151
|
Adikari A, Appukutty M, Kuan G. Effects of Daily Probiotics Supplementation on Anxiety Induced Physiological Parameters among Competitive Football Players. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1920. [PMID: 32610465 PMCID: PMC7399934 DOI: 10.3390/nu12071920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Competitive football players who undergo strenuous training and frequent competitions are more vulnerable to psychological disorders. Probiotics are capable of reducing these psychological disorders. The present study aimed to determine the effect of daily probiotics supplementation on anxiety induced physiological parameters among competitive football players. The randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial was conducted on 20 male footballers who received either probiotics (Lactobacillus Casei Shirota strain 3 × 1010 colony forming units (CFU) or a placebo drink over eight weeks. Portable biofeedback devices were used to measure the electroencephalography, heart rate, and electrodermal responses along with cognitive tests at the baseline, week 4, and week 8. Data were statistically analyzed using mixed factorial ANOVA and results revealed that there is no significant difference between the probiotic and placebo groups for heart rate (61.90 bpm ± 5.84 vs. 67.67 bpm ± 8.42, p = 0.09) and electrodermal responses (0.27 µS ± 0.19 vs. 0.41 µS ± 0.12, p = 0.07) after eight weeks. Similarly, brain waves showed no significant changes during the study period except for the theta wave and delta wave at week 4 (p < 0.05). The cognitive test reaction time (digit vigilance test) showed significant improvement in the probiotic group compared to the placebo (p < 0.05). In conclusion, these findings suggest that daily probiotics supplementation may have the potential to modulate the brain waves namely, theta (relaxation) and delta (attention) for better training, brain function, and psychological improvement to exercise. Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanism of current findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A.M.G.C.P. Adikari
- Sports Science Programme, Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor 40450, Malaysia; (A.M.G.C.P.A.); (M.A.)
- Department of Sports Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Mahenderan Appukutty
- Sports Science Programme, Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor 40450, Malaysia; (A.M.G.C.P.A.); (M.A.)
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Sunway, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| | - Garry Kuan
- Exercise and Sport Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian Kelantan 16150, Malaysia
- Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University, London UB8 3PH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Feng Y, Gao X, Meng M, Xue H, Qin X. Multi-omics reveals the mechanisms of antidepressant-like effects of the low polarity fraction of Bupleuri Radix. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 256:112806. [PMID: 32234596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Radix Bupleuri (Bupleurum chinense DC.) is a traditional Chinese medicine that has the effect of soothing the liver and relieving depression, and widely used in the field of antidepression. AIM OF THE STUDY The low polarity fraction of Bupleuri Radix (PBR) has proved to be effective for the treatment of depression based on the results of our previous study. However, mechanisms of definite antidepressant-like effects remained unclear. The purpose of this study is to reveal mechanisms of antidepressant-like effects of PBR with multi-dimensional omics. MATERIALS AND METHODS LC-MS metabolomics combined with 16S rRNA gene sequencing were used to investigate the effects of PBR on gut microbiota and metabolites in CUMS-induced depression, and Pearson correlation analysis was carried out on gut microbiota and metabolites. RESULTS PBR significantly improved depression-like behaviors in the CUMS model rats. Moreover, PBR significantly increased the levels of BDNF in the hippocampus. Cecum contents metabolomics revealed that 16 biomarkers associated with PBR antidepressant effect were screened, which were involved 3 metabolic pathways including primary bile acid biosynthesis, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism. Gut microbiota further analysis demonstrated that PBR increased the diversity of gut microbiota, and significantly inhibited the growth of [Prevotella] and Ochrobactrum. Furthermore, Pearson analysis revealed there was a strong correlation between cecum contents of metabolites and gut microbiota. CONCLUSIONS PBR improved depression-like behavior by regulating metabolic profiles and gut microbiota, and contributing to further understand the entailed antidepressant-like mechanisms of PBR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Feng
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi University, No.92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, PR China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, PR China
| | - Xiaoxia Gao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi University, No.92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, PR China.
| | - Meidai Meng
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi University, No.92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, PR China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, PR China
| | - Huanhuan Xue
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi University, No.92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, PR China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, PR China
| | - Xuemei Qin
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi University, No.92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Rahimlou M, Hosseini SA, Majdinasab N, Haghighizadeh MH, Husain D. Effects of long-term administration of Multi-Strain Probiotic on circulating levels of BDNF, NGF, IL-6 and mental health in patients with multiple sclerosis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Nutr Neurosci 2020; 25:411-422. [PMID: 32500827 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2020.1758887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background: Mental disorders is one of the main causes of disability and lower life expectancy among patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). The present trial aimed to examine the efficacy of multi-strain probiotic supplementation on circulating levels of BDNF, NGF, IL-6 and mental health in patients with MS.Methods: This trial was conducted among 70 patients with MS that referred to the MS Association. Patients were randomized into intervention and control groups to receive 2 multi-strain probiotic capsules or placebo, daily for six months. Serum BDNF, NGF and IL-6 was measured by ELISA kits. Mental health parameters were assessed by valid questionnaires in the baseline and end of the study.Results: Of the 70 patients enrolled in this study, 65 subjects were included in the final analysis. From baseline to 6 months, probiotic supplementation resulted in a significant increase in BDNF and a significant reduction in the IL-6 levels (P < 0.001). Our findings revealed that probiotic supplementation compared to placebo caused a significant improvement in the general health questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28) (-5.31 ± 4.62 vs. -1.81 ± 4.23; P = 0.002), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) (-4.81 ± 0.79 vs. -1.90 ± 0.96; P = 0.001), Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) (-3.81 ± 6.56 vs. 0.24 ± 5.44; P = 0.007) and Pain Rating Index (PRI) (-3.15 ± 4.51 vs. -0.09 ± 3.67; P = 0.004). However, we not found any significant difference between the two groups in other factors (P > 0.05).Conclusion: Overall, six months of probiotic supplementation resulted in greater improvement in mental health parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Rahimlou
- Department of Nutrition, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Nutrition & Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Seyed Ahmad Hosseini
- Department of Nutrition, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Nutrition & Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nastaran Majdinasab
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hosein Haghighizadeh
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Durdana Husain
- Department of Nutrition, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Nutrition & Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
154
|
Zhou N, Gu X, Zhuang T, Xu Y, Yang L, Zhou M. Gut Microbiota: A Pivotal Hub for Polyphenols as Antidepressants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:6007-6020. [PMID: 32394713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols, present in a broad range of plants, have been thought to be responsible for many beneficial health effects, such as an antidepressant. Despite that polyphenols can be absorbed in the small intestine directly, most of them have low bioavailability and reach the large intestine without any modifications due to their complex structures. The interaction between microbial communities and polyphenols in the intestine is important for the latter to exert antidepressant effects. Gut microbiota can improve the bioavailability of polyphenols; in turn, polyphenols can maintain the intestinal barrier as well as the community of the gut microbiota in normal status. Furthermore, gut microbita catabolize polyphenols to more active, better-absorbed metabolites, further ameliorating depression through the microbial-gut-brain (MGB) axis. Based on this evidence, the review illustrates the potential role of gut microbiota in the processes of polyphenols or their metabolites acting as antidepressants and further envisions the gut microbiota as therapeutic targets for depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nian Zhou
- Center for Chinese Medicine Therapy and Systems Biology, Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xinyi Gu
- Center for Chinese Medicine Therapy and Systems Biology, Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tongxi Zhuang
- Center for Chinese Medicine Therapy and Systems Biology, Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Li Yang
- Center for Chinese Medicine Therapy and Systems Biology, Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mingmei Zhou
- Center for Chinese Medicine Therapy and Systems Biology, Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
Jia D, Dou Y, He Y, Zhou X, Gao Y, Ma M, Wu Z, Li W. Saponin extract of Baihe - Zhimu Tang ameliorates depression in chronic mild stress rats. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.103905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
|
156
|
Shaikh MF, Lee CY, Chen WN, Shaikh FA. The Gut-Brain-Axis on the Manifestation of Depressive Symptoms in Epilepsy: An Evidence-Driven Hypothesis. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:465. [PMID: 32322213 PMCID: PMC7156621 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a severe neurological disorder involving 70 million people around the globe. Epilepsy-related neuropsychiatric comorbidities such as depression, which is the most common, is an additional factor that negatively impacts the living quality of epilepsy patients. There are many theories and complexities associated with both epilepsy and associated comorbidities, one of which is the gut-brain-axis influence. The gut microbiome is hypothesized to be linked with many neurological disorders; however, little conclusive evidence is available in this area. Thus, highlighting the role will create interest in researchers to conduct detailed research in comprehending the influence of gut-brain-axis in the manifestation of depressive symptoms in epilepsy. The hypothesis which is explored in this review is that the gut-brain-axis do play an important role in the genesis of epilepsy and associated depression. The correction of this dysbiosis might be beneficial in treating both epilepsy and related depression. This hypothesis is illustrated through extensive literature discussion, proposed experimental models, and its applicability in the field. There is indirect evidence which revealed some specific bacterial strains that might cause depression in epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Farooq Shaikh
- Neuropharmacology Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia.,Global Asia in 21st Century (GA21) Multidisciplinary Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia.,Tropical Medicine & Biology Multidisciplinary Platform (TMB), Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Chooi Yeng Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Win Ning Chen
- Neuropharmacology Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Faiz Ahmed Shaikh
- School of Pharmacy, Management and Science University, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
157
|
Sanada K, Nakajima S, Kurokawa S, Barceló-Soler A, Ikuse D, Hirata A, Yoshizawa A, Tomizawa Y, Salas-Valero M, Noda Y, Mimura M, Iwanami A, Kishimoto T. Gut microbiota and major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2020; 266:1-13. [PMID: 32056863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing attention has been paid to the field of gut microbiota for mental disorders over the last decade. However, to our knowledge, no studies have conducted systematic reviews on the association between gut microbiota and major depressive disorder (MDD) in both interventional and non-interventional studies. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of 16 studies (10 observational [701 participants] and six interventional trials [302 participants]) examining gut microbiota in patients with MDD. The primary outcome measures were differences in the profile of microbiota in the observational studies, and symptom changes for depression between pre- and post-intervention with probiotics in the interventional trials. RESULTS In the observational studies, significant reductions in several taxa at the family and genus levels were observed in patients with MDD compared to non-depressed controls. In the interventional studies with probiotics, a significant improvement was found in depressive symptomatology compared to controls (SMD = -1.62, 95% CI = -2.73 to -0.51, p< 0.01). LIMITATIONS Lack of consideration of the effects of diet and pharmacotherapy was a possible limitation. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that several taxa at the family and genus levels, specifically family Prevotellaceae, genus Corprococcus, and Faecalibacterium, were decreased in MDD compared to non-depressed controls in observational studies, and depressive symptoms were improved compared to controls in interventional studies with probiotics. Due to the limited number of studies, further studies considering diet and pharmacotherapy are needed to explore the relationships between gut microbiota and MDD in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Sanada
- Department of Psychiatry, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Shinichiro Nakajima
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunya Kurokawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Alberto Barceló-Soler
- Primary Care Prevention and Health Promotion Research Network, RedIAPP, Madrid, Spain; Aragon Institute for Health Research, IIS Aragon, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Daisuke Ikuse
- Department of Psychiatry, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihito Hirata
- Department of Psychiatry, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Yoshizawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Tomizawa
- Division of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yoshihiro Noda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaru Mimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Iwanami
- Department of Psychiatry, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taishiro Kishimoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
158
|
Mathee K, Cickovski T, Deoraj A, Stollstorff M, Narasimhan G. The gut microbiome and neuropsychiatric disorders: implications for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). J Med Microbiol 2020; 69:14-24. [PMID: 31821133 PMCID: PMC7440676 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders (NPDs) such as depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) all relate to behavioural, cognitive and emotional disturbances that are ultimately rooted in disordered brain function. More specifically, these disorders are linked to various neuromodulators (i.e. serotonin and dopamine), as well as dysfunction in both cognitive and socio-affective brain networks. Increasing evidence suggests that the gut environment, and particularly the microbiome, plays a significant role in individual mental health. Although the presence of a gut-brain communication axis has long been established, recent studies argue that the development and regulation of this axis is dictated by the gut microbiome. Many studies involving both animals and humans have connected the gut microbiome with depression, anxiety and ASD. Microbiome-centred treatments for individuals with these same NPDs have yielded promising results. Despite its recent rise and underlying similarities to other NPDs, both biochemically and symptomatically, connections between the gut microbiome and ADHD currently lag behind those for other NPDs. We demonstrate that all evidence points to the importance of, and dire need for, a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the role of the gut microbiome in ADHD, to deepen our understanding of a condition that affects millions of individuals worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalai Mathee
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Florida, USA
| | - Trevor Cickovski
- Bioinformatics Research Group (BioRG), School of Computing and Information Sciences, Florida International University, Florida, USA
| | - Alok Deoraj
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Florida, USA
| | - Melanie Stollstorff
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts, Science and Education, Florida International University, Florida, USA
| | - Giri Narasimhan
- Bioinformatics Research Group (BioRG), School of Computing and Information Sciences, Florida International University, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Barandouzi ZA, Starkweather AR, Henderson WA, Gyamfi A, Cong XS. Altered Composition of Gut Microbiota in Depression: A Systematic Review. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:541. [PMID: 32587537 PMCID: PMC7299157 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cumulative evidence shows a linkage between gut microbiota pattern and depression through the brain-gut microbiome axis. The aim of this systematic review was to identify the alterations of the gut microbiota patterns in people with depression compared to healthy controls. A comprehensive literature search of human studies, published between January 2000 and June 2019, was reviewed. The key words included gastrointestinal microbiome, gut microbiome, microbiota, depression, depressive symptoms, and depressive disorder. The systematic review adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Nine articles met the eligibility criteria. Disparities in α-diversity and β-diversity of the microbiota existed in people with depression compared to healthy controls. At the phylum level, there were inconsistencies in the abundance of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria. However, high abundance in Actinobacteria and Fusobacteria phyla were observed in people with depression. On the family level, high abundance of Actinomycineae, Coriobacterineae, Bifidobacteriaceae, Clostridiales incertae sedis XI, Porphyromonadaceae, Clostridiaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Streptococcaceae, Eubacteriaceae, Thermoanaerobacteriaceae, Fusobacteriaceae, Nocardiaceae, Streptomycetaceae, and low abundance of Veillonellaceae, Prevotellaceae, Bacteroidaceae, Sutterellaceae, Oscillospiraceae, Marniabilaceae, and Chitinophagaceae were observed in people with depression. On the genus level, high abundance of Oscillibacter, Blautia, Holdemania, Clostridium XIX, Anaerostipes, Anaerofilum, Streptococcus, Gelria, Turicibacter, Parabacteroides, Eggerthella, Klebsiella, Paraprevotella, Veillonella, Clostridium IV, Erysipelotrichaceae incertae sedis, Eubacterium, Parvimonas, Desulfovibrio, Parasutterella, Actinomyces, Asaccharobacter, Atopobium, Olsenella and low abundance of Coprococcus, Lactobacillus, Escherichia/Shigella, Clostridium XlVa, Dialister, Howardella, Pyramidobacter, and Sutterella were found in people with depression. Alteration of gut microbiome patterns was evident in people with depression. Further evidence is warranted to allow for the translation of microbiome findings toward innovative clinical strategies that may improve treatment outcomes in people with depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Amirkhanzadeh Barandouzi
- School of Nursing, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States.,Center for Advancement in Managing Pain, School of Nursing, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Angela R Starkweather
- School of Nursing, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States.,Center for Advancement in Managing Pain, School of Nursing, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Wendy A Henderson
- School of Nursing, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States.,Center for Advancement in Managing Pain, School of Nursing, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Adwoa Gyamfi
- School of Nursing, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Xiaomei S Cong
- School of Nursing, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States.,Center for Advancement in Managing Pain, School of Nursing, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
Jaggar M, Rea K, Spichak S, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. You've got male: Sex and the microbiota-gut-brain axis across the lifespan. Front Neuroendocrinol 2020; 56:100815. [PMID: 31805290 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sex is a critical factor in the diagnosis and development of a number of mental health disorders including autism, schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, anorexia nervosa and others; likely due to differences in sex steroid hormones and genetics. Recent evidence suggests that sex can also influence the complexity and diversity of microbes that we harbour in our gut; and reciprocally that our gut microbes can directly and indirectly influence sex steroid hormones and central gene activation. There is a growing emphasis on the role of gastrointestinal microbiota in the maintenance of mental health and their role in the pathogenesis of disease. In this review, we introduce mechanisms by which gastrointestinal microbiota are thought to mediate positive health benefits along the gut-brain axis, we report how they may be modulated by sex, the role they play in sex steroid hormone regulation, and their sex-specific effects in various disorders relating to mental health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minal Jaggar
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kieran Rea
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Simon Spichak
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
161
|
Bajaj JS, Sikaroodi M, Fagan A, Heuman D, Gilles H, Gavis EA, Fuchs M, Gonzalez-Maeso J, Nizam S, Gillevet PM, Wade JB. Posttraumatic stress disorder is associated with altered gut microbiota that modulates cognitive performance in veterans with cirrhosis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 317:G661-G669. [PMID: 31460790 PMCID: PMC6879889 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00194.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with cirrhosis in veterans, and therapeutic results are suboptimal. An altered gut-liver-brain axis exists in cirrhosis due to hepatic encephalopathy (HE), but the added impact of PTSD is unclear. The aim of this study was to define linkages between gut microbiota and cognition in cirrhosis with/without PTSD. Cirrhotic veterans (with/without prior HE) underwent cognitive testing [PHES, inhibitory control test (ICT), and block design test (BDT)], serum lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) and stool collection for 16S rRNA microbiota composition, and predicted function analysis (PiCRUST). PTSD was diagnosed using DSM-V criteria. Correlation networks between microbiota and cognition were created. Patients with/without PTSD and with/without HE were compared. Ninety-three combat-exposed male veterans [ (58 yr, MELD 11, 34% HE, 31% combat-PTSD (42 no-HE/PTSD, 19 PTSD-only, 22 HE-only, 10 PTSD+HE)] were included. PTSD patients had similar demographics, alcohol history, MELD, but worse ICT/BDT, and higher antidepressant use and LBP levels. Microbial diversity was lower in PTSD (2.1 ± 0.5 vs. 2.5 ± 0.5, P = 0.03) but unaffected by alcohol/antidepressant use. PTSD (P = 0.02) and MELD (P < 0.001) predicted diversity on regression. PTSD patients showed higher pathobionts (Enterococcus and Escherichia/Shigella) and lower autochthonous genera belonging to Lachnospiraceaeae and Ruminococcaceae regardless of HE. Enterococcus was correlated with poor cognition, while the opposite was true for autochthonous taxa regardless of PTSD/HE. Escherichia/Shigella was only linked with poor cognition in PTSD patients. Gut-brain axis-associated microbiota functionality was altered in PTSD. In male cirrhotic veterans, combat-related PTSD is associated with cognitive impairment, lower microbial diversity, higher pathobionts, and lower autochthonous taxa composition and altered gut-brain axis functionality compared with non-PTSD combat-exposed patients. Cognition was differentially linked to gut microbiota, which could represent a new therapeutic target.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in veterans with cirrhosis was associated with poor cognitive performance. This was associated with lower gut microbial diversity in PTSD with higher pathobionts belonging to Enterococcus and Escherichia/Shigella and lower beneficial taxa belonging to Lachnospiraceaeae and Ruminococcaceae, with functional alterations despite accounting for prior hepatic encephalopathy, psychoactive drug use, or model for end-stage liver disease score. Given the suboptimal response to current therapies for PTSD, targeting the gut microbiota could benefit the altered gut-brain axis in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmohan S Bajaj
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | | | - Andrew Fagan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Douglas Heuman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - HoChong Gilles
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Edith A Gavis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Michael Fuchs
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Javier Gonzalez-Maeso
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Shahzor Nizam
- Microbiome Analysis Center, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia
| | | | - James B Wade
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| |
Collapse
|
162
|
Cerovic M, Forloni G, Balducci C. Neuroinflammation and the Gut Microbiota: Possible Alternative Therapeutic Targets to Counteract Alzheimer's Disease? Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:284. [PMID: 31680937 PMCID: PMC6813195 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex, multi-factorial disease affecting various brain systems. This complexity implies that successful therapies must be directed against several core neuropathological targets rather than single ones. The scientific community has made great efforts to identify the right AD targets beside the historic amyloid-β (Aβ). Neuroinflammation is re-emerging as determinant in the neuropathological process of AD. A new theory, still in its infancy, highlights the role of gut microbiota (GM) in the control of brain development, but also in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Bidirectional communication between the central and the enteric nervous systems, called gut-brain axes, is largely influenced by GM and the immune system is a potential key mediator of this interaction. Growing evidence points to the role of GM in the maturation and activation of host microglia and peripheral immune cells. Several recent studies have found abnormalities in GM (dysbiosis) in AD populations. These observations raise the intriguing question whether and how GM dysbiosis could contribute to AD development through action on the immune system and whether, in a therapeutic prospective, the development of strategies preserving a healthy GM might become a valuable approach to prevent AD. Here, we review the evidence from animal models and humans of the role of GM in neuroinflammation and AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milica Cerovic
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Forloni
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Balducci
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
163
|
The cellular and molecular basis of major depressive disorder: towards a unified model for understanding clinical depression. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 47:753-770. [PMID: 31612411 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05129-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is considered a serious public health issue that adversely impacts an individual's quality of life and contributes significantly to the global burden of disease. The clinical heterogeneity that exists among patients limits the ability of MDD to be accurately diagnosed and currently, a symptom-based approach is utilized in many cases. Due to the complex nature of this disorder, and lack of precise knowledge regarding the pathophysiology, effective management is challenging. The aetiology and pathophysiology of MDD remain largely unknown given the complex genetic and environmental interactions that are involved. Nonetheless, the aetiology and pathophysiology of MDD have been the subject of extensive research, and there is a vast body of literature that exists. Here we overview the key hypotheses that have been proposed for the neurobiology of MDD and highlight the need for a unified model, as many of these pathways are integrated. Key pathways discussed include neurotransmission, neuroinflammation, clock gene machinery pathways, oxidative stress, role of neurotrophins, stress response pathways, the endocannabinoid and endovanilloid systems, and the endogenous opioid system. We also describe the current management of MDD, and emerging novel therapies, with particular focus on patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD).
Collapse
|
164
|
Karakula-Juchnowicz H, Rog J, Juchnowicz D, Łoniewski I, Skonieczna-Żydecka K, Krukow P, Futyma-Jedrzejewska M, Kaczmarczyk M. The study evaluating the effect of probiotic supplementation on the mental status, inflammation, and intestinal barrier in major depressive disorder patients using gluten-free or gluten-containing diet (SANGUT study): a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled clinical study protocol. Nutr J 2019; 18:50. [PMID: 31472678 PMCID: PMC6717641 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-019-0475-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) often does not achieve full remission of symptoms. Therefore, new forms of treatment and/or adjunct therapy are needed. Evidence has confirmed the modulation of the gut-brain-microbiota axis as a promising approach in MDD patients. The overall purpose of the SANGUT study-a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled Study Evaluating the Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on the Mental Status, Inflammation, and Intestinal Barrier in Major Depressive Disorder Patients Using Gluten-free or Gluten-containing Diet - is to determine the effect of interventions focused on the gut-brain-microbiota axis in a group of MDD patients. METHODS A total of 120 outpatients will be equally allocated into one of four groups: (1) probiotic supplementation+gluten-free diet group (PRO-GFD), (2) placebo supplementation+ gluten-free diet group (PLA-GFD), (3) probiotic supplementation+ gluten containing diet group (PRO-GD), and (4) placebo supplementation+gluten containing diet group (PLA-GD). PRO groups will receive a mixture of psychobiotics (Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175), and GFD groups will follow a gluten-free diet. The intervention will last 12 weeks. The primary outcome measure is change in wellbeing, whereas the secondary outcome measures include physiological parameters. DISCUSSION Microbiota and its metabolites have the potential to influence CNS function. Probiotics may restore the eubiosis within the gut while a gluten-free diet, via changes in the microbiota profile and modulation of intestinal permeability, may alter the activity of microbiota-gut-brain axis previously found to be associated with the pathophysiology of depression. It is also noteworthy that microbiota being able to digest gluten may play a role in formation of peptides with different immunogenic capacities. Thus, the combination of a gluten-free diet and probiotic supplementation may inhibit the immune-inflammatory cascade in MDD course and improve both psychiatric and gut barrier-associated traits. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT03877393 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Karakula-Juchnowicz
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, Głuska 1, 20-439, Lublin, Poland
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychiatry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-439, Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Rog
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, Głuska 1, 20-439, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Dariusz Juchnowicz
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Medical University of Lublin, 20-124, Lublin, Poland
| | - Igor Łoniewski
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-460, Szczecin, Poland
- Sanprobi sp. z o.o. sp. k, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Paweł Krukow
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychiatry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-439, Lublin, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Futyma-Jedrzejewska
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, Głuska 1, 20-439, Lublin, Poland
| | - Mariusz Kaczmarczyk
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
165
|
Chen J, Vitetta L. Mitochondria could be a potential key mediator linking the intestinal microbiota to depression. J Cell Biochem 2019; 121:17-24. [PMID: 31385365 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota has been reported to affect depression, a common mental condition with severe health-related consequences. However, what mediates the effect of the intestinal microbiota on depression has not been well elucidated. We summarize the roles of the mitochondria in eliciting beneficial effects on the gut microbiota to ameliorate symptoms of depression. It is well known that mitochondria play a key role in depression. An important pathogenic factor, namely inflammatory response, may adversely impact mitochondrial functionality to maintain cellular homeostasis. Dysfunction of mitochondria not only affects neuronal function but also reduces neuron cell numbers. We posit that the intestinal microbiota could affect neuronal mitochondrial function through short-chain fatty acids such as butyrate. Brain inflammatory processes could also be affected through the modulation of gut permeability and blood lipopolysaccharide levels. Aberrant mitochondria functionality coupled to adverse cellular homeostasis could be a key mediator for the effect of the intestinal microbiota on the progression of depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Vitetta
- Medlab Clinical Ltd, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
166
|
Song J, Ma W, Gu X, Zhao L, Jiang J, Xu Y, Zhang L, Zhou M, Yang L. Metabolomic signatures and microbial community profiling of depressive rat model induced by adrenocorticotrophic hormone. J Transl Med 2019; 17:224. [PMID: 31307473 PMCID: PMC6631535 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1970-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)-treatment rat model has been utilized as a widely accepted model of treatment-resistant depression. Metabolomic signatures represent the pathophysiological phenotype of diseases. Recent studies in gut microbiota and metabolomics analysis revealed the dramatic role of microbiome in psychoneurological system diseases, but still, the mechanisms underlying gut microbiome–host interaction remain unclear. Methods Male Wistar rats were s.c. injection of ACTH fragment 1–24 for 14 days to induce treatment-resistant depression. Depression-related behavioral tests, analysis of serum monoamine neurotransmitters and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis-related hormones were determined for assessment of ACTH-induced depression rat model. A gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometer based urinary metabolomic signatures integrated 16S rRNA sequence analysis based gut microbial profiling was performed, as well as Spearman’s correlation coefficient analysis was used to manifest the covariation between the differential urinary metabolites and gut microbiota of genus level. Results Chronic injection of ACTH-induced depression-like phenotype (increased immobility time in forced swimming test and tail suspension test) was accompanied by peripheral serotonin down-regulation and HPA axis overactivation (ACTH and corticosterone up-regulation). Urinary metabolomics analysis indicated that pyruvic acid, l-threonine, mannitol, d-gluconic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, d-arabitol, myo-inositol and ascorbic acid levels were reduced in ACTH-treated rats’ urine, while hippurate level was elevated. In addition, microbial community profiling revealed bacterial enrichment (e.g. Ruminococcus, Klebsiella) and reduction (e.g. Akkermansia, Lactobacillus) in the ACTH-induced depression rat model. Correlation analysis showed that Akkermansia and Lactobacillus were closely relevant to metabolites myo-inositol and hippurate, which were included in host inositol phosphate metabolism, and phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis. Conclusions Depression rat model induced by ACTH is associated with disturbance of pyruvate metabolism, ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, inositol phosphate metabolism, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, and glycolysis or gluconeogenesis, as well as changes in microbial community structure. Gut microbiota may participate in the mediation of systemic metabolomic changes in ACTH-induced depression model. Therefore, integrated metabolomic signatures and gut microbial community profiling would provide a basis for further studies on the pathogenesis of depression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-019-1970-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Song
- Center for Chinese Medicine Therapy and Systems Biology, Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Weini Ma
- Center for Chinese Medicine Therapy and Systems Biology, Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xinyi Gu
- Center for Chinese Medicine Therapy and Systems Biology, Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China.,Experiment Center of Teaching & Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.,School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Le Zhao
- Center for Chinese Medicine Therapy and Systems Biology, Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jiaye Jiang
- Experiment Center of Teaching & Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Physiology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Shanghai Innovation Center of TCM Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Mingmei Zhou
- Center for Chinese Medicine Therapy and Systems Biology, Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Li Yang
- Center for Chinese Medicine Therapy and Systems Biology, Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China
| |
Collapse
|
167
|
Tsyglakova M, McDaniel D, Hodes GE. Immune mechanisms of stress susceptibility and resilience: Lessons from animal models. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 54:100771. [PMID: 31325456 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stress has an impact on the brain and the body. A growing literature demonstrates that feedback between the peripheral immune system and the brain contributes to individual differences in the behavioral response to stress. Here we examine preclinical literature to demonstrate a holistic vision of risk and resilience to stress. We identify a variety of cellular, cytokine and molecular mechanisms in adult animals that act in concert to produce a stress susceptible individual response. We discuss how cross talk between immune cells in the brain and in the periphery act together to increase permeability across the blood brain barrier or block it, resulting in susceptible or stress resilient phenotype. These preclinical studies have importance for understanding how individual differences in the immune response to stress may be contributing to mood related disorders such as depression, anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Tsyglakova
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Dylan McDaniel
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Georgia E Hodes
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
168
|
Physical Exercise and Neuroinflammation in Major Depressive Disorder. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:8323-8335. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01670-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
169
|
The effects of antipsychotic medications on microbiome and weight gain in children and adolescents. BMC Med 2019; 17:112. [PMID: 31215494 PMCID: PMC6582584 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-019-1346-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atypical antipsychotics, also known as second-generation antipsychotics, are commonly prescribed as treatment for psychotic disorders in adults, as well as in children and adolescents with behavioral problems. However, in many cases, second-generation antipsychotics have unwanted side effects, such as weight gain, potentially further increasing risk for morbidities including obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. While various mechanisms for this weight gain have been proposed, including effects on metabolic hormone signaling, recent evidence points to the importance of the gut microbiome in this process. The microbial communities residing within the gut are affected by second-generation antipsychotics and can confer weight gain. MAIN TEXT This review summarizes recent findings and presents data linking second-generation antipsychotics, gut microbiota alterations and weight gain. The review focuses on children and adolescent populations, which have not previously received much attention, but are of great interest because they may be most vulnerable to gut microbiome changes and may carry long-term metabolic effects into adulthood. CONCLUSIONS We present correlations between second-generation antipsychotics, gut microbiota alterations and weight gain, and suggest some mechanisms that may link them. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms may lead to the design of improved treatments for psychotic disorders with fewer harmful side effects.
Collapse
|
170
|
Day RLJ, Harper AJ, Woods RM, Davies OG, Heaney LM. Probiotics: current landscape and future horizons. Future Sci OA 2019; 5:FSO391. [PMID: 31114711 PMCID: PMC6511921 DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2019-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years there has been a rapid rise in interest for the application of probiotic supplements to act as mediators in health and disease. This appeal is predominantly due to ever-increasing evidence of the interaction of the microbiota and pathophysiological processes of disease within the human host. This narrative review considers the current landscape of the probiotic industry and its research, and discusses current pitfalls in the lack of translation from laboratory science to clinical application. Future considerations into how industry and academia must adapt probiotic research to maximize success are suggested, including more targeted application of probiotic strains dependent on individual capabilities as well as application of multiple advanced analytical technologies to further understand and accelerate microbiome science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rachel M Woods
- School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Owen G Davies
- School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Liam M Heaney
- School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
171
|
Liu CH, Zhang GZ, Li B, Li M, Woelfer M, Walter M, Wang L. Role of inflammation in depression relapse. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:90. [PMID: 30995920 PMCID: PMC6472093 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1475-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of disability worldwide. After the first episode, patients with remitted MDD have a 60% chance of experiencing a second episode. Consideration of therapy continuation should be viewed in terms of the balance between the adverse effects of medication and the need to prevent a possible relapse. Relapse during the early stages of MDD could be prevented more efficiently by conducting individual risk assessments and providing justification for continuing therapy. Our previous work established the neuroimaging markers of relapse by comparing patients with recurrent major depressive disorder (rMDD) in depressive and remitted states. However, it is not known which of these markers are trait markers that present before initial relapse and, consequently, predict disease course. Here, we first describe how inflammation can be translated to subtype-specific clinical features and suggest how this could be used to facilitate clinical diagnosis and treatment. Next, we address the central and peripheral functional state of the immune system in patients with MDD. In addition, we emphasize the important link between the number of depressive episodes and rMDD and use neuroimaging to propose a model for the latter. Last, we address how inflammation can affect brain circuits, providing a possible mechanism for rMDD. Our review suggests a link between inflammatory processes and brain region/circuits in rMDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hong Liu
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Acupuncture Neuromodulation, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Guang-Zhong Zhang
- Dermatological Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Bin Li
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Meng Li
- Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory (CANLAB), Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Marie Woelfer
- Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory (CANLAB), Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Martin Walter
- Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory (CANLAB), Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tuebingen, Tubeingen, 72074, Germany.,Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, 39118, Germany
| | - Lihong Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
172
|
The Impact of Chronic Intestinal Inflammation on Brain Disorders: the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:6941-6951. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1572-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
173
|
Huang L, Otrokocsi L, Sperlágh B. Role of P2 receptors in normal brain development and in neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. Brain Res Bull 2019; 151:55-64. [PMID: 30721770 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The purinergic signaling system, including P2 receptors, plays an important role in various central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Over the last few decades, a substantial amount of accumulated data suggest that most P2 receptor subtypes (P2X1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 7, and P2Y1, 2, 6, 12, and 13) regulate neuronal/neuroglial developmental processes, such as proliferation, differentiation, migration of neuronal precursors, and neurite outgrowth. However, only a few of these subtypes (P2X2, P2X3, P2X4, P2X7, P2Y1, and P2Y2) have been investigated in the context of neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. The activation of these potential target receptors and their underlying mechanisms mainly influence the process of neuroinflammation. In particular, P2 receptor-mediated inflammatory cytokine release has been indicated to contribute to the complex mechanisms of a variety of CNS disorders. The released inflammatory cytokines could be utilized as biomarkers for neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders to improve the early diagnosis intervention, and prognosis. The population changes in gut microbiota after birth are closely linked to neurodevelopmental/neuropsychiatric disorders in later life; thus, the dynamic expression and function of P2 receptors on gut epithelial cells during disease processes indicate a novel avenue for the evaluation of disease progression and for the discovery of related therapeutic compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lumei Huang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; János Szentágothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University School of PhD Studies, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lilla Otrokocsi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Sperlágh
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
174
|
Inflammatory Profiles in Depressed Adolescents Treated with Fluoxetine: An 8-Week Follow-up Open Study. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:4074051. [PMID: 30662368 PMCID: PMC6312587 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4074051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in cytokine levels in major depression and during treatment have been reported in adults. However, few studies have examined cytokine levels in an adolescent sample despite this being a common age of onset. Methods. We measured proinflammatory (IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12, and IL-15) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-1Ra, and IL-10) cytokine serum levels in 22 adolescents with major depression and 18 healthy volunteers. Cytokines were measured by multiplex bead-based immunoassays at baseline, and 4 and 8 weeks after commencement of fluoxetine administration in the clinical group. Results. Compared to healthy volunteers, adolescents with major depression at baseline showed significant increases in all pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, except IL-1Ra and IL-10. Significant changes were observed in fluoxetine treatment compared to baseline: proinflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12, and IL-15 were decreased only at week 4 whereas IL-2 was increased only at week 8; anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-5 were increased at week 8 while IL-1Ra was reduced only at week 4. There were no significant correlations between cytokine levels and symptomatic improvement in HDRS. Discussion. The results suggest a significant interplay between cytokine levels, the depressive state, and the stage of treatment with an SSRI. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report in depressed adolescents with elevated IL-12, IL-13, and IL-15 levels. Further studies are necessary to clarify the role and mechanisms of altered cytokine levels in the pathogenesis and physiopathology of major depressive disorder.
Collapse
|
175
|
Mathias M. Autointoxication and historical precursors of the microbiome-gut-brain axis. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2018; 29:1548249. [PMID: 30510497 PMCID: PMC6263106 DOI: 10.1080/16512235.2018.1548249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This article focuses on autointoxication, a discredited medical theory from the late nineteenth century that provides important points of reflection for today's research on the role of microbes in the human gut for mental health. It considers how the theory of autointoxication, which came into great prominence amongst physicians and the general public worldwide, fell from grace by the middle of the twentieth century, and briefly asks why studies of the human microbiome are now back in vogue. It departs from earlier articles on the topic firstly by arguing that autointoxication theory was especially prevalent in France, and secondly by focusing on the application of this theory to mental health. Bringing to light medical treatises and theses from this period which have so far remained unexamined, it shows that examining the development and reception of medical theories form the past can help us today in understanding both the pitfalls and promise of research in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manon Mathias
- School of Modern Languages and Cultures, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
176
|
Liang S, Wu X, Jin F. Gut-Brain Psychology: Rethinking Psychology From the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Front Integr Neurosci 2018; 12:33. [PMID: 30271330 PMCID: PMC6142822 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2018.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental disorders and neurological diseases are becoming a rapidly increasing medical burden. Although extensive studies have been conducted, the progress in developing effective therapies for these diseases has still been slow. The current dilemma reminds us that the human being is a superorganism. Only when we take the human self and its partner microbiota into consideration at the same time, can we better understand these diseases. Over the last few centuries, the partner microbiota has experienced tremendous change, much more than human genes, because of the modern transformations in diet, lifestyle, medical care, and so on, parallel to the modern epidemiological transition. Existing research indicates that gut microbiota plays an important role in this transition. According to gut-brain psychology, the gut microbiota is a crucial part of the gut-brain network, and it communicates with the brain via the microbiota-gut-brain axis. The gut microbiota almost develops synchronously with the gut-brain, brain, and mind. The gut microbiota influences various normal mental processes and mental phenomena, and is involved in the pathophysiology of numerous mental and neurological diseases. Targeting the microbiota in therapy for these diseases is a promising approach that is supported by three theories: the gut microbiota hypothesis, the "old friend" hypothesis, and the leaky gut theory. The effects of gut microbiota on the brain and behavior are fulfilled by the microbiota-gut-brain axis, which is mainly composed of the nervous pathway, endocrine pathway, and immune pathway. Undoubtedly, gut-brain psychology will bring great enhancement to psychology, neuroscience, and psychiatry. Various microbiota-improving methods including fecal microbiota transplantation, probiotics, prebiotics, a healthy diet, and healthy lifestyle have shown the capability to promote the function of the gut-brain, microbiota-gut-brain axis, and brain. It will be possible to harness the gut microbiota to improve brain and mental health and prevent and treat related diseases in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoli Wu
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Jin
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|