151
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Xing X, Guan X, Liu L, Zhan J, Jiang H, Liu L, Li G, Xiong J, Tan L, Xu J, Jiang Y, Yao X, Zhan F, Nie S. Natural Transmission Model for Severe Fever With Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Bunyavirus in Villages of Hubei Province, China. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e2533. [PMID: 26825892 PMCID: PMC5291562 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000002533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), an emerging high-fatality infectious disease, is caused by a novel bunyavirus. However, a clear natural transmission model has not yet been established. We conducted a cross-sectional study with in-depth investigation of villages to systematically understand the transmission and risk factors among humans, host animals, and vectors. Village residents were interviewed using standardized questionnaires, in which there were confirmed cases of new infections, between August 2012 and May 2013. Serum samples from all villagers and animals, as well as tick specimens, were collected for qRT-PCR and antibody testing. The seropositivity rate among villagers was 8.4% (35/419), which was lower than that among domesticated animals (54.0%, 27/50; χ(2)= 81.1, P < 0.05). SFTS viral RNA was most commonly detected among domesticated animals (14.0%), followed by ticks (3.1%) and humans (1.7%; χ(2) = 23.1, P < 0.05). The homology of the S gene fragment was 98%. Tick bites were significantly associated with SFTSV infection (Conditional Logistic Regression odds ratio [OR] = 2.5, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0-6.6). We provided systematic evidence on a natural transmission model for SFTSV from reservoir hosts (domesticated animals) to vectors (Haemaphysalis longicornis) to humans, and close contact with SFTS confirmed patients was not found to be a risk factor for natural transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesen Xing
- From Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (XX, HJ, LL, SN); Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China (XX, FZ, XG, LL, JZ, GL, JX, LT, JX, YZ, XY)
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152
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Molecular evolution of fever, thrombocytopenia and leukocytopenia virus (FTLSV) based on whole-genome sequences. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 39:55-63. [PMID: 26748010 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
FTLSV is a novel bunyavirus that was discovered in 2007 in the Henan province of China and has reported case fatality rates of up to 30%. Despite the high case fatality rate, knowledge of the evolution and molecular epidemiology of FTLSV is limited. In this study, detailed phylogenetic analyses were performed on whole-genome sequences to examine the virus's evolutionary rates, estimate dates of common ancestry, and determine the population dynamics and selection pressure for FTLSV. The evolutionary rates of FTLSV were estimated to be 2.28×10(-4), 2.42×10(-4) and 1.19×10(-4) nucleotide substitutions/site/year for the S, M and L segments, respectively. The most recent ancestor of the viruses existed approximately 182-294 years ago. Evidence of RNA segment reassortment was found in FTLSV. A Bayesian skyline plot showed that after a period of genetic stability following high variability, the FTLSV population appeared to have contracted it. Selection pressures were estimated and revealed an abundance of negatively selected sites and sparse positively selected sites. These data will be valuable in understanding the evolution and molecular epidemiology of FTLSV, eventually helping to determine mechanisms of emergence and pathogenicity and the level of the virus's threat to public health.
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153
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Chaudhary V, Zhang S, Yuen KS, Li C, Lui PY, Fung SY, Wang PH, Chan CP, Li D, Kok KH, Liang M, Jin DY. Suppression of type I and type III IFN signalling by NSs protein of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus through inhibition of STAT1 phosphorylation and activation. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:3204-3211. [PMID: 26353965 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is an emerging tick-borne pathogen causing significant morbidity and mortality in Asia. NSs protein of SFTSV is known to perturb type I IFN induction and signalling, but the mechanism remains to be fully understood. Here, we showed the suppression of both type I and type III IFN signalling by SFTSV NSs protein is mediated through inhibition of STAT1 phosphorylation and activation. Infection with live SFTSV or expression of NSs potently suppressed IFN-stimulated genes but not NFkB activation. NSs was capable of counteracting the activity of IFN-α1, IFN-β, IFN-λ1 and IFN-λ2. Mechanistically, NSs associated with STAT1 and STAT2, mitigated IFN-β-induced phosphorylation of STAT1 at S727, and reduced the expression and activity of STAT1 protein in IFN-β-treated cells, resulting in the inhibition of STAT1 and STAT2 recruitment to IFNstimulated promoters. Taken together, SFTSV NSs protein is an IFN antagonist that suppresses phosphorylation and activation of STAT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidyanath Chaudhary
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Kit-San Yuen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Chuan Li
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Pak-Yin Lui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Sin-Yee Fung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Pei-Hui Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Chi-Ping Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Dexin Li
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Kin-Hang Kok
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Mifang Liang
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology and National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Dong-Yan Jin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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154
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Jiao Y, Qi X, Liu D, Zeng X, Han Y, Guo X, Shi Z, Wang H, Zhou M. Experimental and Natural Infections of Goats with Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus: Evidence for Ticks as Viral Vector. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004092. [PMID: 26485390 PMCID: PMC4618997 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV), the causative agent for the fatal life-threatening infectious disease, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), was first identified in the central and eastern regions of China. Although the viral RNA was detected in free-living and parasitic ticks, the vector for SFTSV remains unsettled. Methodology/Principal Findings Firstly, an experimental infection study in goats was conducted in a bio-safety level-2 (BSL-2) facility to investigate virus transmission between animals. The results showed that infected animals did not shed virus to the outside through respiratory or digestive tract route, and the control animals did not get infected. Then, a natural infection study was carried out in the SFTSV endemic region. A cohort of naïve goats was used as sentinel animals in the study site. A variety of daily samples including goat sera, ticks and mosquitoes were collected for viral RNA and antibody (from serum only) detection, and virus isolation. We detected viral RNA from free-living and parasitic ticks rather than mosquitoes, and from goats after ticks’ infestation. We also observed sero-conversion in all members of the animal cohort subsequently. The S segment sequences of the two recovered viral isolates from one infected goat and its parasitic ticks showed a 100% homology at the nucleic acid level. Conclusions/Significance In our natural infection study, close contact between goats does not appear to transmit SFTSV, however, the naïve animals were infected after ticks’ infestation and two viral isolates derived from an infected goat and its parasitic ticks shared 100% of sequence identity. These data demonstrate that the etiologic agent for goat cohort’s natural infection comes from environmental factors. Of these, ticks, especially the predominant species Haemaphysalis longicornis, probably act as vector for this pathogen. The findings in this study may help local health authorities formulate and focus preventive measures to contain this infection. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV), a newly identified bunyavirus, has been found to circulate in mainland China, South Korea, and Japan since 2009. This virus is the etiologic agent for an emerging fatal hemorrhagic fever, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) with high fatality. Although ticks have been implicated as the primary host vector indicated by epidemiological surveys, their role in transmitting this virus to the susceptible hosts, including humans, has not been validated. In this study, we conducted experimental and natural infections of goats with SFTSV to explore the role of ticks for this pathogen’s transmission. In the experimental infection study, we have not found any viral transmission within the cohort by close contact between animals. However, in the natural infection study, every member of a naïve goat cohort was observed to get infected sequentially when they were farmed in a SFTSV-endemic site. We detected viral RNA from free-living and parasitic ticks rather than mosquitoes, and from goats after ticks’ infestation. We also observed sero-conversion in all members of the animal cohort subsequently. More importantly, in the natural infection study, two virus strains isolated from one infected goat and its parasitic ticks showed identical S segment sequences of the viral genome. All these findings indicate that ticks, especially the dominant species Haemaphysalis longicornis, probably act as viral vector for this emerging pathogen, SFTSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Jiao
- Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Ministry Health, Nanjing, China
| | - Xian Qi
- Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Ministry Health, Nanjing, China
| | - Dapeng Liu
- Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Ministry Health, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zeng
- Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Ministry Health, Nanjing, China
| | - Yewu Han
- Xuyi County Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Huai-an, China
| | - Xiling Guo
- Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Ministry Health, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiyang Shi
- Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Ministry Health, Nanjing, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Ministry Health, Nanjing, China
| | - Minghao Zhou
- Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Ministry Health, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail:
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155
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Liu JW, Wen HL, Fang LZ, Zhang ZT, He ST, Xue ZF, Ma DQ, Zhang XS, Wang T, Yu H, Zhang Y, Zhao L, Yu XJ. Prevalence of SFTSV among Asian house shrews and rodents, China, January-August 2013. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 20:2126-8. [PMID: 25418111 PMCID: PMC4257798 DOI: 10.3201/eid2012.141013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the role of small mammals as hosts of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV), we tested serum samples from rodents and shrews in China, collected in 2013. SFTSV antibodies and RNA were detected, suggesting that rodents and shrews might be hosts for SFTSV.
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156
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Luo X, Liu Q, Xiong Y, Ye C, Jin D, Xu J. Genome-wide analysis of synonymous codon usage in Huaiyangshan virus and other bunyaviruses. J Basic Microbiol 2015; 55:1374-83. [PMID: 26173646 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201500233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Huaiyangshan virus (HYSV) is a newly discovered bunyavirus, which is transmitted by ticks and causes hemorrhagic fever-like illness in human. The interplay of codon usage among viruses and their hosts is expected to affect viral survival, evasion from host's immune system and evolution. However, little is known about the codon usage in HYSV genome. In the present study, we analyzed synonymous codon usage in 120 available full-length HYSV sequences and performed a comparative analysis of synonymous codon usage patterns in HYSV and 42 other bunyaviruses. The relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) analysis showed that the preferred synonymous codons were G/C-ended. A comparative analysis of RSCU between HYSV and its hosts reflected that codon usage patterns of HYSV were mostly coincident with that of its hosts. Our data suggested that although mutational bias dominated codon usage, patterns of codon usage in HYSV were also under the influence of nature selection. Phylogenetic analysis based on RSCU values across different HYSV strains and 42 other bunyaviruses suggested that codon usage pattern in HYSV was the most similar with that of Uukuniemi virus among these bunyaviruses and that viruses belonged to Phlebovirus showed a diversity of codon usage patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingzhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanwen Xiong
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Changyun Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dong Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
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157
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Host Responses and Regulation by NFκB Signaling in the Liver and Liver Epithelial Cells Infected with A Novel Tick-borne Bunyavirus. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11816. [PMID: 26134299 PMCID: PMC4488873 DOI: 10.1038/srep11816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection in humans by severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV), a novel bunyavirus transmitted by ticks, is often associated with pronounced liver damage, especially in fatal cases. Little has been known, however, about how liver cells respond to SFTSV and how the response is regulated. In this study we report that proinflammatory cytokines were induced in liver tissues of C57/BL6 mice infected with SFTSV, which may cause tissue necrosis in mice. Human liver epithelial cells were susceptible to SFTSV and antiviral interferon (IFN) and IFN-inducible proteins were induced upon infection. We observed that infection of liver epithelial cells led to significant increases in proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including IL-6, RANTES, IP-10, and MIP-3a, which were regulated by NFκB signaling, and the activation of NFκB signaling during infection promoted viral replication in liver epithelial cells. Viral nonstructural protein NSs was inhibitory to the induction of IFN-β, but interestingly, NFκB activation was enhanced in the presence of NSs. Therefore, NSs plays dual roles in the suppression of antiviral IFN-β induction as well as the promotion of proinflammatory responses. Our findings provide the first evidence for elucidating host responses and regulation in liver epithelial cells infected by an emerging bunyavirus.
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158
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Yun Y, Heo ST, Kim G, Hewson R, Kim H, Park D, Cho NH, Oh WS, Ryu SY, Kwon KT, Medlock JM, Lee KH. Phylogenetic Analysis of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus in South Korea and Migratory Bird Routes Between China, South Korea, and Japan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 93:468-74. [PMID: 26033016 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is a tick-borne viral disease. The SFTS virus (SFTSV) has been detected in the Haemaphysalis longicornis, which acts as a transmission host between animals and humans. SFTSV was first confirmed in China in 2009 and has also been circulating in Japan and South Korea. However, it is not known if a genetic connection exists between the viruses in these regions and, if so, how SFTSV is transmitted across China, South Korea, and Japan. We therefore hypothesize that the SFTSV in South Korea share common phylogenetic origins with samples from China and Japan. Further, we postulate that migratory birds, well-known carriers of the tick H. longicornis, are a potential source of SFTSV transmission across countries. Our phylogenetic analysis results show that the SFTSV isolates in South Korea were similar to isolates from Japan and China. We connect this with previous work showing that SFTSV-infected H. longicornis were found in China, South Korea, and Japan. In addition, H. longicornis were found on migratory birds. The migratory bird routes and the distribution of H. longicornis are concurrent with the occurrence of SFTSV. Therefore, we suggest that migratory birds play an important role in dispersing H. longicornis-borne SFTSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeojun Yun
- Ewha Medical Research Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Infectious Disease, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, South Korea; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Virology and Pathogenesis Group, WHO Collaborating Centre for Virus Reference and Research, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury Wiltshire, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, South Korea; Division of Infectious Diseases, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Daegu, South Korea; Medical Entomology and Zoonoses Ecology, Microbial Risk Assessment, Emergency Response Department, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Sang Taek Heo
- Ewha Medical Research Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Infectious Disease, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, South Korea; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Virology and Pathogenesis Group, WHO Collaborating Centre for Virus Reference and Research, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury Wiltshire, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, South Korea; Division of Infectious Diseases, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Daegu, South Korea; Medical Entomology and Zoonoses Ecology, Microbial Risk Assessment, Emergency Response Department, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Gwanghun Kim
- Ewha Medical Research Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Infectious Disease, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, South Korea; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Virology and Pathogenesis Group, WHO Collaborating Centre for Virus Reference and Research, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury Wiltshire, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, South Korea; Division of Infectious Diseases, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Daegu, South Korea; Medical Entomology and Zoonoses Ecology, Microbial Risk Assessment, Emergency Response Department, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Hewson
- Ewha Medical Research Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Infectious Disease, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, South Korea; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Virology and Pathogenesis Group, WHO Collaborating Centre for Virus Reference and Research, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury Wiltshire, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, South Korea; Division of Infectious Diseases, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Daegu, South Korea; Medical Entomology and Zoonoses Ecology, Microbial Risk Assessment, Emergency Response Department, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Hyemin Kim
- Ewha Medical Research Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Infectious Disease, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, South Korea; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Virology and Pathogenesis Group, WHO Collaborating Centre for Virus Reference and Research, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury Wiltshire, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, South Korea; Division of Infectious Diseases, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Daegu, South Korea; Medical Entomology and Zoonoses Ecology, Microbial Risk Assessment, Emergency Response Department, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Dahee Park
- Ewha Medical Research Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Infectious Disease, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, South Korea; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Virology and Pathogenesis Group, WHO Collaborating Centre for Virus Reference and Research, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury Wiltshire, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, South Korea; Division of Infectious Diseases, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Daegu, South Korea; Medical Entomology and Zoonoses Ecology, Microbial Risk Assessment, Emergency Response Department, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Nam-Hyuk Cho
- Ewha Medical Research Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Infectious Disease, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, South Korea; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Virology and Pathogenesis Group, WHO Collaborating Centre for Virus Reference and Research, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury Wiltshire, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, South Korea; Division of Infectious Diseases, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Daegu, South Korea; Medical Entomology and Zoonoses Ecology, Microbial Risk Assessment, Emergency Response Department, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Won Sup Oh
- Ewha Medical Research Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Infectious Disease, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, South Korea; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Virology and Pathogenesis Group, WHO Collaborating Centre for Virus Reference and Research, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury Wiltshire, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, South Korea; Division of Infectious Diseases, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Daegu, South Korea; Medical Entomology and Zoonoses Ecology, Microbial Risk Assessment, Emergency Response Department, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Seong Yeol Ryu
- Ewha Medical Research Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Infectious Disease, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, South Korea; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Virology and Pathogenesis Group, WHO Collaborating Centre for Virus Reference and Research, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury Wiltshire, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, South Korea; Division of Infectious Diseases, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Daegu, South Korea; Medical Entomology and Zoonoses Ecology, Microbial Risk Assessment, Emergency Response Department, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ki Tae Kwon
- Ewha Medical Research Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Infectious Disease, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, South Korea; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Virology and Pathogenesis Group, WHO Collaborating Centre for Virus Reference and Research, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury Wiltshire, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, South Korea; Division of Infectious Diseases, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Daegu, South Korea; Medical Entomology and Zoonoses Ecology, Microbial Risk Assessment, Emergency Response Department, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jolyon M Medlock
- Ewha Medical Research Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Infectious Disease, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, South Korea; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Virology and Pathogenesis Group, WHO Collaborating Centre for Virus Reference and Research, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury Wiltshire, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, South Korea; Division of Infectious Diseases, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Daegu, South Korea; Medical Entomology and Zoonoses Ecology, Microbial Risk Assessment, Emergency Response Department, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Keun Hwa Lee
- Ewha Medical Research Institute, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Infectious Disease, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, South Korea; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Virology and Pathogenesis Group, WHO Collaborating Centre for Virus Reference and Research, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury Wiltshire, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, South Korea; Division of Infectious Diseases, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Daegu, South Korea; Medical Entomology and Zoonoses Ecology, Microbial Risk Assessment, Emergency Response Department, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury Wiltshire, United Kingdom
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159
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Shinohara N, Matsumoto C, Chatani M, Uchida S, Yoshikawa T, Shimojima M, Satake M, Tadokoro K. Efficacy of the Mirasol pathogen reduction technology system against severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV). Vox Sang 2015; 109:417-9. [PMID: 26031768 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is a tickborne virus in the Bunyaviridae family. This virus has recently been found in China, Japan and Korea. The risk of transfusion-transmitted SFTSV infection (TTI-SFTSV) is a concern because person-to-person transmission resulting from contact with SFTSV-contaminated blood has been reported. Therefore, we investigated the efficacy of the Mirasol pathogen reduction technology (PRT) system for inactivating SFTSV in vitro. The Mirasol PRT system achieved a > 4.11 log10 reduction value (LRV) for SFTSV. In conclusion, we showed that the Mirasol PRT system could potentially be used to reduce the risk of TTI-SFTSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Shinohara
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - C Matsumoto
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Chatani
- Kanto-Koshinetsu Block Blood Center, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Uchida
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Yoshikawa
- Special Pathogens Laboratory, Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Shimojima
- Special Pathogens Laboratory, Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Satake
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Tadokoro
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
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160
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Liu K, Zhou H, Sun RX, Yao HW, Li Y, Wang LP, Di Mu, Li XL, Yang Y, Gray GC, Cui N, Yin WW, Fang LQ, Yu HJ, Cao WC. A national assessment of the epidemiology of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, China. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9679. [PMID: 25902910 PMCID: PMC4407178 DOI: 10.1038/srep09679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
First discovered in rural areas of middle-eastern China in 2009, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging tick-borne zoonosis affecting hundreds of cases reported in China each year. Using the national surveillance data from 2010 to 2013, we conducted this retrospective epidemiological study and risk assessment of SFTS in China. We found that the incidence of SFTS and its epidemic areas are continuing to grow, but the case fatality rate (CFR) has steadily decreased. SFTS most commonly affected elderly farmers who acquired infection between May and July in middle-eastern China. However, other epidemiological characteristics such as incidence, sex ratio, CFR, and seasonality differ substantially across the affected provinces, which seem to be consistent with local agricultural activities and the seasonal abundance of ticks. Spatial scan statistics detected three hot spots of SFTS that accounted for 69.1% of SFTS cases in China. There was a strong association of SFTS incidence with temporal changes in the climate within the clusters. Multivariate modeling identified climate conditions, elevation, forest coverage, cattle density, and the presence of Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks as independent risk factors in the distribution of SFTS, based on which a predicted risk map of the disease was derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, P. R. China
| | - Hang Zhou
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P. R. China
| | - Ruo-Xi Sun
- The State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, P. R. China.,Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Wu Yao
- The State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, P. R. China
| | - Yu Li
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P. R. China
| | - Li-Ping Wang
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P. R. China
| | - Di Mu
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Lou Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, P. R. China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Professions, and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 32311, Florida, USA
| | - Gregory C Gray
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, 27710, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ning Cui
- The 154 Hospital, People's Liberation Army, Xinyang, 464000, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Wu Yin
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P. R. China
| | - Li-Qun Fang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Jie Yu
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P. R. China
| | - Wu-Chun Cao
- The State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, P. R. China
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161
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Hayasaka D, Shimada S, Aoki K, Takamatsu Y, Uchida L, Horio M, Fuxun Y, Morita K. Epidemiological Survey of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus in Ticks in Nagasaki, Japan. Trop Med Health 2015; 43:159-64. [PMID: 26543390 PMCID: PMC4593780 DOI: 10.2149/tmh.2015-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging disease endemic in East Asia. Transmitted to other organisms by infected ticks, the SFTS virus (SFTSV) and is endemic to Nagasaki in western Japan. However, epidemiological information regarding SFTSV in Nagasaki ticks has not been available to date. In this study, we began by examining the sensitivities of SFTSV gene detection by real-time RT-PCR and virus isolation in cultured cells and mice. These methods could detect SFTSV in the samples containing more than 4 × 100 ffu. Next, we attempted to isolate SFTSV and to detect viral gene in 2,222 nymph and adult ticks collected from May to August 2013 among seven regions of Nagasaki. However, neither virus isolation nor viral gene detection were confirmed in the tick pools. SFTSV positivity rates are considered to be very low in ticks, and viral loads are also very limited. Further investigations increasing the number of ticks and including larval samples as well as improved detection methods, may be required to find SFTSV-positive ticks in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Hayasaka
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine ; Leading Graduate School Program
| | - Satoshi Shimada
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine ; Leading Graduate School Program
| | - Kotaro Aoki
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine
| | | | - Leo Uchida
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine
| | | | - Yu Fuxun
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine
| | - Kouichi Morita
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine ; Leading Graduate School Program ; J-Grid, Nagasaki University . 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523
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162
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Bosco-Lauth AM, Panella NA, Root JJ, Gidlewski T, Lash RR, Harmon JR, Burkhalter KL, Godsey MS, Savage HM, Nicholson WL, Komar N, Brault AC. Serological investigation of heartland virus (Bunyaviridae: Phlebovirus) exposure in wild and domestic animals adjacent to human case sites in Missouri 2012-2013. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 92:1163-7. [PMID: 25870419 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Heartland virus (HRTV; Bunyaviridae: Phlebovirus) has recently emerged as a causative agent of human disease characterized by thrombocytopenia and leukopenia in the United States. The lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum L.) has been implicated as a vector. To identify candidate vertebrate amplification hosts associated with enzootic maintenance of the virus, sera and ticks were sampled from 160 mammals (8 species) and 139 birds (26 species) captured near 2 human case residences in Andrew and Nodaway Counties in northwest Missouri. HRTV-specific neutralizing antibodies were identified in northern raccoons (42.6%), horses (17.4%), white-tailed deer (14.3%), dogs (7.7%), and Virginia opossums (3.8%), but not in birds. Virus isolation attempts from sera and ticks failed to detect HRTV. The high antibody prevalence coupled with local abundance of white-tailed deer and raccoons identifies these species as candidate amplification hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Bosco-Lauth
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado; Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Rickettsial Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Nicholas A Panella
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado; Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Rickettsial Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - J Jeffrey Root
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado; Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Rickettsial Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Tom Gidlewski
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado; Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Rickettsial Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - R Ryan Lash
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado; Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Rickettsial Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jessica R Harmon
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado; Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Rickettsial Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kristen L Burkhalter
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado; Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Rickettsial Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Marvin S Godsey
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado; Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Rickettsial Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Harry M Savage
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado; Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Rickettsial Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - William L Nicholson
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado; Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Rickettsial Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Nicholas Komar
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado; Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Rickettsial Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Aaron C Brault
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado; Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Rickettsial Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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163
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Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome: a newly discovered emerging infectious disease. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 21:614-20. [PMID: 25769426 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is a newly discovered emerging infectious disease that has recently become epidemic in Asia. The causative agent of SFTS is a novel phlebovirus in the family Bunyaviridae, designated SFTS virus (SFTSV). SFTS clinically presents with high fever, thrombocytopenia, leukocytopenia, gastrointestinal disorders, and multi-organ dysfunction, with a high viral load and a high case-fatality rate. In human infection, SFTSV targets microphages, replicates in the spleen of infected mice, and causes thrombocytopenia and a cytokine storm. The tick disseminates virus to humans and animals, forming a special transmission model in nature. Person-to-person transmission though direct contact with patient blood has been frequently reported. Measurements of viral RNA and antibodies have been established for diagnosis, but vaccines and specific therapeutics are not available so far.
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164
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SUN JM, ZHANG Y, GONG ZY, ZHANG L, LV HK, LIN JF, CHAI CL, LING F, LIU SL, GU SP, ZHU ZH, ZHENG XH, LAN YQ, DING F, HUANG WZ, XU JR, CHEN EF, JIANG JM. Seroprevalence of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus in southeastern China and analysis of risk factors. Epidemiol Infect 2015; 143:851-6. [PMID: 24866248 PMCID: PMC4411641 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268814001319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) has been prevalent for some time in China and it was first identified in 2010. However, the seroprevalence of SFTSV in the general population in southeastern China and risk factors associated with the infection are currently unclear. Blood samples were collected from seven counties across Zhejiang province and tested for the presence of SFTSV-specific IgG antibodies by ELISA. A total of 1380 blood samples were collected of which 5·51% were seropositive for SFTSV with seroprevalence varying significantly between sites. Seroprevalence of SFTSV in people who were family members of the patient, lived in the same village as the patient, or lived in a different village than the patient varied significantly. There was significant difference in seroprevalence between participants who bred domestic animals and participants who did not. Domestic animals are probably potential reservoir hosts and contact with domestic animals may be a transmission route of SFTSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. M. SUN
- Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Y.J. ZHANG
- Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Z. Y. GONG
- Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - L. ZHANG
- Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - H. K. LV
- Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - J. F. LIN
- Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - C. L. CHAI
- Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - F. LING
- Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - S. L. LIU
- Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - S. P. GU
- Anji Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Anji, China
| | - Z. H. ZHU
- Yiwu Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Yiwu, China
| | - X. H. ZHENG
- Xianju Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Xianju, China
| | - Y. Q. LAN
- Lishui Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Lishui, China
| | - F. DING
- Haining Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Haining, China
| | - W. Z. HUANG
- Pujiang Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Pujiang, China
| | - J. R. XU
- Xiangshan Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Xiangshan, China
| | - E. F. CHEN
- Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - J. M. JIANG
- Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
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165
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Wang S, Li J, Niu G, Wang X, Ding S, Jiang X, Li C, Zhang Q, Liang M, Bi Z, Li D. SFTS virus in ticks in an endemic area of China. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 92:684-9. [PMID: 25711611 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In total, 3,145 ticks of the species Haemaphysalis longicornis (3,048; 96.9%), R. microplus (82; 2.6%), H. campanulata (9; 0.3%), and Dermacentor sinicus (5; 0.2%) were collected from animals and vegetation at Yantai in Shandong Province. Both adult and immature ticks were obtained, and all ticks collected from vegetation were unfed. Eggs were obtained from 22 blood-fed female ticks through maintenance at room temperature after collection. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) viral RNA was identified in H. longicornis and R. microplus, with a prevalence of 4.75 per 100 ticks (95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 3.87-5.63) for ticks collected from animals and 2.24 per 100 ticks (95% CI = 1.27-3.21) for ticks collected from vegetation. The possibility that SFTSV transmission may occur by both the transstadial and transovarial routes was suggested by the fact that viral RNA was detected in H. longicornis at all developmental stages. Tick-derived sequences shared over 95.6% identity with human- and animal-derived isolates. This study provides evidence that implicates ticks as not only vectors but also, reservoirs of SFTSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwen Wang
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Tianjin International Travel Health Care Center, Tianjin, China; Shandong Province Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jiandong Li
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Tianjin International Travel Health Care Center, Tianjin, China; Shandong Province Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Guoyu Niu
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Tianjin International Travel Health Care Center, Tianjin, China; Shandong Province Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xianjun Wang
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Tianjin International Travel Health Care Center, Tianjin, China; Shandong Province Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shujun Ding
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Tianjin International Travel Health Care Center, Tianjin, China; Shandong Province Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaolin Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Tianjin International Travel Health Care Center, Tianjin, China; Shandong Province Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chuan Li
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Tianjin International Travel Health Care Center, Tianjin, China; Shandong Province Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Quanfu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Tianjin International Travel Health Care Center, Tianjin, China; Shandong Province Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Mifang Liang
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Tianjin International Travel Health Care Center, Tianjin, China; Shandong Province Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhenqiang Bi
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Tianjin International Travel Health Care Center, Tianjin, China; Shandong Province Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Dexin Li
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Tianjin International Travel Health Care Center, Tianjin, China; Shandong Province Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China
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166
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Lei XY, Liu MM, Yu XJ. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome and its pathogen SFTSV. Microbes Infect 2015; 17:149-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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167
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Zeng P, Ma L, Gao Z, Wang J, Liu J, Huang X, Yang Q, Cao R, Wen X, Zhu L, Ma H, Yang Z, Lee TH, Brambilla D, Yuan M, Glynn S, Ness P, Kleinman S, Busch M, Shan H. A study of seroprevalence and rates of asymptomatic viremia of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus among Chinese blood donors. Transfusion 2014; 55:965-71. [PMID: 25496479 DOI: 10.1111/trf.12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV), an emerging tick-borne pathogen that can cause fatal severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, was first identified in China in 2009. Limited evidence suggests that SFTSV can be transmitted between humans via blood contact, raising concerns over transfusion safety. A study of donor samples from three Chinese blood centers was conducted to investigate the seroprevalence and rate of SFTSV viremia among Chinese blood donors. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS From April 16 to October 31, 2012, a total of 17,208 plasma samples were collected from donors at Xinyang (located in an SFTSV-endemic area), Mianyang, and Luoyang Blood Centers. Assessment of anti-SFTSV total antibody was performed on all samples using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Repeat-reactive samples were tested for SFTSV RNA using reverse transcription (RT)-real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay with Taqman probes. In addition, 9960 of the Xinyang samples were tested in pools of 4 by the same PCR method and each of the samples in a reactive pool was tested individually. RESULTS Donor seroreactivity rates were as follows: Xinyang, 0.54% (80/14,752); Mianyang, 0.27% (3/1130); and Luoyang, 0.28% (3/1326). All seroreactive samples were negative on RT-PCR single-sample testing. Two RT-PCR-reactive donor samples were identified, both with estimated viral load of less than 20 plaque-forming units/mL. The RNA prevalence rate for SFTSV among donors in Xinyang was 0.02%. CONCLUSION This was the first multiregion study of SFTSV sero- and viral prevalence among Chinese blood donors. Viral prevalence was low and no seroreactive sample was viremic, suggesting a limited impact of SFTSV on blood safety in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peibin Zeng
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lili Ma
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhan Gao
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jingxing Wang
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | - Ruan Cao
- Mianyang Blood Center, Mianyang, China
| | | | - Lili Zhu
- Luoyang Blood Center, Luoyang, China
| | - Hongli Ma
- Luoyang Blood Center, Luoyang, China
| | | | - Tzong-Hae Lee
- Blood System Research Institute, San Francisco, California
| | | | | | | | - Paul Ness
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Steve Kleinman
- The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Hua Shan
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
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Age is a critical risk factor for severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111736. [PMID: 25369237 PMCID: PMC4219771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging infectious disease in East Asia. SFTS is a tick borne hemorrhagic fever caused by SFTSV, a new bunyavirus named after the syndrome. We investigated the epidemiology of SFTS in Laizhou County, Shandong Province, China. Methods We collected serum specimens of all patients who were clinically diagnosed as suspected SFTS cases in 2010 and 2011 in Laizhou County. The patients' serum specimens were tested for SFTSV by real time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). We collected 1,060 serum specimens from healthy human volunteers by random sampling in Laizhou County in 2011. Healthy persons' serum specimens were tested for specific SFTSV IgG antibody by ELISA. Results 71 SFTS cases were diagnosed in Laizhou County in 2010 and 2011, which resulted in the incidence rate of 4.1/100,000 annually. The patients ranged from 15 years old to 87 years old and the median age of the patients were 59 years old. The incidence rate of SFTS was significantly higher in patients over 40 years old and fatal cases only occurred in patients over 50 years old. 3.3% (35/1,060) of healthy people were positive to SFTSV IgG antibody. The SFTSV antibody positive rate was not significantly different among people at different age groups. Conclusion Our results revealed that seroprevalence of SFTSV in healthy people in Laizhou County was not significantly different among age groups, but SFTS patients were mainly elderly people, suggesting that age is the critical risk factor or determinant for SFTS morbidity and mortality.
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A cluster of person-to-person transmission cases caused by SFTS virus in Penglai, China. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 21:274-9. [PMID: 25687766 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An emerging infectious disease, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), was identified to be associated with a novel SFTS virus (SFTSV). Transmission of the disease among humans has been described, but clinical impact factors and transmission mechanisms still need further study. An outbreak of person-to-person transmission of SFTS in a cluster of nine patients that occurred in an SFTS endemic area, Penglai County, Shandong province, China, was investigated. We found that the onset date of all eight secondary SFTS patients ranged from 7 to 13 days after exposure to the corpse of the index patient, and clinical incubation time was mostly focused on 9-10 days (n = 6). The two dead patients, including the index patient and one secondary infected patient, presented unusually high levels of viral load (6 × 10(8-9) copies/mL), low levels of platelets count (<55 × 10(9)/L), and significant increase of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine kinase values in the second week, and died on day 10 or 11 after disease onset. Genetic sequencing revealed 100% homology among virus strains isolated from the index patient and five secondary patients. Risk factors assessment of the person-to-person transmission revealed that the major exposure factor was blood contact without personal protection equipment. Information from this study provided solid references of SFTS incubation time, clinical and laboratory parameters related to SFTS severity and outcome, and biosafety issues for preventing person-to-person transmission or nosocomial infection of SFTSV.
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170
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Comprehensive molecular detection of tick-borne phleboviruses leads to the retrospective identification of taxonomically unassigned bunyaviruses and the discovery of a novel member of the genus phlebovirus. J Virol 2014; 89:594-604. [PMID: 25339769 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02704-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Until the recent emergence of two human-pathogenic tick-borne phleboviruses (TBPVs) (severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus [SFTSV] and Heartland virus), TBPVs have been neglected as causative agents of human disease. In particular, no studies have addressed the global distribution of TBPVs, and consequently, our understanding of the mechanism(s) underlying their evolution and emergence remains poor. In order to provide a useful tool for the ecological and epidemiological study of TBPVs, we have established a simple system that can detect all known TBPVs, based on conventional reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) with degenerate primer sets targeting conserved regions of the viral L genome segment. Using this system, we have determined that several viruses that had been isolated from ticks decades ago but had not been taxonomically identified are novel TBPVs. Full-genome sequencing of these viruses revealed a novel fourth TBPV cluster distinct from the three known TBPV clusters (i.e., the SFTS, Bhanja, and Uukuniemi groups) and from the mosquito/sandfly-borne phleboviruses. Furthermore, by using tick samples collected in Zambia, we confirmed that our system had enough sensitivity to detect a new TBPV in a single tick homogenate. This virus, tentatively designated Shibuyunji virus after the region of tick collection, grouped into a novel fourth TBPV cluster. These results indicate that our system can be used as a first-line screening approach for TBPVs and that this kind of work will undoubtedly lead to the discovery of additional novel tick viruses and will expand our knowledge of the evolution and epidemiology of TBPVs. IMPORTANCE Tick-borne phleboviruses (TBPVs) have been largely neglected until the recent emergence of two virulent viruses, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus and Heartland virus. Little is known about the global distribution of TBPVs or how these viruses evolved and emerged. A major hurdle to study the distribution of TBPVs is the lack of tools to detect these genetically divergent phleboviruses. In order to address this issue, we have developed a simple, rapid, and cheap RT-PCR system that can detect all known TBPVs and which led to the identification of several novel phleboviruses from previously uncharacterized tick-associated virus isolates. Our system can detect virus in a single tick sample and novel TBPVs that are genetically distinct from any of the known TBPVs. These results indicate that our system will be a useful tool for the surveillance of TBPVs and will facilitate understanding of the ecology of TBPVs.
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171
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Smith DR, Holbrook MR, Gowen BB. Animal models of viral hemorrhagic fever. Antiviral Res 2014; 112:59-79. [PMID: 25448088 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The term "viral hemorrhagic fever" (VHF) designates a syndrome of acute febrile illness, increased vascular permeability and coagulation defects which often progresses to bleeding and shock and may be fatal in a significant percentage of cases. The causative agents are some 20 different RNA viruses in the families Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae and Flaviviridae, which are maintained in a variety of animal species and are transferred to humans through direct or indirect contact or by an arthropod vector. Except for dengue, which is transmitted among humans by mosquitoes, the geographic distribution of each type of VHF is determined by the range of its animal reservoir. Treatments are available for Argentine HF and Lassa fever, but no approved countermeasures have been developed against other types of VHF. The development of effective interventions is hindered by the sporadic nature of most infections and their occurrence in geographic regions with limited medical resources. Laboratory animal models that faithfully reproduce human disease are therefore essential for the evaluation of potential vaccines and therapeutics. The goal of this review is to highlight the current status of animal models that can be used to study the pathogenesis of VHF and test new countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darci R Smith
- Southern Research Institute, Frederick, MD 21701, United States.
| | - Michael R Holbrook
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Brian B Gowen
- Institute for Antiviral Research and Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, United States
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172
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Jin C, Jiang H, Liang M, Han Y, Gu W, Zhang F, Zhu H, Wu W, Chen T, Li C, Zhang W, Zhang Q, Qu J, Wei Q, Qin C, Li D. SFTS virus infection in nonhuman primates. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:915-25. [PMID: 25326554 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
SFTS virus (SFTSV) is a highly pathogenic bunyavirus that causes severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), an emerging infectious disease in China. Laboratory mice have been reported to be susceptible to SFTSV infection, but the infection in nonhuman primates has not been investigated. This study is the first to report that, in rhesus macaques, SFTSV does not cause severe symptoms or death but causes fever, thrombocytopenia, leukocytopenia, and increased levels of transaminases and myocardial enzymes in blood. Viremia, virus-specific immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G antibodies, and neutralizing antibodies were identified in all infected macaques. Levels of the cytokines interferon γ, eotaxin, tumor necrosis factor α, and macrophage inflammatory protein 1β were significantly elevated in the blood. Minor pathological lesions were observed in the liver and kidney during the late stages of infection. Overall, SFTSV infection in rhesus macaques resembled mild SFTS in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Jin
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, NHFPC, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC
| | - Hong Jiang
- Laboratory of Virus, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing
| | - Mifang Liang
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, NHFPC, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC
| | - Ying Han
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, NHFPC, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC Wenzhou Medical University, China
| | - Wen Gu
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, NHFPC, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC
| | - Fushun Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, NHFPC, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC
| | - Hua Zhu
- Laboratory of Virus, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing
| | - Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, NHFPC, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC
| | - Ting Chen
- Laboratory of Virus, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing
| | - Chuan Li
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, NHFPC, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC
| | - Weilun Zhang
- Laboratory of Virus, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing
| | - Quanfu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, NHFPC, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC
| | - Jing Qu
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, NHFPC, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC
| | - Qiang Wei
- Laboratory of Virus, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing
| | - Chuan Qin
- Laboratory of Virus, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing
| | - Dexin Li
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, NHFPC, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC
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173
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Sun J, Chai C, Lv H, Lin J, Wang C, Chen E, Zhang Y, Chen Z, Liu S, Gong Z, Jiang J. Epidemiological characteristics of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in Zhejiang Province, China. Int J Infect Dis 2014; 25:180-5. [PMID: 24947422 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To summarize the epidemiological characteristics of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) in Zhejiang Province, China. METHODS A standardized questionnaire was used to collect information on demographic features, exposure history, clinical symptoms, and timelines of medical visits. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the characteristics of SFTS. RESULTS A total of 65 cases of SFTS were identified in Zhejiang Province from 2011 to 2013, of whom 34 were male and 31 were female. The median age was 66 years and 60 cases occurred in persons aged ≥ 50 years. The majority (91%) of SFTS cases occurred between May and August. With regard to exposure history, patients had pursued outdoor activities (63%), had a history of exposure to a tick (68%) or tick bite (29%), bred domestic animals (31%), or had a history of exposure to a mouse (57%), and some patients had a multi-exposure history. Approximately 98.46% of patients were hospitalized, and symptoms of the illness included fever (98%), fatigue (71%), chills (51%), etc. Two family clusters occurred, although there was no person-to-person transmission. CONCLUSIONS In Zhejiang Province, SFTS is prevalent between May and August among elderly persons who live in hilly areas, and clinical features are not specific. More emphasis should be given to this disease and further training of medical personnel should be carried out to prevent misdiagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Sun
- Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Chengliang Chai
- Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Huakun Lv
- Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Junfen Lin
- Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Chengwei Wang
- Daishan Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Daishan, China
| | - Enfu Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Zhiping Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Shelan Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Zhenyu Gong
- Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310051, China.
| | - Jianmin Jiang
- Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310051, China.
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Kim KH, Yi J, Kim G, Choi SJ, Jun KI, Kim NH, Choe PG, Kim NJ, Lee JK, Oh MD. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, South Korea, 2012. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 19:1892-4. [PMID: 24206586 PMCID: PMC3837670 DOI: 10.3201/eid1911.130792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a retrospectively identified fatal case of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) in South Korea from 2012. SFTS virus was isolated from the stored blood of the patient. Phylogenetic analysis revealed this isolate was closely related to SFTS virus strains from China and Japan.
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175
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Ding YP, Liang MF, Ye JB, Liu QH, Xiong CH, Long B, Lin WB, Cui N, Zou ZQ, Song YL, Zhang QF, Zhang S, Liu YZ, Song G, Ren YY, Li SH, Wang Y, Hou FQ, Yu H, Ding P, Ye F, Li DX, Wang GQ. Prognostic value of clinical and immunological markers in acute phase of SFTS virus infection. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 20:O870-8. [PMID: 24684627 DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SFTS virus (SFTSV) is a novel bunyavirus that causes severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), an emerging infectious disease that occurred in China in recent years, with an average case fatality rate of 10-12%. Intervention in the early clinical stage is the most effective measure to reduce the mortality rate of disease. To elucidate the natural course of and immune mechanisms associated with the pathogenesis of SFTSV, 59 laboratory-confirmed SFTS patients in the acute phase, who were hospitalized between October 2010 and September 2011, were enrolled in this study, and the patients sera were dynamically collected and tested for SFTSV viral RNA load, 34 cytokines or chemokines and other related laboratory parameters. All clinical diagnostic factors in the acute phase of SFTS were evaluated and assessed. The study showed that the severity of the disease in 11 (18.6%) patients was associated with abdominal pain (p 0.007; OR = 21.95; 95% CI, 2.32-208.11) and gingival bleeding (p 0.001; OR=122.11; 95% CI, 6.41-2328). The IP-10, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, granzyme B and HSP70 levels were higher over the 7-8 days in severe cases, accompanied by altered AST, CK and LDH levels. HSP70 (p 0.012; OR=8.29; 95% CI, 1.58-43.40) was independently correlated with the severity of the early acute phase of SFTSV infection. The severity of SFTS can be predicted based on the presence of symptoms such as abdominal pain and gingival bleeding and on the level of HSP70 in the acute phase of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-P Ding
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Center for Liver Diseases, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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Liu K, Cui N, Fang LQ, Wang BJ, Lu QB, Peng W, Li H, Wang LY, Liang S, Wang HY, Zhang YY, Zhuang L, Yang H, Gray GC, de Vlas SJ, Liu W, Cao WC. Epidemiologic features and environmental risk factors of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, Xinyang, China. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2820. [PMID: 24810269 PMCID: PMC4014392 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging infectious disease discovered in rural areas of Central China in 2009, caused by a novel bunyavirus, SFTS virus (SFTSV). The disease usually presents as fever, thrombocytopenia, and leukocytopenia, with case-fatality rates ranging from 2.5% to 30%. Haemaphysalis longicornis was suspected to be the most likely vector of SFTSV. By the end of 2012, the disease had expanded to 13 provinces of China. SFTS patients have been reported in Japan and South Korea, and a disease similar to SFTS has been reported in the United States. Methodology/Principal Findings We characterized the epidemiologic features of 504 confirmed SFTS cases in Xinyang Region, the most severely SFTS-afflicted region in China from 2011 to 2012, and assessed the environmental risk factors. All cases occurred during March to November, with the epidemic peaking from May to July. The patients' ages ranged from 7 to 87 years (median 61 years), and the annual incidence increased with age (χ2 test for trend, P<0.001). The female-to-male ratio of cases was 1.58, and 97.0% of the cases were farmers who resided in the southern and western parts of the region. The Poisson regression analysis revealed that the spatial variations of SFTS incidence were significantly associated with the shrub, forest, and rain-fed cropland areas. Conclusions The distribution of SFTS showed highly significant temporal and spatial heterogeneity in Xinyang Region, with the majority of SFTS cases being elderly farmers who resided in the southern and western parts of the region, mostly acquiring infection between May and July when H. longicornis is highly active. The shrub, rain-fed, and rain-fed cropland areas were associated with high risk for this disease. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging infectious disease discovered in rural areas of Central China in 2009, caused by a novel bunyavirus, SFTS virus (SFTSV). The disease usually presents as fever, thrombocytopenia, and leukocytopenia, with case-fatality rates ranging from 2.5% to 30%. By the end of 2012, the disease had expanded to 13 provinces of China. SFTS patients have been reported in Japan and South Korea, and a disease similar to SFTS has been reported in the United States. Here we characterized the epidemiologic features of 504 confirmed SFTS cases in Xinyang, the most severely SFTS-affected region in China from 2011 to 2012, and identified the environmental risk factors. We found the distribution of SFTS cases showed highly significant temporal and spatial heterogeneity, with the majority of SFTS cases being elderly farmers who resided in the southern and western parts of the region, mostly acquiring infection between May and July when H. longicornis is highly active. The shrub, forest, and rain-fed cropland areas were strongly associated with high risk for SFTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Cui
- The 154 Hospital, People's Liberation Army, Xinyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Qun Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing-Jun Wang
- The 154 Hospital, People's Liberation Army, Xinyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Bin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Peng
- The Shangcheng People's Hospital, Shangcheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Liang
- Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Hong-Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao-Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gregory C. Gray
- Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sake J. de Vlas
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (WL); (WCC)
| | - Wu-Chun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (WL); (WCC)
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Ham H, Jo S, Jang J, Choi S. No detection of severe Fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus from ixodid ticks collected in seoul. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2014; 52:221-4. [PMID: 24850970 PMCID: PMC4028464 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2014.52.2.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Larvae, nymphs, and adult stages of 3 species of ixodid ticks were collected by tick drag methods in Seoul during June-October 2013, and their infection status with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) virus was examined using RT-PCR. During the period, 732 Haemaphysalis longicornis, 62 Haemaphysalis flava, and 2 Ixodes nipponensis specimens were collected. Among the specimens of H. longicornis, the number of female adults, male adults, nymphs, and larvae were 53, 11, 240, and 446, respectively. Ticks were grouped into 63 pools according to the collection site, species, and developmental stage, and assayed for SFTS virus. None of the pools of ticks were found to be positive for SFTS virus gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejin Ham
- Seoul Metropolitan Government Institute of Public Health and Environment, Seoul 137-734, Korea
| | - Sukju Jo
- Seoul Metropolitan Government Institute of Public Health and Environment, Seoul 137-734, Korea
| | - Jungim Jang
- Seoul Metropolitan Government Institute of Public Health and Environment, Seoul 137-734, Korea
| | - Sungmin Choi
- Seoul Metropolitan Government Institute of Public Health and Environment, Seoul 137-734, Korea
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Li Z, Hu J, Bao C, Li P, Qi X, Qin Y, Wang S, Tan Z, Zhu Y, Tang F, Zhou M. Seroprevalence of antibodies against SFTS virus infection in farmers and animals, Jiangsu, China. J Clin Virol 2014; 60:185-9. [PMID: 24793967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is a newly identified viral zoonosis caused by a phlebovirus. Most reported SFTS cases are farmers living in rural areas. The seroprevalence of SFTS virus in farmers has not been investigated. The current knowledge of SFTS virus seroprevalence in animals, especially in wild animals, is still poor. OBJECTIVES To investigate SFTS virus seroprevalence among farmers and a variety of animal species. STUDY DESIGN SFTS virus antibodies in sera were determined using a double-antigen sandwich ELISA. Serum samples were collected from 2547 farmers and 2741 animals in 6 SFTS-endemic counties from March 2012 to February 2013 in Jiangsu province. The farmer participants aged from 15 to 90 years. All of them were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. The animals sampled included 6 domesticated animal species and 2 wild animal species. RESULTS SFTSV antibodies were found in a total of 33 farmers (1.30%) and was more prevalent in males than in females (respectively 1.87% and 0.71%, P<0.01). The mean age of seropositive farmers was 56.5 years and seroprevalence increased gradually with age. Seroprevalence in animal species were: goats (66.8%), cattle (28.2%), dogs (7.4%), pigs (4.7%), chickens (1.2%), geese (1.7%), rodents (4.4%) and hedgehogs (2.7%). Multiple variable logistic regression analysis showed that grazing, grass mowing, raising cattle, age, farm work time and tick bites were risk factors for SFTS virus infection among farmers. CONCLUSIONS SFTSV readily infects humans with farming-related exposures as well as numerous domestic and wild animals. Serological results further suggest that the virus circulates widely in Jiangsu province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Li
- Department of Acute Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jianli Hu
- Department of Acute Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Changjun Bao
- Department of Acute Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Pengfei Li
- Clinical Laboratory, Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of TCM, 210000, China
| | - Xian Qi
- Department of Acute Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuanfang Qin
- Department of Acute Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shenjiao Wang
- Department of Acute Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhongmin Tan
- Department of Acute Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yefei Zhu
- Department of Acute Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Fenyang Tang
- Department of Acute Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Minghao Zhou
- Department of Acute Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China
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Xing Z, Schefers J, Schwabenlander M, Jiao Y, Liang M, Qi X, Li C, Goyal S, Cardona CJ, Wu X, Zhang Z, Li D, Collins J, Murtaugh MP. Novel bunyavirus in domestic and captive farmed animals, Minnesota, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 19:1487-9. [PMID: 23966016 PMCID: PMC5485073 DOI: 10.3201/eid1909.130165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We tested blood samples from domestic and captive farmed animals in Minnesota, USA, to determine exposure to severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus and Heartland-like virus. We found antibodies against virus nucleoproteins in 10%–18% of samples from cattle, sheep, goats, deer, and elk in 24 Minnesota counties.
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Ding S, Yin H, Xu X, Liu G, Jiang S, Wang W, Han X, Liu J, Niu G, Zhang X, Yu XJ, Wang X. A Cross-Sectional Survey of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus Infection of Domestic Animals in Laizhou City, Shandong Province, China. Jpn J Infect Dis 2014; 67:1-4. [DOI: 10.7883/yoken.67.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Liu S, Chai C, Wang C, Amer S, Lv H, He H, Sun J, Lin J. Systematic review of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome: virology, epidemiology, and clinical characteristics. Rev Med Virol 2013; 24:90-102. [PMID: 24310908 PMCID: PMC4237196 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) was firstly discovered in China in 2010, followed by several reports from many other countries worldwide. SFTS virus (SFTSV) has been identified as the causative agent of the disease and has been recognized as a public health threat. This novel Bunyavirus belongs to the Phlebovirus genus in the family Bunyaviridae. This review also describes the different aspects of virology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, and clinical symptoms on the basis of the published article surveillance data and phylogenetic analyses of viral sequences of large, medium, and small segments retrieved from database using mega 5.05, simplot 3.5.1, network 4.611, and epi information system 3.5.3 software. SFTS presents with fever, thrombocytopenia, leukocytopenia, and considerable changes in several serum biomarkers. The disease has 10 ∼ 15% mortality rate, commonly because of multiorgan dysfunction. SFTSV is mainly reported in the rural areas of Central and North-Eastern China, with seasonal occurrence from May to September, mainly targeting those of ≥50 years of age. A wide range of domesticated animals, including sheep, goats, cattle, pigs, dogs, and chickens have been proven seropositive for SFTSV. Ticks, especially Haemaphysalis longicornis, are suspected to be the potential vector, which have a broad animal host range in the world. More studies are needed to elucidate the vector–animal–human ecological cycle, the pathogenic mechanisms in high level animal models and vaccine development. © 2013 The Authors. Reviews in Medical Virology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelan Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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Xing Z, Schefers J, Schwabenlander M, Jiao Y, Liang M, Qi X, Li C, Goyal S, Cardona CJ, Wu X, Zhang Z, Li D, Collins J, Murtaugh MP. Novel Bunyavirus in Domestic and Captive Farmed Animals, Minnesota, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2013. [DOI: 10.3201/eid1908.130165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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