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Synthesis and Target Identification of Benzoxepane Derivatives as Potential Anti‐Neuroinflammatory Agents for Ischemic Stroke. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201912489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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152
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Hou Y, Yang D, Xiang R, Wang H, Wang X, Zhang H, Wang P, Zhang Z, Che X, Liu Y, Gao Y, Yu X, Gao X, Zhang W, Yang J, Wu C. N2 neutrophils may participate in spontaneous recovery after transient cerebral ischemia by inhibiting ischemic neuron injury in rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 77:105970. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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153
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Li Z, Ye H, Cai X, Sun W, He B, Yang Z, Xu P. Bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cells modulate microglial activation in the peri-infarct area in rats during the acute phase of stroke. Brain Res Bull 2019; 153:324-333. [PMID: 31589902 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM Bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) possess immunomodulatory properties in the brain. However, it remains unclear whether intravenously transplanted BM-MSCs have a neuromodulator effect on the activation of microglias after ischemic stroke. This study aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory effect of BM-MSCs on the regulation of brain microglial inactivation during the acute phase of stroke. METHODS A rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was established. Rat BM-MSCs were transplanted through the tail vein at 12 h after MCAO. CD200 Receptor 1 (CD200R1) antibody was injected into the peri-infarct area of the rat brain at 3 h prior to BM- MSCs transplantation. Protein expression was determined by immunofluorescence staining and Western blot. The volume of the infarct area was determined by TTC (2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium hydrochloride) staining. Neuron apoptosis was determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. RESULTS In vitro study showed that co-culture with BM-MSCs significantly decreased LPS-induced iNOS expression in the microglial cells. Immunofluorescence and Western blot consistently revealed that BM-MSC transplantation significantly reduced the IBA-expressing microglial cells and IBA protein levels in the peri-infarct area. The inhibitory effect of BM-MSC on IBA expression was significantly attenuated by pretreatment of CD200R1 neutralizing antibody in the peri-infarct zone. BM-MSC transplantation significantly reduced the infarct volume, protected neuron apoptosis, and increased neuronal CD200 expression in the peri-infarct area. CONCLUSION The transplanted BM-MSCs exerted immunomodulatory effect by inactivating the microglias in the peri-infarct area, at least partially, via the CD200-CD200R1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangrong Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Huiling Ye
- Geriatric Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Xueli Cai
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Guangzhou 323000, China
| | - Weiwen Sun
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Bin He
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Zhihua Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China.
| | - Pingyi Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China.
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154
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Gong P, Xie Y, Jiang T, Liu Y, Wang M, Sun H, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Zhou J. Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio predicts post-thrombolysis early neurological deterioration in acute ischemic stroke patients. Brain Behav 2019; 9:e01426. [PMID: 31566920 PMCID: PMC6790313 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) has become the standard treatment for acute ischemic stroke within 4.5 hr after symptoms onset. However, a fraction of patients would develop early neurological deterioration (END) after IVT. The aim of our study was to explore the utility of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in predicting END. METHODS From October 2016 to March 2018, 342 consecutive patients with thrombolytic therapy were prospectively enrolled in this study. Blood cell counts were sampled in stroke emergency room before IVT. END was defined as a National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score increase of ≥4 points within 24 hr after IVT. Multiple regression analysis was used to investigate the potential risk factors of END. We also performed receiver operating characteristic curve analysis and nomogram analysis to assess the overall discriminative ability of the NLR in predicting END. RESULTS Of the 342 patients, 86 (25.1%) participants were identified with END. Univariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that patients with NLR in the third tertile, compared with the first tertile, were more likely to have END (odds ratio, 9.783; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.847-19.764; p = .001). The association remained significant even after controlled for potential confounders. Also, a cutoff value of 4.43 for NLR was detected in predicting post-thrombolysis END with a sensitivity of 70.9% and a specificity of 79.3% (area under curve, 0.779; 95% CI, 0.731-0.822). Furthermore, our established nomogram indicated that higher NLR was an indicator of post-thrombolysis END (c-index was 0.789, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS This study showed that elevated level of NLR may predict post-thrombolysis END in ischemic stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Gong
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Teng Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yukai Liu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huanhuan Sun
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuting Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingdong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaohao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Junshan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Zong X, Dong Y, Li Y, Yang L, Li Y, Yang B, Tucker L, Zhao N, Brann DW, Yan X, Hu S, Zhang Q. Beneficial Effects of Theta-Burst Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Stroke Injury via Improving Neuronal Microenvironment and Mitochondrial Integrity. Transl Stroke Res 2019; 11:450-467. [PMID: 31515743 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-019-00731-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent work suggests that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) may beneficially alter the pathological status of several neurological disorders, although the mechanism remains unclear. The current study was designed to investigate the effects of rTMS on behavioral deficits and potential underlying mechanisms in a rat photothrombotic (PT) stroke model. From day 0 (3 h) to day 5 after the establishment of PT stroke, 5-min daily continuous theta-burst rTMS (3 pulses of 50 Hz repeated every 200 ms, intensity at 200 G) was applied on the infarct hemisphere. We report that rTMS significantly attenuated behavioral deficits and infarct volume after PT stroke. Further investigation demonstrated that rTMS remarkably reduced synaptic loss and neuronal degeneration in the peri-infarct cortical region. Mechanistic studies displayed that beneficial effects of rTMS were associated with robust suppression of reactive micro/astrogliosis and the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as oxidative stress and oxidative neuronal damage especially at the late stage following PT stroke. Intriguingly, rTMS could effectively induce a shift in microglial M1/M2 phenotype activation and an A1 to A2 switch in astrocytic phenotypes. In addition, the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines and mitochondrial MnSOD in peri-infarct regions were elevated following rTMS treatment. Finally, rTMS treatment efficaciously preserved mitochondrial membrane integrity and suppressed the intrinsic mitochondrial caspase-9/3 apoptotic pathway within the peri-infarct cortex. Our novel findings indicate that rTMS treatment exerted robust neuroprotection when applied at least 3 h after ischemic stroke. The underlying mechanisms are partially associated with improvement of the local neuronal microenvironment by altering inflammatory and oxidative status and preserving mitochondrial integrity in the peri-infarct zone. These findings provide strong support for the promising therapeutic effect of rTMS against ischemic neuronal injury and functional deficits following stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Zong
- Jiangsu Provincial Institute of Health Emergency, Xuzhou Medical University; the Emergency Center of the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu province, China.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Yan Dong
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Yuyu Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Institute of Health Emergency, Xuzhou Medical University; the Emergency Center of the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Luodan Yang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Baocheng Yang
- Jiangsu Provincial Institute of Health Emergency, Xuzhou Medical University; the Emergency Center of the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu province, China.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Lorelei Tucker
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Ningjun Zhao
- Jiangsu Provincial Institute of Health Emergency, Xuzhou Medical University; the Emergency Center of the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Darrell W Brann
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Xianliang Yan
- Jiangsu Provincial Institute of Health Emergency, Xuzhou Medical University; the Emergency Center of the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu province, China
| | - Shuqun Hu
- Jiangsu Provincial Institute of Health Emergency, Xuzhou Medical University; the Emergency Center of the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu province, China.
| | - Quanguang Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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Down-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 attenuates p53-dependent apoptosis of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons following transient cerebral ischemia. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13032. [PMID: 31506563 PMCID: PMC6737192 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49623-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is associated with pathophysiological conditions. Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) can provide neuroprotective effects against subsequent lethal ischemic insult. The objective of this study was to determine how Cdk5 and related molecules could affect neuroprotection in the hippocampus of gerbils after with IPC [a 2-min transient cerebral ischemia (TCI)] followed by 5-min subsequent TCI. Hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons were dead at 5 days post-TCI. However, treatment with roscovitine (a potent inhibitor of Cdk5) and IPC protected CA1 pyramidal neurons from TCI. Expression levels of Cdk5, p25, phospho (p)-Rb and p-p53 were increased in nuclei of CA1 pyramidal neurons at 1 and 2 days after TCI. However, these expressions were attenuated by roscovitine treatment and IPC. In particular, Cdk5, p-Rb and p-p53 immunoreactivities in their nuclei were decreased. Furthermore, TUNEL-positive CA1 pyramidal neurons were found at 5 days after TCI with increased expression levels of Bax, PUMA, and activated caspase-3. These TUNEL-positive cells and increased molecules were decreased by roscovitine treatment and IPC. Thus, roscovitine treatment and IPC could protect CA1 pyramidal neurons from TCI through down-regulating Cdk5, p25, and p-p53 in their nuclei. These findings indicate that down-regulating Cdk5 might be a key strategy to attenuate p53-dependent apoptosis of CA1 pyramidal neurons following TCI.
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157
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Tanaka M, Ogaeri T, Samsonov M, Sokabe M. Nestorone exerts long-term neuroprotective effects against transient focal cerebral ischemia in adult male rats. Brain Res 2019; 1719:288-296. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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158
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Erfani S, Moghimi A, Aboutaleb N, Khaksari M. Protective Effects of Nucleobinding-2 After Cerebral Ischemia Via Modulating Bcl-2/Bax Ratio and Reducing Glial Fibrillary Acid Protein Expression. Basic Clin Neurosci 2019; 10:451-459. [PMID: 32284834 PMCID: PMC7149952 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.10.5.451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Nucleobinding-2 (NUCB2) or nesfatin-1, a newly identified anorexigenic peptide, has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties. Brain ischemiareperfusion induces irreversible damages, especially in the hippocampus area. However, the therapeutic effects of NUCB2 have not been well investigated in cerebral ischemia. This study was designed for the first time to investigate the protective effects of NUCB2/Nesfatin-1 on the expression of apoptosis-related proteins and reactive astrogliosis level in the CA1 area of hippocampus in an experimental model of transient global cerebral ischemia. Methods The male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into 4 groups (sham, NUCB2, ischemia-reperfusion, and ischemia-reperfusion+NUCB21) (n =7). The model of cerebral ischemia was prepared by common carotid arteries occlusion for 20 minutes. Nesfatin-1 (20 μg/kg) and saline (as a vehicle) were injected (intraperitoneally) at the beginning of the reperfusion period. The assessment of the protein expression levels was performed by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical staining. Results NUCB2 significantly reduced the Bax and GFAP protein levels in the CA1 area after ischemia (P<0.05). Also, NUCB2 increased Bcl-2 protein level (P<0.05). NUCB2 exerted protective effects against ischemic injury by the inhibition of astrocytes activation as an inflammatory response and decreased neuronal cell apoptosis. Conclusion The present study provides the possible neuroprotective view of nesfatin-1 in the treatment of ischemia injury model in rat hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohaila Erfani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Moghimi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nahid Aboutaleb
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khaksari
- Addiction Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
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159
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Wang L, Song Q, Wang C, Wu S, Deng L, Li Y, Zheng L, Liu M. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio predicts poor outcomes after acute ischemic stroke: A cohort study and systematic review. J Neurol Sci 2019; 406:116445. [PMID: 31521961 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2019.116445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The relationship between neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and prognosis after acute ischemic stroke (AIS) remains controversial. The aim of this cohort study and systematic review was to ascertain the association of admission NLR with major clinical poor outcomes after AIS. METHODS We analyzed data from Chengdu stroke registry and performed a systematic review for previous literature. The outcomes were hemorrhagic transformation (HT), parenchymal hematoma (PH), symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH), 3-month death or disability (modified Rankin Scale≥3), and 3-month death. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of NLR as a continuous and categorical variable and poor outcomes were pooled separately. We also calculated the predictive accuracy of admission NLR in different outcomes. RESULTS We included 808 patients from registry database and 9563 patients from previous studies. Our registry data showed that NLR ≥5 was associated with HT (OR 2.03, 95%CI 1.19-3.46), PH (OR 2.54, 95%CI 1.20-5.35) and 3-month death (OR 5.55, 95%CI 1.41-21.89); meta-analysis with our data and other observational studies indicated that higher NLR was associated with HT (OR 1.99, 95% CI 1.45-2.73), sICH (OR 2.22, 95% CI 1.60-3.09), 3-month death or disability (OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.18-2.38), and 3-month death (OR 2.79, 95% CI 1.57, 4.94). NLR had the highest predictive accuracy for 3-month death. CONCLUSIONS Higher NLR is positively associated with the risk of HT and 3-month death after stroke. Considering the limited predictive ability of a single biomarker, more studies should validate the role of NLR in prognostic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease, Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Quhong Song
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease, Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Changyi Wang
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease, Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Simiao Wu
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease, Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linghui Deng
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease, Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuxiao Li
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease, Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lukai Zheng
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease, Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease, Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Jayaraj RL, Azimullah S, Beiram R, Jalal FY, Rosenberg GA. Neuroinflammation: friend and foe for ischemic stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:142. [PMID: 31291966 PMCID: PMC6617684 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1516-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 776] [Impact Index Per Article: 155.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke, the third leading cause of death and disability worldwide, is undergoing a change in perspective with the emergence of new ideas on neurodegeneration. The concept that stroke is a disorder solely of blood vessels has been expanded to include the effects of a detrimental interaction between glia, neurons, vascular cells, and matrix components, which is collectively referred to as the neurovascular unit. Following the acute stroke, the majority of which are ischemic, there is secondary neuroinflammation that both promotes further injury, resulting in cell death, but conversely plays a beneficial role, by promoting recovery. The proinflammatory signals from immune mediators rapidly activate resident cells and influence infiltration of a wide range of inflammatory cells (neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, different subtypes of T cells, and other inflammatory cells) into the ischemic region exacerbating brain damage. In this review, we discuss how neuroinflammation has both beneficial as well as detrimental roles and recent therapeutic strategies to combat pathological responses. Here, we also focus on time-dependent entry of immune cells to the ischemic area and the impact of other pathological mediators, including oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), arachidonic acid metabolites, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and post-translational modifications that could potentially perpetuate ischemic brain damage after the acute injury. Understanding the time-dependent role of inflammatory factors could help in developing new diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic neuroprotective strategies for post-stroke inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L. Jayaraj
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, UAE
| | - Sheikh Azimullah
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, UAE
| | - Rami Beiram
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, UAE
| | - Fakhreya Y. Jalal
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, UAE
| | - Gary A. Rosenberg
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA
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Świtońska M, Słomka A, Korbal P, Piekuś-Słomka N, Sinkiewicz W, Sokal P, Żekanowska E. Association of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Lymphocyte-to-Monocyte Ratio with Treatment Modalities of Acute Ischaemic Stroke: A Pilot Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55070342. [PMID: 31284487 PMCID: PMC6680974 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55070342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Ischaemic stroke (IS) is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. All stages of cerebral ischaemia, but especially acute phase, are associated with inflammatory response. Recent studies showed that neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) may be used to assess inflammation in IS. To test whether there is a relationship between these parameters and type of stroke treatment, we analysed NLR and LMR in IS patients treated with three different modalities. Materials and Methods: The study included 58 adults with acute IS. A total of 28 patients received intravenous thrombolysis. In another 10 patients, the thrombolytic therapy was followed by thrombectomy and 20 patients did not undergo causal treatment. Blood samples were obtained within 24 h of the stroke diagnosis to calculate NLR and LMR. Next, NLR and LMR of the study subgroups were compared. Results: Our study revealed that NLR was significantly higher in patients treated with thrombectomy following thrombolysis, compared to no causal treatment. Statistical analysis demonstrated that patients with high National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores presented higher NLR than in those with low NIHSS scores. Additionally, patients with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) ≥ 3 mg/L presented with significantly higher NLR and significantly lower LMR than the group of patients with lower hs-CRP (<3 mg/L). Conclusions: The main finding of this pilot study was that NLR in IS patients treated using thrombectomy following thrombolysis was markedly higher than that in other treatment groups, which was associated with increased severity of the disease in these patients. Therefore, patients with higher NLR may be expected to have more severe stroke. The link between stroke severity and NLR deserves further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Świtońska
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, 85-168 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Artur Słomka
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Piotr Korbal
- Department of Propedeutics of Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Natalia Piekuś-Słomka
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Władysław Sinkiewicz
- 2nd Department of Cardiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, 85-168 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Paweł Sokal
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, 85-168 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Ewa Żekanowska
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Mirarab E, Hojati V, Vaezi G, Shiravi A, Khaksari M. Obestatin inhibits apoptosis and astrogliosis of hippocampal neurons following global cerebral ischemia reperfusion via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2019; 22:617-622. [PMID: 31231488 PMCID: PMC6570752 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2019.34118.8110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Objective(s): Obestatin is a newly discovered peptide with antioxidant activities in different animal models. Recent studies have shown that Obestatin inhibits apoptosis following cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury. Brain ischemia/reperfusion induces irreversible damage especially in the hippocampus area. This study aimed at examining the protective impact of Obestatin on apoptosis, protein expression and reactive astrogliosis level in hippocampal CA1 region of rat following transient global cerebral ischemia. Materials and Methods: Forty-eight male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into 4 groups (sham, ischemia/reperfusion, ischemia/reperfusion+ Obestatin 1, and 5 µg/kg, n=12). Ischemia induced occlusion of both common carotid arteries for 20 min. Obestatin 1 and 5 µg/kg were injected intraperitoneally at the beginning of reperfusion period and 24 and 48 hr after reperfusion. Assessment of the antioxidant enzymes and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was performed by ELISA method. Caspase-3 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) proteins expression levels were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining 7 days after ischemia. Results: Based on the result of the current study, lower superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) (P<0.05) and higher malondialdehyde (MDA) and TNF-α levels were observed in the ischemia group than those of the sham group (P<0.01). Obestatin treatment could increase both SOD and GSH (P<0.05) and reduce MDA and TNF-α (P<0.05) versus the ischemia group. Moreover, obestatin could significantly decrease caspase-3 and GFAP positive cells in the CA1 region of hippocampus (P<0.01). Conclusion: Obestatin exerts protective effects against ischemia injury by inhibition of astrocytes activation and decreases neuronal cell apoptosis via its antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Mirarab
- Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| | - Vida Hojati
- Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| | - Golamhassan Vaezi
- Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Khaksari
- School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
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Malone K, Amu S, Moore AC, Waeber C. Immunomodulatory Therapeutic Strategies in Stroke. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:630. [PMID: 31281252 PMCID: PMC6595144 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of immunity in all stages of stroke is increasingly being recognized, from the pathogenesis of risk factors to tissue repair, leading to the investigation of a range of immunomodulatory therapies. In the acute phase of stroke, proposed therapies include drugs targeting pro-inflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases, and leukocyte infiltration, with a key objective to reduce initial brain cell toxicity. Systemically, the early stages of stroke are also characterized by stroke-induced immunosuppression, where downregulation of host defences predisposes patients to infection. Therefore, strategies to modulate innate immunity post-stroke have garnered greater attention. A complementary objective is to reduce longer-term sequelae by focusing on adaptive immunity. Following stroke onset, the integrity of the blood–brain barrier is compromised, exposing central nervous system (CNS) antigens to systemic adaptive immune recognition, potentially inducing autoimmunity. Some pre-clinical efforts have been made to tolerize the immune system to CNS antigens pre-stroke. Separately, immune cell populations that exhibit a regulatory phenotype (T- and B- regulatory cells) have been shown to ameliorate post-stroke inflammation and contribute to tissue repair. Cell-based therapies, established in oncology and transplantation, could become a strategy to treat the acute and chronic stages of stroke. Furthermore, a role for the gut microbiota in ischaemic injury has received attention. Finally, the immune system may play a role in remote ischaemic preconditioning-mediated neuroprotection against stroke. The development of stroke therapies involving organs distant to the infarct site, therefore, should not be overlooked. This review will discuss the immune mechanisms of various therapeutic strategies, surveying published data and discussing more theoretical mechanisms of action that have yet to be exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Malone
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sylvie Amu
- Cancer Research @UCC, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anne C Moore
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Christian Waeber
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Kim DY, Park JA, Kim Y, Noh M, Park S, Lie E, Kim E, Kim YM, Kwon YG. SALM4 regulates angiogenic functions in endothelial cells through VEGFR2 phosphorylation at Tyr1175. FASEB J 2019; 33:9842-9857. [PMID: 31170000 PMCID: PMC6704462 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802516rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis depends on VEGF-mediated signaling. However, the regulatory mechanisms and functions of individual VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) phosphorylation sites remain unclear. Here, we report that synaptic adhesion-like molecule 4 (SALM4) regulates a specific VEGFR2 phosphorylation site. SALM4 silencing in HUVECs and Salm4 knockout (KO) in lung endothelial cells (ECs) of Salm4−/− mice suppressed phosphorylation of VEGFR2 tyrosine (Y) 1175 (Y1173 in mice) and downstream signaling upon VEGF-A stimulation. However, VEGFR2 phosphorylation at Y951 (Y949 in mice) and Y1214 (Y1212 in mice) remained unchanged. Knockdown and KO of SALM4 inhibited VEGF-A–induced angiogenic functions of ECs. SALM4 depletion reduced endothelial leakage, sprouting, and migratory activities. Furthermore, in an ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) model, brain injury was attenuated in Salm4−/− mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice. In brain lysates after I/R, VEGFR2 phosphorylation at Y949, Y1173, and Y1212 were induced in WT brains, but only Y1173 phosphorylation of VEGFR2 was reduced in Salm4−/− brains. Taken together, our results demonstrate that SALM4 specifically regulates VEGFR2 phosphorylation at Y1175 (Y1173 in mice), thereby fine-tuning VEGF signaling in ECs.—Kim, D. Y., Park, J. A., Kim, Y., Noh, M., Park, S., Lie, E., Kim, E., Kim, Y.-M., Kwon, Y.-G. SALM4 regulates angiogenic functions in endothelial cells through VEGFR2 phosphorylation at Tyr1175.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong Ae Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yeomyung Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Minyoung Noh
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Songyi Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eunkyung Lie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Eunjoon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, South Korea
| | - Young-Guen Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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165
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Rajkovic I, Wong R, Lemarchand E, Tinker R, Allan SM, Pinteaux E. Pentraxin 3 regulates neutrophil infiltration to the brain during neuroinflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 1:10. [PMID: 31602423 PMCID: PMC6786895 DOI: 10.12688/amrcopenres.12875.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: The acute phase protein pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is known for its anti-inflammatory effects through downregulating neutrophil transmigration during peripheral inflammation. Furthermore, we have previously demonstrated a neuroprotective and neuroreparative effect of PTX3 after cerebral ischaemia. Here we investigated, to our knowledge for the first time, the role of PTX3 in neutrophil transmigration and neurotoxicity following lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cerebral inflammation and cerebral ischaemia. Methods: Neutrophil transmigration through interleukin-1β (IL-1β) activated brain endothelium and neurotoxicity of neutrophils isolated from wild-type (WT) or PTX3 knock-out (KO) mice was assessed in vitro. Primary cortical neuronal death after treatment with transmigrated neutrophils was quantified by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. Cerebral inflammation or ischemia was induced in WT and PTX3 KO mice via intrastriatal LPS injection or by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) respectively. Subsequent neutrophil infiltration in the brain was assessed by immunohistochemistry and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-1β by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Neutrophils isolated from WT mice after intrastriatal LPS injection transmigrated significantly more through IL-1β activated brain endothelium compared to neutrophils from PTX3 KO mice. Transmigrated WT and PTX3 KO neutrophils were significantly more neurotoxic than corresponding non-transmigrated neutrophils; however, no significant differences in neurotoxicity between genotypes were observed. PTX3 reduced the number of transmigrated neutrophils to the brain after intrastriatal LPS injection. Furthermore, PTX3 KO mice showed significantly increased levels of neutrophils in the brain after LPS administration or in the ischaemic hemisphere after MCAo, compared to WT mice. Conclusion: Our study shows that PTX3 regulates neutrophil transmigration in the CNS during neuroinflammation, demonstrating the potential of PTX3 as an effective therapeutic target in neuroinflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Rajkovic
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Raymond Wong
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Eloise Lemarchand
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Rory Tinker
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Stuart M Allan
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Emmanuel Pinteaux
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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166
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Zhang B, Zhang HX, Shi ST, Bai YL, Zhe X, Zhang SJ, Li YJ. Interleukin-11 treatment protected against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 115:108816. [PMID: 31096144 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammation and immune responses are crucial factors associated with the onset and progression of stroke. Interleukin-11 (IL-11) is a hematopoietic IL-6 family cytokine that functions as an anti-inflammatory agent against various inflammatory diseases. However, its roles in stroke remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of IL-11 on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in a model of focal cerebral ischemia. METHODS Mice were randomly divided into five groups the vehicle group, the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) group, the MCAO plus adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibitor compound C group, the MCAO plus IL-11 treatment group, and the MCAO plus IL-11 treatment and compound C group. Focal cerebral ischemia was induced by occluding the left middle cerebral artery, and reperfusion was achieved by withdrawing the suture 2 h after ischemia. The protein expression levels of IL-11 were measured using Western blot analysis, and its location was detected using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining. The infarct volume was examined using 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, and the neurobehavioral progression was assessed using the neurological scoring system. The expression of astrocytes and microglia was detected using immunochemistry, and real-time quantitative PCR was used for the gene quantification of inflammatory cytokines. The extent of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury was tested using Nissl staining and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. The expression of the apoptotic proteins Bax, Bcl-2 and cleaved caspase-3 were detected using Western blot analysis, and the oxidative stress was also measured. RESULTS The expression of IL-11 mRNA and protein significantly decreased after cerebral ischemia. Immunohistochemical staining showed a large amount of IL-11 in the cerebral cortex of the mice in the vehicle group, whereas the immunoreactivity of IL-11 remained weak for 24 h in the MCAO group. Immunofluorescent staining further confirmed that IL-11 was mainly expressed in the neurons. It was suggested that IL-11 (20 μg/kg) treatment ameliorated infarction and reduced neurological scores. In addition, IL-11 proved to reduce neuropathic damage, glial activation, and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and increase the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines after cerebral ischemia. IL-11 was also able to alleviate oxidative stress caused by cerebral ischemia, and AMPK inhibition enhanced the alleviation. Moreover, IL-11 was found to inhibit apoptosis caused by cerebral ischemia, which could also be facilitated by AMPK inhibitors. SIGNIFICANCE Our research suggests that IL-11 is decreased during cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, but IL-11 treatment can improve neurological function and reduce the cerebral infarct volume, which can trigger stroke in mice. AMPK inhibition can further promote the protective effect of IL-11 in stroke. Overall, we demonstrate that IL-11 is of therapeutic interest in controlling stroke and managing cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710077, China
| | - Hai-Xiong Zhang
- Otolaryngology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710077, China
| | - Shao-Ting Shi
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710077, China
| | - Yu-Lan Bai
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710077, China
| | - Xiao Zhe
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710077, China
| | - Shi-Jun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710077, China
| | - Ya-Jun Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710077, China.
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167
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Zhang K, Tu M, Gao W, Cai X, Song F, Chen Z, Zhang Q, Wang J, Jin C, Shi J, Yang X, Zhu Y, Gu W, Hu B, Zheng Y, Zhang H, Tian M. Hollow Prussian Blue Nanozymes Drive Neuroprotection against Ischemic Stroke via Attenuating Oxidative Stress, Counteracting Inflammation, and Suppressing Cell Apoptosis. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:2812-2823. [PMID: 30908916 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a devastating disease and one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Overproduction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) following ischemic insult is known as a key factor in exacerbating brain damage. Thus, RONS scavengers that can block excessive production of RONS have great therapeutic potential. Herein, we propose an efficient treatment strategy in which an artificial nanozyme with multienzyme activity drives neuroprotection against ischemic stroke primarily by scavenging RONS. Specifically, through a facile, Bi3+-assisted, template-free synthetic strategy, we developed hollow Prussian blue nanozymes (HPBZs) with multienzyme activity to scavenge RONS in a rat model of ischemic stroke. The comprehensive characteristics of HPBZs against RONS were explored. Apart from attenuating oxidative stress, HPBZs also suppressed apoptosis and counteracted inflammation both in vitro and in vivo, thereby contributing to increased brain tolerance of ischemic injury with minimal side effects. This study provides a proof of concept for a novel class of neuroprotective nanoagents that might be beneficial for treatment of ischemic stroke and other RONS-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET-CT Center, The Second Hospital , Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310009 , P. R. China
| | - Mengjiao Tu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET-CT Center, The Second Hospital , Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310009 , P. R. China
| | - Wei Gao
- Shanghai Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, Sixth People's Hospital , Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated , Shanghai 200233 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaojun Cai
- Shanghai Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, Sixth People's Hospital , Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated , Shanghai 200233 , P. R. China
| | - Fahuan Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET-CT Center, The Second Hospital , Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310009 , P. R. China
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200082 , P. R. China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Tenth People's Hospital , Tongji University , Shanghai 200072 , P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET-CT Center, The Second Hospital , Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310009 , P. R. China
| | - Chentao Jin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET-CT Center, The Second Hospital , Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310009 , P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Shi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET-CT Center, The Second Hospital , Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310009 , P. R. China
| | - Xiang Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET-CT Center, The Second Hospital , Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310009 , P. R. China
| | - Yuankai Zhu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET-CT Center, The Second Hospital , Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310009 , P. R. China
| | - Weizhong Gu
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital , Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310051 , P. R. China
| | - Bing Hu
- Shanghai Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, Sixth People's Hospital , Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated , Shanghai 200233 , P. R. China
| | - Yuanyi Zheng
- Shanghai Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, Sixth People's Hospital , Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated , Shanghai 200233 , P. R. China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET-CT Center, The Second Hospital , Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310009 , P. R. China
- Shanxi Medical University , Taiyuan , Shanxi 030001 , P. R. China
| | - Mei Tian
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET-CT Center, The Second Hospital , Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310009 , P. R. China
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168
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Platelet-to-neutrophil ratio is a prognostic marker for 90-days outcome in acute ischemic stroke. J Clin Neurosci 2019; 63:110-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2019.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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169
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Mohamed SK, Ahmed AAE, Elmorsy EM, Nofal S. ERK activation by zeranol has neuroprotective effect in cerebral ischemia reperfusion. Life Sci 2019; 227:137-144. [PMID: 31005550 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Incidence of stroke increases in postmenopausal women with dangerous consequences. In this study we used zeranol to protect ovariectomized (OVX) rats against cerebral I/R damage and our target is to identify the mechanism of its protection, in addition to investigating whether this mechanism inhibits inflammation (by preventing glial cell activation) and apoptosis. MAIN METHODS First 18 ovariectomized rats were allocated into 3 groups: I/R group, zeranol+ I/R group and U0126, MEK1/2 inhibitor + zeranol+ I/R group. After 24 h reperfusion, protein expression of total extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (t-ERK1/2), phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (p-ERK1/2), Bcl-2, and Bax were quantified. Second 36 female rats were allocated into 3 groups: sham group, I/R group (after ovariectomy by 7 weeks, rats exposed to cerebral I/R) and zeranol group (after ovariectomy by 2 weeks, rats received zeranol for 5 weeks). After 24 h of reperfusion, the following parameters were measured; total nitrate/nitrite, interleukin-10, myeloperoxidase, caspase-3, and finally immunohistochemistry analysis of glial fibrillary acidic protein, cyclooxygenase-2 in cortex and hippocampus (CA1) regions were performed. KEY FINDINGS U-0126 administration reversed the neuroprotective effect induced by zeranol through decreasing ratio of p-ERK1/2:ERK1/2 and Bcl-2/Bax in brain tissue. Activation of ERK signaling pathway by zeranol caused reduction in brain apoptosis and inflammation. SIGNIFICANCE Zeranol showed protective effect in OVX rats that were exposed to cerebral I/R by activation of ERK signaling pathway which was blocked by U0126. This protective effect in turns led to decrease inflammation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa K Mohamed
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Amany A E Ahmed
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Engy M Elmorsy
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shahira Nofal
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
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170
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Ahn JH, Song M, Kim H, Lee TK, Park CW, Park YE, Lee JC, Cho JH, Kim YM, Hwang IK, Won MH, Park JH. Differential regional infarction, neuronal loss and gliosis in the gerbil cerebral hemisphere following 30 min of unilateral common carotid artery occlusion. Metab Brain Dis 2019; 34:223-233. [PMID: 30443768 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0345-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The degree of transient ischemic damage in the cerebral hemisphere is different according to duration of transient ischemia and cerebral regions. Mongolian gerbils show various lesions in the hemisphere after transient unilateral occlusion of the common carotid artery (UOCCA) because they have different types of patterns of anterior and posterior communicating arteries. We examined differential regional damage in the ipsilateral hemisphere of the gerbil after 30 min of UOCCA by using 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, cresyl violet (CV) Nissl staining, Fluoro-Jade B (F-J B) fluorescence staining, and NeuN immunohistochemistry 5 days after UOCCA. In addition, regional differences in reactions of astrocytes and microglia were examined using GFAP and Iba-1 immunohistochemistry. After right UOCCA, neurological signs were assessed to define ischemic symptomatic animals. Moderate symptomatic gerbils showed several infarcts, while mild symptomatic gerbils showed selective neuronal death/loss in the primary motor and sensory cortex, striatum, thalamus, and hippocampus 5 days after UOCCA. In the areas, morphologically changed GFAP immunoreactive astrocytes and Iba-1 immunoreactive microglia were found, and their numbers were increased or decreased according to the damaged areas. In brief, our results demonstrate that 30 min of UOCCA in gerbils produced infarcts or selective neuronal death depending on ischemic severity in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex, striatum, thalamus and hippocampus, showing that astrocytes and microglia were differently reacted 5 days after UOCCA. Taken together, a gerbil model of 30 min of UOCCA can be used to study mechanisms of infarction and/or regional selective neuronal death/loss as well as neurological dysfunction following UOCCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Minah Song
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjung Kim
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Woo Park
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Eun Park
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hwi Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, and Institute of Medical Sciences, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Joon Ha Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24252, Republic of Korea.
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Ouk T, Potey C, Maestrini I, Petrault M, Mendyk AM, Leys D, Bordet R, Gautier S. Neutrophils in tPA-induced hemorrhagic transformations: Main culprit, accomplice or innocent bystander? Pharmacol Ther 2019; 194:73-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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172
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Park JH, Kim IH, Ahn JH, Noh YH, Kim SS, Lee TK, Lee JC, Shin BN, Sim TH, Lee HS, Cho JH, Hwang IK, Kang IJ, Kim JD, Won MH. Pretreated Oenanthe Javanica extract increases anti-inflammatory cytokines, attenuates gliosis, and protects hippocampal neurons following transient global cerebral ischemia in gerbils. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:1536-1543. [PMID: 31089052 PMCID: PMC6557097 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.255973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we have reported that Oenanthe javanica extract (OJE) displays strong neuroprotective effect against ischemic damage after transient global cerebral ischemia. However, neuroprotective mechanisms of OJE have not been fully identified. Thus, this study investigated the neuroprotection of OJE in the hippocampal CA1 area and its anti-inflammatory activity in gerbils subjected to 5 minutes of transient global cerebral ischemia. We treated the animals by intragastrical injection of OJE (100 and 200 mg/kg) once daily for 1 week prior to transient global cerebral ischemia. Neuroprotection of OJE was observed by immunohistochemistry for neuronal nuclear antigen and histofluorescence staining for Fluoro-Jade B. Immunohistochemistry of glial fibrillary acidic protein and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 was done for astrocytosis and microgliosis, respectively. To investigate the neuroprotective mechanisms of OJE, we performed immunohistochemistry of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-2 for pro-inflammatory function and interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 for anti-inflammatory function. When we treated the animals by intragastrical administration of 200 mg/kg of OJE, hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons were protected from transient global cerebral ischemia and cerebral ischemia-induced gliosis was inhibited in the ischemic hippocampal CA1 area. We also found that interleukin-4 and -13 immunoreactivities were significantly increased in pyramidal neurons of the ischemic CA1 area after OJE pretreatment, and the increased immunoreactivities were sustained in the CA1 pyramidal neurons after transient global cerebral ischemia. However, OJE pretreatment did not increase interleukin-2 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha immunoreactivities in the CA1 pyramidal neurons. Our findings suggest that pretreatment with OJE can protect neurons and attenuate gliosis from transient global cerebral ischemia via increasing expressions of interleukin-4 and -13. The experimental plan of this study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) in Kangwon National University (approval No. KW-160802-1) on August 10, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Ha Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - In Hye Kim
- Famenity Company, Gwacheon, Geyonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Hun Noh
- Famenity Company, Gwacheon, Geyonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Su Kim
- Famenity Company, Gwacheon, Geyonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bich-Na Shin
- Danchunok Company, Chuncheon, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Heung Sim
- Danchunok Company, Chuncheon, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sam Lee
- Danchunok Company, Chuncheon, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hwi Cho
- Department of Histology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Jun Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Dai Kim
- Division of Food Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
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173
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Hong A, Aguilar MI, Del Borgo MP, Sobey CG, Broughton BRS, Forsythe JS. Self-assembling injectable peptide hydrogels for emerging treatment of ischemic stroke. J Mater Chem B 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb00257j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ischaemic stroke remains one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, without any long-term effective treatments targeted at regeneration. This has led to developments of novel, biomaterial-based strategies using self-assembling peptide hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Monash Institute of Medical Engineering
- Monash University
- Clayton
- Australia
| | - Marie-Isabel Aguilar
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute
- Monash University
- Clayton
- Australia
| | - Mark P. Del Borgo
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute
- Monash University
- Clayton
- Australia
| | - Christopher G. Sobey
- Vascular Biology and Immunopharmacology Group
- Department of Physiology
- Anatomy and Microbiology
- La Trobe University
- Bundoora
| | - Brad R. S. Broughton
- Cardiovascular & Pulmonary Pharmacology Group
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology
- Monash University
- Clayton
- Australia
| | - John S. Forsythe
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Monash Institute of Medical Engineering
- Monash University
- Clayton
- Australia
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174
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García-Culebras A, Durán-Laforet V, Peña-Martínez C, Ballesteros I, Pradillo JM, Díaz-Guzmán J, Lizasoain I, Moro MA. Myeloid cells as therapeutic targets in neuroinflammation after stroke: Specific roles of neutrophils and neutrophil-platelet interactions. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:2150-2164. [PMID: 30129391 PMCID: PMC6282223 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18795789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic brain injury causes a local inflammatory response, involving the activation of resident brain cells such as microglia and the recruitment of infiltrating immune cells. Increasing evidence supports that plasticity of the myeloid cell lineage is determinant for the specific role of these cells on stroke outcome, from initiation and maintenance to resolution of post-ischemic inflammation. The aim of this review is to summarize some of the key characteristics of these cells and the mechanisms for their recruitment into the injured brain through interactions with platelets, endothelial cells and other leukocytes. Also, we discuss the existence of different leukocyte subsets in the ischemic tissue and, specifically, the impact of different myeloid phenotypes on stroke outcome, with special emphasis on neutrophils and their interplay with platelets. Knowledge of these cellular phenotypes and interactions may pave the way to new therapies able to promote protective immune responses and tissue repair after cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia García-Culebras
- 1 Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain.,2 Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.,3 Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Violeta Durán-Laforet
- 1 Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain.,2 Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.,3 Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Peña-Martínez
- 1 Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain.,2 Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.,3 Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iván Ballesteros
- 4 Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús M Pradillo
- 1 Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain.,2 Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.,3 Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Díaz-Guzmán
- 2 Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.,5 Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Lizasoain
- 1 Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain.,2 Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.,3 Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - María A Moro
- 1 Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain.,2 Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.,3 Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), UCM, Madrid, Spain
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175
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Naito H, Nezu T, Hosomi N, Aoki S, Kinoshita N, Kuga J, Shimomura R, Araki M, Ueno H, Ochi K, Maruyama H. Controlling nutritional status score for predicting 3-mo functional outcome in acute ischemic stroke. Nutrition 2018; 55-56:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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176
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Le K, Mo S, Lu X, Idriss Ali A, Yu D, Guo Y. Association of circulating blood HMGB1 levels with ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurol Res 2018; 40:907-916. [PMID: 30015578 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2018.1497254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Inflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis and progression of ischemic stroke (IS). The high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) nucleoprotein is involved in the amplification of inflammatory responses during acute ischemic injury. HMGB1 levels in patients with active disease are higher than those in healthy controls. We performed a meta-analysis to assess currently published data pertaining to circulating blood HMGB1 levels in IS and the relationship with stroke severity. METHODS We systematically searched for studies investigating the circulating blood HMGB1 levels in patients with IS in PubMed/Medline, Embase, the Cochrane Library, Web of science and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). Two independent researchers used the Cochrane Collaboration tools for data extraction and quality assessment. Extracted data were analyzed by Review Manager version 5.3. RESULTS A total of 28 studies were included with a total of 4497 participants, including 2671 IS patients and 1826 matched controls. The meta-analysis revealed that compared with control, IS patients had higher circulating blood HMGB1 levels (n = 4497, standardized mean difference (SMD) = 5.70, 95%confidence interval (CI) = 4.79 to 6.62, Z = 12.23, P < 0.00001), and the HMGB1 level was positively correlated with severity (n = 507, SMD = -2.12, 95%CI = -3.41 to -0.82, Z = 3.20, P < 0.00001) and infarct volume (n = 582, 95%CI = -4.06 to -1.70, Z = 4.79, P < 0.00001). CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis demonstrates that circulating blood HMGB1 levels elevate in IS and higher HMGB1 levels may indicate a more serious condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Le
- a Department of Neurology , Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University , Nanjing Jiangsu , China
| | - Sisi Mo
- b Department of Pediatrics , Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University , Nanjing Jiangsu , China
| | - Xiang Lu
- a Department of Neurology , Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University , Nanjing Jiangsu , China
| | - Abdoulaye Idriss Ali
- a Department of Neurology , Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University , Nanjing Jiangsu , China
| | - Dafan Yu
- b Department of Pediatrics , Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University , Nanjing Jiangsu , China
| | - Yijing Guo
- a Department of Neurology , Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University , Nanjing Jiangsu , China
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177
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Lv H, Li J, Che YQ. CXCL8 gene silencing promotes neuroglial cells activation while inhibiting neuroinflammation through the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB-signaling pathway in mice with ischemic stroke. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:7341-7355. [PMID: 30362547 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ischemic stroke is known as a neurodegenerative disorder, which induces long-period tissue damage. Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8 (CXCL8) is involved in acute inflammation and tumor progression through the phosphoinositide-3-kinase/protein kinase B/nuclear factor-κB (PI3K/Akt/NF-κB)-signaling pathway. In this study, we aimed to explore the mechanism of CXCL8 in ischemic stroke in relation to the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB-signaling pathway. METHODS Microarray-based gene expression profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells was used to identify ischemic stroke-related differentially expressed genes and explore role of CXCL8 in ischemic stroke. Next, the ischemic mice model was successfully established, with transfection efficiency detected. After that, deflection index, recovery of nervous system, infarct sizes, ischemia-induced apoptosis, and neuroinflammatory response in ischemic stroke were measured. At last, the content of inflammatory factors as well as the expression of CXCL8, caspase-3, caspase-9, Bad, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Akt, PI3K, and NF-κB were determined. RESULTS Comprehensive gene expression profiling analysis identified that CXCL8 might affect the development of ischemic stroke through regulating the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB-signaling pathway. CXCL8 silencing significantly reduced deflection index and infarct size, improved neurological function, and suppressed neuroglial cell loss and apoptosis index. In addition, glial fibrillary acidic portein (GFAP) and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1) expressions were decreased following CXCL8 suppression, suggesting CXCL8 affected neuroglial activation. Importantly, we also found that CXCL8 silencing activated neuroglial cell and suppressed inflammatory cytokine production in ischemic stroke mice. CONCLUSION Taken together, these findings highlight that functional suppression of CXCL8 promotes neuroglial activation and inhibits neuroinflammation by regulating the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB-signaling pathway in mice with ischemic stroke, which might provide new insight for ischemic stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lv
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu-Qin Che
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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178
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Immune Cells After Ischemic Stroke Onset: Roles, Migration, and Target Intervention. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 66:342-355. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1173-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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179
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Abstract
The no-reflow phenomenon refers to the observation that when an organ is made ischemic by occlusion of a large artery supplying it, restoration of patency in that artery does not restore perfusion to the microvasculature supplying the parenchyma of that organ. This has been observed after prolonged arterial occlusions in the heart (30–90 min), brain, skin, and kidney. In experimental models, zones of no reflow in the heart are characterized by ultrastructural microvascular damage, including focal endothelial swelling obstructing the lumen of small vessels. Blood elements such as neutrophil plugs, platelets, and stacking of erythrocytes have also been implicated. No reflow is associated with poor healing of the myocardial infarction. In patients, no reflow is associated with a poor clinical outcome independent of infarct size, suggesting that therapy for no reflow may be an important approach to improving outcome for ST elevation myocardial infarction. No reflow occurs after reperfusion of experimental cerebral ischemia and may be observed after only 5-min episodes of ischemia. Aggregation of blood elements may play a greater role than in cardiac no reflow. No reflow in the brain may involve cortical spreading depression with disturbed local vascular control and high, vasculotonic levels of extracellular K+ concentration, postischemic swelling in endothelial cells and abutting end feet of pericytes, pericyte contraction and death, interstitial edema with collapse of cerebral capillaries, and inflammatory reaction. New guidelines suggesting that reperfusion for stroke may be considered as late as 24 h after the onset of symptoms suggest that clinicians may be seeing more no reflow in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Kloner
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, California
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kevin S. King
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, California
| | - Michael G. Harrington
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, California
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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180
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Feng L, Gao J, Wang Y, Cheong YK, Ren G, Yang Z. Etidronate-zinc Complex Ameliorated Cognitive and Synaptic Plasticity Impairments in 2-Vessel Occlusion Model Rats by Reducing Neuroinflammation. Neuroscience 2018; 390:206-217. [PMID: 30176319 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
As one of the bisphosphonate derivatives, etidronate has proved to be beneficial to spatial learning and memory deficits caused by two-vessel occlusion (2-VO). In this study, the novel drug etidronate-zinc complex (Eti-Zn) was used to detect its role in synaptic plasticity and learning and memory functions in a rat model of 2-VO. Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion was induced by permanent occlusion of the common carotid artery bilaterally in adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Eti-Zn (20 mg/kg/day, tail vein injection) was administered for 7 days after a two-week operation. After treatment, a series of tests were carried out. Here, we found that Eti-Zn could reduce spatial learning and memory impairments in 2-VO model rats via the Morris water maze test. We also found that animals treated with Eti-Zn showed preference for the new-object in the novel object recognition test. In addition, the long-term potentiation and depotentiation from the Schaffer collaterals to the CA1 region in the hippocampus were enhanced by Eti-Zn treatment in 2-VO model rats. Furthermore, Eti-Zn significantly up-regulated NMDA receptor (NR) 2A, NR2B, postsynaptic density protein 95 and synaptophysin levels and prevented the destruction of dendritic spines. Moreover, Eti-Zn treatment reduced both the over-activation of microglia and the expressions of neuroinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) in the hippocampus. The increased NF-κB signaling pathway in the hippocampus of 2-VO rats was reversed after Eti-Zn treatment. In summary, these findings suggest that Eti-Zn could ameliorate the synaptic plasticity and cognitive impairments by reducing neuroinflammation in 2-VO model rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Feng
- School of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jing Gao
- School of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yuexiang Wang
- School of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yuen-Ki Cheong
- Science and Technology Research Institute, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Herts AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Guogang Ren
- Science and Technology Research Institute, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Herts AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Zhuo Yang
- School of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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181
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Zhang W, Wang W, Yu DX, Xiao Z, He Z. Application of nanodiagnostics and nanotherapy to CNS diseases. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2018; 13:2341-2371. [PMID: 30088440 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and stroke are the most common CNS diseases, all characterized by progressive cellular dysfunction and death in specific areas of the nervous system. Therapeutic development for these diseases has lagged behind other disease areas due to difficulties in early diagnosis, long disease courses and drug delivery challenges, not least due to the blood-brain barrier. Over recent decades, nanotechnology has been explored as a potential tool for the diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of CNS diseases. In this review, we describe the application of nanotechnology to common CNS diseases, highlighting disease pathogenesis and the underlying mechanisms and promising functional outcomes that make nanomaterials ideal candidates for early diagnosis and therapy. Moreover, we discuss the limitations of nanotechnology, and possible solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyuan Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Wenyue Wang
- Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 Clayton, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - David X Yu
- Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 Clayton, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - Zhicheng Xiao
- Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 Clayton, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - Zhiyong He
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, PR China.,Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 Clayton, Melbourne 3800, Australia
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182
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Li W, Liu J, Chen JR, Zhu YM, Gao X, Ni Y, Lin B, Li H, Qiao SG, Wang C, Zhang HL, Ao GZ. Neuroprotective Effects of DTIO, A Novel Analog of Nec-1, in Acute and Chronic Stages After Ischemic Stroke. Neuroscience 2018; 390:12-29. [PMID: 30076999 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein 1 kinase (RIP1K) plays a key role in necroptosis. Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1), a specific inhibitor of RIP1K, provides neuroprotection against ischemic brain injury, associating with inhibition of inflammation. Recently, our group synthesized a novel analog of Nec-1, 5-(3',5'-dimethoxybenzal)-2-thio-imidazole-4-ketone (DTIO). The present study investigated the effect of DTIO on ischemic stroke-induced brain injury in both acute and chronic phase and its underlying mechanism. In vivo, DTIO treatment reduced infarct volume and improved neurological deficits in the acute phase after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) and it also attenuated brain atrophy and promoted brain functional recovery in the chronic phase post-cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). In vitro, DTIO treatment decreased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and necrotic cell death in the oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) or oxygen and glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R)-induced neuronal or astrocytic cell injury. Simultaneously, DTIO suppressed the production and release of inflammatory cytokines, and reduced the formation of glial scar. Homology modeling analysis illustrated that DTIO had an ability of binding to RIP1K. Furthermore, immunoprecipitation analysis showed that DTIO inhibited the phosphorylation of RIP1K and decreased the interaction between the RIP1K and RIP3K. In addition, knockdown of RIP1K had neuroprotective effects and inhibited the release of proinflammatory cytokines, but didn't have a significant effect on DTIO-mediated neuroprotection. In conclusion, DTIO has protective effects on acute ischemic stroke and promotes functional recovery during chronic phase, associating with protecting ischemic neurons and astrocytes, inhibiting inflammation, and lessening the glial scar formation via inhibiting of the RIP1K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Jie-Ru Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yong-Ming Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Xue Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yong Ni
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Bo Lin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Huanqiu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Shi-Gang Qiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Suzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215153, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Suzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215153, China
| | - Hui-Ling Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Gui-Zhen Ao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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183
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Swanton T, Cook J, Beswick JA, Freeman S, Lawrence CB, Brough D. Is Targeting the Inflammasome a Way Forward for Neuroscience Drug Discovery? SLAS DISCOVERY 2018; 23:991-1017. [PMID: 29969573 DOI: 10.1177/2472555218786210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is becoming increasingly recognized as a critical factor in the pathology of both acute and chronic neurological conditions. Inflammasomes such as the one formed by NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains containing protein 3 (NLRP3) are key regulators of inflammation due to their ability to induce the processing and secretion of interleukin 1β (IL-1β). IL-1β has previously been identified as a potential therapeutic target in a variety of conditions due to its ability to promote neuronal damage under conditions of injury. Thus, inflammasome inhibition has the potential to curtail inflammatory signaling, which could prove beneficial in certain diseases. In this review, we discuss the evidence for inflammasome contributions to the pathology of neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, and acute degeneration following brain trauma or stroke. In addition, we review the current landscape of drug development targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Swanton
- 1 Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - James Cook
- 1 Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - James A Beswick
- 2 Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sally Freeman
- 2 Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Catherine B Lawrence
- 1 Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - David Brough
- 1 Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Abstract
Stroke is a cerebrovascular disorder that affects many people worldwide. In addition to the well-established functions of astrocytes and microglia in stroke pathogenesis, pericytes also play an important role in stroke progression and recovery. As perivascular multi-potent cells and an important component of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), pericytes have been shown to exert a large variety of functions, including serving as stem/progenitor cells and maintaining BBB integrity. Here in this review, we summarize the roles of pericytes in stroke pathogenesis, with a focus on their effects in cerebral blood flow, BBB integrity, angiogenesis, immune responses, scar formation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Gautam
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Yao Yao
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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185
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Duan Z, Wang H, Wang Z, Hao Y, Zi W, Yang D, Zhou Z, Liu W, Lin M, Shi Z, Lv P, Wan Y, Xu G, Xiong Y, Zhu W, Liu X. Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio Predicts Functional and Safety Outcomes after Endovascular Treatment for Acute Ischemic Stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 2018; 45:221-227. [DOI: 10.1159/000489401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective: Endovascular treatment (EVT) is proven to be safe and effective for treating acute large vessel occlusion stroke (LVOS). The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) reflects systemic inflammation, which plays an important role in the process of treating ischemic stroke. This study aims to explore the relationship between NLR and the clinical outcomes of LVOS patients undergoing EVT. Methods: Patients were selected from the EVT for acUte Anterior circuLation (ACTUAL) ischemic stroke registry. The laboratory data (neutrophil count, lymphocyte count) before EVT were collected. Poor functional outcome was defined as modified Rankin Scale (mRS) of 3–6 at 3 months. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to explore the relationship of NLR with functional outcome, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH), and mortality. Results: We eventually included 616 patients (median of age, 66 years; 40.3% female). There were 350 (56.7%) patients achieving mRS of 3–6 at 3 months, 98 (15.9%) patients with sICH, and the mortality at 3 months was 24.8% (153/616). Baseline NLR was independently associated with poor functional outcome (OR 1.58; 95% CI 1.02–2.45; p = 0.039) and sICH (OR 1.84; 95% CI 1.09–3.11; p = 0.023) but showed a trend for predicting 3-month mortality (OR 1.57; 95% CI 0.94–2.65; p = 0.088). Conclusions: NLR independently predicts 3-month functional outcome and sICH but the existence of a trend association with mortality after EVT for acute anterior circulation LVOS patients.
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Abstract
Stroke still represents one of the most common causes of death and disability worldwide. Acute ischemic stroke (AIS), caused by brain arterial occlusion resulting from a thrombus or embolus, is the most common form of stroke. However, current therapies in AIS are inadequate, and the only US FDA approved treatment is the thrombolytic drug Alteplase. Therefore, establishing effective therapeutic strategies for AIS is urgently needed. Using nanoparticle-based technologies to deliver neuroprotective agents to the ischemic area has attracted increasing attention of late. In this review, the important molecular pathological mechanisms in cerebral ischemia are briefly summarized, the potential of nanoparticulate drug-delivery systems for AIS intervention and recovery are introduced and problems in the medical application of nanoparticles will also be discussed.
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187
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Abstract
The brain is both the orchestrator as well as the target of the innate immune system's response to the aseptic trauma of surgery. When trauma-induced inflammation is not appropriately regulated persistent neuro-inflammation interferes with the synaptic plasticity that underlies the learning and memory aspects of cognition. The complications that ensue, include postoperative delirium (POD) and postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) at two poles of a constellation that is now termed perioperative neurocognitive disorders. While the relationship of acute POD to the more indolent POCD is not completely understood both can be further complicated by earlier-onset of dementia and higher mortality. How and why these disorders occur is the focus of this report. The innate immune system response to peripheral trauma signals to the brain through a regulated cascade of cellular and molecular actors producing a teleological defense mechanism, "sickness behavior," to curtail further injury and initiate repair. Sickness behavior, including disordered cognition, is terminated by neural and humoral pathways that restore homeostasis and launch the organism on a path to good health. With so many "moving parts" the innate immune system is vulnerable in clinical settings that include advanced age and lifestyle-induced diseases such as "unhealthy" obesity and the inevitable insulin resistance. Under these conditions, inflammation may become exaggerated and long-lived. Consideration is provided how to identify the high-risk surgical patient and both pharmacological (including biological compounds) and non-pharmacological strategies to customize care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Saxena
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, UCSF; Department of anesthesia, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Mervyn Maze
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, UCSF.
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188
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Zhang C, Zhu Y, Wang S, Zachory Wei Z, Jiang MQ, Zhang Y, Pan Y, Tao S, Li J, Wei L. Temporal Gene Expression Profiles after Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Mice. Aging Dis 2018; 9:249-261. [PMID: 29896414 PMCID: PMC5963346 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A cascade of pathological processes is triggered in the lesion area after ischemic stroke. Unfortunately, our understanding of these complicated molecular events is incomplete. In this investigation, we sought to better understand the detailed molecular and inflammatory events occurring after ischemic stroke. RNA-seq technology was used to identify whole gene expression profiles at days (D1, D3, D7, D14, D21) after focal cerebral ischemia in mice. Enrichment analyses based on Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) terms for the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were then analyzed. Inflammation-related genes that were significantly expressed after stroke were selected for analysis and the temporal expression patterns of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory genes were reported. These data illustrated that the number of DEGs increased accumulatively after cerebral ischemia. In summary, there were 1967 DEGs at D1, 2280 DEGs at D3, 2631 DEGs at D7, 5516 DEGs at D14 and 7093 DEGs at D21. The significantly enriched GO terms also increased. 58 GO terms and 18 KEGG pathways were significantly enriched at all inspected time points. We identified 87 DEGs which were functionally related to inflammatory responses. The expression levels of pro-inflammation related genes CD16, CD32, CD86, CD11b, Tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), Interleukin 1β (IL-1β) increased over time and peaked at D14. Anti-inflammation related genes Arginase 1 (Arg1) and Chitinase-like 3 (Ym1) peaked at D1 while IL-10, Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and CD206, which were induced at 1 day after cerebral ischemia, peaked by 7 to 14 days. These gene profile changes were potentially linked to microglia/macrophage phenotype changes and could play a role in astroglial activation. This study supplies new insights and detailed information on the molecular events and pathological mechanisms that occur after experimental ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
- Laboratories of Stem Cell Biology and Neural Regeneration and Function Recovery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Yanbing Zhu
- Laboratories of Stem Cell Biology and Neural Regeneration and Function Recovery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Song Wang
- Laboratories of Stem Cell Biology and Neural Regeneration and Function Recovery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Zheng Zachory Wei
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
- Laboratories of Stem Cell Biology and Neural Regeneration and Function Recovery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Michael Qize Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Yongbo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
- Laboratories of Stem Cell Biology and Neural Regeneration and Function Recovery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Yuhualei Pan
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
- Laboratories of Stem Cell Biology and Neural Regeneration and Function Recovery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Shaoxin Tao
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
- Laboratories of Stem Cell Biology and Neural Regeneration and Function Recovery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Jimei Li
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
- Laboratories of Stem Cell Biology and Neural Regeneration and Function Recovery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Ling Wei
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
- Laboratories of Stem Cell Biology and Neural Regeneration and Function Recovery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Yin X, Feng L, Ma D, Yin P, Wang X, Hou S, Hao Y, Zhang J, Xin M, Feng J. Roles of astrocytic connexin-43, hemichannels, and gap junctions in oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion injury induced neuroinflammation and the possible regulatory mechanisms of salvianolic acid B and carbenoxolone. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:97. [PMID: 29587860 PMCID: PMC5872583 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1127-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glia-mediated neuroinflammation is related to brain injury exacerbation after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Astrocytic hemichannels or gap junctions, which were mainly formed by connexin-43, have been implicated in I/R damage. However, the exact roles of astrocytic hemichannels and gap junction in neuroinflammatory responses induced by I/R injury remain unknown. Methods Primary cultured astrocytes were subjected to OGD/R injury, an in vitro model of I/R injury. Salvianolic acid B (SalB) or carbenoxolone (CBX) were applied for those astrocytes. Besides, Cx43 mimetic peptides Gap19 or Gap26 were also applied during OGD/R injury; Cx43 protein levels were determined by western blot and cytoimmunofluorescene staining, hemichannel activities by Ethidium bromide uptake and ATP concentration detection, and gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) permeability by parachute assay. Further, astrocyte-conditioned medium (ACM) was collected and incubated with microglia. Meanwhile, ATP or apyrase were applied to explore the role of ATP during OGD/R injury. Microglial activation, M1/M2 phenotypes, and M1/M2-related cytokines were detected. Also, microglia-conditioned medium (MEM) was collected and incubated with astrocytes to further investigate its influence on astrocytic hemichannel activity and GJIC permeability. Lastly, effects of ACM and MCM on neuronal viability were detected by flow cytometry. Results We found that OGD/R induced abnormally opened hemichannels with increased ATP release and EtBr uptake but reduced GJIC permeability. WB tests showed decreased astrocytic plasma membrane’s Cx43, while showing an increase in cytoplasma. Treating OGD/R-injured microglia with ATP or OGD/R-ACM induced further microglial activation and secondary pro-inflammatory cytokine release, with the M1 phenotype predominating. Conversely, astrocytes incubated with OGD/R-MCM exhibited increased hemichannel opening but reduced GJIC coupling. Both SalB and CBX inhibited abnormal astrocytic hemichannel opening and ATP release and switched the activated microglial phenotype from M1 to M2, thus providing effective neuroprotection. Application of Gap19 or Gap26 showed similar results with CBX. We also found that OGD/R injury caused both plasma membrane p-Cx43(Ser265) and p-Src(Tyr416) significantly upregulated; application of SalB may be inhibiting Src kinase and attenuating Cx43 internalization. Meanwhile, CBX treatment induced obviously downregulation of p-Cx43(Ser368) and p-PKC(Ser729) protein levels in plasma membrane. Conclusions We propose a vicious cycle exists between astrocytic hemichannel and microglial activation after OGD/R injury, which would aggravate neuroinflammatory responses and neuronal damage. Astrocytic Cx43, hemichannels, and GJIC play critical roles in OGD/R injury-induced neuroinflammatory responses; treatment differentially targeting astrocytic Cx43, hemichannels, and GJIC may provide novel avenues for therapeutics during cerebral I/R injury. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1127-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yin
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangshu Feng
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Ma
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Yin
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Hou
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulei Hao
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingdian Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiying Xin
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiachun Feng
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, People's Republic of China.
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Boscolo Galazzo I, Brusini L, Obertino S, Zucchelli M, Granziera C, Menegaz G. On the Viability of Diffusion MRI-Based Microstructural Biomarkers in Ischemic Stroke. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:92. [PMID: 29515362 PMCID: PMC5826355 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent tract-based analyses provided evidence for the exploitability of 3D-SHORE microstructural descriptors derived from diffusion MRI (dMRI) in revealing white matter (WM) plasticity. In this work, we focused on the main open issues left: (1) the comparative analysis with respect to classical tensor-derived indices, i.e., Fractional Anisotropy (FA) and Mean Diffusivity (MD); and (2) the ability to detect plasticity processes in gray matter (GM). Although signal modeling in GM is still largely unexplored, we investigated their sensibility to stroke-induced microstructural modifications occurring in the contralateral hemisphere. A more complete picture could provide hints for investigating the interplay of GM and WM modulations. Ten stroke patients and ten age/gender-matched healthy controls were enrolled in the study and underwent diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI). Acquisitions at three and two time points (tp) were performed on patients and controls, respectively. For all subjects and acquisitions, FA and MD were computed along with 3D-SHORE-based indices [Generalized Fractional Anisotropy (GFA), Propagator Anisotropy (PA), Return To the Axis Probability (RTAP), Return To the Plane Probability (RTPP), and Mean Square Displacement (MSD)]. Tract-based analysis involving the cortical, subcortical and transcallosal motor networks and region-based analysis in GM were successively performed, focusing on the contralateral hemisphere to the stroke. Reproducibility of all the indices on both WM and GM was quantitatively proved on controls. For tract-based, longitudinal group analyses revealed the highest significant differences across the subcortical and transcallosal networks for all the indices. The optimal regression model for predicting the clinical motor outcome at tp3 included GFA, PA, RTPP, and MSD in the subcortical network in combination with the main clinical information at baseline. Region-based analysis in the contralateral GM highlighted the ability of anisotropy indices in discriminating between groups mainly at tp1, while diffusivity indices appeared to be altered at tp2. 3D-SHORE indices proved to be suitable in probing plasticity in both WM and GM, further confirming their viability as a novel family of biomarkers in ischemic stroke in WM and revealing their potential exploitability in GM. Their combination with tensor-derived indices can provide more detailed insights of the different tissue modulations related to stroke pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorenza Brusini
- Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Silvia Obertino
- Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mauro Zucchelli
- Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Cristina Granziera
- Translational Imaging in Neurology Group, Department of Neurology, Basel University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gloria Menegaz
- Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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191
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Giannoni P, Badaut J, Dargazanli C, Fayd'Herbe De Maudave A, Klement W, Costalat V, Marchi N. The pericyte-glia interface at the blood-brain barrier. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:361-374. [PMID: 29439117 DOI: 10.1042/cs20171634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The cerebrovasculature is a multicellular structure with varying rheological and permeability properties. The outer wall of the brain capillary endothelium is enclosed by pericytes and astrocyte end feet, anatomically assembled to guarantee barrier functions. We, here, focus on the pericyte modifications occurring in disease conditions, reviewing evidence supporting the interplay amongst pericytes, the endothelium, and glial cells in health and pathology. Deconstruction and reactivity of pericytes and glial cells around the capillary endothelium occur in response to traumatic brain injury, epilepsy, and neurodegenerative disorders, impacting vascular permeability and participating in neuroinflammation. As this represents a growing field of research, addressing the multicellular reorganization occurring at the outer wall of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in response to an acute insult or a chronic disease could disclose novel disease mechanisms and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jerome Badaut
- Laboratory of Brain Molecular Imaging, CNRS UMR5287, University of Bordeaux, France
- Basic Science Departments, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, CA, U.S.A
| | - Cyril Dargazanli
- Neuroradiology, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Mechanisms of Brain Disorders, Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Functional Genomics (UMR 5203 CNRS - U 1191 INSERM, University of Montpellier), Montpellier, France
| | - Alexis Fayd'Herbe De Maudave
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Mechanisms of Brain Disorders, Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Functional Genomics (UMR 5203 CNRS - U 1191 INSERM, University of Montpellier), Montpellier, France
| | - Wendy Klement
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Mechanisms of Brain Disorders, Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Functional Genomics (UMR 5203 CNRS - U 1191 INSERM, University of Montpellier), Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Costalat
- Neuroradiology, University Hospital, Montpellier, France
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Mechanisms of Brain Disorders, Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Functional Genomics (UMR 5203 CNRS - U 1191 INSERM, University of Montpellier), Montpellier, France
| | - Nicola Marchi
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Mechanisms of Brain Disorders, Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Functional Genomics (UMR 5203 CNRS - U 1191 INSERM, University of Montpellier), Montpellier, France
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Shi J, Peng H, You S, Liu Y, Xu J, Xu Y, Liu H, Shi R, Cao Y, Liu CF. Increase in neutrophils after recombinant tissue plasminogen activator thrombolysis predicts poor functional outcome of ischaemic stroke: a longitudinal study. Eur J Neurol 2018; 25:687-e45. [PMID: 29341345 DOI: 10.1111/ene.13575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Shi
- Department of Neurology; Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - H. Peng
- Department of Epidemiology; School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases; Medical College of Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - S. You
- Department of Neurology; Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - Y. Liu
- Department of Electrocardiography; Suzhou Guangji Hospital; Suzhou China
| | - J. Xu
- Department of Neurology; Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - Y. Xu
- Department of Neurology; Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - H. Liu
- Department of Neurology; Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - R. Shi
- Department of Neurology; Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - Y. Cao
- Department of Neurology; Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - C.-F. Liu
- Department of Neurology; Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
- Institute of Neuroscience; Soochow University; Suzhou China
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193
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Klein P, Dingledine R, Aronica E, Bernard C, Blümcke I, Boison D, Brodie MJ, Brooks-Kayal AR, Engel J, Forcelli PA, Hirsch LJ, Kaminski RM, Klitgaard H, Kobow K, Lowenstein DH, Pearl PL, Pitkänen A, Puhakka N, Rogawski MA, Schmidt D, Sillanpää M, Sloviter RS, Steinhäuser C, Vezzani A, Walker MC, Löscher W. Commonalities in epileptogenic processes from different acute brain insults: Do they translate? Epilepsia 2018; 59:37-66. [PMID: 29247482 PMCID: PMC5993212 DOI: 10.1111/epi.13965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The most common forms of acquired epilepsies arise following acute brain insults such as traumatic brain injury, stroke, or central nervous system infections. Treatment is effective for only 60%-70% of patients and remains symptomatic despite decades of effort to develop epilepsy prevention therapies. Recent preclinical efforts are focused on likely primary drivers of epileptogenesis, namely inflammation, neuron loss, plasticity, and circuit reorganization. This review suggests a path to identify neuronal and molecular targets for clinical testing of specific hypotheses about epileptogenesis and its prevention or modification. Acquired human epilepsies with different etiologies share some features with animal models. We identify these commonalities and discuss their relevance to the development of successful epilepsy prevention or disease modification strategies. Risk factors for developing epilepsy that appear common to multiple acute injury etiologies include intracranial bleeding, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, more severe injury, and early seizures within 1 week of injury. In diverse human epilepsies and animal models, seizures appear to propagate within a limbic or thalamocortical/corticocortical network. Common histopathologic features of epilepsy of diverse and mostly focal origin are microglial activation and astrogliosis, heterotopic neurons in the white matter, loss of neurons, and the presence of inflammatory cellular infiltrates. Astrocytes exhibit smaller K+ conductances and lose gap junction coupling in many animal models as well as in sclerotic hippocampi from temporal lobe epilepsy patients. There is increasing evidence that epilepsy can be prevented or aborted in preclinical animal models of acquired epilepsy by interfering with processes that appear common to multiple acute injury etiologies, for example, in post-status epilepticus models of focal epilepsy by transient treatment with a trkB/PLCγ1 inhibitor, isoflurane, or HMGB1 antibodies and by topical administration of adenosine, in the cortical fluid percussion injury model by focal cooling, and in the albumin posttraumatic epilepsy model by losartan. Preclinical studies further highlight the roles of mTOR1 pathways, JAK-STAT3, IL-1R/TLR4 signaling, and other inflammatory pathways in the genesis or modulation of epilepsy after brain injury. The wealth of commonalities, diversity of molecular targets identified preclinically, and likely multidimensional nature of epileptogenesis argue for a combinatorial strategy in prevention therapy. Going forward, the identification of impending epilepsy biomarkers to allow better patient selection, together with better alignment with multisite preclinical trials in animal models, should guide the clinical testing of new hypotheses for epileptogenesis and its prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Klein
- Mid-Atlantic Epilepsy and Sleep Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro) Pathology, Academic Medical Center and Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, The Netherlands
| | - Christophe Bernard
- Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, INS, Instit Neurosci Syst, Marseille, 13005, France
| | - Ingmar Blümcke
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Detlev Boison
- Robert Stone Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Martin J Brodie
- Epilepsy Unit, West Glasgow Ambulatory Care Hospital-Yorkhill, Glasgow, UK
| | - Amy R Brooks-Kayal
- Division of Neurology, Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
- Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jerome Engel
- Departments of Neurology, Neurobiology, and Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Katja Kobow
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Phillip L Pearl
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Asla Pitkänen
- Department of Neurobiology, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Noora Puhakka
- Department of Neurobiology, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Michael A Rogawski
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | | | - Matti Sillanpää
- Departments of Child Neurology and General Practice, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Robert S Sloviter
- Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christian Steinhäuser
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Annamaria Vezzani
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan,, Italy
| | - Matthew C Walker
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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194
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Maiese K. Sirtuins: Developing Innovative Treatments for Aged-Related Memory Loss and Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Neurovasc Res 2018; 15:367-371. [PMID: 30484407 PMCID: PMC6538488 DOI: 10.2174/1567202616666181128120003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The world's population continues to age at a rapid pace. By the year 2050, individuals over the age of 65 will account for sixteen percent of the world's population and life expectancy will increase well over eighty years of age. Accompanied by the aging of the global population is a significant rise in Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs). Neurodegenerative disorders will form a significant component for NCDs. Currently, dementia is the 7th leading cause of death and can be the result of multiple causes that include diabetes mellitus, vascular disease, and Alzheimer's Disease (AD). AD may represent at least sixty percent of these cases. Current treatment for these disorders is extremely limited to provide only some symptomatic relief at present. Sirtuins and in particular, the silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (SIRT1), represent innovative strategies for the treatment of cognitive loss. New work has revealed that SIRT1 provides protection against memory loss through mechanisms that involve oxidative stress, Aβ toxicity, neurofibrillary degeneration, vascular injury, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuronal loss. In addition, SIRT1 relies upon other avenues that can include trophic factors, such as erythropoietin, and signaling pathways, such as Wnt1 inducible signaling pathway protein 1 (WISP1/CCN4). Yet, SIRT1 can have detrimental effects as well that involve tumorigenesis and blockade of stem cell differentiation and maturation that can limit reparative processes for cognitive loss. Further investigations with sirtuins and SIRT1 should be able to capitalize upon these novel targets for dementia and cognitive loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- Cellular and Molecular Signaling, Newark, New Jersey 07101
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Maiese K. Novel Treatment Strategies for the Nervous System: Circadian Clock Genes, Non-coding RNAs, and Forkhead Transcription Factors. Curr Neurovasc Res 2018; 15:81-91. [PMID: 29557749 PMCID: PMC6021214 DOI: 10.2174/1567202615666180319151244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the global increase in lifespan expectancy, neurodegenerative disorders continue to affect an ever-increasing number of individuals throughout the world. New treatment strategies for neurodegenerative diseases are desperately required given the lack of current treatment modalities. METHODS Here, we examine novel strategies for neurodegenerative disorders that include circadian clock genes, non-coding Ribonucleic Acids (RNAs), and the mammalian forkhead transcription factors of the O class (FoxOs). RESULTS Circadian clock genes, non-coding RNAs, and FoxOs offer exciting prospects to potentially limit or remove the significant disability and death associated with neurodegenerative disorders. Each of these pathways has an intimate relationship with the programmed death pathways of autophagy and apoptosis and share a common link to the silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (SIRT1) and the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). Circadian clock genes are necessary to modulate autophagy, limit cognitive loss, and prevent neuronal injury. Non-coding RNAs can control neuronal stem cell development and neuronal differentiation and offer protection against vascular disease such as atherosclerosis. FoxOs provide exciting prospects to block neuronal apoptotic death and to activate pathways of autophagy to remove toxic accumulations in neurons that can lead to neurodegenerative disorders. CONCLUSION Continued work with circadian clock genes, non-coding RNAs, and FoxOs can offer new prospects and hope for the development of vital strategies for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. These innovative investigative avenues have the potential to significantly limit disability and death from these devastating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- Cellular and Molecular Signaling, Newark, New Jersey 07101
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196
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Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the second most common cause of death worldwide and a major cause of disability. It takes place when the brain does not receive sufficient blood supply due to the blood clot in the vessels or narrowing of vessels' inner space due to accumulation of fat products. Apart from thrombolysis (dissolving of blood clot) and thrombectomy (surgical removal of blood clot or widening of vessel inner area) during the first hours after an ischemic stroke, no effective treatment to improve functional recovery exists in the post-ischemic phase. Due to their narrow therapeutic time window, thrombolysis and thrombectomy are unavailable to more than 80% of stroke patients.Many experimental studies carried out in animal models of stroke have demonstrated that stem cell transplantation may become a new therapeutic strategy in stroke. Transplantation of stem cells of different origin and stage of development has been shown to lead to improvement in experimental models of stroke through several mechanisms including neuronal replacement, modulation of cellular and synaptic plasticity and inflammation, neuroprotection and stimulation of angiogenesis. Several clinical studies and trials based on stem cell delivery in stroke patients are in progress with goal of improvements of functional recovery through mechanisms other than neuronal replacement. These approaches may provide therapeutic benefit, but generation of specific neurons for reconstruction of stroke-injured neural circuitry remains ultimate challenge. For this purpose, neural stem cells could be developed from multiple sources and fated to adopt required neuronal phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaal Kokaia
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Restorative Neurology, Lund Stem Cell Center, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Vladimer Darsalia
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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197
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Gu J, Su S, Guo J, Zhu Y, Zhao M, Duan JA. Anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of the combination of Ligusticum chuanxiong and Radix Paeoniae against focal cerebral ischaemia via TLR4/MyD88/MAPK/NF-κB signalling pathway in MCAO rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2017; 70:268-277. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
This study was performed to assess the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of the combination of Ligusticum chuanxiong and Radix Paeoniae (XS) on focal cerebral ischaemic stroke.
Methods
MCAO rats were used to evaluate the effect of XS on stroke. Cerebral water content was measured, and the levels of IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-12 in serum and brain were assessed by ELISA kits. Protein expressions including p-p38, p-38, TLR-4, p-ERK, ERK, TLR-5, NF-κBp65, Myd88, Caspase-3 and Caspase-12 were examined by WB and IHC. Q-PCR was applied to examine IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA levels in the rat brain of each group.
Key findings
XS treatment remarkedly decreased the levels of IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-12 in serum and brain tissues of MCAO rats. In the ischaemic brain, the expressions of TLR-4, TLR-5, p-p38, p-ERK, Myd88, NF-κBp65, Caspase-3 and Caspase-12 were increased significantly, while the treatment attenuated the activated expressions by MCAO. XS also downregulated Caspase-3 and Caspase-12 expressions. IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA levels in MCAO brain tissue were decreased by XS treatment.
Conclusions
XS could protect MCAO rats by anti-inflammation and anti-apoptosis through TLR4/MyD88/MAPK/NF-κB signalling pathway. Furthermore, the combination has a more meaningful improvement on focal cerebral ischaemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfei Gu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shulan Su
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianming Guo
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin-ao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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198
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Zhang J, Ren Q, Song Y, He M, Zeng Y, Liu Z, Xu J. Prognostic role of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e8624. [PMID: 29137097 PMCID: PMC5690790 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000008624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic role of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). METHODS PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure were searched for potential eligible literature. The study characteristics and relevant data were extracted. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled to estimate the prognostic role of NLR in patients with AIS. Poor functional outcome was defined as modified Rankin Scale ≥ 3. RESULTS Nine studies with 2947 patients were included. The pooled OR of higher NLR for poor functional outcome at 3 months was 1.55 (95% CI, 1.21-2.00). The pooled ORs for death at 3 months, poor functional outcome at discharge, and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) were 2.35 (95% CI, 0.40-13.78), 2.38 (95% CI, 0.49-11.69), and 4.32 (95% CI, 2.46-7.61), respectively. CONCLUSION For patients with AIS, higher NLR was associated with poorer functional outcome at 3 months and may be associated with a higher risk of developing sICH. This readily available and inexpensive marker may be helpful in future clinical and research work. However, due to the limited number of included studies, more well-designed studies are warranted to further clarify this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University
| | - Qingqing Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University
| | - Yanlin Song
- West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Min He
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University
| | - Yunhui Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University
| | - Jianguo Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University
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Li B, Chen X, Jiang Y, Yang Y, Zhong J, Zhou C, Hu H, Duan S. CCL2 promoter hypomethylation is associated with gout risk in Chinese Han male population. Immunol Lett 2017; 190:15-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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The Role of Nitric Oxide from Neurological Disease to Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1007:71-88. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-60733-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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