a concentration-dependent manner where 100 µM aminochrome increases GSTM2 expression by 2.1-fold (P < 0.001) at 3 h. The uptake of (3)H-aminochrome into U373MG cells was significantly reduced in the presence of 2 µM nomifensine (P < 0.001) 100 µM imipramine (P < 0.001) and 50 mM dopamine (P < 0.001). Interestingly, U373MG cells excrete GSTM2 into the conditioned medium and the excretion was significantly increased (2.7-fold; P < 0.001) when the cells were pretreated with 50 µM aminochrome for 3 h. The U373MG-conditioned medium containing GSTM2 protects SH-SY5Y cells incubated with 10 µM aminochrome. The significant protection provided by U373MG-conditioned medium in SH-SY5Y cells incubated with aminochrome was dependent on GSTM2 internalization into SH-SY5Y cells as evidenced by (i) uptake of (14)C-GSTM2 released from U373MG cells into SH-SY5Y cells, a process inhibited by anti-GSTM2 antiserum; (ii) lack of protection of U373MG-conditioned medium in the presence of anti-GSTM2 antiserum on SH-SY5Y cells treated with aminochrome; and (iii) lack of protection of conditioned medium from U373MGsiGST6 that expresses an siRNA directed against GSTM2 on SH-SY5Y cells treated with aminochrome. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that U373MG cells protect SH-SY5Y cells against aminochrome neurotoxicity by releasing GSTM2 into the conditioned medium and subsequent internalization of GSTM2 into SH-SY5Y cells. These results suggest a new mechanism of protection of dopaminergic neurons mediated by astrocytes by releasing GSTM2 into the intersynaptic space and subsequent internalization into dopaminergic neuron in order to protect these cells against aminochrome neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cuevas
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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200
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Selvaraju TR, Khaza'ai H, Vidyadaran S, Abd Mutalib MS, Vasudevan R. The neuroprotective effects of tocotrienol rich fraction and alpha tocopherol against glutamate injury in astrocytes. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2014; 14:195-204. [PMID: 25428670 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2014.4.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tocotrienol rich fraction (TRF) is an extract of palm oil, which consists of 25% alpha tocopherol (α-TCP) and 75% tocotrienols. TRF has been shown to possess potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, neuroprotection, and cholesterol lowering activities. Glutamate is the main excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter in the central nervous system of mammalian, which can be excitotoxic, and it has been suggested to play a key role in neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. In this present study, the effects of vitamin E (TRF and α-TCP) in protecting astrocytes against glutamate injury were elucidated. Astrocytes induced with 180 mM of glutamate lead to significant cell death. However, glutamate mediated cytotoxicity was diminished via pre and post supplementation of TRF and α-TCP. Hence, vitamin E acted as a potent antioxidant agent in recovering mitochondrial injury due to elevated oxidative stress, and enhanced better survivability upon glutamate toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilaga Rati Selvaraju
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 Selangor, Malaysia.
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