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Ma J, Yang B, Yu S, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Lao S, Chen X, Li B, Wu C. Tuberculosis antigen-induced expression of IFN-α in tuberculosis patients inhibits production of IL-1β. FASEB J 2014; 28:3238-48. [PMID: 24675363 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-247056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism by which IFN-α regulates the host response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection in humans is poorly understood. In the present study, we found that freshly isolated pleural fluid mononuclear cells (PFMCs) from tuberculous pleural effusion but not peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) spontaneously expressed IFN-α and IL-1β in vivo. In addition, exogenous IFN-α significantly inhibited production of IL-1β in PFMCs after stimulation with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). To further evaluate the effect of endogenous IFN-α on BCG-induced IL-1β production, a neutralizing antibody to IFN-α was added to the cultures of BCG-stimulated PFMCs. As expected, neutralization of IFN-α by antibody significantly enhanced the production of IL-1β. Notably, we showed that IFN-α inhibited production of IL-1β through 2 distinct mechanisms: IFN-α signaling, via the STAT1 transcription factor, suppressed caspase-1-dependent IL-1β maturation, and IFN-α induced the production of IL-10 in a STAT1-dependent manner in which IL-10 reduced the abundance of IL-1β. In contrast, we found that IFN-α enhanced the production of IFN-γ, and IFN-γ also suppressed IL-1β production in the PFMCs during BCG stimulation. Our findings demonstrate that IFN-α employs distinct pathways for regulating IL-1β production and reveal that in the case of M.tb infection, the induction of IFN-α and IFN-γ might be associated with M.tb immune escape and disease progression in infected humans.-Ma, J., Yang, B., Yu, S., Zhang, Y., Zhang, X., Lao, S., Chen, X., Li, B., Wu, C. Tuberculosis antigen-induced expression of IFN-α in tuberculosis patients inhibits production of IL-1β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangjun Ma
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control Research of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Binyan Yang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control Research of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sifei Yu
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control Research of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yannan Zhang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control Research of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Suihua Lao
- Chest Hospital of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinchun Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, China; and
| | - Baiqing Li
- Department of Immunology, Research Center of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Changyou Wu
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control Research of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China;
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152
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Abstract
Clinical trials of vaccines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis are well under way and results are starting to come in. Some of these results are not so encouraging, as exemplified by the latest Aeras-422 and MVA85A trials. Other than empirically determining whether a vaccine reduces the number of cases of active tuberculosis, which is a daunting prospect given the chronic nature of the disease, we have no way of assessing vaccine efficacy. Therefore, investigators seek to identify biomarkers that predict vaccine efficacy. Historically, focus has been on the production of interferon-γ by CD4(+) T cells, but this has not been a useful correlate of vaccine-induced protection. In this Opinion article, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the immune control of M. tuberculosis and how this knowledge could be used for vaccine design and evaluation.
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153
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Dorhoi A, Iannaccone M, Maertzdorf J, Nouailles G, Weiner J, Kaufmann SHE. Reverse translation in tuberculosis: neutrophils provide clues for understanding development of active disease. Front Immunol 2014; 5:36. [PMID: 24550920 PMCID: PMC3913996 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major health issue globally. Although typically the disease can be cured by chemotherapy in all age groups, and prevented in part in newborn by vaccination, general consensus exists that development of novel intervention measures requires better understanding of disease mechanisms. Human TB is characterized by polarity between host resistance as seen in 2 billion individuals with latent TB infection and susceptibility occurring in 9 million individuals who develop active TB disease every year. Experimental animal models often do not reflect this polarity adequately, calling for a reverse translational approach. Gene expression profiling has allowed identification of biomarkers that discriminate between latent infection and active disease. Functional analysis of most relevant markers in experimental animal models can help to better understand mechanisms driving disease progression. We have embarked on in-depth characterization of candidate markers of pathology and protection hereby harnessing mouse mutants with defined gene deficiencies. Analysis of mutants deficient in miR-223 expression and CXCL5 production allowed elucidation of relevant pathogenic mechanisms. Intriguingly, these deficiencies were linked to aberrant neutrophil activities. Our findings point to a detrimental potential of neutrophils in TB. Reciprocally, measures that control neutrophils should be leveraged for amelioration of TB in adjunct to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Dorhoi
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marco Iannaccone
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeroen Maertzdorf
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Geraldine Nouailles
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - January Weiner
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan H. E. Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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154
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Primary EBV infection induces an expression profile distinct from other viruses but similar to hemophagocytic syndromes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85422. [PMID: 24465555 PMCID: PMC3894977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) causes infectious mononucleosis and establishes lifelong infection associated with cancer and autoimmune disease. To better understand immunity to EBV, we performed a prospective study of natural infection in healthy humans. Transcriptome analysis defined a striking and reproducible expression profile during acute infection but no lasting gene changes were apparent during latent infection. Comparing the EBV response profile to multiple other acute viral infections, including influenza A (influenza), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human rhinovirus (HRV), attenuated yellow fever virus (YFV), and Dengue fever virus (DENV), revealed similarity only to DENV. The signature shared by EBV and DENV was also present in patients with hemophagocytic syndromes, suggesting these two viruses cause uncontrolled inflammatory responses. Interestingly, while EBV induced a strong type I interferon response, a subset of interferon induced genes, including MX1, HERC5, and OAS1, were not upregulated, suggesting a mechanism by which viral antagonism of immunity results in a profound inflammatory response. These data provide an important first description of the response to a natural herpesvirus infection in humans.
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155
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Liu D, Rhebergen AM, Eisenbarth SC. Licensing Adaptive Immunity by NOD-Like Receptors. Front Immunol 2013; 4:486. [PMID: 24409181 PMCID: PMC3873523 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is composed of a diverse set of host defense molecules, physical barriers, and specialized leukocytes and is the primary form of immune defense against environmental insults. Another crucial role of innate immunity is to shape the long-lived adaptive immune response mediated by T and B lymphocytes. The activation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) from the Toll-like receptor family is now a classic example of innate immune molecules influencing adaptive immunity, resulting in effective antigen presentation to naïve T cells. More recent work suggests that the activation of another family of PRRs, the NOD-like receptors (NLRs), induces a different set of innate immune responses and accordingly, drives different aspects of adaptive immunity. Yet how this unusually diverse family of molecules (some without canonical PRR function) regulates immunity remains incompletely understood. In this review, we discuss the evidence for and against NLR activity orchestrating adaptive immune responses during infectious as well as non-infectious challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA ; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA ; Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA
| | - Anne Marie Rhebergen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA ; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA ; Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA
| | - Stephanie C Eisenbarth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA ; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA ; Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA
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156
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Bottini N, Peterson EJ. Tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22: multifunctional regulator of immune signaling, development, and disease. Annu Rev Immunol 2013; 32:83-119. [PMID: 24364806 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inheritance of a coding variant of the protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 22 (PTPN22) gene is associated with increased susceptibility to autoimmunity and infection. Efforts to elucidate the mechanisms by which the PTPN22-C1858T variant modulates disease risk revealed that PTPN22 performs a signaling function in multiple biochemical pathways and cell types. Capable of both enzymatic activity and adaptor functions, PTPN22 modulates signaling through antigen and innate immune receptors. PTPN22 plays roles in lymphocyte development and activation, establishment of tolerance, and innate immune cell-mediated host defense and immunoregulation. The disease-associated PTPN22-R620W variant protein is likely involved in multiple stages of the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. Establishment of a tolerant B cell repertoire is disrupted by PTPN22-R620W action during immature B cell selection, and PTPN22-R620W alters mature T cell responsiveness. However, after autoimmune attack has initiated tissue injury, PTPN22-R620W may foster inflammation through modulating the balance of myeloid cell-produced cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzio Bottini
- Division of Cellular Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037;
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157
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El Fiky A, Perreault R, McGinnis GJ, Rabin RL. Attenuated expression of interferon-β and interferon-λ1 by human alternatively activated macrophages. Hum Immunol 2013; 74:1524-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2013.08.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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158
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Everitt AR, Clare S, McDonald JU, Kane L, Harcourt K, Ahras M, Lall A, Hale C, Rodgers A, Young DB, Haque A, Billker O, Tregoning JS, Dougan G, Kellam P. Defining the range of pathogens susceptible to Ifitm3 restriction using a knockout mouse model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80723. [PMID: 24278312 PMCID: PMC3836756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon-inducible transmembrane (IFITM) family of proteins has been shown to restrict a broad range of viruses in vitro and in vivo by halting progress through the late endosomal pathway. Further, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in its sequence have been linked with risk of developing severe influenza virus infections in humans. The number of viruses restricted by this host protein has continued to grow since it was first demonstrated as playing an antiviral role; all of which enter cells via the endosomal pathway. We therefore sought to test the limits of antimicrobial restriction by Ifitm3 using a knockout mouse model. We showed that Ifitm3 does not impact on the restriction or pathogenesis of bacterial (Salmonella typhimurium, Citrobacter rodentium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis) or protozoan (Plasmodium berghei) pathogens, despite in vitro evidence. However, Ifitm3 is capable of restricting respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in vivo either through directly restricting RSV cell infection, or by exerting a previously uncharacterised function controlling disease pathogenesis. This represents the first demonstration of a virus that enters directly through the plasma membrane, without the need for the endosomal pathway, being restricted by the IFITM family; therefore further defining the role of these antiviral proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron R. Everitt
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Simon Clare
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline U. McDonald
- Mucosal Infection and Immunity Group, Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leanne Kane
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Harcourt
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Malika Ahras
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Amar Lall
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Hale
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Rodgers
- Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas B. Young
- Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ashraful Haque
- Malaria Immunology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research and The Australian Centre for Vaccine Development, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Oliver Billker
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - John S. Tregoning
- Mucosal Infection and Immunity Group, Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Kellam
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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159
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Pattern recognition receptors and cytokines in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection--the double-edged sword? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:179174. [PMID: 24350246 PMCID: PMC3844256 DOI: 10.1155/2013/179174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis, an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains a major cause of human death worldwide. Innate immunity provides host defense against Mtb. Phagocytosis, characterized by recognition of Mtb by macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), is the first step of the innate immune defense mechanism. The recognition of Mtb is mediated by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), expressed on innate immune cells, including toll-like receptors (TLRs), complement receptors, nucleotide oligomerization domain like receptors, dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN), mannose receptors, CD14 receptors, scavenger receptors, and FCγ receptors. Interaction of mycobacterial ligands with PRRs leads macrophages and DCs to secrete selected cytokines, which in turn induce interferon-γ- (IFNγ-) dominated immunity. IFNγ and other cytokines like tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) regulate mycobacterial growth, granuloma formation, and initiation of the adaptive immune response to Mtb and finally provide protection to the host. However, Mtb can evade destruction by antimicrobial defense mechanisms of the innate immune system as some components of the system may promote survival of the bacteria in these cells and facilitate pathogenesis. Thus, although innate immunity components generally play a protective role against Mtb, they may also facilitate Mtb survival. The involvement of selected PRRs and cytokines on these seemingly contradictory roles is discussed.
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160
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Malireddi RKS, Kanneganti TD. Role of type I interferons in inflammasome activation, cell death, and disease during microbial infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:77. [PMID: 24273750 PMCID: PMC3824101 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) were discovered over a half-century ago as antiviral factors. The role of type I IFNs has been studied in the pathogenesis of both acute and chronic microbial infections. Deregulated type I IFN production results in a damaging cascade of cell death, inflammation, and immunological host responses that can lead to tissue injury and disease progression. Here, we summarize the role of type I IFNs in the regulation of cell death and disease during different microbial infections, ranging from viruses and bacteria to fungal pathogens. Understanding the specific mechanisms driving type I IFN-mediated cell death and disease could aid in the development of targeted therapies.
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161
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Bourigault ML, Segueni N, Rose S, Court N, Vacher R, Vasseur V, Erard F, Le Bert M, Garcia I, Iwakura Y, Jacobs M, Ryffel B, Quesniaux VFJ. Relative contribution of IL-1α, IL-1β and TNF to the host response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and attenuated M. bovis BCG. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2013; 1:47-62. [PMID: 25400917 PMCID: PMC4217540 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
TNF and IL-1 are major mediators involved in severe inflammatory diseases against which therapeutic neutralizing antibodies are developed. However, both TNF and IL-1 receptor pathways are essential for the control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, and it is critical to assess the respective role of IL-1α, IL-1β, and TNF. Using gene-targeted mice we show that absence of both IL-1α and IL-1β recapitulates the uncontrolled M. tuberculosis infection with increased bacterial burden, exacerbated lung inflammation, high IFNγ, reduced IL-23 p19 and rapid death seen in IL-1R1-deficient mice. However, presence of either IL-1α or IL-1β in single-deficient mice is sufficient to control acute M. tuberculosis infection, with restrained bacterial burden and lung pathology, in conditions where TNF deficient mice succumbed within 4 weeks with overwhelming infection. Systemic infection by attenuated M. bovis BCG was controlled in the absence of functional IL-1 pathway, but not in the absence of TNF. Therefore, although both IL-1α and IL-1β are required for a full host response to virulent M. tuberculosis, the presence of either IL-1α or IL-1β allows some control of acute M. tuberculosis infection, and IL-1 pathway is dispensable for controlling M. bovis BCG acute infection. This is in sharp contrast with TNF, which is essential for host response to both attenuated and virulent mycobacteria and may have implications for anti-inflammatory therapy with IL-1β neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laure Bourigault
- CNRS, UMR7355 Orleans, France ; University of Orleans, Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics Orleans, France
| | - Noria Segueni
- CNRS, UMR7355 Orleans, France ; University of Orleans, Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics Orleans, France
| | - Stéphanie Rose
- CNRS, UMR7355 Orleans, France ; University of Orleans, Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics Orleans, France
| | - Nathalie Court
- CNRS, UMR7355 Orleans, France ; University of Orleans, Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics Orleans, France
| | - Rachel Vacher
- CNRS, UMR7355 Orleans, France ; University of Orleans, Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics Orleans, France
| | - Virginie Vasseur
- CNRS, UMR7355 Orleans, France ; University of Orleans, Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics Orleans, France
| | - François Erard
- CNRS, UMR7355 Orleans, France ; University of Orleans, Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics Orleans, France
| | - Marc Le Bert
- CNRS, UMR7355 Orleans, France ; University of Orleans, Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics Orleans, France
| | - Irene Garcia
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Medical School Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan
| | - Muazzam Jacobs
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Cape Town Cape Town, South Africa ; National Health Laboratory Service Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bernhard Ryffel
- CNRS, UMR7355 Orleans, France ; University of Orleans, Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics Orleans, France ; Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Cape Town Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Valerie F J Quesniaux
- CNRS, UMR7355 Orleans, France ; University of Orleans, Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics Orleans, France
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162
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Briken V, Ahlbrand SE, Shah S. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the host cell inflammasome: a complex relationship. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:62. [PMID: 24130966 PMCID: PMC3793174 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of IL-1β during the infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is important for successful host immune defense. In macrophages and dendritic cells the host cell inflammasome is crucial for generation of secreted IL-1β in response to Mtb infections. In these cell types Mtb infection only activates the NLRP3-inflammasome. New reports demonstrate that nitric oxide has an important function in the negative regulation of the NLRP3-inflammasome to reduce tissue damage during Mtb infections. The type I interferon, IFN-β, is induced after Mtb infections and can also suppress NLRP3-inflammasome activation. In contrast, IFN-β increases activity of the AIM2-inflammasome after infection with intracellular pathogens such as Francisella tularensis and Listeria monocytogenes. Recent results demonstrate that non-tuberculous mycobacteria but not virulent Mtb induce the AIM2-inflammasome in an IFN-β dependent matter. Indeed, Mtb inhibits AIM2-inflammasome activation via its ESX-1 secretion system. This novel immune evasion mechanism may help Mtb to allow the induction of low levels of IFN-β to suppress the NLRP3-inflammasome without activating the AIM2-inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Briken
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland College Park, MD, USA
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163
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Pathways of IL-1β secretion by macrophages infected with clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2013; 93:538-47. [PMID: 23849220 PMCID: PMC3759846 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β is a key mediator of inflammation and plays an important role in the host resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections. To date, most studies have examined the mechanisms of IL-1β secretion using laboratory strains of M. tuberculosis and the findings may not be widely applicable to contemporary clinical strains. Here, we investigated the primary pathways of IL-1β secretion in macrophages infected with a panel of 17 clinical M. tuberculosis isolates, representing Euro-American, Indo-Oceanic and East-Asian/Beijing lineages. Our aim was to dissect the pathways involved in M. tuberculosis induced IL-1β secretion and to determine whether they are common to all clinical isolates. We found that the isolates were capable of eliciting variable concentrations of IL-1β from infected murine macrophages, but this phenomenon could not be attributed to differential IL-1β mRNA transcription or pro-IL-1β accumulation. We demonstrate that viable bacteria are required to induce IL-1β secretion from macrophages, but IL-1β secretion was only partially abrogated by caspase-1 inhibition. Almost complete IL-1β secretion inhibition was produced with combined caspase-1 and some serine protease inhibitors. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that clinical strains of M. tuberculosis employ a unique caspase-1 independent pathway to stimulate IL-1β secretion from macrophages.
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164
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Shah S, Bohsali A, Ahlbrand SE, Srinivasan L, Rathinam VAK, Vogel SN, Fitzgerald KA, Sutterwala FS, Briken V. Cutting edge: Mycobacterium tuberculosis but not nonvirulent mycobacteria inhibits IFN-β and AIM2 inflammasome-dependent IL-1β production via its ESX-1 secretion system. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:3514-8. [PMID: 23997220 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis extracellular DNA gains access to the host cell cytosol via the ESX-1 secretion system. It is puzzling that this extracellular DNA of M. tuberculosis does not induce activation of the AIM2 inflammasome because AIM2 recognizes cytosolic DNA. In this study, we show that nonvirulent mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium smegmatis induce AIM2 inflammasome activation, which is dependent on their strong induction of IFN-β production. In contrast, M. tuberculosis, but not an ESX-1-deficient mutant, inhibits the AIM2 inflammasome activation induced by either M. smegmatis or transfected dsDNA. The inhibition does not involve changes in host cell AIM2 mRNA or protein levels but led to decreased activation of caspase-1. We furthermore demonstrate that M. tuberculosis inhibits IFN-β production and signaling, which was partially responsible for the inhibition of AIM2 activation. In conclusion, we report a novel immune evasion mechanism of M. tuberculosis that involves the ESX-1-dependent, direct or indirect, suppression of the host cell AIM2 inflammasome activation during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Shah
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
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165
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Bloom CI, Graham CM, Berry MPR, Rozakeas F, Redford PS, Wang Y, Xu Z, Wilkinson KA, Wilkinson RJ, Kendrick Y, Devouassoux G, Ferry T, Miyara M, Bouvry D, Valeyre D, Dominique V, Gorochov G, Blankenship D, Saadatian M, Vanhems P, Beynon H, Vancheeswaran R, Wickremasinghe M, Chaussabel D, Banchereau J, Pascual V, Ho LP, Lipman M, O'Garra A. Transcriptional blood signatures distinguish pulmonary tuberculosis, pulmonary sarcoidosis, pneumonias and lung cancers. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70630. [PMID: 23940611 PMCID: PMC3734176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE New approaches to define factors underlying the immunopathogenesis of pulmonary diseases including sarcoidosis and tuberculosis are needed to develop new treatments and biomarkers. Comparing the blood transcriptional response of tuberculosis to other similar pulmonary diseases will advance knowledge of disease pathways and help distinguish diseases with similar clinical presentations. OBJECTIVES To determine the factors underlying the immunopathogenesis of the granulomatous diseases, sarcoidosis and tuberculosis, by comparing the blood transcriptional responses in these and other pulmonary diseases. METHODS We compared whole blood genome-wide transcriptional profiles in pulmonary sarcoidosis, pulmonary tuberculosis, to community acquired pneumonia and primary lung cancer and healthy controls, before and after treatment, and in purified leucocyte populations. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS An Interferon-inducible neutrophil-driven blood transcriptional signature was present in both sarcoidosis and tuberculosis, with a higher abundance and expression in tuberculosis. Heterogeneity of the sarcoidosis signature correlated significantly with disease activity. Transcriptional profiles in pneumonia and lung cancer revealed an over-abundance of inflammatory transcripts. After successful treatment the transcriptional activity in tuberculosis and pneumonia patients was significantly reduced. However the glucocorticoid-responsive sarcoidosis patients showed a significant increase in transcriptional activity. 144-blood transcripts were able to distinguish tuberculosis from other lung diseases and controls. CONCLUSIONS Tuberculosis and sarcoidosis revealed similar blood transcriptional profiles, dominated by interferon-inducible transcripts, while pneumonia and lung cancer showed distinct signatures, dominated by inflammatory genes. There were also significant differences between tuberculosis and sarcoidosis in the degree of their transcriptional activity, the heterogeneity of their profiles and their transcriptional response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe I Bloom
- Division of Immunoregulation, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom.
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166
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Aguilo JI, Alonso H, Uranga S, Marinova D, Arbués A, de Martino A, Anel A, Monzon M, Badiola J, Pardo J, Brosch R, Martin C. ESX-1-induced apoptosis is involved in cell-to-cell spread ofMycobacterium tuberculosis. Cell Microbiol 2013; 15:1994-2005. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. I. Aguilo
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias; Dpto. Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública; Universidad de Zaragoza; C/ Domingo Miral s/n 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
| | - H. Alonso
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias; Dpto. Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública; Universidad de Zaragoza; C/ Domingo Miral s/n 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
| | - S. Uranga
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias; Dpto. Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública; Universidad de Zaragoza; C/ Domingo Miral s/n 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
| | - D. Marinova
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias; Dpto. Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública; Universidad de Zaragoza; C/ Domingo Miral s/n 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
| | - A. Arbués
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias; Dpto. Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública; Universidad de Zaragoza; C/ Domingo Miral s/n 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
| | - A. de Martino
- Unidad Anatomía Patológica; IIS Aragón Zaragoza Spain
| | - A. Anel
- Grupo Apoptosis, Inmunidad y Cáncer; Dpto. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular; Fac. Ciencias; Universidad de Zaragoza; Zaragoza Spain
| | - M. Monzon
- Research Centre for Encephalopathies and Transmissible Emerging Diseases; Universidad de Zaragoza; Zaragoza Spain
| | - J. Badiola
- Research Centre for Encephalopathies and Transmissible Emerging Diseases; Universidad de Zaragoza; Zaragoza Spain
| | - J. Pardo
- Grupo Apoptosis, Inmunidad y Cáncer; Dpto. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular; Fac. Ciencias; Universidad de Zaragoza; Zaragoza Spain
- Fundación Aragón I+D (ARAID); Gobierno de Aragón; Zaragoza Spain
| | - Roland Brosch
- Institut Pasteur; Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics; Paris France
| | - Carlos Martin
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias; Dpto. Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública; Universidad de Zaragoza; C/ Domingo Miral s/n 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- Servicio de Microbiología; Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet; ISS Aragón, Paseo Isabel la Católica 1-3 50009 Zaragoza Spain
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167
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Inflammation in tuberculosis: interactions, imbalances and interventions. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 25:441-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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168
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Yang Y, Zhou X, Kouadir M, Shi F, Ding T, Liu C, Liu J, Wang M, Yang L, Yin X, Zhao D. The AIM2 Inflammasome Is Involved in Macrophage Activation During Infection With Virulent Mycobacterium bovis Strain. J Infect Dis 2013; 208:1849-58. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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169
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Bax HI, Freeman AF, Ding L, Hsu AP, Marciano B, Kristosturyan E, Jancel T, Spalding C, Pechacek J, Olivier KN, Barnhart LA, Boris L, Frein C, Claypool RJ, Anderson V, Zerbe CS, Holland SM, Sampaio EP. Interferon alpha treatment of patients with impaired interferon gamma signaling. J Clin Immunol 2013; 33:991-1001. [PMID: 23512243 PMCID: PMC4136390 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-013-9882-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Patients with deficiency in the interferon gamma receptor (IFN-γR) are unable to respond properly to IFN-γ and develop severe infections with nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). IFN-γ and IFN-α are known to signal through STAT1 and activate many downstream effector genes in common. Therefore, we added IFN-α for treatment of patients with disseminated mycobacterial disease in an effort to complement their IFN-γ signaling defect. We treated four patients with IFN-γR deficiency with adjunctive IFN-α therapy in addition to best available antimicrobial therapy, with or without IFN-γ, depending on the defect. During IFN-α treatment, ex vivo induction of IFN target genes was detected. In addition, IFN-α driven gene expression in patients' cells and mycobacteria induced cytokine response were observed in vitro. Clinical responses varied in these patients. IFN-α therapy was associated with either improvement or stabilization of disease. In no case was disease exacerbated. In patients with profoundly impaired IFN-γ signaling who have refractory infections, IFN-α may have adjunctive anti-mycobacterial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- H I Bax
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, CRC B3-4233 MSC 1684, Bethesda, MD 20892-1684, USA
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170
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O'Garra A, Redford PS, McNab FW, Bloom CI, Wilkinson RJ, Berry MPR. The immune response in tuberculosis. Annu Rev Immunol 2013; 31:475-527. [PMID: 23516984 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032712-095939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 910] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There are 9 million cases of active tuberculosis reported annually; however, an estimated one-third of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and remains asymptomatic. Of these latent individuals, only 5-10% will develop active tuberculosis disease in their lifetime. CD4(+) T cells, as well as the cytokines IL-12, IFN-γ, and TNF, are critical in the control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, but the host factors that determine why some individuals are protected from infection while others go on to develop disease are unclear. Genetic factors of the host and of the pathogen itself may be associated with an increased risk of patients developing active tuberculosis. This review aims to summarize what we know about the immune response in tuberculosis, in human disease, and in a range of experimental models, all of which are essential to advancing our mechanistic knowledge base of the host-pathogen interactions that influence disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne O'Garra
- Division of Immunoregulation, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, UK.
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171
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Subbian S, Tsenova L, Yang G, O'Brien P, Parsons S, Peixoto B, Taylor L, Fallows D, Kaplan G. Chronic pulmonary cavitary tuberculosis in rabbits: a failed host immune response. Open Biol 2013; 1:110016. [PMID: 22645653 PMCID: PMC3352086 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.110016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular determinants of the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis HN878 infection in a rabbit model of pulmonary cavitary tuberculosis were studied. Aerosol infection of rabbits resulted in a highly differentially expressed global transcriptome in the lungs at 2 weeks, which dropped at 4 weeks and then gradually increased. While IFNγ was progressively upregulated throughout the infection, several other genes in the IFNγ network were not. T-cell activation network genes were gradually upregulated and maximally induced at 12 weeks. Similarly, the IL4 and B-cell activation networks were progressively upregulated, many reaching high levels between 12 and 16 weeks. Delayed peak expression of genes associated with macrophage activation and Th1 type immunity was noted. Although spleen CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells showed maximal tuberculosis antigen-specific activation by 8 weeks, macrophage activation in lungs, lymph nodes and spleen did not peak until 12 weeks. In the lungs, infecting bacilli grew exponentially up to 4 weeks, followed by a steady-state high bacillary load to 12 weeks that moderately increased during cavitation at 16 weeks. Thus, the outcome of HN878 infection of rabbits was determined early during infection by a suboptimal activation of innate immunity and delayed T-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvakumar Subbian
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunity and Pathogenesis, The Public Health Research Institute (PHRI) Center at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ) , Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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172
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Smeekens SP, Ng A, Kumar V, Johnson MD, Plantinga TS, van Diemen C, Arts P, Verwiel ETP, Gresnigt MS, Fransen K, van Sommeren S, Oosting M, Cheng SC, Joosten LAB, Hoischen A, Kullberg BJ, Scott WK, Perfect JR, van der Meer JWM, Wijmenga C, Netea MG, Xavier RJ. Functional genomics identifies type I interferon pathway as central for host defense against Candida albicans. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1342. [PMID: 23299892 PMCID: PMC3625375 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is the most common human fungal pathogen causing mucosal and systemic infections. However, human antifungal immunity remains poorly defined. Here, by integrating transcriptional analysis and functional genomics, we identified Candida-specific host defense mechanisms in humans. Candida induced significant expression of genes from the type I interferon (IFN) pathway in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. This unexpectedly prominent role of type I IFN pathway in anti-Candida host defense was supported by additional evidence. Polymorphisms in type I IFN genes modulated Candida-induced cytokine production and were correlated with susceptibility to systemic candidiasis. In in-vitro experiments, type I IFNs skewed Candida-induced inflammation from a Th17-response toward a Th1-response. Patients with chronic mucocutaneaous candidiasis displayed defective expression of genes in the type I IFN pathway. These findings indicate that the type I IFN pathway is a main signature of Candida-induced inflammation and plays a crucial role in anti-Candida host defense in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne P Smeekens
- Department of Medicine (463), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 8, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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173
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Bradfute SB, Castillo EF, Arko-Mensah J, Chauhan S, Jiang S, Mandell M, Deretic V. Autophagy as an immune effector against tuberculosis. Curr Opin Microbiol 2013; 16:355-65. [PMID: 23790398 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The now well-accepted innate immunity paradigm that autophagy acts as a cell-autonomous defense against intracellular bacteria has its key origins in studies with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, an important human pathogen and a model microorganism infecting macrophages. A number of different factors have been identified that play into the anti-mycobacterial functions of autophagy, and recent in vivo studies in the mouse model of tuberculosis have uncovered additional anti-inflammatory and tissue-sparing functions of autophagy. Complementing these observations, genome wide association studies indicate a considerable overlap between autophagy, human susceptibility to mycobacterial infections and predisposition loci for inflammatory bowel disease. Finally, recent studies show that autophagy is an important regulator and effector of IL-1 responses, and that autophagy intersects with type I interferon pathology-modulating responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven B Bradfute
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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174
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Kearney S, Delgado C, Lenz LL. Differential effects of type I and II interferons on myeloid cells and resistance to intracellular bacterial infections. Immunol Res 2013; 55:187-200. [PMID: 22983898 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-012-8362-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The type I and II interferons (IFNs) play important roles in regulating immune responses during viral and bacterial infections and in the context of autoimmune and neoplastic diseases. These two IFN types bind to distinct cell surface receptors that are expressed by nearly all cells to trigger signal transduction events and elicit diverse cellular responses. In some cases, type I and II IFNs trigger similar cellular responses, while in other cases, the IFNs have unique or antagonistic effects on host cells. Negative regulators of IFN signaling also modulate cellular responses to the IFNs and play important roles in maintaining immunological homeostasis. In this review, we provide an overview of how IFNs stimulate cellular responses. We discuss the disparate effects of type I and II IFNs on host resistance to certain intracellular bacterial infections and provide an overview of models that have been proposed to account for these disparate effects. Mechanisms of antagonistic cross talk between type I and II IFNs are also introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staci Kearney
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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175
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Eigenbrod T, Bode KA, Dalpke AH. Early inhibition of IL-1β expression by IFN-γ is mediated by impaired binding of NF-κB to the IL-1β promoter but is independent of nitric oxide. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:6533-41. [PMID: 23667107 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The significance of bacterial RNA recognition for initiating innate immune responses against invading pathogens has only recently started to be elucidated. Bacterial RNA is an important trigger of inflammasome activation, resulting in caspase-1-dependent cleavage of pro-IL-1β into the active form. It was reported previously that prolonged treatment with IFN-γ can inhibit IL-1β production at the level of both transcription and Nlrp3 inflammasome activation in an NO-dependent manner. As a result of the delayed kinetics of NO generation after IFN-γ stimulation, these effects were only observed at later time points. We report that IFN-γ suppressed bacterial RNA and LPS induced IL-1β transcription in primary murine macrophages and dendritic cells by an additional, very rapid mechanism that was independent of NO. Costimulation with IFN-γ selectively attenuated binding of NF-κB p65 to the IL-1β promoter, thus representing a novel mechanism of IL-1β inhibition by IFN-γ. Transcriptional silencing was specific for IL-1β because expression of other proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF, IL-6, and IL-12p40, was not affected. Furthermore, by suppressing IL-1β production, IFN-γ impaired differentiation of Th17 cells and production of neutrophil chemotactic factor CXCL1 in vitro. The findings provide evidence for a rapid immune-modulating effect of IFN-γ independent of NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Eigenbrod
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology, and Hygiene, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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176
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Teles RMB, Graeber TG, Krutzik SR, Montoya D, Schenk M, Lee DJ, Komisopoulou E, Kelly-Scumpia K, Chun R, Iyer SS, Sarno EN, Rea TH, Hewison M, Adams JS, Popper SJ, Relman DA, Stenger S, Bloom BR, Cheng G, Modlin RL. Type I interferon suppresses type II interferon-triggered human anti-mycobacterial responses. Science 2013; 339:1448-53. [PMID: 23449998 PMCID: PMC3653587 DOI: 10.1126/science.1233665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-α and IFN-β) are important for protection against many viral infections, whereas type II interferon (IFN-γ) is essential for host defense against some bacterial and parasitic pathogens. Study of IFN responses in human leprosy revealed an inverse correlation between IFN-β and IFN-γ gene expression programs. IFN-γ and its downstream vitamin D-dependent antimicrobial genes were preferentially expressed in self-healing tuberculoid lesions and mediated antimicrobial activity against the pathogen Mycobacterium leprae in vitro. In contrast, IFN-β and its downstream genes, including interleukin-10 (IL-10), were induced in monocytes by M. leprae in vitro and preferentially expressed in disseminated and progressive lepromatous lesions. The IFN-γ-induced macrophage vitamin D-dependent antimicrobial peptide response was inhibited by IFN-β and by IL-10, suggesting that the differential production of IFNs contributes to protection versus pathogenesis in some human bacterial infections.
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MESH Headings
- 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-Hydroxylase/genetics
- 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-Hydroxylase/metabolism
- Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/genetics
- Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/metabolism
- Humans
- Interferon-beta/genetics
- Interferon-beta/immunology
- Interferon-beta/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Leprosy, Lepromatous/genetics
- Leprosy, Lepromatous/immunology
- Leprosy, Lepromatous/metabolism
- Leprosy, Tuberculoid/genetics
- Leprosy, Tuberculoid/immunology
- Leprosy, Tuberculoid/metabolism
- Microbial Viability
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Mycobacterium leprae/immunology
- Mycobacterium leprae/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Calcitriol/genetics
- Receptors, Calcitriol/metabolism
- Transcriptome
- Tuberculosis/genetics
- Tuberculosis/immunology
- Up-Regulation
- beta-Defensins/genetics
- beta-Defensins/metabolism
- Cathelicidins
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosane M. B. Teles
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Thomas G. Graeber
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Johnson Comprehensive Cancer Center, California NanoSystems Institute, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Stephan R. Krutzik
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Dennis Montoya
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mirjam Schenk
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Delphine J. Lee
- Department of Translational Immunology, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Evangelia Komisopoulou
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Johnson Comprehensive Cancer Center, California NanoSystems Institute, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kindra Kelly-Scumpia
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rene Chun
- UCLA/Orthopedic Hospital Department of Orthopedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shankar S. Iyer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Euzenir N. Sarno
- Department of Mycobacteriosis, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thomas H. Rea
- Department of Dermatology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Martin Hewison
- UCLA/Orthopedic Hospital Department of Orthopedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - John S. Adams
- UCLA/Orthopedic Hospital Department of Orthopedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Stephen J. Popper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David A. Relman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Steffen Stenger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Genhong Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Robert L. Modlin
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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177
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Cohen TS, Prince AS. Activation of inflammasome signaling mediates pathology of acute P. aeruginosa pneumonia. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:1630-7. [PMID: 23478406 DOI: 10.1172/jci66142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The respiratory tract is exceptionally well defended against infection from inhaled bacteria, with multiple proinflammatory signaling cascades recruiting phagocytes to clear airway pathogens. However, organisms that efficiently activate damaging innate immune responses, such as those mediated by the inflammasome and caspase-1, may cause pulmonary damage and interfere with bacterial clearance. The extracellular, opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa expresses not only pathogen-associated molecular patterns that activate NF-κB signaling in epithelial and immune cells, but also flagella that activate the NLRC4 inflammasome. We demonstrate that induction of inflammasome signaling, ascribed primarily to the alveolar macrophage, impaired P. aeruginosa clearance and was associated with increased apoptosis/pyroptosis and mortality in a murine model of acute pneumonia. Strategies that limited inflammasome activation, including infection by fliC mutants, depletion of macrophages, deletion of NLRC4, reduction of IL-1β and IL-18 production, inhibition of caspase-1, and inhibition of downstream signaling in IL-1R- or IL-18R-null mice, all resulted in enhanced bacterial clearance and diminished pathology. These results demonstrate that the inflammasome provides a potential target to limit the pathological consequences of acute P. aeruginosa pulmonary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor S Cohen
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
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178
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Abstract
At mucosal surfaces, phagocytes such as macrophages coexist with microbial communities; highly controlled regulation of these interactions is essential for immune homeostasis. Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) are critical in recognizing and responding to microbial products, and they are subject to negative regulation through various mechanisms, including downregulation of PRR-activating components or induction of inhibitors. Insights into these regulatory mechanisms have been gained through human genetic disease-association studies, in vivo mouse studies utilizing disease models or targeted gene perturbations, and in vitro and ex vivo human cellular studies examining phagocytic cell functions. Although mouse models provide an important approach to study macrophage regulation, human and mouse macrophages exhibit differences, which must be considered when extrapolating mouse findings to human physiology. This review discusses inhibitory regulation of PRR-induced macrophage functions and the consequences of dysregulation of these functions and highlights mechanisms that have a role in intestinal macrophages and in human macrophage studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hedl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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179
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Jensen I, Steiro K, Sommer AI, Mennen S, Johansen A, Sandaker EK, Seppola M. Establishing a cell line from Atlantic cod as a novel tool for in vitro studies. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 34:199-208. [PMID: 23108254 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The present work describes the generation of a cell line from newly hatched Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae (ACL cells). Primary cultures were initiated by explant outgrowth from partially minced tissues and subcultured cells were exposed to UV radiation. After a substantial period of growth lag, cells started to proliferate and different growth conditions were tested to establish the cell line. At present, the ACL cell line has been subcultured for more than 100 passages. ACL cells had a polygonal shape and the morphology appeared homogenous with epithelial-like cells. Cell growth was dependent on the presence of foetal bovine serum and cells proliferated in a wide temperature range with optimal growth at 15 °C. By exposure to a viral dsRNA mimic (poly I:C) the cells expressed high levels of a repertoire of genes comprising both inflammatory mediators and interferon stimulated genes. Infection studies with two different viruses showed that infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) propagated efficiently, and induced low level expression of genes of both pathways before the cells rapidly died. No productive infection was obtained with nervous necrosis virus (NNV), but a transient increase in the viral RNA level, followed by a high increase in expression of selected ISGs, suggests that the virus enters the cells but is unable to complete its replication cycle. To our knowledge, ACL cells are at the moment the only existing cell line from Atlantic cod. Our results demonstrate that ACL cells can be a useful research tool for further exploration of host-pathogen interactions and it is believed that this cell line will serve as a valuable tool also for studies within other research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Jensen
- Nofima, Box 6122, N-9291 Tromsø, Norway.
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180
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Ludigs K, Parfenov V, Du Pasquier RA, Guarda G. Type I IFN-mediated regulation of IL-1 production in inflammatory disorders. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:3395-418. [PMID: 22527721 PMCID: PMC11115130 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-0989-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although contributing to inflammatory responses and to the development of certain autoimmune pathologies, type I interferons (IFNs) are used for the treatment of viral, malignant, and even inflammatory diseases. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a strongly pyrogenic cytokine and its importance in the development of several inflammatory diseases is clearly established. While the therapeutic use of IL-1 blocking agents is particularly successful in the treatment of innate-driven inflammatory disorders, IFN treatment has mostly been appreciated in the management of multiple sclerosis. Interestingly, type I IFNs exert multifaceted immunomodulatory effects, including the reduction of IL-1 production, an outcome that could contribute to its efficacy in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on IL-1 and IFN effects in different inflammatory disorders, the influence of IFNs on IL-1 production, and discuss possible therapeutic avenues based on these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Ludigs
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.
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181
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Manzanillo PS, Shiloh MU, Portnoy DA, Cox JS. Mycobacterium tuberculosis activates the DNA-dependent cytosolic surveillance pathway within macrophages. Cell Host Microbe 2012; 11:469-80. [PMID: 22607800 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic bacterial pathogens activate the cytosolic surveillance pathway (CSP) and induce innate immune responses, but how the host detects vacuolar pathogens like Mycobacterium tuberculosis is poorly understood. We show that M. tuberculosis also initiates the CSP upon macrophage infection via limited perforation of the phagosome membrane mediated by the ESX-1 secretion system. Although the bacterium remains within the phagosome, this permeabilization results in phagosomal and cytoplasmic mixing and allows extracellular mycobacterial DNA to access host cytosolic receptors, thus blurring the distinction between "vacuolar" and "cytosolic" pathogens. Activation of cytosolic receptors induces signaling through the Sting/Tbk1/Irf3 axis, resulting in IFN-β production. Surprisingly, Irf3(-/-) mice, which cannot respond to cytosolic DNA, are resistant to long-term M. tuberculosis infection, suggesting that the CSP promotes M. tuberculosis infection. Thus, cytosolic sensing of mycobacterial DNA plays a key role in M. tuberculosis pathogenesis and likely contributes to the high type I IFN signature in tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo S Manzanillo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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182
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Saiga H, Kitada S, Shimada Y, Kamiyama N, Okuyama M, Makino M, Yamamoto M, Takeda K. Critical role of AIM2 in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Int Immunol 2012; 24:637-44. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxs062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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183
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Cooper AM, Torrado E. Protection versus pathology in tuberculosis: recent insights. Curr Opin Immunol 2012; 24:431-7. [PMID: 22613092 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have revisited the roles of prime players in the immune response to tuberculosis (TB) and have highlighted novel functions of these players. Specifically, immunoregulatory mechanisms mediated by IFNγ have been delineated as well as a novel role for neutrophils in promoting antigen presentation. New insights into the interaction between the bacterium and phagocyte indicate that the bacterium actively promotes phagocyte necrosis rather than apoptosis and that this impacts generation of the acquired response. There are also many new examples of how the phagocyte responds to the bacteria and how it mediates control. The phenotype of protective T cells is also being re-examined. These developments provide promise for improved vaccine design and highlight the complexity of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Cooper
- The Trudeau Institute, Inc. 154 Algonquin Ave., Saranac Lake, NY 12983, United States.
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184
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Desvignes L, Wolf AJ, Ernst JD. Dynamic roles of type I and type II IFNs in early infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:6205-15. [PMID: 22566567 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Although the protective role of type II IFN, or IFN-γ, against Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been established, the effects of type I IFNs are still unclear. One potential confounding factor is the overlap of function between the two signaling pathways. We used mice carrying null mutations in the type I IFNR, type II IFNR, or both and compared their immune responses to those of wild-type mice following aerosol infection with M. tuberculosis. We discovered that, in the absence of a response to IFN-γ, type I IFNs play a nonredundant protective role against tuberculosis. Mice unable to respond to both types of IFNs had more severe lung histopathology for similar bacterial loads and died significantly earlier than did mice with impaired IFN-γ signaling alone. We excluded a role for type I IFN in T cell recruitment, which was IFN-γ dependent, whereas both types of IFNs were required for optimal NK cell recruitment to the lungs. Type I IFN had a time-dependent influence on the composition of lung myeloid cell populations, in particular by limiting the abundance of M. tuberculosis-infected recruited macrophages after the onset of adaptive immunity. We confirmed that response to IFN-γ was essential to control intracellular mycobacterial growth, without any additional effect of type I IFN. Together, our results imply a model in which type I IFN limit the number of target cells that M. tuberculosis can infect in the lungs, whereas IFN-γ enhances their ability to restrict bacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Desvignes
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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185
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186
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Liu YC, Simmons DP, Li X, Abbott DW, Boom WH, Harding CV. TLR2 signaling depletes IRAK1 and inhibits induction of type I IFN by TLR7/9. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:1019-26. [PMID: 22227568 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens may signal through multiple TLRs with synergistic or antagonistic effects on the induction of cytokines, including type I IFN (IFN-I). IFN-I is typically induced by TLR9, but not TLR2. Moreover, we previously reported that TLR2 signaling by Mycobacterium tuberculosis or other TLR2 agonists inhibited TLR9 induction of IFN-I and IFN-I-dependent MHC-I Ag cross processing. The current studies revealed that lipopeptide-induced TLR2 signaling inhibited induction of first-wave IFN-α and IFN-β mRNA by TLR9, whereas induction of second-wave IFN-I mRNA was not inhibited. TLR2 also inhibited induction of IFN-I by TLR7, another MyD88-dependent IFN-I-inducing receptor, but did not inhibit IFN-I induction by TLR3 or TLR4 (both Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adapter-inducing IFN-β dependent, MyD88 independent). The inhibitory effect of TLR2 was not dependent on new protein synthesis or intercellular signaling. IL-1R-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1) was depleted rapidly (within 10 min) by TLR2 agonist, but not until later (e.g., 2 h) by TLR9 agonist. Because IRAK1 is required for TLR7/9-induced IFN-I production, we propose that TLR2 signaling induces rapid depletion of IRAK1, which impairs IFN-I induction by TLR7/9. This novel mechanism, whereby TLR2 inhibits IFN-I induction by TLR7/9, may shape immune responses to microbes that express ligands for both TLR2 and TLR7/TLR9, or responses to bacteria/virus coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi C Liu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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187
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Mayer-Barber KD, Andrade BB, Barber DL, Hieny S, Feng CG, Caspar P, Oland S, Gordon S, Sher A. Innate and adaptive interferons suppress IL-1α and IL-1β production by distinct pulmonary myeloid subsets during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Immunity 2011; 35:1023-34. [PMID: 22195750 PMCID: PMC3246221 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 08/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor signaling is necessary for control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, yet the role of its two ligands, IL-1α and IL-1β, and their regulation in vivo are poorly understood. Here, we showed that both IL-1α and IL-1β are critically required for host resistance and identified two multifunctional inflammatory monocyte-macrophage and DC populations that coexpressed both IL-1 species at the single-cell level in lungs of Mtb-infected mice. Moreover, we demonstrated that interferons (IFNs) played important roles in regulating IL-1 production by these cells in vivo. Type I interferons inhibited IL-1 production by both subsets whereas CD4(+) T cell-derived IFN-γ selectively suppressed monocyte-macrophages. These data provide a cellular basis for both the anti-inflammatory effects of IFNs and probacterial functions of type I IFNs during Mtb infection and reveal differential regulation of IL-1 production by distinct cell populations as an additional layer of complexity in the activity of IL-1 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin D Mayer-Barber
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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188
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Kahlenberg JM, Thacker SG, Berthier CC, Cohen CD, Kretzler M, Kaplan MJ. Inflammasome activation of IL-18 results in endothelial progenitor cell dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:6143-56. [PMID: 22058412 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with heterogeneous manifestations including severe organ damage and vascular dysfunction leading to premature atherosclerosis. IFN-α has been proposed to have an important role in the development of lupus and lupus-related cardiovascular disease, partly by repression of IL-1 pathways leading to impairments in vascular repair induced by endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and circulating angiogenic cells (CACs). Counterintuitively, SLE patients also display transcriptional upregulation of the IL-1β/IL-18 processing machinery, the inflammasome. To understand this dichotomy and its impact on SLE-related cardiovascular disease, we examined cultures of human and murine control or lupus EPC/CACs to determine the role of the inflammasome in endothelial differentiation. We show that caspase-1 inhibition improves dysfunctional SLE EPC/CAC differentiation into mature endothelial cells and blocks IFN-α-mediated repression of this differentiation, implicating inflammasome activation as a crucial downstream pathway leading to aberrant vasculogenesis. Furthermore, serum IL-18 levels are elevated in SLE and correlate with EPC/CAC dysfunction. Exogenous IL-18 inhibits endothelial differentiation in control EPC/CACs and neutralization of IL-18 in SLE EPC/CAC cultures restores their capacity to differentiate into mature endothelial cells, supporting a deleterious effect of IL-18 on vascular repair in vivo. Upregulation of the inflammasome machinery was operational in vivo, as evidenced by gene array analysis of lupus nephritis biopsies. Thus, the effects of IFN-α are complex and contribute to an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease by suppression of IL-1β pathways and by upregulation of the inflammasome machinery and potentiation of IL-18 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michelle Kahlenberg
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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