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Ron-Doitch S, Frušić-Zlotkin M, Soroka Y, Duanis-Assaf D, Amar D, Kohen R, Steinberg D. eDNA-Mediated Cutaneous Protection Against UVB Damage Conferred by Staphylococcal Epidermal Colonization. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040788. [PMID: 33918948 PMCID: PMC8068790 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The human skin is a lush microbial habitat which is occupied by a wide array of microorganisms. Among the most common inhabitants are Staphylococcus spp., namely Staphylococcus epidermidis and, in ≈20% of healthy individuals, Staphylococcus aureus. Both bacteria have been associated with cutaneous maladies, where they mostly arrange in a biofilm, thus achieving improved surface adhesion and stability. Moreover, our skin is constantly exposed to numerous oxidative environmental stressors, such as UV-irradiation. Thus, skin cells are equipped with an important antioxidant defense mechanism, the Nrf2–Keap1 pathway. In this work, we aimed to explore the morphology of S. aureus and S. epidermidis as they adhered to healthy human skin and characterize their matrix composition. Furthermore, we hypothesized that the localization of both types of bacteria on a healthy skin surface may provide protective effects against oxidative stressors, such as UV-irradiation. Our results indicate for the first time that S. aureus and S. epidermidis assume a biofilm-like morphology as they adhere to ex vivo healthy human skin and that the cultures’ extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and extracellular DNA (eDNA). Both bacterial cultures, as well as isolated S. aureus biofilm eDNA, conferred cutaneous protection against UVB-induced apoptosis. This work emphasized the importance of skin microbiota representatives in the maintenance of a healthy cutaneous redox balance by activating the skin’s natural defense mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapir Ron-Doitch
- Biofilm Research Laboratory, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (S.R.-D.); (D.D.-A.)
- The Myers Skin Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9103401, Israel; (M.F.-Z.); (Y.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Marina Frušić-Zlotkin
- The Myers Skin Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9103401, Israel; (M.F.-Z.); (Y.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Yoram Soroka
- The Myers Skin Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9103401, Israel; (M.F.-Z.); (Y.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Danielle Duanis-Assaf
- Biofilm Research Laboratory, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (S.R.-D.); (D.D.-A.)
| | - Dalit Amar
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem 9103401, Israel;
| | - Ron Kohen
- The Myers Skin Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9103401, Israel; (M.F.-Z.); (Y.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Doron Steinberg
- Biofilm Research Laboratory, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (S.R.-D.); (D.D.-A.)
- Correspondence:
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152
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Luu T, Li W, O'Brien‐Simpson NM, Hong Y. Recent Applications of Aggregation Induced Emission Probes for Antimicrobial Peptide Studies. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:1027-1040. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Luu
- Department of Chemistry and Physics La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science La Trobe University Melbourne VIC 3086 Australia
| | - Wenyi Li
- Bio21 Institute University of Melbourne Centre for Oral Health Research Melbourne Dental School Melbourne VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Neil M. O'Brien‐Simpson
- Bio21 Institute University of Melbourne Centre for Oral Health Research Melbourne Dental School Melbourne VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Yuning Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Physics La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science La Trobe University Melbourne VIC 3086 Australia
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153
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Abstract
Background: Various microorganisms such as bacteria, virus, and fungi can infect humans and cause not just a simple infection but septic conditions, organ dysfunction, and precancerous conditions or cancer involving various organ systems. After the discovery of the microscope, it was easier to discover and study such microorganisms, as in the case of Helicobacter pylori, a pathogen that was seen in the distant era of the nineteenth century but without being recognized as such. It took 100 years to later discover the pathogenesis and the cancer that this bacterium can cause. Since it was discovered, until today, there has been a continuous search for the understanding of its pathogenetic mechanisms, and the therapeutic approach is continuously updated. Methods: We investigated how diagnosis and therapy were dealt with in the past and how researchers sought to understand, exactly, the pathogenetic biomolecular mechanisms of H. pylori, from the genesis of the infection to the current knowledge, with an analysis of carcinogenic mechanisms in the stomach. We have examined the scientific evolution of the knowledge of the disease over these 40 years in the gastroenterological and pharmacological fields. This was possible through a search in the databases of Medline, the WHO website, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website, PubMed, and Web of Science to analyze the earlier and the latest data regarding H. pylori. Results: With the scientific discoveries over time, thanks to an increasing number of progressions in scientific research in the analysis of the gastric mucosa, the role of Helicobacter pylori in peptic ulcer, carcinogenesis, and in some forms of gastric lymphoma was revealed. Furthermore, over the years, the biomolecular mechanism involvement in some diseases has also been noted (such as cardiovascular ones), which could affect patients positive for H. pylori. Conclusions: Thanks to scientific and technological advances, the role of the bacterium H. pylori in carcinogenesis has been discovered and demonstrated, and new prospective research is currently attempting to investigate the role of other factors in the stomach and other organs. Cancer from H. pylori infection had a high incidence rate compared to various types of cancer, but in recent years, it is improving thanks to the techniques developed in the detection of the bacterium and the evolution of therapies. Thus, although it has become an increasingly treatable disease, there is still continuous ongoing research in the field of treatment for resistance and pharma compliance. Furthermore, in this field, probiotic therapy is considered a valid adjuvant.
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154
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Li X, Yu Q, Qin F, Zhang B, Lu Y. Serum Vitamin D Level and the Risk of Urinary Tract Infection in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Public Health 2021; 9:637529. [PMID: 33816422 PMCID: PMC8017300 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.637529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the association between serum vitamin D concentration and the risk of urinary tract infection (UTI) in children. Human studies reported the serum vitamin D level in children with UTI and healthy controls were collected from PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane databases. The strictly standardized mean difference (SSMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated to evaluate the relationship between serum vitamin D levels and risk of UTI. The results of analysis showed that serum vitamin D levels in children with UTI were significantly lower than healthy control children (SSMD: 0.891, 95% CI: 0.707–1.075, p < 0.000; SSMD: 0.797, 95% CI: 0.500–1.094, p < 0.000, respectively). It can be concluded that there is a significant negative relationship between serum vitamin D level and risk of UTI in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Qin
- Department of Pediatrics, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Biyu Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanming Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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155
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Bennett RC, Oh MW, Kuo SH, Belo Y, Maron B, Malach E, Lin J, Hayouka Z, Lau GW. Random Peptide Mixtures as Safe and Effective Antimicrobials against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and MRSA in Mouse Models of Bacteremia and Pneumonia. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:672-680. [PMID: 33650856 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a daunting challenge in modern medicine, and novel approaches that minimize the emergence of resistant pathogens are desperately needed. Antimicrobial peptides are newer therapeutics that attempt to do this; however, they fall short because of low to moderate antimicrobial activity, low protease stability, susceptibility to resistance development, and high cost of production. The recently developed random peptide mixtures (RPMs) are promising alternatives. RPMs are synthesized by incorporating a defined proportion of two amino acids at each coupling step rather than just one, making them highly variable but still defined in their overall composition, chain length, and stereochemistry. Because RPMs have extreme diversity, it is unlikely that bacteria would be capable of rapidly evolving resistance. However, their efficacy against pathogens in animal models of human infectious diseases remained uncharacterized. Here, we demonstrated that RPMs have strong safety and pharmacokinetic profiles. RPMs rapidly killed both Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus efficiently and disrupted preformed biofilms by both pathogens. Importantly, RPMs were efficacious against both pathogens in mouse models of bacteremia and acute pneumonia. Our results demonstrate that RPMs are potent broad-spectrum therapeutics against antibiotic-resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C. Bennett
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802, United States
| | - Myung Whan Oh
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802, United States
| | - Shanny Hsuan Kuo
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802, United States
| | - Yael Belo
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Bar Maron
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Einav Malach
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Jingjun Lin
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802, United States
| | - Zvi Hayouka
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Gee W. Lau
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802, United States
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156
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Daniele-Silva A, Rodrigues SDCS, Dos Santos ECG, Queiroz Neto MFD, Rocha HADO, Silva-Júnior AAD, Resende JM, Araújo RM, Fernandes-Pedrosa MDF. NMR three-dimensional structure of the cationic peptide Stigmurin from Tityus stigmurus scorpion venom: In vitro antioxidant and in vivo antibacterial and healing activity. Peptides 2021; 137:170478. [PMID: 33359395 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases and the rapid development of pathogens resistant to conventional drugs are a serious global public health problem, which motivates the search for new pharmacological agents. In this context, cationic peptides without disulfide bridges from different species of scorpion venom have been the target of scientific studies due to their multifunctional activities. Stigmurin is a linear peptide composed of 17 amino acid residues (Phe-Phe-Ser-Leu-Ile-Pro-Ser-Leu-Val-Gly-Gly-Leu-Ile-Ser-Ala-Phe-Lys-NH2), which is present in the venom gland of the scorpion Tityus stigmurus. Here we present investigations of the in vitro antioxidant action of Stigmurin together with the in vivo antibacterial and healing activity of this peptide in a wound infection model induced by Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, we have reports for the first time of the three-dimensional structure determined by NMR spectroscopy of a peptide without disulfide bridges present in scorpion venom from the Tityus genus. Stigmurin showed hydroxyl radical scavenging above 70 % at 10 μM and antibiotic action in the skin wound, reducing the number of viable microorganisms by 67.2 % on the 7 day after infection. Stigmurin (1 μg / μL) increased the retraction rate of the lesion, with wound area reduction of 43 % on the second day after skin injury, which indicates its ability to induce tissue repair. Stigmurin in trifluoroethanol:water exhibited a random conformation at the N-terminus region (Phe1 to Pro6), with a helical structure from Ser7 to Phe16. This structural information, allied with the multifunctional activity of Stigmurin, makes it an attractive candidate for the design of novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Daniele-Silva
- Laboratório de Tecnologia e Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Suedson de Carvalho Silva Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Isolamento e Síntese de Compostos Orgânicos, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | | | - Moacir Fernandes de Queiroz Neto
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Polímeros Naturais, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Hugo Alexandre de Oliveira Rocha
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Polímeros Naturais, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Arnóbio Antônio da Silva-Júnior
- Laboratório de Tecnologia e Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Jarbas Magalhães Resende
- Laboratório de Síntese e Estrutura de Peptídeos, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Renata Mendonça Araújo
- Laboratório de Isolamento e Síntese de Compostos Orgânicos, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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157
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Buonocore F, Fausto AM, Della Pelle G, Roncevic T, Gerdol M, Picchietti S. Attacins: A Promising Class of Insect Antimicrobial Peptides. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:212. [PMID: 33672685 PMCID: PMC7924397 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10020212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects produce a large repertoire of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as the first line of defense against bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. These peptides are produced from a large precursor that contains a signal domain, which is cleaved in vivo to produce the mature protein with antimicrobial activity. At present, AMPs from insects include several families which can be classified as cecropins, ponericins, defensins, lebocins, drosocin, Metchnikowin, gloverins, diptericins and attacins according to their structure and/or function. This short review is focused on attacins, a class of glycine-rich peptides/proteins that have been first discovered in the cecropia moth (Hyalophora cecropia). They are a rather heterogeneous group of immunity-related proteins that exhibit an antimicrobial effect mainly against Gram-negative bacteria. Here, we discuss different attacin and attacin-like AMPs that have been discovered so far and analyze their structure and phylogeny. Special focus is given to the physiological importance and mechanism of action of attacins against microbial pathogens together with their potential pharmacological applications, emphasizing their roles as antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Buonocore
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università snc, 05100 Viterbo, VT, Italy; (A.M.F.); (G.D.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Anna Maria Fausto
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università snc, 05100 Viterbo, VT, Italy; (A.M.F.); (G.D.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Giulia Della Pelle
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università snc, 05100 Viterbo, VT, Italy; (A.M.F.); (G.D.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Tomislav Roncevic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Rudera Boskovica 33, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Marco Gerdol
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, TS, Italy;
| | - Simona Picchietti
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università snc, 05100 Viterbo, VT, Italy; (A.M.F.); (G.D.P.); (S.P.)
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158
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Uddin SJ, Shilpi JA, Nahar L, Sarker SD, Göransson U. Editorial: Natural Antimicrobial Peptides: Hope for New Antibiotic Lead Molecules. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:640938. [PMID: 33664671 PMCID: PMC7921793 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.640938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shaikh Jamal Uddin
- Pharmacy Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Jamil Ahmad Shilpi
- Pharmacy Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Lutfun Nahar
- Centre for Natural Products Discovery, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Satyajit D Sarker
- Centre for Natural Products Discovery, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ulf Göransson
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
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159
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Ahmad S, Waheed Y, Ismail S, Abbasi SW, Najmi MH. A computational study to disclose potential drugs and vaccine ensemble for COVID-19 conundrum. J Mol Liq 2021; 324:114734. [PMID: 33199930 PMCID: PMC7654302 DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The nucleocapsid (N) protein of SARS-COV-2, a virus responsible for the current COVID-19 pandemic, is considered a potential candidate for the design of new drugs and vaccines. The protein is central to several critical events in virus production, with its highly druggable nature and rich antigenic determinants making it an excellent anti-viral biomolecule. Docking-based virtual screening using the Asinex anti-viral library identified binding of drug molecules at three specific positions: loop 1 region, loop 2 region and β-sheet core pockets, the loop 2 region being the most common binding and stable site for the bulk of the molecules. In parallel, the protein was characterized by vaccine design perspective and harboured three potential B cell-derived T cell epitopes: PINTNSSPD, GVPINTNSS, and DHIGTRNPA. The epitopes are highly antigenic, virulent, non-allergic, non-toxic, bind with good affinity to the highly prevalent DRB*0101 allele and show an average population coverage of 95.04%. A multi-epitope vaccine ensemble which was 83 amino acids long was created. This was highly immunogenic, robust in generating both humoral and cellular immune responses, thermally stable, and had good physicochemical properties that could be easily analyzed in in vivo and in vitro studies. Conformational dynamics of both drug and vaccine ensemble with respect to the receptors are energetically stable, shedding light on favourable conformation and chemical interactions. These facts were validated by subjecting the complexes to relative and absolute binding free energy methods of MMGB/PBSA and WaterSwap. A strong agreement on the system stability was disclosed that supported ligand high affinity potential for the receptors. Collectively, this work sought to provide preliminary experimental data of existing anti-viral drugs as a possible therapy for COVID-19 infections and a new peptide-based vaccine for protection against this pandemic virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Ahmad
- Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University Islamabad, DHA-I, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Yasir Waheed
- Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University Islamabad, DHA-I, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Saba Ismail
- Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University Islamabad, DHA-I, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Sumra Wajid Abbasi
- NUMS Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Abid Majeed Rd, The Mall, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muzammil Hasan Najmi
- Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University Islamabad, DHA-I, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
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160
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Zhang L, Wei X, Zhang R, Koci M, Si D, Ahmad B, Guo H, Hou Y. C-Terminal Amination of a Cationic Anti-Inflammatory Peptide Improves Bioavailability and Inhibitory Activity Against LPS-Induced Inflammation. Front Immunol 2021; 11:618312. [PMID: 33613547 PMCID: PMC7892475 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.618312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been implicated as a major cause of inflammation and an uncontrolled LPS response increases the risk of localized inflammation and sepsis. While some native peptides are helpful in the treatment of LPS-induced inflammation, the use of these peptides is limited due to their potential cytotoxicity and poor anti-inflammatory activity. Hybridization is an effective approach for overcoming this problem. In this study, a novel hybrid anti-inflammatory peptide that combines the active center of Cathelicidin 2 (CATH2) with thymopentin (TP5) was designed [CTP, CATH2 (1–13)-TP5]. CTP was found to have higher anti-inflammatory effects than its parental peptides through directly LPS neutralization. However, CTP scarcely inhibited the attachment of LPS to cell membranes or suppressed an established LPS-induced inflammation due to poor cellular uptake. The C-terminal amine modification of CTP (CTP-NH2) was then designed based on the hypothesis that C-terminal amidation can enhance the cell uptake by increasing the hydrophobicity of the peptide. Compared with CTP, CTP-NH2 showed enhanced anti-inflammatory activity and lower cytotoxicity. CTP-NH2 not only has strong LPS neutralizing activity, but also can significantly inhibit the LPS attachment and the intracellular inflammatory response. The intracellular anti-inflammatory effect of CTP-NH2 was associated with blocking of LPS binding to the Toll-like receptor 4-myeloid differentiation factor 2 complex and inhibiting the nuclear factor-kappa B pathway. In addition, the anti-inflammatory effect of CTP-NH2 was confirmed using a murine LPS-induced sepsis model. Collectively, these findings suggest that CTP-NH2 could be developed into a novel anti-inflammatory drug. This successful modification provides a design strategy to improve the cellular uptake and anti-inflammatory activity of peptide agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xubiao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Rijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Matthew Koci
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Dayong Si
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Baseer Ahmad
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Henan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfei Hou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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161
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Design, Synthesis and Antibacterial Studies of Novel Cationic Amphipathic Cyclic Undecapeptides and Their Linear Counterparts against Virulent Bacterial Strains. Sci Pharm 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm89010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria have acquired resistance against almost all antibiotics because of the misuse of antibacterial agents and long periods of treatment. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are one of the most encouraging candidates to solve this problem, as they possess high prokaryotic selectivity, and affect the bacteria by a unique mode of action. Novel cyclic undecapeptides (QNRNFYFNRNQ and QNRNFHFNRNQ) and their linear counterparts were investigated for their antibacterial activity against virulent strains. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values showed that tyrosine and histidine AMPs have promising antibacterial activity against virulent bacteria. The MIC values against the P. aeruginosa PA14, E. coli O157:H7 CR3, S. aureus 209P, and B. subtilis ATCC 6633 bacterial strains were evaluated for the cyclic peptide containing tyrosine, and their values were 6.25, 12.5, 12.5, and 12.5 µM, respectively. Meanwhile, for the linear form, they were 9.3, 12.5, 12.5, and 12.5 µM, respectively. The cyclic-peptide–containing histidines’ MIC values were 6.25, 3.1, 6.25, and 3.1 µM, respectively. Meanwhile, for the linear form, they were 3.1, 3.1, 3.1, and 6.25 µM, respectively. The antibacterial activities of the new AMPs were compared with that of gentamicin sulfate, and showed relatively higher potencies. Time-inhibition studies demonstrated the rapid antibacterial effects of the novel AMPs, which were more likely to be concentration-dependent, rather than time-dependent. At double the MIC concentration, all of the tested peptides exhibited relatively stable antibacterial effects up to 24 h, especially the peptides containing tyrosine, which showed an improved antibacterial effect.
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162
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Hartman E, Wallblom K, van der Plas MJA, Petrlova J, Cai J, Saleh K, Kjellström S, Schmidtchen A. Bioinformatic Analysis of the Wound Peptidome Reveals Potential Biomarkers and Antimicrobial Peptides. Front Immunol 2021; 11:620707. [PMID: 33613550 PMCID: PMC7888259 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.620707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound infection is a common and serious medical condition with an unmet need for improved diagnostic tools. A peptidomic approach, aided by mass spectrometry and bioinformatics, could provide novel means of identifying new peptide biomarkers for wound healing and infection assessment. Wound fluid is suitable for peptidomic analysis since it is both intimately tied to the wound environment and is readily available. In this study we investigate the peptidomes of wound fluids derived from surgical drainages following mastectomy and from wound dressings following facial skin grafting. By applying sorting algorithms and open source third party software to peptidomic label free tandem mass spectrometry data we provide an unbiased general methodology for analyzing and differentiating between peptidomes. We show that the wound fluid peptidomes of patients are highly individualized. However, differences emerge when grouping the patients depending on wound type. Furthermore, the abundance of peptides originating from documented antimicrobial regions of hemoglobin in infected wounds may contribute to an antimicrobial wound environment, as determined by in silico analysis. We validate our findings by compiling literature on peptide biomarkers and peptides of physiological significance and cross checking the results against our dataset, demonstrating that well-documented peptides of immunological significance are abundant in infected wounds, and originate from certain distinct regions in proteins such as hemoglobin and fibrinogen. Ultimately, we have demonstrated the power using sorting algorithms and open source software to help yield insights and visualize peptidomic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Hartman
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karl Wallblom
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mariena J. A. van der Plas
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- LEO Foundation Center for Cutaneous Drug Delivery, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jitka Petrlova
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jun Cai
- LEO Foundation Center for Cutaneous Drug Delivery, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karim Saleh
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Dermatology, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sven Kjellström
- Division of Mass Spectrometry, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Artur Schmidtchen
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Dermatology, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Copenhagen Wound Healing Center, Bispebjerg Hospital, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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163
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Krishnan M, Choi J, Choi S, Kim Y. Anti-Endotoxin 9-Meric Peptide with Therapeutic Potential for the Treatment of Endotoxemia. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:25-32. [PMID: 33263333 PMCID: PMC9705858 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2011.11011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory reactions activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of gram-negative bacteria can lead to severe septic shock. With the recent emergence of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria and a lack of efficient ways to treat resulting infections, there is a need to develop novel anti-endotoxin agents. Antimicrobial peptides have been noticed as potential therapeutic molecules for bacterial infection and as candidates for new antibiotic drugs. We previously designed the 9-meric antimicrobial peptide Pro9-3 and it showed high antimicrobial activity against gram-negative bacteria. Here, to further examine its potency as an anti-endotoxin agent, we examined the antiendotoxin activities of Pro9-3 and elucidated its mechanism of action. We performed a dye-leakage experiment and BODIPY-TR cadaverine and limulus amebocyte lysate assays for Pro9-3 as well as its lysine-substituted analogue and their enantiomers. The results confirmed that Pro9-3 targets the bacterial membrane and the arginine residues play key roles in its antimicrobial activity. Pro9-3 showed excellent LPS-neutralizing activity and LPS-binding properties, which were superior to those of other peptides. Saturation transfer difference-nuclear magnetic resonance experiments to explore the interaction between LPS and Pro9-3 revealed that Trp3 and Tlr7 in Pro9-3 are critical for attracting Pro9-3 to the LPS in the gram-negative bacterial membrane. Moreover, the anti-septic effect of Pro9-3 in vivo was investigated using an LPS-induced endotoxemia mouse model, demonstrating its dual activities: antibacterial activity against gram-negative bacteria and immunosuppressive effect preventing LPS-induced endotoxemia. Collectively, these results confirmed the therapeutic potential of Pro9-3 against infection of gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manigandan Krishnan
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonhyeok Choi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjae Choi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yangmee Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-2-450-3421 Fax: +82-2-447-5987 E-mail:
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Bosso A, Di Maro A, Cafaro V, Di Donato A, Notomista E, Pizzo E. Enzymes as a Reservoir of Host Defence Peptides. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 20:1310-1323. [PMID: 32223733 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200327173815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Host defence peptides (HDPs) are powerful modulators of cellular responses to various types of insults caused by pathogen agents. To date, a wide range of HDPs, from species of different kingdoms including bacteria, plant and animal with extreme diversity in structure and biological activity, have been described. Apart from a limited number of peptides ribosomally synthesized, a large number of promising and multifunctional HDPs have been identified within protein precursors, with properties not necessarily related to innate immunity, consolidating the fascinating hypothesis that proteins have a second or even multiple biological mission in the form of one or more bio-active peptides. Among these precursors, enzymes constitute certainly an interesting group, because most of them are mainly globular and characterized by a fine specific internal structure closely related to their catalytic properties and also because they are yet little considered as potential HDP releasing proteins. In this regard, the main aim of the present review is to describe a panel of HDPs, identified in all canonical classes of enzymes, and to provide a detailed description on hydrolases and their corresponding HDPs, as there seems to exist a striking link between these structurally sophisticated catalysts and their high content in cationic and amphipathic cryptic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bosso
- Department of Biology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - Antimo Di Maro
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Caserta, Italy
| | - Valeria Cafaro
- Department of Biology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - Alberto Di Donato
- Department of Biology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - Eugenio Notomista
- Department of Biology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - Elio Pizzo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
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165
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Missiakas D, Winstel V. Selective Host Cell Death by Staphylococcus aureus: A Strategy for Bacterial Persistence. Front Immunol 2021; 11:621733. [PMID: 33552085 PMCID: PMC7859115 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.621733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Host cell death programs are fundamental processes that shape cellular homeostasis, embryonic development, and tissue regeneration. Death signaling and downstream host cell responses are not only critical to guide mammalian development, they often act as terminal responses to invading pathogens. Here, we briefly review and contrast how invading pathogens and specifically Staphylococcus aureus manipulate apoptotic, necroptotic, and pyroptotic cell death modes to establish infection. Rather than invading host cells, S. aureus subverts these cells to produce diffusible molecules that cause death of neighboring hematopoietic cells and thus shapes an immune environment conducive to persistence. The exploitation of cell death pathways by S. aureus is yet another virulence strategy that must be juxtaposed to mechanisms of immune evasion, autophagy escape, and tolerance to intracellular killing, and brings us closer to the true portrait of this pathogen for the design of effective therapeutics and intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Missiakas
- Howard Taylor Ricketts Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Lemont, IL, United States
| | - Volker Winstel
- Research Group Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Zhang L, Ghosh SK, Basavarajappa SC, Muller-Greven J, Penfield J, Brewer A, Ramakrishnan P, Buck M, Weinberg A. Molecular dynamics simulations and functional studies reveal that hBD-2 binds SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD and blocks viral entry into ACE2 expressing cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.01.07.425621. [PMID: 33442698 PMCID: PMC7805467 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.07.425621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
New approaches to complement vaccination are needed to combat the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and stop COVID-19 related deaths and long-term medical complications. Human beta defensin 2 (hBD-2) is a naturally occurring epithelial cell derived host defense peptide that has antiviral properties. Our comprehensive in-silico studies demonstrate that hBD-2 binds the site on the CoV-2-RBD that docks with the ACE2 receptor. Biophysical and biochemical assays confirm that hBD-2 indeed binds to the CoV-2-receptor binding domain (RBD) (KD ~ 300 nM), preventing it from binding to ACE2 expressing cells. Importantly, hBD-2 shows specificity by blocking CoV-2/spike pseudoviral infection, but not VSV-G mediated infection, of ACE2 expressing human cells with an IC50 of 2.4± 0.1 μM. These promising findings offer opportunities to develop hBD-2 and/or its derivatives and mimetics to safely and effectively use as novel agents to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Zhang
- Chemical Engineering, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN 38505
- contributed equally
| | - Santosh K. Ghosh
- Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44124
- contributed equally
| | - Shrikanth C. Basavarajappa
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44124
- contributed equally
| | - Jeannine Muller-Greven
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44124
| | - Jackson Penfield
- Chemical Engineering, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN 38505
| | - Ann Brewer
- Chemical Engineering, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN 38505
| | | | - Matthias Buck
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44124
| | - Aaron Weinberg
- Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44124
- Lead contact
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The consumption of milk supplemented with probiotics decreases the occurrence of caries and the salivary concentration of hβD-3 in children. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 25:3823-3830. [PMID: 33404758 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03712-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the effect of milk supplemented with Lactobacillus rhamnosus SP1 on the occurrence of caries and the salivary concentration of human β-defensin-3 (hβD-3) in preschool children with high caries risk. MATERIALS AND METHODS A sample of 42 children was randomly assigned to two groups; children in the intervention group were given 150 mL of milk supplemented with 107 CFU/mL of Lactobacillus rhamnosus SP1, while children in the control group were given standard milk, for 10 months. The occurrence of dental caries was assessed using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS), and the concentration of hβD-3 was measured in unstimulated saliva using an ELISA test at baseline and after the intervention. RESULTS There was an increase in the number of teeth with carious lesions (dICDAS2-6 mft) in the control group, and this increase was statistically significant (p = 0.0489). The concentration of hβD-3 in saliva from the intervention group decreased from 597.91 to 126.29 pg/mL (p = 0.0061), unlike in the control group, where no change in hβD-3 salivary concentration was found. CONCLUSIONS These findings showed that regular intake of probiotic-supplemented milk in preschool children with high caries risk decreased the occurrence of caries and the salivary levels of hβD-3. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Our results suggest the need for developing and implementing probiotic supplementation, as adjuvants to the conventional treatments for caries and allow to considerate the salivary levels of hβD-3 as markers of oral tissue homeostasis.
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168
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Gigon L, Yousefi S, Karaulov A, Simon HU. Mechanisms of toxicity mediated by neutrophil and eosinophil granule proteins. Allergol Int 2021; 70:30-38. [PMID: 33277190 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils and eosinophils are granulocytes which are characterized by the presence of granules in the cytoplasm. Granules provide a safe storage site for granule proteins that play important roles in the immune function of granulocytes. Upon granulocytes activation, diverse proteins are released from the granules into the extracellular space and contribute to the fight against infections. In this article, we describe granule proteins of both neutrophils and eosinophils able to kill pathogens and review their anticipated mechanism of antimicrobial toxicity. It should be noted that an excess of granules protein release can lead to tissue damage of the host resulting in chronic inflammation and organ dysfunction.
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169
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IL-17 mediates protective immunity against nasal infection with Bordetella pertussis by mobilizing neutrophils, especially Siglec-F + neutrophils. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:1183-1202. [PMID: 33976385 PMCID: PMC8379078 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00407-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanism of protective immunity in the nasal mucosae is central to the design of more effective vaccines that prevent nasal infection and transmission of Bordetella pertussis. We found significant infiltration of IL-17-secreting CD4+ tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells and Siglec-F+ neutrophils into the nasal tissue during primary infection with B. pertussis. Il17A-/- mice had significantly higher bacterial load in the nasal mucosae, associated with significantly reduced infiltration of Siglec-F+ neutrophils. Re-infected convalescent mice rapidly cleared B. pertussis from the nasal cavity and this was associated with local expansion of IL-17-producing CD4+ TRM cells. Depletion of CD4 T cells from the nasal tissue during primary infection or after re-challenge of convalescent mice significantly delayed clearance of bacteria from the nasal mucosae. Protection was lost in Il17A-/- mice and this was associated with significantly less infiltration of Siglec-F+ neutrophils and antimicrobial peptide (AMP) production. Finally, depletion of neutrophils reduced the clearance of B. pertussis following re-challenge of convalescent mice. Our findings demonstrate that IL-17 plays a critical role in natural and acquired immunity to B. pertussis in the nasal mucosae and this effect is mediated by mobilizing neutrophils, especially Siglec-F+ neutrophils, which have high neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) activity.
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170
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Bechinger B, Juhl DW, Glattard E, Aisenbrey C. Revealing the Mechanisms of Synergistic Action of Two Magainin Antimicrobial Peptides. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2020; 2:615494. [PMID: 35047895 PMCID: PMC8757784 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2020.615494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of peptide-lipid and peptide-peptide interactions as well as their topology and dynamics using biophysical and structural approaches have changed our view how antimicrobial peptides work and function. It has become obvious that both the peptides and the lipids arrange in soft supramolecular arrangements which are highly dynamic and able to change and mutually adapt their conformation, membrane penetration, and detailed morphology. This can occur on a local and a global level. This review focuses on cationic amphipathic peptides of the magainin family which were studied extensively by biophysical approaches. They are found intercalated at the membrane interface where they cause membrane thinning and ultimately lysis. Interestingly, mixtures of two of those peptides namely magainin 2 and PGLa which occur naturally as a cocktail in the frog skin exhibit synergistic enhancement of antimicrobial activities when investigated together in antimicrobial assays but also in biophysical experiments with model membranes. Detailed dose-response curves, presented here for the first time, show a cooperative behavior for the individual peptides which is much increased when PGLa and magainin are added as equimolar mixture. This has important consequences for their bacterial killing activities and resistance development. In membranes that carry unsaturations both peptides align parallel to the membrane surface where they have been shown to arrange into mesophases involving the peptides and the lipids. This supramolecular structuration comes along with much-increased membrane affinities for the peptide mixture. Because this synergism is most pronounced in membranes representing the bacterial lipid composition it can potentially be used to increase the therapeutic window of pharmaceutical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burkhard Bechinger
- University of Strasbourg/CNRS, UMR7177, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Dennis Wilkens Juhl
- University of Strasbourg/CNRS, UMR7177, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Elise Glattard
- University of Strasbourg/CNRS, UMR7177, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christopher Aisenbrey
- University of Strasbourg/CNRS, UMR7177, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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171
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Jia F, Wang J, Zhang L, Zhou J, He Y, Lu Y, Liu K, Yan W, Wang K. Multiple action mechanism and in vivo antimicrobial efficacy of antimicrobial peptide Jelleine-I. J Pept Sci 2020; 27:e3294. [PMID: 33283388 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
With the extensive use of antibiotics in medicine, agriculture and food chemistry, the emergence of multi-drug resistant bacteria become more and more frequent and posed great threats to human health and life. So novel antimicrobial agents were urgently needed to defend the resistant bacteria. Jelleine-I was a small antimicrobial peptide (AMP) with eight amino acids in its sequence. It was believed to be an ideal template for developing antimicrobial agents. In the present study, the possible action mode against both gram-negative bacteria and gram-positive bacteria and in vivo antimicrobial activity was explored. Our results showed that Jelleine-I exhibits its antimicrobial activity mainly by disrupting the integrity of the cell membrane, which would not be affected by the conventional resistant mechanism. It also aims at some intracellular targets such as genomic DNA to inhibit the growth of microbes. In addition, the result of in vivo antimicrobial activity experiment showed that Jelleine-I performed a good therapeutic effect toward the mice with Escherichia coli infected peritonitis. Notably, Jelleine-I has negligible cytotoxicity toward the tested mammalian cells, indicating excellent cell selectivity between prokaryotic cells and eurkayotic cells. In summary, our results showed that Jelleine-I would be a potential candidate to be developed as a novel antimicrobial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjing Jia
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Research Unit of Peptide Science of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, West Donggang Road, 199, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jiayi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Research Unit of Peptide Science of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, West Donggang Road, 199, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Lishi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Research Unit of Peptide Science of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, West Donggang Road, 199, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Research Unit of Peptide Science of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, West Donggang Road, 199, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yuhang He
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Research Unit of Peptide Science of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, West Donggang Road, 199, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yaqi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Research Unit of Peptide Science of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, West Donggang Road, 199, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- School/Hospital of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, West Donggang Road 199, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Wenjin Yan
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Research Unit of Peptide Science of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, West Donggang Road, 199, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Kairong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Research Unit of Peptide Science of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, West Donggang Road, 199, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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Naz S, Ahmad S, Walton S, Abbasi SW. Multi-epitope based vaccine design against Sarcoptes scabiei paramyosin using immunoinformatics approach. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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173
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Investigation of potential antibiofilm properties of Antimicrobial Peptide (AMP) from Linckia laevigata against Candida albicans: An in vitro and in vivo study. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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174
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Analysis of synovial biomarkers with a multiplex protein microarray in patients with PJI undergoing revision arthroplasty of the hip or knee joint. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2020; 140:1883-1890. [PMID: 32133538 DOI: 10.1007/s00402-020-03388-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diagnosing a (low-grade) periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) after hip or knee arthroplasty remains a diagnostic challenge. The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of using a novel multiplex protein microarray system for synovial biomarkers in determining PJI in patients undergoing revision knee or hip arthroplasty. MATERIALS AND METHODS The individual synovial fluid levels of 12 cytokines (IL-1b, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17, GM-CSF, TNF-α, and INF-γ) were analysed with a novel multiplex protein microarray system in 32 patients undergoing revision hip (n = 22) or knee (n = 10) arthroplasty. Cases were classified into septic and aseptic groups on basis of pre- and interoperative findings: [PJI (n = 14) vs. non-PJI (n = 18)]. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were calculated to assess the discriminatory strength of the individual parameters. A multiple regression model was used to determine the utility of using a combination of the tested cytokines to determine the infection status. RESULTS The levels of all of the evaluated cytokines were significantly elevated in the PJI-group. Best sensitivity and specificity were found for IL-6, followed by IL-1b, IL-10, and IL-17. The multiple regression models revealed a combination of IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL6, lL-12, and GM-CSF to be associated with the best sensitivity (100%) and specificity (88.9%) for a cut-off value of 0.41, with a likelihood ratio of 9.0. CONCLUSION Analysis of individual synovial fluid cytokine levels showed both high sensitivity and high specificity in diagnosing PJI. A combined model using several cytokines showed even higher sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing PJI and could thus be a useful predictive tool to determine the probability of PJI in patients with a painful prosthesis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Diagnostic IV.
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175
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Abstract
Introduction: Antimicrobial peptides are a large class of compounds that are part of innate immune response found among all classes of life and are considered promising compounds to deal with antimicrobial resistance. These AMPs have been demonstrated to have some advantages over the traditional antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities and even overcome bacterial drug-resistance. Areas covered: The present review represents a comprehensive analysis of patents and patent applications available on Espacenet, from the year 2015 to 2020 referring to the therapeutic use of AMPs. Expert opinion: There are important examples about the use of antimicrobial peptides in clinical practice (e.g. polimixin b, colistin, etc.). AMPs are usually inspired by nature being produced by different living organisms as defensive and/or competition mechanisms. Despite limitations related to their development in classical drug discovery pipeline, they are endowed with relevant advantages, such as an unlimited reservoir of organisms able to produce new AMPs and they represent good starting point upon which to develop new antimicrobials.
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176
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Shi G, Kang Z, Ren F, Zhou Y, Guo P. Effects of Quercetin on the Growth and Expression of Immune-Pathway-Related Genes in Silkworm (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2020; 20:5960128. [PMID: 33159528 PMCID: PMC7648594 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Quercetin is a flavonoid produced as a defense by plants. The effects of 1% quercetin on the growth and development of Bombyx mori were studied. The activities of the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), carboxy-lesterase (CarEs), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were all measured at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after quercetin exposure. The results show that quercetin induces the activities of antioxidant and detoxification enzymes. With longer exposure times, enzyme activity first increased and then decreased. The relative expressions of AMP (defensin, CecA), the Toll pathway (cactus, Spatzle, and Rel), the IMD pathway (Imd, Fadd, and Dorsal), the JAK-STAT pathway (STAT, HOP, and Pi3k60), and the Melanization gene (DDC and PAH) were analyzed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The results indicated that long-term exposure to quercetin could inhibit the expression of immune-related pathway genes in silkworms. This suggests that it can inhibit the activities of antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes, thus inhibiting the immune system and affecting the growth and development, resulting in an increase in the death rate in silkworm. This study provides the novel conclusion that quercetin accumulation inhibits the immune system of silkworm and increases its death rate, a result that may promote the development and utilization of better biopesticides that avoid environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiqin Shi
- The College of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
| | - Zhaoyang Kang
- The College of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fei Ren
- The College of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- The College of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Penglei Guo
- The College of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China
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Mishra R, Panda AK, De Mandal S, Shakeel M, Bisht SS, Khan J. Natural Anti-biofilm Agents: Strategies to Control Biofilm-Forming Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:566325. [PMID: 33193155 PMCID: PMC7658412 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.566325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic microorganisms and their chronic pathogenicity are significant concerns in biomedical research. Biofilm-linked persistent infections are not easy to treat due to resident multidrug-resistant microbes. Low efficiency of various treatments and in vivo toxicity of available antibiotics drive the researchers toward the discovery of many effective natural anti-biofilm agents. Natural extracts and natural product-based anti-biofilm agents are more efficient than the chemically synthesized counterparts with lesser side effects. The present review primarily focuses on various natural anti-biofilm agents, i.e., phytochemicals, biosurfactants, antimicrobial peptides, and microbial enzymes along with their sources, mechanism of action via interfering in the quorum-sensing pathways, disruption of extracellular polymeric substance, adhesion mechanism, and their inhibitory concentrations existing in literature so far. This study provides a better understanding that a particular natural anti-biofilm molecule exhibits a different mode of actions and biofilm inhibitory activity against more than one pathogenic species. This information can be exploited further to improve the therapeutic strategy by a combination of more than one natural anti-biofilm compounds from diverse sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rojita Mishra
- Department of Botany, Polasara Science College, Polasara, India
| | | | - Surajit De Mandal
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Shakeel
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Junaid Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Sant Gahira Guru University, Ambikapur, India
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178
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Dicentracin-Like from Asian sea bass Fish and Moronecidine-Like from Hippocampus Comes: Two Candidate Antimicrobial Peptides Against Leishmanina major Infection. Int J Pept Res Ther 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-020-10125-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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179
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Effects of cLFchimera peptide on intestinal morphology, integrity, microbiota, and immune cells in broiler chickens challenged with necrotic enteritis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17704. [PMID: 33077741 PMCID: PMC7573599 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74754-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Three hundred and sixty 1-day-old male broiler chicks were randomly allocated to 4 treatments of 6 replicates to evaluate the effects of cLFchimera, a recombinant antimicrobial peptide (AMP), on gut health attributes of broiler chickens under necrotic enteritis (NE) challenge. Treatments were as follows: (T1) unchallenged group fed with corn-soybean meal (CSM) without NE challenge and additives (NC); (T2) group fed with CSM and challenged with NE without any additives (PC); (T3) PC group supplemented with 20 mg cLFchimera/kg diet (AMP); (T4) PC group supplemented with 45 mg antibiotic (bacitracin methylene disalicylate)/kg diet (antibiotic). Birds were sampled for villi morphology, ileal microbiota, and jejunal gene expression of cytokines, tight junctions proteins, and mucin. Results showed that AMP ameliorated NE-related intestinal lesions, reduced mortality, and rehabilitated jejunal villi morphology in NE challenged birds. While the antibiotic non-selectively reduced the count of bacteria, AMP restored microflora balance in the ileum of challenged birds. cLFchimera regulated the expression of cytokines, junctional proteins, and mucin transcripts in the jejunum of NE challenged birds. In conclusion, cLFchimera can be a reliable candidate to substitute growth promoter antibiotics, while more research is required to unveil the exact mode of action of this synthetic peptide.
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180
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Sancho-Vaello E, Gil-Carton D, François P, Bonetti EJ, Kreir M, Pothula KR, Kleinekathöfer U, Zeth K. The structure of the antimicrobial human cathelicidin LL-37 shows oligomerization and channel formation in the presence of membrane mimics. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17356. [PMID: 33060695 PMCID: PMC7562864 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74401-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The human cathelicidin LL-37 serves a critical role in the innate immune system defending bacterial infections. LL-37 can interact with molecules of the cell wall and perforate cytoplasmic membranes resulting in bacterial cell death. To test the interactions of LL-37 and bacterial cell wall components we crystallized LL-37 in the presence of detergents and obtained the structure of a narrow tetrameric channel with a strongly charged core. The formation of a tetramer was further studied by cross-linking in the presence of detergents and lipids. Using planar lipid membranes a small but defined conductivity of this channel could be demonstrated. Molecular dynamic simulations underline the stability of this channel in membranes and demonstrate pathways for the passage of water molecules. Time lapse studies of E. coli cells treated with LL-37 show membrane discontinuities in the outer membrane followed by cell wall damage and cell death. Collectively, our results open a venue to the understanding of a novel AMP killing mechanism and allows the rational design of LL-37 derivatives with enhanced bactericidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enea Sancho-Vaello
- Unidad de Biofisica, Centro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - David Gil-Carton
- Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia Edificio 800, 48160, Derio, Spain
| | - Patrice François
- Genomic Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Specialities, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Eve-Julie Bonetti
- Genomic Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Specialities, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Mohamed Kreir
- Nanion Technologies GmbH, Gabrielenstraße 9, 80636, Munich, Germany.,Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Janssen R&D, Nonclinical Safety, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Karunakar Reddy Pothula
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kleinekathöfer
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany
| | - Kornelius Zeth
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark.
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181
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Browne K, Chakraborty S, Chen R, Willcox MDP, Black DS, Walsh WR, Kumar N. A New Era of Antibiotics: The Clinical Potential of Antimicrobial Peptides. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7047. [PMID: 32987946 PMCID: PMC7582481 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a multifaceted crisis, imposing a serious threat to global health. The traditional antibiotic pipeline has been exhausted, prompting research into alternate antimicrobial strategies. Inspired by nature, antimicrobial peptides are rapidly gaining attention for their clinical potential as they present distinct advantages over traditional antibiotics. Antimicrobial peptides are found in all forms of life and demonstrate a pivotal role in the innate immune system. Many antimicrobial peptides are evolutionarily conserved, with limited propensity for resistance. Additionally, chemical modifications to the peptide backbone can be used to improve biological activity and stability and reduce toxicity. This review details the therapeutic potential of peptide-based antimicrobials, as well as the challenges needed to overcome in order for clinical translation. We explore the proposed mechanisms of activity, design of synthetic biomimics, and how this novel class of antimicrobial compound may address the need for effective antibiotics. Finally, we discuss commercially available peptide-based antimicrobials and antimicrobial peptides in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Browne
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney 2052, Australia; (K.B.); (S.C.); (R.C.)
| | - Sudip Chakraborty
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney 2052, Australia; (K.B.); (S.C.); (R.C.)
| | - Renxun Chen
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney 2052, Australia; (K.B.); (S.C.); (R.C.)
| | - Mark DP Willcox
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney 2052, Australia;
| | - David StClair Black
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney 2052, Australia; (K.B.); (S.C.); (R.C.)
| | - William R Walsh
- Surgical and Orthopaedic Research Laboratories (SORL), Prince of Wales Clinical School, Prince of Wales Hospital, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Randwick 2031, Australia;
| | - Naresh Kumar
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Sydney 2052, Australia; (K.B.); (S.C.); (R.C.)
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182
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Cheriker H, Stern Bauer T, Oren Y, Nir S, Hayouka Z. Immobilized random peptide mixtures exhibit broad antimicrobial activity with high selectivity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:11022-11025. [PMID: 32959824 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04759g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, we evaluated the antimicrobial activity of randomly-sequenced peptide mixtures (RPMs) bearing hydrophobic and cationic residues that were immobilized on beads. We showed that these beads exhibit high and broad bactericidal activity against various pathogenic bacteria while possessing minimal hemolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadar Cheriker
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Tal Stern Bauer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Yuval Oren
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Shlomo Nir
- The Department of Soil and Water Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Zvi Hayouka
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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183
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He JW, Zhou XJ, Lv JC, Zhang H. Perspectives on how mucosal immune responses, infections and gut microbiome shape IgA nephropathy and future therapies. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:11462-11478. [PMID: 33052226 PMCID: PMC7545987 DOI: 10.7150/thno.49778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections have been considered to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy (IgAN) because synpharyngitic hematuria is a common feature in IgAN. However, how infections participate in this process is still debated. More recent studies have also revealed that the alteration of the gut microbiome exerts a profound effect on host immune responses, contributing to the etiology or progression of autoimmunity. Considering IgA as the first line of defense against bacterial and viral antigens, this review evaluates the relationships among intestinal infections, gut microbiome, and IgA for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of IgAN. Moreover, as a prototype of IgA immunity, we provide detailed clarification of IgAN pathogenesis to shed light on other diseases in which IgA plays a role. Finally, we discuss potential therapies focusing on microbes and mucosal immune responses in IgAN.
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184
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Maharjan S, Cecen B, Zhang YS. 3D Immunocompetent Organ-on-a-Chip Models. SMALL METHODS 2020; 4:2000235. [PMID: 33072861 PMCID: PMC7567338 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202000235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, engineering of various human tissues in microphysiologically relevant platforms, known as organs-on-chips (OOCs), has been explored to establish in vitro tissue models that recapitulate the microenvironments found in native organs and tissues. However, most of these models have overlooked the important roles of immune cells in maintaining tissue homeostasis under physiological conditions and in modulating the tissue microenvironments during pathophysiology. Significantly, gradual progress is being made in the development of more sophisticated microphysiologically relevant human-based OOC models that allow the studies of the key biophysiological aspects of specific tissues or organs, interactions between cells (parenchymal, vascular, and immune cells) and their extracellular matrix molecules, effects of native tissue architectures (geometry, dynamic flow or mechanical forces) on tissue functions, as well as unravelling the mechanism underlying tissue-specific diseases and drug testing. In this Progress Report, we discuss the different components of the immune system, as well as immune OOC platforms and immunocompetent OOC approaches that have simulated one or more components of the immune system. We also outline the challenges to recreate a fully functional tissue system in vitro with a focus on the incorporation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushila Maharjan
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Berivan Cecen
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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185
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Kumari T, Verma DP, Afshan T, Verma NK, Pant G, Ali M, Shukla PK, Mitra K, Ghosh JK. A Noncytotoxic Temporin L Analogue with In Vivo Antibacterial and Antiendotoxin Activities and a Nonmembrane-Lytic Mode of Action. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:2369-2385. [PMID: 32786286 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic frog antimicrobial peptide Temporin L (TempL) is an attractive molecule for the design of lead antimicrobial agents due to its short size and versatile biological activities. However, noncytotoxic TempL variants with desirable biological activities have rarely been reported. TempL analogue Q3K,TempL is water-soluble and possesses a significant antiendotoxin property along with comparable cytotoxicity to TempL. A phenylalanine residue, located at the hydrophobic face of Q3K,TempL and the "d" position of its phenylalanine zipper sequence, was replaced with a cationic lysine residue. This analogue, Q3K,F8K,TempL, showed reduced hydrophobic moment and was noncytotoxic with lower antimicrobial activity. Interestingly, swapping between tryptophan at the fourth and serine at the sixth positions turned Q3K,F8K,TempL totally amphipathic as reflected by its helical wheel projection with clusters of hydrophobic and hydrophilic residues and the highest hydrophobic moment among these peptides. Surprisingly, this analogue, SW,Q3K,F8K,TempL, was as noncytotoxic as Q3K,F8K,TempL but showed augmented antimicrobial and antiendotoxin properties, comparable to that of TempL and Q3K,TempL. SW,Q3K,F8K,TempL exhibited appreciable survival of mice against P. aeruginosa infection and a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Unlike TempL and Q3K,TempL, SW,Q3K,F8K,TempL adopted an unordered secondary structure in bacterial membrane mimetic lipid vesicles and did not permeabilize them or depolarize the bacterial membrane. Overall, the results demonstrate the design of a nontoxic TempL analogue that possesses clusters of hydrophobic and hydrophilic residues with impaired secondary structure and shows a nonmembrane-lytic mechanism and in vivo antiendotoxin and antimicrobial activities. This paradigm of design of antimicrobial peptide with clusters of hydrophobic and hydrophilic residues and high hydrophobic moment but low secondary structure could be attempted further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tripti Kumari
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 031, India
| | - Devesh Pratap Verma
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 031, India
| | - Tayyaba Afshan
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 031, India
| | - Neeraj Kumar Verma
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 031, India
| | - Garima Pant
- Electron Microscopy Unit, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 031, India
| | - Mehmood Ali
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 031, India
| | - P. K. Shukla
- Microbiology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 031, India
| | - Kalyan Mitra
- Electron Microscopy Unit, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 031, India
| | - Jimut Kanti Ghosh
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 031, India
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186
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Pitale DM, Kaur G, Baghel M, Kaur KJ, Shaha C. Halictine-2 antimicrobial peptide shows promising anti-parasitic activity against Leishmania spp. Exp Parasitol 2020; 218:107987. [PMID: 32891601 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Leishmania spp. causes leishmaniases, a group of diseases creating serious health problems in many parts of the world with significant resistance to existing drugs. Insect derived antimicrobial peptides are promising alternatives to conventional drugs against several human disease-causing pathogens because they do not generate resistance. Halictine-2, a novel antimicrobial peptide from the venom of eusocial honeybee, Halictus sexcinctus showed significant anti-leishmanial activity in vitro, towards two life forms of the dimorphic parasite, the free-swimming infective metacyclic promastigotes and the intracellular amastigotes responsible for the systemic infection. The anti-leishmanial activity of the native peptide (P5S) was significantly enhanced by serine to threonine substitution at position 5 (P5T). The peptide showed a propensity to form α-helices after substitution at position-5, conferring amphipathicity. Distinct pores observed on the promastigote membrane after P5T exposure suggested a mechanism of disruption of cellular integrity. Biochemical alterations in the promastigotes after P5T exposure included generation of increased oxygen radicals with mitochondrial Ca2+ release, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, reduction in total ATP content and increased mitochondrial mass, resulting in quick bioenergetic and chemiosmotic collapse leading to cell death characterized by DNA fragmentation. P5T was able to reduce intracellular amastigote burden in an in vitro model of Leishmania infection but did not alter the proinflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6. The ability of the P5T peptide to kill the Leishmania parasite with negligible haemolytic activity towards mouse macrophages and human erythrocytes respectively, demonstrates its potential to be considered as a future antileishmanial drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durgesh Manohar Pitale
- Cell Death and Differentiation Research Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Gagandeep Kaur
- Structural Biology Unit, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Madhu Baghel
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Kanwal J Kaur
- Structural Biology Unit, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Chandrima Shaha
- Cell Death and Differentiation Research Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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187
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Kumar S, Mandal D, El-Mowafi SA, Mozaffari S, Tiwari RK, Parang K. Click-Free Synthesis of a Multivalent Tricyclic Peptide as a Molecular Transporter. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12090842. [PMID: 32899170 PMCID: PMC7558522 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12090842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular delivery of cell-impermeable and water-insoluble molecules remains an ongoing challenge to overcome. Previously, we reported amphipathic cyclic peptides c[WR]4 and c[WR]5 consisting of alternate arginine and tryptophan residues as nuclear-targeting molecular transporters. These peptides contain an optimal balance of positive charge and hydrophobicity, which is required for interactions with the phospholipid bilayer to facilitate their application as a drug delivery system. To further optimize them, we synthesized and evaluated a multivalent tricyclic peptide as an efficient molecular transporter. The monomeric cyclic peptide building blocks were synthesized using Fmoc/tBu solid-phase chemistry and cyclization in the solution and conjugated with each other through an amide bond to afford the tricyclic peptide, which demonstrated modest antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli (E. coli) with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 64–128 µg/mL. The tricyclic peptide was found to be nontoxic up to 30 µM in the breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231). The presence of tricyclic peptide enhanced cellular uptakes of fluorescently-labeled phosphopeptide (F’-GpYEEI, 18-fold), anti-HIV drugs (lamivudine (F’-3TC), emtricitabine (F’-FTC), and stavudine (F’-d4T), 1.7–12-fold), and siRNA (3.3-fold) in the MDA-MB-231 cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (S.K.); (D.M.); (S.A.E.-M.); (S.M.)
- Department of Chemistry, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal, Haryana 131039, India
| | - Dindyal Mandal
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (S.K.); (D.M.); (S.A.E.-M.); (S.M.)
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Shaima Ahmed El-Mowafi
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (S.K.); (D.M.); (S.A.E.-M.); (S.M.)
- Peptide Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Saghar Mozaffari
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (S.K.); (D.M.); (S.A.E.-M.); (S.M.)
| | - Rakesh Kumar Tiwari
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (S.K.); (D.M.); (S.A.E.-M.); (S.M.)
- Correspondence: (R.K.T.); (K.P.); Tel.: +1-714-516-5483 (R.K.T.); +1-714-516-5489 (K.P.)
| | - Keykavous Parang
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (S.K.); (D.M.); (S.A.E.-M.); (S.M.)
- Correspondence: (R.K.T.); (K.P.); Tel.: +1-714-516-5483 (R.K.T.); +1-714-516-5489 (K.P.)
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188
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Govindarajan DK, Viswalingam N, Meganathan Y, Kandaswamy K. Adherence patterns of Escherichia coli in the intestine and its role in pathogenesis. MEDICINE IN MICROECOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medmic.2020.100025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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189
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Thapa RK, Winther-Larsen HC, Diep DB, Tønnesen HH. Preformulation studies on novel garvicin KS peptides for topical applications. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 151:105333. [PMID: 32268197 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are emerging as a viable alternative to antibiotics attributable to their potent antimicrobial effects and low propensity for resistance development, especially in chronic infected wounds. The development of an optimized topical formulation of AMPs is thus warranted. Preformulation studies for determination of the suitability and optimization requirements of AMPs in topical formulation development are important. Therefore, we sought to investigate the preformulation studies for a novel bacteriocin garvicin KS (GarKS), which is composed of three peptides (GakA, GakB, and GakC). The effects of physiological fluids and varying temperatures on GarKS peptide stability were determined. The antimicrobial effects of the peptides and their combinations were evaluated in Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin sensitive and resistant strains). Furthermore, their effects on fibroblast viability and proliferation were determined. The GarKS peptides were stable in water and PBS at room and physiological temperatures, however, the peptides were significantly degraded in simulated wound fluid. The antimicrobial and fibroblast cell viability/proliferation effects of either individual GarKS peptides or their combinations varied. A careful consideration of the peptide stability, antimicrobial efficacy, and fibroblast viability/proliferation effects suggests GakA+GakB as a potent combination for the development of an optimized topical formulation of GarKS peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar Thapa
- Section for Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1068 Blindern, NO, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Hanne Cecilie Winther-Larsen
- Centre for Integrative Microbial Evolution (CIME) and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1068 Blindern, NO, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Dzung B Diep
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Hanne Hjorth Tønnesen
- Section for Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1068 Blindern, NO, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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190
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Tan A, Suzuki R, Yokoyama C, Yano S, Konno H. Antimicrobial activity and secondary structure of a novel peptide derived from ovalbumin. J Pept Sci 2020; 26:e3276. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.3276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ao Tan
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and EngineeringYamagata University Yonezawa Japan
| | - Rio Suzuki
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and EngineeringYamagata University Yonezawa Japan
| | - Chikako Yokoyama
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and EngineeringYamagata University Yonezawa Japan
| | - Shigekazu Yano
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and EngineeringYamagata University Yonezawa Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Konno
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and EngineeringYamagata University Yonezawa Japan
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191
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Antibacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Novel Peptide Toxin from the Spider Pardosa astrigera. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9070422. [PMID: 32707636 PMCID: PMC7400607 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9070422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has become an immediate threat to public health. Antimicrobial peptides are attracting attention as a new source of antibiotics due to their ability to prevent drug-resistances with fewer side effects. Spider venom is composed of various bioactive substances with multiple functionalities such as antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects. Here, RNA sequencing was conducted on the venom gland of the spider Pardosa astrigera, and a potential toxin peptide with antibacterial properties was selected via homology and in silico analysis. A novel toxin, Lycotoxin-Pa4a, inhibited both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria by disrupting the outer and bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. Moreover, the peptide downregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators while upregulating the level of anti-inflammatory cytokine by inactivating mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in a lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine macrophage cell line. In this research, we identified a novel peptide toxin, Lycotoxin-pa4a, with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, suggesting its potential for the development of a new antibiotics, as well as offering insights into the utilization of biological resources.
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192
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Maystrenko A, Feng Y, Akhtar N, Li J. The Addition of a Synthetic LPS-Targeting Domain Improves Serum Stability While Maintaining Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm, and Cell Stimulating Properties of an Antimicrobial Peptide. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1014. [PMID: 32650576 PMCID: PMC7407491 DOI: 10.3390/biom10071014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria and their biofilms are a concern in veterinary and human medicine. Protegrin-1 (PG-1), a potent antimicrobial peptide (AMP) with antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties, is considered a potential alternative for conventional antibiotics. AMPs are less stable and lose activity in the presence of physiological fluids, such as serum. To improve stability of PG-1, a hybrid peptide, SynPG-1, was designed. The antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of PG-1 and the PG-1 hybrid against MDR pathogens was analyzed, and activity after incubation with physiological fluids was compared. The effects of these peptides on the IPEC-J2 cell line was also investigated. While PG-1 maintained some activity in 25% serum for 2 h, SynPG-1 was able to retain activity in the same condition for up to 24 h, representing a 12-fold increase in stability. Both peptides had some antibiofilm activity against Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. While both peptides prevented biofilm formation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), neither could destroy MRSA's pre-formed biofilms. Both peptides maintained activity after incubation with trypsin and porcine gastric fluid, but not intestinal fluid, and stimulated IPEC-J2 cell migration. These findings suggest that SynPG-1 has much better serum stability while maintaining the same antimicrobial potency as PG-1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Julang Li
- Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.M.); (Y.F.); (N.A.)
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193
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Asadi A, Tavakoli Kareshk A, Sharifi I, Firouzeh N. Murine cathelicidin: as a host defensive response against Leishmania major infection. J Parasit Dis 2020; 44:633-638. [PMID: 32801517 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01238-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a serious global challenge with neither efficacious prophylactic vaccine nor effective and safe therapeutic measures. Cathelicidins, members of antimicrobial peptides family, are small proteins of innate immunity system, which represent a protective barrier against a number of potential pathogens in living organisms. The murine cathelicidin or cathelin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP) is expressed by a variety of cells or tissues, and highly resembles to human cathelicidin (LL-37). It is naturally expressed at a low concentration in adolescent age, but extensively increases during cutaneous infections. Despite its important role, it has less been investigated in parasitic infections. Among all cells, macrophages and skin cells are the two important cells that directly have a relationship with Leishmania major parasites. The present study aimed to show whether cathelicidins protect their hosts following cutaneous leishmaniasis due to L. major parasites. Both in vitro and in vivo models of L. major infection were established by exposing of J744 cell line (murine macrophages) and BALB/c mice with the stationary phase of L. major promastigotes for 24 h and 7 days. The findings revealed that both macrophages and skin cells significantly (p < 0.05) expressed a high level of CRAMP gene and peptide after challenging with L. major parasites. Thus, our data suggest a protective role for cathelicidins against infections caused by L. major parasites. This experimental model could be considered as a novel potential vaccine candidate for planning future control strategy against human leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Asadi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Amir Tavakoli Kareshk
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Nima Firouzeh
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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194
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Paredes SD, Kim S, Rooney MT, Greenwood AI, Hristova K, Cotten ML. Enhancing the membrane activity of Piscidin 1 through peptide metallation and the presence of oxidized lipid species: Implications for the unification of host defense mechanisms at lipid membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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195
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Tornesello AL, Borrelli A, Buonaguro L, Buonaguro FM, Tornesello ML. Antimicrobial Peptides as Anticancer Agents: Functional Properties and Biological Activities. Molecules 2020; 25:E2850. [PMID: 32575664 PMCID: PMC7356147 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), or host defense peptides, are small cationic or amphipathic molecules produced by prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms that play a key role in the innate immune defense against viruses, bacteria and fungi. AMPs have either antimicrobial or anticancer activities. Indeed, cationic AMPs are able to disrupt microbial cell membranes by interacting with negatively charged phospholipids. Moreover, several peptides are capable to trigger cytotoxicity of human cancer cells by binding to negatively charged phosphatidylserine moieties which are selectively exposed on the outer surface of cancer cell plasma membranes. In addition, some AMPs, such as LTX-315, have shown to induce release of tumor antigens and potent damage associated molecular patterns by causing alterations in the intracellular organelles of cancer cells. Given the recognized medical need of novel anticancer drugs, AMPs could represent a potential source of effective therapeutic agents, either alone or in combination with other small molecules, in oncology. In this review we summarize and describe the properties and the mode of action of AMPs as well as the strategies to increase their selectivity toward specific cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lucia Tornesello
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (F.M.B.); (M.L.T.)
| | - Antonella Borrelli
- Innovative Immunological Models, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Luigi Buonaguro
- Innovative Immunological Models, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Franco Maria Buonaguro
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (F.M.B.); (M.L.T.)
| | - Maria Lina Tornesello
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (F.M.B.); (M.L.T.)
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196
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El-Sharkawy H, Tahoun A, Rizk AM, Suzuki T, Elmonir W, Nassef E, Shukry M, Germoush MO, Farrag F, Bin-Jumah M, Mahmoud AM. Evaluation of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus Probiotics as Alternative Therapy for Salmonella typhimurium Infection in Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10061023. [PMID: 32545606 PMCID: PMC7341506 DOI: 10.3390/ani10061023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Salmonella is an important foodborne pathogen that represents a very critical threat to poultry industry worldwide. This study concerns an important aspect of human food and health problem by treating a common zoonotic bacterial disease in poultry industry. Owing to the increased resistance to antibiotics among Salmonellaenterica serotypes, we aimed to explore the beneficial effects of different probiotics strains as alternative sources of protection against infection in broiler chickens. Three probiotic strains Lactobacillus (Lacticaseibacillus) casei ATTC334, Bifidobacterium breve JCM1192 and Bifidobacterium infantis BL2416) improved body weight gain and prevented the deleterious effects and mortality induced by Salmonella infection in chicks through different mechanisms, including competitive exclusion and the promotion of cytokines’ release. Abstract Chicken Salmonella enterica serovars are enteric bacteria associated with massive public health risks and economic losses. There is a widespread antimicrobial resistance among S.enterica serotypes, and innovative solutions to antibiotic resistance are needed. We aimed to use probiotics to reduce antibiotic resistance and identify the major probiotic players that modify the early interactions between S.enterica and host cells. One-day-old cobb broiler chicks were challenged with S. typhimurium after oral inoculation with different probiotic strains for 3 days. The adherence of different probiotic strains to Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells was studied in vitro. Lactobacillus (Lacticaseibacillus) casei ATTC334 and Bifidobacterium breve JCM1192 strains attached to Caco-2 cells stronger than B. infantis BL2416. L. casei ATTC334 and B. breve JCM1192 reduced S. typhimurium recovery from the cecal tonsils by competitive exclusion mechanism. Although B. infantis BL2416 bound poorly to Caco-2 epithelial cells, it reduced S. typhimurium recovery and increased IFN-γ and TNF-α production. L. casei ATTC334, B. breve JCM1192 and B. infantis BL2416 improved body weight gain and the food conversion rate in S. typhimurium-infected broilers. B. longum Ncc2785 neither attached to epithelial cells nor induced IFN-γ and TNF-α release and consequently did not prevent S. typhimurium colonization in broiler chickens. In conclusion, probiotics prevented the intestinal colonization of S. typhimurium in infected chickens by competitive exclusion or cytokine production mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanem El-Sharkawy
- Department of Poultry and Rabbit Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33511, Egypt;
| | - Amin Tahoun
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33511, Egypt
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan;
- Correspondence: (A.T.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Amira M. Rizk
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13511, Egypt;
| | - Tohru Suzuki
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan;
| | - Walid Elmonir
- Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33511, Egypt;
| | - Eldsokey Nassef
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33511, Egypt;
| | - Mustafa Shukry
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33511, Egypt;
| | - Mousa O. Germoush
- Biology Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka 2014, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Foad Farrag
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33511, Egypt;
| | - May Bin-Jumah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 84428, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ayman M. Mahmoud
- Physiology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.T.); (A.M.M.)
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197
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Anti-bacterial activity of inorganic nanomaterials and their antimicrobial peptide conjugates against resistant and non-resistant pathogens. Int J Pharm 2020; 586:119531. [PMID: 32540348 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review details the antimicrobial applications of inorganic nanomaterials of mostly metallic form, and the augmentation of activity by surface conjugation of peptide ligands. The review is subdivided into three main sections, of which the first describes the antimicrobial activity of inorganic nanomaterials against gram-positive, gram-negative and multidrug-resistant bacterial strains. The second section highlights the range of antimicrobial peptides and the drug resistance strategies employed by bacterial species to counter lethality. The final part discusses the role of antimicrobial peptide-decorated inorganic nanomaterials in the fight against bacterial strains that show resistance. General strategies for the preparation of antimicrobial peptides and their conjugation to nanomaterials are discussed, emphasizing the use of elemental and metallic oxide nanomaterials. Importantly, the permeation of antimicrobial peptides through the bacterial membrane is shown to aid the delivery of nanomaterials into bacterial cells. By judicious use of targeting ligands, the nanomaterial becomes able to differentiate between bacterial and mammalian cells and, thus, reduce side effects. Moreover, peptide conjugation to the surface of a nanomaterial will alter surface chemistry in ways that lead to reduction in toxicity and improvements in biocompatibility.
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198
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Abstract
Defensins are a major family of host defense peptides expressed predominantly in neutrophils and epithelial cells. Their broad antimicrobial activities and multifaceted immunomodulatory functions have been extensively studied, cementing their role in innate immunity as a core host-protective component against bacterial, viral and fungal infections. More recent studies, however, paint defensins in a bad light such that they are "alleged" to promote viral and bacterial infections in certain biological settings. This mini review summarizes the latest findings on the potential pathogenic properties of defensins against the backdrop of their protective roles in antiviral and antibacterial immunity. Further, a succinct description of both tumor-proliferative and -suppressive activities of defensins is also given to highlight their functional and mechanistic complexity in antitumor immunity. We posit that given an enabling environment defensins, widely heralded as the "Swiss army knife," can function as a "double-edged sword" in host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- Institute of Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wuyuan Lu
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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199
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Ha DH, Kim HK, Lee J, Kwon HH, Park GH, Yang SH, Jung JY, Choi H, Lee JH, Sung S, Yi YW, Cho BS. Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell-Derived Exosomes for Immunomodulatory Therapeutics and Skin Regeneration. Cells 2020; 9:E1157. [PMID: 32392899 PMCID: PMC7290908 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-sized vesicles that serve as mediators for cell-to-cell communication. With their unique nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids cargo compositions that reflect the characteristics of producer cells, exosomes can be utilized as cell-free therapeutics. Among exosomes derived from various cellular origins, mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-exosomes) have gained great attention due to their immunomodulatory and regenerative functions. Indeed, many studies have shown anti-inflammatory, anti-aging and wound healing effects of MSC-exosomes in various in vitro and in vivo models. In addition, recent advances in the field of exosome biology have enabled development of specific guidelines and quality control methods, which will ultimately lead to clinical application of exosomes. This review highlights recent studies that investigate therapeutic potential of MSC-exosomes and relevant mode of actions for skin diseases, as well as quality control measures required for development of exosome-derived therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Hyun Ha
- ExoCoBio Exosome Institute (EEI), ExoCoBio Inc., Seoul 08594, Korea; (D.H.H.); (H.-k.K.); (J.H.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Hyun-keun Kim
- ExoCoBio Exosome Institute (EEI), ExoCoBio Inc., Seoul 08594, Korea; (D.H.H.); (H.-k.K.); (J.H.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Joon Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | | | - Gyeong-Hun Park
- Department of Dermatology, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwasweong-si, Gyeonggi-do 18450, Korea;
| | | | | | | | - Jun Ho Lee
- ExoCoBio Exosome Institute (EEI), ExoCoBio Inc., Seoul 08594, Korea; (D.H.H.); (H.-k.K.); (J.H.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Sumi Sung
- ExoCoBio Exosome Institute (EEI), ExoCoBio Inc., Seoul 08594, Korea; (D.H.H.); (H.-k.K.); (J.H.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Yong Weon Yi
- ExoCoBio Exosome Institute (EEI), ExoCoBio Inc., Seoul 08594, Korea; (D.H.H.); (H.-k.K.); (J.H.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Byong Seung Cho
- ExoCoBio Exosome Institute (EEI), ExoCoBio Inc., Seoul 08594, Korea; (D.H.H.); (H.-k.K.); (J.H.L.); (S.S.)
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200
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Piscidin, Fish Antimicrobial Peptide: Structure, Classification, Properties, Mechanism, Gene Regulation and Therapeutical Importance. Int J Pept Res Ther 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-020-10068-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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