151
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Kitajima H, Niwa H. Clonal expansion of human pluripotent stem cells on gelatin-coated surface. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 396:933-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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152
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Rudenko O, Tkach V, Berezin V, Bock E. Effects of FGF receptor peptide agonists on animal behavior under normal and pathological conditions. Neurosci Res 2010; 68:35-43. [PMID: 20562017 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 04/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Hexafins are recently identified low-molecular-weight peptide agonists of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), derived from the beta6-beta7 loop region of various FGFs. Synthetic hexafin peptides have been shown to bind to and induce tyrosine phosphorylation of FGFR1, stimulate neurite outgrowth, and promote neuronal survival in vitro. Thus, the pronounced biological activities of hexafins in vitro make them attractive compounds for pharmacological studies in vivo. The present study investigated the effects of subcutaneous administration of hexafin1 and hexafin2 (peptides derived from FGF1 and FGF2, respectively) on social memory, exploratory activity, and anxiety-like behavior in adult rats. Treatment with hexafin1 and hexafin2 resulted in prolonged retention of social memory. Furthermore, rats treated with hexafin2 exhibited decreased anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze. Employing an R6/2 mouse model of Huntington's disease (HD), we found that although hexafin2 did not affect the progression of motor symptoms, it alleviated deficits in activity related to social behavior, including sociability and social novelty. Thus, hexafin2 may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Rudenko
- Protein Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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153
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Fernandes AM, Meletti T, Guimarães R, Stelling MP, Marinho PAN, Valladão AS, Rehen SK. Worldwide Survey of Published Procedures to Culture Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Cell Transplant 2010; 19:509-23. [DOI: 10.3727/096368909x485067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Since their derivation 11 years ago, human embryonic stem (hES) cells have become a powerful tool in both basic biomedical research and developmental biology. Their capacity for self-renewal and differentiation into any tissue type has also brought interest from fields such as cell therapy and drug screening. We conducted an extensive analysis of 750 papers (51% of the total published about hES cells between 1998 and 2008) to present a spectrum of hES cell research including culture protocols developed worldwide. This review may stimulate discussions about the importance of having unvarying methods to culture hES cells, in order to facilitate comparisons among data obtained by research groups elsewhere, especially concerning preclinical studies. Moreover, the description of the most widely used cell lines, reagents, and procedures adopted internationally will help newcomers on deciding the best strategies for starting their own studies. Finally, the results will contribute with the efforts of stem cell researchers on comparing the performance of different aspects related to hES cell culture methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Fernandes
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - T. Meletti
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - R. Guimarães
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M. P. Stelling
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - P. A. N. Marinho
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Engenharia Química/COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A. S. Valladão
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - S. K. Rehen
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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154
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Yoon BS, Jun EK, Park G, Jun Yoo S, Moon JH, Soon Baik C, Kim A, Kim H, Kim JH, Young Koh G, Taek Lee H, You S. Optimal Suppression of Protein Phosphatase 2A Activity Is Critical for Maintenance of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Self-Renewal. Stem Cells 2010; 28:874-884. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The self-renewal of embryonic stem cells involves a balance between processes governed by crosstalk between intrinsic and extrinsic factors. We hypothesized that protein serine/threonine phosphatase 2A (PP2A) may play a central role in the signaling pathways that regulate human embryonic stem cell (hESC) self-renewal. Biochemical analyses revealed that PP2A activity gradually increases over the course of hESC differentiation; PP2A/C and PP2A/A levels also increased. The overexpression of PP2A/C or the addition of PP2A activator C2-ceramide promoted hESC differentiation. Accordingly, the addition of PP2A inactivator okadaic acid (OA) maintained hESC self-renewal in the absence of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). The hESCs maintained with OA expressed pluripotency markers and exhibited substantial telomerase activity with normal karyotypes. The hESCs were able to differentiate into derivatives of the three germ layers, both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the addition of OA and bFGF enabled the maintenance of hESC self-renewal without feeder cells, even in chemically defined xeno-free media. These findings shed a light on the role of PP2A in hESC differentiation and provide a novel strategy for maintaining the self-renewal capability of hESC in bFGF-free, feeder cell-free, and xeno-free media through the optimal suppression of PP2A activity using OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Sun Yoon
- Laboratories of Cell Function Regulation, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Kyoung Jun
- Laboratories of Cell Function Regulation, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gyuman Park
- Research Institute for Skin Image, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Jun Yoo
- Laboratories of Cell Function Regulation, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jai-Hee Moon
- Laboratories of Cell Function Regulation, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Aeree Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunggee Kim
- Laboratories of Cell Function Regulation, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Stem Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gou Young Koh
- National Research Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hoon Taek Lee
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Bio-Organ Research Center/Animal Resources Research Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seungkwon You
- Laboratories of Cell Function Regulation, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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155
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Characterization of Matrigel interfaces during defined human embryonic stem cell culture. Biointerphases 2010; 4:69-79. [PMID: 20408727 DOI: 10.1116/1.3274061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences in attachment, proliferation, and differentiation were measured for human embryonic stem (hES) cells cultured on various substrata coated with Matrigel, a blend of extracellular matrix proteins derived from murine tumor cells. The authors observed that hES cells attach and grow poorly on Matrigel adsorbed onto polystyrene, while they proliferate when exposed to Matrigel adsorbed onto glass or oxygen plasma treated polystyrene (e.g., "tissue culture" treated polystyrene). Furthermore, hES cells grown on the Matrigel-coated tissue culture polystyrene are less likely to differentiate than those grown on the Matrigel-coated glass. To assess the mechanism for these observations, they replicated the cell culture interface in a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring. In addition, they used ellipsometry and scanning electron microscopy to determine the thickness and topography of Matrigel on the varying surfaces. Matrigel formed a viscoelastic multilayer with similar thickness on all three surfaces; however, the network structure was different, where the adsorbed proteins formed a globular network on polystyrene, and fibrillar networks on the hydrophilic substrates. Matrigel networks on glass were denser than on oxygen plasma treated polystyrene, suggesting that the density and structure of the Matrigel network affects stem cell differentiation, where a denser network promoted uncontrolled hES cell differentiation and did not maintain the self-renewal phenotype.
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156
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Culture Conditions and Signalling Networks Promoting the Establishment of Cell Lines from Parthenogenetic and Biparental Pig Embryos. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2010; 6:484-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-010-9153-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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157
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Greber B, Wu G, Bernemann C, Joo JY, Han DW, Ko K, Tapia N, Sabour D, Sterneckert J, Tesar P, Schöler HR. Conserved and divergent roles of FGF signaling in mouse epiblast stem cells and human embryonic stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2010; 6:215-26. [PMID: 20207225 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mouse epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs) are cultured with FGF2 and Activin A, like human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), but the action of the associated pathways in EpiSCs has not been well characterized. Here, we show that activation of the Activin pathway promotes self-renewal of EpiSCs via direct activation of Nanog, whereas inhibition of this pathway induces neuroectodermal differentiation, like in hESCs. In contrast, the different roles of FGF signaling appear to be only partially conserved in the mouse. Our data suggest that FGF2 fails to cooperate with SMAD2/3 signaling in actively promoting EpiSC self-renewal through Nanog, in contrast to its role in hESCs. Rather, FGF appears to stabilize the epiblast state by dual inhibition of differentiation to neuroectoderm and of media-induced reversion to a mouse embryonic stem cell-like state. Our data extend the current model of cell fate decisions concerning EpiSCs by clarifying the distinct roles played by FGF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Greber
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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158
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Modulation of embryonic stem cell fate and somatic cell reprogramming by small molecules. Reprod Biomed Online 2010; 21:26-36. [PMID: 20462797 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2010.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are pluripotent cells and have the ability to self-renew in vitro and to differentiate into cells representing all three germ layers. They provide enormous opportunities for basic research, regenerative medicine as well as drug discovery. The mechanisms that govern ESC fate are not completely understood, so a better understanding and control of ESC self-renewal and differentiation are pivotal for therapeutic applications. In contrast to growth factors and genetic manipulations, small molecules offer great advantages in modulating ESC fate. For instance, they could be conveniently identified through high-throughput screening, work across multiple signalling pathways and affect epigenetic modifications as well. This review focuses on the recent progress in the use of small molecules to regulate ESC self-renewal, differentiation and somatic cell reprogramming.
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159
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Steiner D, Khaner H, Cohen M, Even-Ram S, Gil Y, Itsykson P, Turetsky T, Idelson M, Aizenman E, Ram R, Berman-Zaken Y, Reubinoff B. Derivation, propagation and controlled differentiation of human embryonic stem cells in suspension. Nat Biotechnol 2010; 28:361-4. [PMID: 20351691 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.1616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are currently propagated on a relatively small scale as monolayer colonies. Culture of hESCs as floating aggregates is widely used for induction of differentiation into embryoid bodies. Here we show that hESC lines can be derived from floating inner cell masses in suspension culture conditions that do not involve feeder cells or microcarriers. This culture system supports prolonged propagation of the pluripotent stem cells as floating clusters without their differentiation into embryoid bodies. HESCs cultivated as aggregates in suspension maintain the expression of pluripotency markers and can differentiate into progeny of the three germ layers both in vitro and in vivo. We further show the controlled differentiation of hESC clusters in suspension into neural spheres. These results pave the way for large-scale expansion and controlled differentiation of hESCs in suspension, which would be valuable in basic and applied research.
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160
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Metallo CM, Azarin SM, Moses LE, Ji L, de Pablo JJ, Palecek SP. Human embryonic stem cell-derived keratinocytes exhibit an epidermal transcription program and undergo epithelial morphogenesis in engineered tissue constructs. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:213-23. [PMID: 19686061 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem (hES) cells are an attractive source of cellular material for scientific, diagnostic, and potential therapeutic applications. Protocols are now available to direct hES cell differentiation to specific lineages at high purity under relatively defined conditions; however, researchers must establish the functional similarity of hES cell derivatives and associated primary cell types to validate their utility. Using retinoic acid to initiate differentiation, we generated high-purity populations of keratin 14+ (K14) hES cell-derived keratinocyte (hEK) progenitors and performed microarray analysis to compare the global transcriptional program of hEKs and primary foreskin keratinocytes. Transcriptional patterns were largely similar, though gene ontology analysis identified that genes associated with signal transduction and extracellular matrix were upregulated in hEKs. In addition, we evaluated the ability of hEKs to detect and respond to environmental stimuli such as Ca(2+), serum, and culture at the air-liquid interface. When cultivated on dermal constructs formed with collagen gels and human dermal fibroblasts, hEKs survived and proliferated for 3 weeks in engineered tissue constructs. Maintenance at the air-liquid interface induced stratification of surface epithelium, and immunohistochemistry results indicated that markers of differentiation (e.g., keratin 10, involucrin, and filaggrin) were localized to suprabasal layers. Although the overall tissue morphology was significantly different compared with human skin samples, organotypic cultures generated with hEKs and primary foreskin keratinocytes were quite similar, suggesting these cell types respond to this microenvironment in a similar manner. These results represent an important step in characterizing the functional similarity of hEKs to primary epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M Metallo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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161
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Peiffer I, Barbet R, Hatzfeld A, Li ML, Hatzfeld JA. Optimization of physiological xenofree molecularly defined media and matrices to maintain human embryonic stem cell pluripotency. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 584:97-108. [PMID: 19907973 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-369-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We describe in this chapter the development of a xenofree molecularly defined medium, SBX, associated with xenofree matrices, to maintain human embryonic stem cell (hESC) pluripotency as determined by phenotypic, functional and TLDA studies. This simple, inexpensive, and more physiological culture condition has been chosen because (1) it is xenofree and molecularly defined; it is devoid of albumin, which is a carrier of undefined molecules; (2) it maintains pluripotency, but very significantly reduces differentiation gene expression during hESC self-renewal, as compared to the widely used culture conditions tested so far; and (3) it can be further improved by replacing high concentrations of expensive additives by physiological concentrations of new factors. Xenofree molecularly defined media and matrices represent valuable tools for elucidating still unknown functions of numerous embryonic genes using more physiological culture conditions. These genes encode potential new factors controlling hESC self-renewal and pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Peiffer
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut André Lwoff, Villejuif, France
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162
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Brafman DA, Shah KD, Fellner T, Chien S, Willert K. Defining long-term maintenance conditions of human embryonic stem cells with arrayed cellular microenvironment technology. Stem Cells Dev 2009; 18:1141-54. [PMID: 19327010 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2008.0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The optimization of defined growth conditions is necessary for the development of clinical application of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Current research has focused on developing defined media formulations for long-term culture of hESCs with little attention on the establishment of defined substrates for hESC proliferation and self-renewal. Presently available technologies are insufficient to address the full complement of factors that may regulate hESC proliferation and maintenance of pluripotency. Here, we report the application of a multifactorial array technology to identify fully defined and optimized culture conditions for the proliferation of hESCs. Through the systematic screening of extracellular matrix proteins (ECMPs) and other signaling molecules, we developed and characterized a completely defined culture system for the long-term self-renewal of three independent hESC lines. In the future, the novel array platform and analysis procedure presented here will be applied toward the directed differentiation of hESCs and maintenance of other stem and progenitor cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Brafman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0412, USA
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163
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Moore JC, Sadowy S, Alikani M, Toro-Ramos AJ, Swerdel MR, Hart RP, Cohen RI. A high-resolution molecular-based panel of assays for identification and characterization of human embryonic stem cell lines. Stem Cell Res 2009; 4:92-106. [PMID: 20060795 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Revised: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Meticulous characterization of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) is critical to their eventual use in cell-based therapies, particularly in view of the diverse methods for derivation and maintenance of these cell lines. However, characterization methods are generally not standardized and many currently used assays are subjective, making dependable and direct comparison of cell lines difficult. In order to address this problem, we selected 10 molecular-based high-resolution assays as components of a panel for characterization of hESC. The selection of the assays was primarily based on their quantitative or objective (rather than subjective) nature. We demonstrate the efficacy of this panel by characterizing 4 hESC lines, derived in two different laboratories using different derivation techniques, as pathogen free, genetically stable, and able to differentiate into derivatives of all three germ layers. Our panel expands and refines a characterization panel previously proposed by the International Stem Cell Initiative and is another step toward standardized hESC characterization and quality control, a crucial element of successful hESC research and clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Moore
- Stem Cell Research Center, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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164
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Deleu S, Gonzalez-Merino E, Gaspard N, Nguyen TMU, Vanderhaeghen P, Lagneaux L, Toungouz M, Englert Y, Devreker F. Human cystic fibrosis embryonic stem cell lines derived on placental mesenchymal stromal cells. Reprod Biomed Online 2009; 18:704-16. [PMID: 19549452 DOI: 10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the production of two new human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines affected by cystic fibrosis. These cell lines are heterozygous compounds, each a carrier of the DF508 mutations associated either with E585X or with 3849+10 kb C-->T. The derivation process was performed on irradiated human placental mesenchymal stromal cells and designed to minimize contact with xeno-components. This new source of feeder cells is easy to obtain and devoid of ethical concerns. The cells have a great capacity to proliferate which reduces the need for continuous preparation of new feeder cell lines. In addition, three normal hESC lines were obtained in the same conditions. The five stem cell lines retained hESC-specific features, including an unlimited and undifferentiated proliferation capacity, marker expression and the maintenance of stable karyotype. They also demonstrated pluripotency in vitro, forming cell lineages of the three germ layers, as indicated by immunolocalization of beta-tubulin, alpha-fetoprotein and actin. These new genetic cell lines represent an important in-vitro tool to study the physiological processes underlying this genetic disease, drug screening, and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Deleu
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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165
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Fleischmann G, Müller T, Blasczyk R, Sasaki E, Horn PA. Growth characteristics of the nonhuman primate embryonic stem cell line cjes001 depending on feeder cell treatment. CLONING AND STEM CELLS 2009; 11:225-33. [PMID: 19522672 DOI: 10.1089/clo.2008.0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESC) hold tremendous potential for therapeutic applications, including regenerative medicine, as well as for understanding basic mechanisms in stem cell biology. Since numerous experiments cannot be conducted in human ESC because of ethical or practical limitations, nonhuman primate ESC serve as invaluable clinically relevant models. The novel marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) ESC line cjes001 was characterized using different stem cell markers. The cells were stained positively with Oct4, SSEA-3, SSEA-4, Tra-1-60, Tra-1-81, and Sox-2 underscoring their status as undifferentiated ESC. ESC are typically grown on mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) as feeder cells whose proliferation is arrested either by treatment with Mitomycin C or by gamma-irradiation. To assess the impact of these treatments on the ability of MEF to support the growth of undifferentiated ESC, we used an MTT assay to evaluate the cellular metabolic activity of growth arrested feeder cells. There was a significant (p < 0.02) difference in gamma-irradiated cells displaying a higher metabolic activity compared to Mitomycin C inactivation. Also we quantified 69 soluble factors in the supernatant of both Mitomycin-treated and gamma-irradiated MEF by bead-based multiplex analysis, and thus established a profile of MEF-secreted factors. The time course of secretion was analyzed by monitoring the supernatant at 0, 6, 12, and 24 h after changing the medium. Comparing gamma-irradiated and Mitomycin-treated MEF suggested higher amounts of some cytokines including FGF or SCF by the former. We also assessed whether the method of inactivation had an effect on growth kinetics and differentiation of primate ESC. There appeared to be a trend to a lower number of differentiated ESC colonies on the gamma-irradiated feeder cells, suggesting that this may be the preferable method of growth arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesine Fleischmann
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen , Essen, Germany
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166
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Enhancement of human embryonic stem cell pluripotency through inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Stem Cell Res 2009; 3:142-56. [PMID: 19716358 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Revised: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cell (hESC) pluripotency has been reported by several groups to be best maintained by culture under physiological oxygen conditions. Building on that finding, we inhibited complex III of the mitochondrial respiratory chain using antimycin A or myxothiazol to examine if specifically targeting the mitochondria would have a similar beneficial result for the maintenance of pluripotency. hESCs grown in the presence of 20 nM antimycin A maintained a compact morphology with high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratios. Furthermore, real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that the levels of Nanog mRNA were elevated 2-fold in antimycin A-treated cells. Strikingly, antimycin A was also able to replace bFGF in the media without compromising pluripotency, as long as autocrine bFGF signaling was maintained. Further analysis using low-density quantitative PCR arrays showed that antimycin A treatment reduced the expression of genes associated with differentiation, possibly acting through a ROS-mediated pathway. These results demonstrate that modulation of mitochondrial function results in increased pluripotency of the cell population, and sheds new light on the mechanisms and signaling pathways modulating hESC pluripotency.
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167
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Xu RH, Sampsell-Barron TL, Gu F, Root S, Peck RM, Pan G, Yu J, Antosiewicz-Bourget J, Tian S, Stewart R, Thomson JA. NANOG is a direct target of TGFbeta/activin-mediated SMAD signaling in human ESCs. Cell Stem Cell 2009; 3:196-206. [PMID: 18682241 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2008.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2007] [Revised: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Self-renewal of human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) is promoted by FGF and TGFbeta/Activin signaling, and differentiation is promoted by BMP signaling, but how these signals regulate genes critical to the maintenance of pluripotency has been unclear. Using a defined medium, we show here that both TGFbeta and FGF signals synergize to inhibit BMP signaling; sustain expression of pluripotency-associated genes such as NANOG, OCT4, and SOX2; and promote long-term undifferentiated proliferation of human ESCs. We also show that both TGFbeta- and BMP-responsive SMADs can bind with the NANOG proximal promoter. NANOG promoter activity is enhanced by TGFbeta/Activin and FGF signaling and is decreased by BMP signaling. Mutation of putative SMAD binding elements reduces NANOG promoter activity to basal levels and makes NANOG unresponsive to BMP and TGFbeta signaling. These results suggest that direct binding of TGFbeta/Activin-responsive SMADs to the NANOG promoter plays an essential role in sustaining human ESC self-renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-He Xu
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, University of Connecticut Stem Cell Institute, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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168
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Tu LC, Foltz G, Lin E, Hood L, Tian Q. Targeting stem cells-clinical implications for cancer therapy. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2009; 4:147-53. [PMID: 19442199 DOI: 10.2174/157488809788167373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSC), also called tumor initiating cells (TIC), are considered to be the origin of replicating malignant tumor cells in a variety of human cancers. Their presence in the tumor may herald malignancy potential, mediate resistance to conventional chemotherapy or radiotherapy, and confer poor survival outcomes. Thus, CSC may serve as critical cellular targets for treatment. The ability to therapeutically target CSC hinges upon identifying their unique cell surface markers and the underlying survival signaling pathways. While accumulating evidence suggests cell-surface antigens (such as CD44, CD133) as CSC markers for several tumor tissues, emerging clinical needs exist for the identification of new markers to completely separate CSC from normal stem cells. Recent studies have demonstrated the critical role of the tumor suppressor PTEN/PI3 kinase pathway in regulating TIC in leukemia, brain, and intestinal tissues. The successful eradication of tumors by therapies targeting CSC will require an in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing CSC self renewal, differentiation, and escape from conventional therapy. Here we review recent progress from brain tumor and intestinal stem cell research with a focus on the PTEN-Akt-Wnt pathway, and how the components of CSC pathways may serve as biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Chun Tu
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
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169
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Wu Z, Chen J, Ren J, Bao L, Liao J, Cui C, Rao L, Li H, Gu Y, Dai H, Zhu H, Teng X, Cheng L, Xiao L. Generation of pig induced pluripotent stem cells with a drug-inducible system. J Mol Cell Biol 2009; 1:46-54. [PMID: 19502222 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjp003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Domesticated ungulate pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cell lines would be useful for generating precise gene-modified animals. To date, many efforts have been made to establish domesticated ungulate pluripotent ES cells from early embryos without success. Here, we report the generation of porcine-induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells using drug-inducible expression of defined factors. We showed that porcine iPS cells expressed alkaline phosphatase, SSEA3, SSEA4, Tra-1-60, Tra-1-81, Oct3/4, Nanog, Sox2, Rex1 and CDH1. Pig iPS cells expressed high levels of telomerase activity and showed normal karyotypes. These cells could differentiate into cell types of all three germ layers in vitro and in teratomas. Our study reveals properties of porcine pluripotent stem cells that may facilitate the eventual establishment of porcine ES cells. Moreover, the porcine iPS cells produced may be directly useful for the generation of precise gene-modified pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, People's Republic of China
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170
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Baxter MA, Camarasa MV, Bates N, Small F, Murray P, Edgar D, Kimber SJ. Analysis of the distinct functions of growth factors and tissue culture substrates necessary for the long-term self-renewal of human embryonic stem cell lines. Stem Cell Res 2009; 3:28-38. [PMID: 19428319 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Revised: 03/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of individual supplements necessary for the self-renewal of human embryonic stem (hES) cells is poorly characterized, and furthermore we have found that previously reported feeder cell- and serum-free culture systems used for individual hES cell lines are unable to maintain HUES7 cells for more than one passage. We have therefore derived a feeder/serum-free culture system that can support the long-term (at least 10 passages) self-renewal of several euploid hES cell lines including MAN1, HUES7, and HUES1 with minimal spontaneous differentiation and without the need for manual propagation. This system contains fibroblast growth factor 2, activin A, neurotrophin 4, and the N2, B27 supplements together with a human fibronectin substrate. We demonstrate that these components exert distinct functions: both FGF2 and activin A were necessary to prevent differentiation of hES cells while NT4 promoted cell survival, FGF2 could not be substituted by IGFII, and the fibronectin substrate supported a rapid rate of hES culture expansion. Inhibition studies showed that β1 integrin-dependent attachment of hES cells to fibronectin was at least partially via the α5 subunit but independent of integrin αV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Baxter
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, 2nd Floor CTF Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK.
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171
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Nakahara M, Saeki K, Nakamura N, Matsuyama S, Yogiashi Y, Yasuda K, Kondo Y, Yuo A. Human Embryonic Stem Cells with Maintenance under a Feeder-Free and Recombinant Cytokine-Free Condition. CLONING AND STEM CELLS 2009; 11:5-18. [DOI: 10.1089/clo.2008.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masako Nakahara
- Department of Hematology, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kumiko Saeki
- Department of Hematology, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Nakamura
- Department of Hematology, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoko Matsuyama
- Department of Hematology, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Yogiashi
- Department of Hematology, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yasuda
- Department of Metabolic Disorder, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kondo
- Advanced Medical Research Laboratories, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akira Yuo
- Department of Hematology, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
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172
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Kamei KI, Guo S, Yu ZTF, Takahashi H, Gschweng E, Suh C, Wang X, Tang J, McLaughlin J, Witte ON, Lee KB, Tseng HR. An integrated microfluidic culture device for quantitative analysis of human embryonic stem cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2009; 9:555-63. [PMID: 19190791 DOI: 10.1039/b809105f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We have successfully designed and fabricated an integrated microfluidic platform, the hESC-microChip, which is capable of reproducible and quantitative culture and analysis of individual hESC colonies in a semi-automated fashion. In this device, a serpentine microchannel allows pre-screening of dissociated hESC clusters, and six individually addressable cell culture chambers enable parallel hESC culture, as well as multiparameter analyses in sequence. In order to quantitatively monitor hESC proliferation and pluripotency status in real time, knock-in hESC lines with EGFP driven by the endogenous OCT4 promoter were constructed. On-chip immunoassays of several pluripotency markers were carried out to confirm that the hESC colonies maintained their pluripotency. For the first time, our studies demonstrated well characterized hESC culture and analysis in a microfluidic setting, as well as a proof-of-concept demonstration of parallel/multiparameter/real-time/automated examination of self-renewal and differentiation in the same device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichiro Kamei
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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173
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Lees JG, Lim SA, Croll T, Williams G, Lui S, Cooper-White J, McQuade LR, Mathiyalagan B, Tuch BE. Transplantation of 3D scaffolds seeded with human embryonic stem cells: biological features of surrogate tissue and teratoma-forming potential. Regen Med 2009; 2:289-300. [PMID: 17511565 DOI: 10.2217/17460751.2.3.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To generate complex surrogate tissue by transplanting 3D scaffolds seeded with human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) between the liver lobules of severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice and to assess the teratoma-forming potential. MATERIALS & METHODS 3D poly-(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffolds coated with laminin were seeded with hESCs and then transplanted between the liver lobules of SCID mice. After a period of in vivo differentiation, the scaffolds were retrieved and analyzed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescent staining and scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS A proportion of the hESCs within the scaffolds differentiated into cells that produced proteins characteristic of specific tissues, including endoderm and pancreatic markers glucogon-like peptide-1 receptor, islet amyloid polypeptide and Insulin. Markers of hepatic and neuronal lineages were also investigated. Major matrix proteins abundant in multiple tissue types, including collagen I, laminin and collagen IV, were found to be profuse within the scaffold pores. Transplantation of the seeded scaffolds between liver lobules also resulted in extensive vascularization both from host blood vessel incursion and the differentiation of hESCs into endothelial progenitor cells. An investigation of teratoma-forming potential demonstrated that transplantation of 3D scaffolds seeded with hESCs will, under certain conditions, lead to the growth of teratomas. DISCUSSION Transplantation of 3D scaffolds seeded with hESCs between liver lobules resulted in the development of surrogate tissue containing cells that produced proteins representing the pancreatic, hepatic and neuronal lineages, the assembly of an extracellular matrix structure and the formation of a vasculature. hESCs seeded within 3D scaffolds and transplanted into SCID mice were capable of forming teratomas. However, the formation and progression of teratoma growth is shown to be dependant on both the site of transplantation and the treatment of cells prior to transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin G Lees
- University of New South Wales, Diabetes Transplant Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
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174
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Embryonic stem cells: isolation, characterization and culture. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 114:173-84. [PMID: 19495683 DOI: 10.1007/10_2008_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent cells isolated from the mammalian blastocyst. Traditionally, these cells have been derived and cultured with mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) supportive layers, which allow their continuous growth in an undifferentiated state. However, for any future industrial or clinical application hESCs should be cultured in reproducible, defined, and xeno-free culture system, where exposure to animal pathogens is prevented. From their derivation in 1998 the methods for culturing hESCs were significantly improved. This chapter wills discuss hESC characterization and the basic methods for their derivation and maintenance.
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175
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Abstract
The muscle lost after a myocardial infarction is replaced with noncontractile scar tissue, often initiating heart failure. Whole-organ cardiac transplantation is the only currently available clinical means of replacing the lost muscle, but this option is limited by the inadequate supply of donor hearts. Thus, cell-based cardiac repair has attracted considerable interest as an alternative means of ameliorating cardiac injury. Because of their tremendous capacity for expansion and unquestioned cardiac potential, pluripotent human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) represent an attractive candidate cell source for obtaining cardiomyocytes and other useful mesenchymal cell types for such therapies. Human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes exhibit a committed cardiac phenotype and robust proliferative capacity, and recent testing in rodent infarct models indicates that they can partially remuscularize injured hearts and improve contractile function. Although the latter successes give good reason for optimism, considerable challenges remain in the successful application of hESCs to cardiac repair, including the need for preparations of high cardiac purity, improved methods of delivery, and approaches to overcome immune rejection and other causes of graft cell death. This review will describe the phenotype of hESC-derived cardiomyocytes and preclinical experience with these cells and will consider strategies to overcoming the aforementioned challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Zhong Zhu
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Kip Hauch
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Chunhui Xu
- Geron Corporation, 230 Constitution Drive, Menlo Park, CA 94025
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176
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Godier AFG, Marolt D, Gerecht S, Tajnsek U, Martens TP, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Engineered microenvironments for human stem cells. BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH. PART C, EMBRYO TODAY : REVIEWS 2008; 84:335-47. [PMID: 19067427 PMCID: PMC2791540 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of cell differentiation and assembly remains a fundamental question in developmental biology. During development, tissues emerge from coordinated sequences of the renewal, differentiation, and assembly of stem cells. Likewise, regeneration of an adult tissue is driven by the migration and differentiation of repair cells. The fields of stem cells and regenerative medicine are starting to realize how important is the entire context of the cell environment, with the presence of other cells, three-dimensional matrices, and sequences of molecular and physical morphogens. The premise is that to unlock the full potential of stem cells, at least some aspects of the dynamic environments normally present in vivo need to be reconstructed in experimental systems used in vitro. We review here some recent work that utilized engineered environments for guiding the embryonic and adult human stem cells, and focus on vasculogenesis as a critical and universally important aspect of tissue development and regeneration. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 84:335-347, 2008. (c) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Darja Marolt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Sharon Gerecht
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Urska Tajnsek
- Blood Transfusion Centre, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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177
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Wang S, Shen Y, Yuan X, Chen K, Guo X, Chen Y, Niu Y, Li J, Xu RH, Yan X, Zhou Q, Ji W. Dissecting Signaling Pathways That Govern Self-renewal of Rabbit Embryonic Stem Cells. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:35929-40. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m804091200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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178
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Levenstein ME, Berggren WT, Lee JE, Conard KR, Llanas RA, Wagner RJ, Smith LM, Thomson JA. Secreted proteoglycans directly mediate human embryonic stem cell-basic fibroblast growth factor 2 interactions critical for proliferation. Stem Cells 2008; 26:3099-107. [PMID: 18802039 PMCID: PMC2605780 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-1056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem (ES) cells can be maintained in an undifferentiated state if the culture medium is first conditioned on a layer of mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) feeder cells. Here we show that human ES cell proliferation is coordinated by MEF-secreted heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) in conditioned medium (CM). These HSPG and other heparinoids can stabilize basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) in unconditioned medium at levels comparable to those observed in CM. They also directly mediate binding of FGF2 to the human ES cell surface, and their removal from CM impairs proliferation. Finally, we have developed a purification scheme for MEF-secreted HSPG in CM. Using column chromatography, immunoblotting, and mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis, we have identified multiple HSPG species in CM. The results demonstrate that HSPG are key signaling cofactors in CM-based human ES cell culture.
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179
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Lu SJ, Luo C, Holton K, Feng Q, Ivanova Y, Lanza R. Robust generation of hemangioblastic progenitors from human embryonic stem cells. Regen Med 2008; 3:693-704. [PMID: 18729794 DOI: 10.2217/17460751.3.5.693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are a potentially inexhaustible source of cells for replacement therapy. However, successful preclinical and clinical progress requires efficient and controlled differentiation towards the specific differentiated cell fate. METHODS We previously developed a strategy to generate blast cells (BCs) from hESCs that were capable of differentiating into vascular structures as well as into all hematopoietic cell lineages. Although the BCs were shown to repair damaged vasculature in multiple animal models, the large-scale generation of cells under these conditions was challenging. Here we report a simpler and more efficient method for robust generation of hemangioblastic progenitors. RESULTS In addition to eliminating several expensive factors that are unnecessary, we demonstrate that bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-4 and VEGF are necessary and sufficient to induce hemangioblastic commitment and development from hESCs during early stages of differentiation. BMP-4 and VEGF significantly upregulate T-brachyury, KDR, CD31 and Lmo2 gene expression, while dramatically downregulating Oct-4 expression. The addition of basic FGF during growth and expansion was found to further enhance BC development, consistently generating approximately 1 x 10(8) BCs from one six well plate of hESCs. CONCLUSION This new method represents a significantly improved system for generating hemangioblasts from hESCs, and although simplified, results in an eightfold increase in cell yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Jiang Lu
- Advanced Cell Technology, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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180
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Sidhu KS, Walke S, Tuch BE. Derivation and propagation of hESC under a therapeutic environment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; Chapter 1:Unit 1A.4. [PMID: 18770626 DOI: 10.1002/9780470151808.sc01a04s6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The pluripotent nature of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) makes them very attractive as a source of various cell types that could be used therapeutically in regenerative medicine. However, eliminating all sources of contamination, animal-derived or human cell-derived, during hESC derivation and propagation is necessary before hESC derivatives can be used clinically. Although there is continuing progress toward this goal, none of the methods to date to produce hESC lines under good manufacturing practices (GMP) has been published. The long-term success for GMP compliance depends critically on maintaining and implementing a stringent quality control system which is also dictated by the regulatory authorities in different countries. In this unit, an approach is described based upon the experience of this author and others towards achieving clinical-grade hESC lines systematically involving all the steps from start to finish under GMP environment. This unit provides a basic layout for GMP set up to achieve quality controls, a step-by-step guide to producing new hESC lines under defined conditions, and standard operating procedures used to achieve this outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldip S Sidhu
- Diabetes Transplant Unit, The Prince of Wales Hospital and The University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
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181
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Tsuji Y, Tsuji Y, Yoshimura N, Aoki H, Sharov AA, Ko MSH, Motohashi T, Kunisada T. Maintenance of undifferentiated mouse embryonic stem cells in suspension by the serum- and feeder-free defined culture condition. Dev Dyn 2008; 237:2129-38. [PMID: 18624284 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The proven pluripotency of ES cells is expected to allow their therapeutic use for regenerative medicine. We present here a novel suspension culture method that facilitates the proliferation of pluripotent ES cells without feeder cells. The culture medium contains polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), free of either animal-derived or synthetic serum, and contains very low amounts of peptidic or proteinaceous materials, which are favorable for therapeutic use. ES cells showed sustained proliferation in the suspension culture, and their undifferentiated state and pluripotency were experimentally verified. DNA microarray analyses showed a close relationship between the elevated expression of genes related to cell adhesions. We suggest that this suspension culture condition provides a better alternative to the conventional attached cell culture condition, especially for possible therapeutic use, by limiting the exposure of ES cells to feeder cells and animal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Tsuji
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu City, Gifu, Japan
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182
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Navarro-Alvarez N, Soto-Gutierrez A, Yuasa T, Yamatsuji T, Shirakawa Y, Nagasaka T, Sun SD, Javed MS, Tanaka N, Kobayashi N. Long-term culture of Japanese human embryonic stem cells in feeder-free conditions. Cell Transplant 2008; 17:27-33. [PMID: 18468232 DOI: 10.3727/000000008783906900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have great promise for research into human developmental biology, development of cell therapies for the treatment of diseases, toxicology, and drug discovery. Traditionally, undifferentiated hESCs are maintained on mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), which impede the clinical applications of hESCs. Here we have examined the long-term stability of the Japanese hESC line (KhES-1) in feeder-free culture. KhES-1 cells were cultured with MEF conditioned medium (CM) and different doses of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in six-well-plates of which the surface was coated with Matrigel. KhES-1 cells were maintained for at least 40 passages. In this culture system, the cells maintained stable proliferation rates and steadily expressed Oct-4, Nanog, and alkaline phosphatase. In addition, KhES-1 cells maintained without direct feeder contact formed embryonic bodies with expression of markers from the three germ layers. Here we demonstrated that Japanese human embryonic stem cells KhES-1 were cultured long term in a feeder-free method, while retaining pluripotency in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalú Navarro-Alvarez
- Department of Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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183
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Hikita ST, Kosik KS, Clegg DO, Bamdad C. MUC1* mediates the growth of human pluripotent stem cells. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3312. [PMID: 18833326 PMCID: PMC2553196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The MUC1 protein is aberrantly expressed on an estimated 75% of all human solid tumor cancers. We recently reported that a transmembrane cleavage product, MUC1*, is the predominant form of the protein on cancer cells [1]. Further, our evidence indicated that MUC1* functions as a growth factor receptor on tumor cells, while the full-length protein appeared to have no growth promoting activity. Here, we report that MUC1* acts as a growth factor receptor on undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Cleavage of the full-length ectodomain to form MUC1*, a membrane receptor, appears to make binding to its ligand, NM23, possible. Unexpectedly, we found that newly differentiated cells no longer express the cleaved form, MUC1*, or its ligand, NM23. Newly differentiated stem cells exclusively present full-length MUC1. Antibody-induced dimerization of the MUC1* receptor on hESCs stimulated cell growth to a far greater degree than currently used methods that require the addition of exogenous basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) as well as factors secreted by fibroblast “feeder cells”. Further, MUC1* mediated growth was shown to be independent of growth stimulated by bFGF or the milieu of factors secreted by feeder cells. Stimulating the MUC1* receptor with either the cognate antibody or its ligand NM23 enabled hESC growth in a feeder cell-free system and produced pluripotent colonies that resisted spontaneous differentiation. These findings suggest that this primal growth mechanism could be utilized to propagate large numbers of pluripotent stem cells for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry T. Hikita
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Kenneth S. Kosik
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Dennis O. Clegg
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Cynthia Bamdad
- Minerva Biotechnologies, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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184
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Abstract
The derivation of human embryonic stem cells 10 years ago ignited an explosion of public interest in stem cells, yet this achievement depended on prior decades of research on mouse embryonic carcinoma cells and embryonic stem cells. In turn, the recent derivation of mouse and human induced pluripotent stem cells depended on the prior studies on mouse and human embryonic stem cells. Both human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells can self-renew indefinitely in vitro while maintaining the ability to differentiate into advanced derivatives of all three germ layers, features very useful for understanding the differentiation and function of human tissues, for drug screen and toxicity testing, and for cellular transplantation therapies. Here we review the family of pluripotent cell lines derived from early embryos and from germ cells, and compare them with the more recently described induced pluripotent stem cells.
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185
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Innovation in the culture and derivation of pluripotent human stem cells. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2008; 19:527-33. [PMID: 18760357 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2008.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2008] [Revised: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, substantial progress has been made in identifying culture conditions and specific molecular factors that maintain human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) in a self-renewing, pluripotent state. As science and medicine move closer to producing viable hESC-based therapeutics, effective methods of isolating and maintaining undifferentiated hESCs using clinically acceptable good manufacturing practices must be developed. In recent years, progress toward this goal has included the identification of molecular factors that induce or repress hESC self-renewal and the development of defined media that support long-term hESC expansion. In addition, the recent discovery of novel means to derive pluripotent cells that avoid embryo destruction, including induced pluripotent stem (iPS cells), may mitigate ethical concerns associated with the use of hESCs.
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186
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Wobus AM, Löser P. [Human embryonic stem cells within the context of international research activity]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2008; 51:994-1004. [PMID: 18773174 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-008-0627-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Research involving pluripotent human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) is a rapidly growing field of science. Since hESCs originate from early human embryos, alternative methods for producing pluripotent cells have been developed. This article introduces some of those strategies and, in addition, covers international efforts to establish consistent international standards for cultivation, characterization and preservation of hESCs. Furthermore, global trends to form networks in the field of stem cell research as well as endeavors to harmonize ethical standards for hESC research are presented. Finally, potential applications of hESCs in the field of pharmacology/toxicology are discussed as well as recent results of animal studies using hESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Wobus
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, Gatersleben, BRD.
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187
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Nakahara M, Matsuyama S, Saeki K, Nakamura N, Saeki K, Yogiashi Y, Yoneda A, Koyanagi M, Kondo Y, Yuo A. A Feeder-Free Hematopoietic Differentiation System with Generation of Functional Neutrophils from Feeder- and Cytokine-Free Primate Embryonic Stem Cells. CLONING AND STEM CELLS 2008; 10:341-54. [DOI: 10.1089/clo.2007.0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masako Nakahara
- Department of Hematology, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoko Matsuyama
- Department of Hematology, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kumiko Saeki
- Department of Hematology, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Nakamura
- Department of Hematology, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Saeki
- Department of Hematology, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Yogiashi
- Department of Hematology, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asako Yoneda
- Department of Hematology, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Koyanagi
- Department of Hematology, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kondo
- Regenerative Medicine Group, Advanced Medical Research Laboratory, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akira Yuo
- Department of Hematology, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
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188
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Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells are pluripotent cells derived from the inner cell mass of preimplantation stage embryos. Their unique potential to give rise to all differentiated cell types has generated great interest in stem cell research and the potential that it may have in developmental biology, medicine and pharmacology. The main focus of stem cell research has been on cell therapy for pathological conditions with no current methods of treatment, such as neurodegenerative diseases, cardiac pathology, retinal dysfunction and lung and liver disease. The overall aim is to develop methods of application either of pure cell populations or of whole tissue parts to the diseased organ under investigation. In the field of pulmonary research, studies using human embryonic stem cells have succeeded in generating enriched cultures of type II pneumocytes in vitro. On account of their potential of indefinite proliferation in vitro, embryonic stem cells could be a source of an unlimited supply of cells available for transplantation and for use in gene therapy. Uncovering the ability to generate such cell types will expand our understanding of biological processes to such a degree that disease understanding and management could change dramatically.
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189
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Johnson B, Shindo N, Rathjen P, Rathjen J, Keough R. Understanding pluripotency--how embryonic stem cells keep their options open. Mol Hum Reprod 2008; 14:513-20. [DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gan048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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190
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Little L, Healy KE, Schaffer D. Engineering biomaterials for synthetic neural stem cell microenvironments. Chem Rev 2008; 108:1787-96. [PMID: 18476674 DOI: 10.1021/cr078228t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Little
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1760, USA
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191
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Wu Z, Zhang W, Chen G, Cheng L, Liao J, Jia N, Gao Y, Dai H, Yuan J, Cheng L, Xiao L. Combinatorial signals of activin/nodal and bone morphogenic protein regulate the early lineage segregation of human embryonic stem cells. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:24991-5002. [PMID: 18596037 PMCID: PMC2529127 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m803893200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell fate commitment of pre-implantation blastocysts, to either the inner
cell mass or trophoblast, is the first step in cell lineage segregation of the
developing human embryo. However, the intercellular signals that control fate
determination of these cells remain obscure. Human embryonic stem cells
(hESCs) provide a unique model for studying human early embryonic development.
We have previously shown that Activin/Nodal signaling contributes to
maintaining pluripotency of hESCs, which are derivatives of the inner cell
mass. Here we further demonstrate that the inhibition of Activin/Nodal
signaling results in the loss of hESC pluripotency and trophoblast
differentiation, similar to BMP4-induced trophoblast differentiation from
hESCs. We also show that the trophoblast induction effect of BMP4 correlates
with and depends on the inhibition of Activin/Nodal signaling. However, the
activation of BMP signaling is still required for trophoblast differentiation
when Activin/Nodal signaling is inhibited. These data reveal that the early
lineage segregation of hESCs is determined by the combinatorial signals of
Activin/Nodal and BMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, the Cell Bank/Stem Cell Bank, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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192
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Deconstructing human embryonic stem cell cultures: niche regulation of self-renewal and pluripotency. J Mol Med (Berl) 2008; 86:875-86. [PMID: 18521556 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-008-0356-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The factors and signaling pathways controlling pluripotent human cell properties, both embryonic and induced, have not been fully investigated. Failure to account for functional heterogeneity within human embryonic stem cell (hESC) cultures has led to inconclusive results in previous work examining extrinsic influences governing hESC fate (self renewal vs. differentiation vs. death). Here, we attempt to reconcile these inconsistencies with recent reports demonstrating that an autologously produced in vitro niche regulates hESCs. Moreover, we focus on the reciprocal paracrine signals within the in vitro hESC niche allowing for the maintenance and/or expansion of the hESC colony-initiating cell (CIC). Based on this, it is clear that separation of hESC-CICs, apart from their differentiated derivatives, will be essential in future studies involving their molecular regulation. Understanding how extrinsic factors control hESC self-renewal and differentiation will allow us to culture and differentiate these pluripotent cells with higher efficiency. This knowledge will be essential for clinical applications using human pluripotent cells in regenerative medicine.
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193
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Abstract
Recent advances in human embryonic stem cell (hESC) biology now offer an alternative cell source for tissue engineers, as these cells are capable of proliferating indefinitely and differentiating to many clinically relevant cell types. Novel culture methods capable of exerting spatial and temporal control over the stem cell microenvironment allow for more efficient expansion of hESCs, and significant advances have been made toward improving our understanding of the biophysical and biochemical cues that direct stem cell fate choices. Effective production of lineage specific progenitors or terminally differentiated cells enables researchers to incorporate hESC derivatives into engineered tissue constructs. Here, we describe current efforts using hESCs as a cell source for tissue engineering applications, highlighting potential advantages of hESCs over current practices as well as challenges which must be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- CM Metallo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- *Correspondence to: Sean P. PALECEK, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA. Tel.: +608-262-8931 Fax: +608-262-5434 E-mail:
| | - SM Azarin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- WiCell Research Institute, Madison, WI, USA
| | - L Ji
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- WiCell Research Institute, Madison, WI, USA
| | - JJ De Pablo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - SP Palecek
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- WiCell Research Institute, Madison, WI, USA
- *Correspondence to: Sean P. PALECEK, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA. Tel.: +608-262-8931 Fax: +608-262-5434 E-mail:
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194
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Baharvand H, Hashemi SM, Shahsavani M. Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into functional hepatocyte-like cells in a serum-free adherent culture condition. Differentiation 2008; 76:465-77. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.2007.00252.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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195
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Limaye PB, Bowen WC, Orr AV, Luo J, Tseng GC, Michalopoulos GK. Mechanisms of hepatocyte growth factor-mediated and epidermal growth factor-mediated signaling in transdifferentiation of rat hepatocytes to biliary epithelium. Hepatology 2008; 47:1702-13. [PMID: 18398918 PMCID: PMC2615562 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Previous studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that hepatocytes can transdifferentiate into biliary epithelium (BE) both in vivo and in vitro; however, the mechanisms are unclear. The current study was designed to investigate the mechanisms of hepatocyte transdifferentiation in vitro. Rat hepatocytes were cultured in roller bottles to obtain hepatocyte organoid cultures, which were stimulated with various growth factors (GFs) including hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), stem cell factor (SCF), macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP), fibroblast growth factor-a (FGF-a), fibroblast growth factor-b (FGF-b), and fibroblast growth factor-8b (FGF-8b). Only the cultures treated with HGF, EGF, and their combination exhibited formation of hepatocyte-derived biliary epithelium (BE) despite the presence and activation of all the pertinent cognate membrane receptors of the rest of the GFs. Microarray analysis of the organoid cultures identified specific up-regulation of approximately 500 target genes induced by HGF and EGF, including members of the extracellular matrix (ECM) protein family, Wnt/beta-catenin pathway, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta)/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway, and CXC (cysteine-any amino acid-cysteine) chemokines. To investigate the downstream signaling involved in hepatocyte to biliary epithelial cell (BEC) transdifferentiation, we investigated expression and activities of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases [extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, p38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK)] as well as serine/threonine kinase AKT. The analysis indicated that AKT phosphorylation was particularly increased in cultures treated with HGF, EGF, and their combination. Whereas phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002 completely inhibited biliary epithelium formation, AKT inhibitor could only moderately reduce formation of BE in the organoid cultures treated with HGF+EGF. Most of the HGF+EGF target genes were altered by LY294002. CONCLUSION Taken together, these data indicate that hepatocyte to BE transdifferentiation is regulated by HGF and EGF receptors and that PI3 kinase-mediated signaling independent of AKT is a crucial component of the transdifferentiation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi B. Limaye
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - William C. Bowen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Anne V. Orr
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Jianhua Luo
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - George C. Tseng
- Department of Biostatistics and Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - George K. Michalopoulos
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
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196
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Bendall SC, Stewart MH, Bhatia M. Human embryonic stem cells: lessons from stem cell niches in vivo. Regen Med 2008; 3:365-76. [DOI: 10.2217/17460751.3.3.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo the stem cell niche is an essential component in controlling and maintaining the stem cells’ ability to survive and respond to injury. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) appear to be an exception to this rule as they can be removed from their blastocytic microenvironment and maintained indefinitely in vitro. However, recent observations reveal the existence of an autonomously derived in vitro hESC niche. This provides a previously unappreciated mechanism to control hESC expansion and differentiation. Recognizing this, it may now be possible to take aspects of in vivo stem cell niches, namely extracellular matrices, paracrine signals and accessory cell types, and exploit them in order to gain fidelity in directed hESC differentiation. In doing so, routine customization of hESC lines and their application in regenerative therapies may be further enhanced using unique hESC niche-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean C Bendall
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, Michael G DeGroote School of Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
- Don Rix Protein Identification Facility, Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Morag H Stewart
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, Michael G DeGroote School of Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Mickie Bhatia
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, Michael G DeGroote School of Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
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197
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Mayshar Y, Rom E, Chumakov I, Kronman A, Yayon A, Benvenisty N. Fibroblast growth factor 4 and its novel splice isoform have opposing effects on the maintenance of human embryonic stem cell self-renewal. Stem Cells 2008; 26:767-74. [PMID: 18192227 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (HESCs) are unique in their capacity to self-renew while remaining pluripotent. This undifferentiated state must be actively maintained by secreted factors. To identify autocrine factors that may support HESC growth, we have taken a global genetic approach. Microarray analysis identified fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4) as a prime candidate for autocrine signaling. Furthermore, the addition of recombinant FGF4 to HESCs supports their proliferation. We show that FGF4 is produced by multiple undifferentiated HESC lines, along with a novel fibroblast growth factor 4 splice isoform (FGF4si) that codes for the amino-terminal half of FGF4. Strikingly, although FGF4 supports the undifferentiated growth of HESCs, FGF4si effectively counters its effect. Furthermore, we show that FGF4si is an antagonist of FGF4, shutting down FGF4-induced Erk1/2 phosphorylation. Expression analysis shows that both isoforms are expressed in HESCs and early differentiated cells. However, whereas FGF4 ceases to be expressed in mature differentiated cells, FGF4si continues to be expressed after cell differentiation. Targeted knockdown of FGF4 using small interfering RNA increased differentiation of HESCs, demonstrating the importance of endogenous FGF4 signaling in maintaining their pluripotency. Taken together, these results suggest a growth-promoting role for FGF4 in HESCs and a putative feedback inhibition mechanism by a novel FGF4 splice isoform that may serve to promote differentiation at later stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Mayshar
- Department of Genetics, The Life Sciences Institute, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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198
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Albumin-associated lipids regulate human embryonic stem cell self-renewal. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1384. [PMID: 18167543 PMCID: PMC2148252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) hold great promise as a source of differentiated cells to treat several human diseases, many obstacles still need to be surmounted before this can become a reality. First among these, a robust chemically-defined system to expand hESCs in culture is still unavailable despite recent advances in the understanding of factors controlling hESC self-renewal. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, we attempted to find new molecules that stimulate long term hESC self-renewal. In order to do this, we started from the observation that a commercially available serum replacement product has a strong positive effect on the expansion of undifferentiated hESCs when added to a previously reported chemically-defined medium. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that the active ingredient within the serum replacement is lipid-rich albumin. Furthermore, we show that this activity is trypsin-resistant, strongly suggesting that lipids and not albumin are responsible for the effect. Consistent with this, lipid-poor albumin shows no detectable activity. Finally, we identified the major lipids bound to the lipid-rich albumin and tested several lipid candidates for the effect. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our discovery of the role played by albumin-associated lipids in stimulating hESC self-renewal constitutes a significant advance in the knowledge of how hESC pluripotency is maintained by extracellular factors and has important applications in the development of increasingly chemically defined hESC culture systems.
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199
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Veraitch FS, Scott R, Wong JW, Lye GJ, Mason C. The impact of manual processing on the expansion and directed differentiation of embryonic stem cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 99:1216-29. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.21673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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200
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Cheng EH, Chen W, Chang SY, Huang JJ, Huang CC, Huang LS, Liu CH, Lee MS. Blastocoel volume is related to successful establishment of human embryonic stem cell lines. Reprod Biomed Online 2008; 17:436-44. [DOI: 10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60229-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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